619:
20:
405:
1379:
1204:
656:. In the case of video games, a specific video game (the complement good) has to be consumed with a video game console (the base good). It does not work the other way: a video game console does not have to be consumed with that game.
807:
648:
Few goods behave as perfect complements. One example is a left shoe and a right; shoes are naturally sold in pairs, and the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1:1.
392:
to consume its complements: foods that consumers believe would taste better together. Drinking cola increases consumers' willingness to pay for a cheeseburger. This effect appears to be contingent on
1197:
246:, to increase demand for the associated blades. Another example is that sometimes a toothbrush is packaged free with toothpaste. The toothbrush is a complement to the toothpaste; the
238:- the demand of one good is linked to the demand for another good. Therefore, if a higher quantity is demanded of one good, a higher quantity will also be demanded of the other, and
1374:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f_{x}(p,\omega )}{\partial p_{y}}}={\frac {\partial h_{x}(p,\tau ^{*})}{\partial p_{y}}}-y^{*}{\frac {\partial f_{x}(p,\omega )}{\partial \omega }}}
505:. If the price of petrol were to decrease by some amount, this would result in a higher quantity of cars demanded. This higher quantity demanded would cause the demand curve to
849:
893:
1423:, the left-hand side of the equation and the first term of right-hand side are positive. By the symmetry of Mosak's perspective, evaluating the equation with respect to
1132:
691:
Pricing the base good at a relatively high price to the complementary good - this approach creates a barrier to entry and exit (e.g., a costly car vs inexpensive gas)
1475:
1448:
608:
581:
534:
503:
476:
449:
1555:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1421:
1401:
1105:
1085:
1053:
1033:
1013:
993:
973:
953:
933:
913:
741:
721:
554:
379:
359:
339:
319:
291:
271:
221:
201:
181:
157:
133:
113:
93:
73:
1720:
Huh, Young Eun; Vosgerau, Joachim; Morewedge, Carey K. (2016-03-14). "Selective
Sensitization: Consuming a Food Activates a Goal to Consume its Complements".
700:
Sometimes the complement-relationship between two goods is not intuitive and must be verified by inspecting the cross-elasticity of demand using market data.
688:
Pricing the base good at a relatively low price - this approach allows easy entry by consumers (e.g. low-price consumer printer vs. high-price cartridge)
388:
in which the consumption of one good (e.g., cola) stimulates demand for its complements (e.g., a cheeseburger). Consumption of a food or beverage
746:
242:. For example, the demand for razor blades may depend on the number of razors in use; this is why razors have sometimes been sold as
1831:
1775:
1698:
1603:
1792:
1659:
610:. Other examples include automobiles and fuel, mobile phones and cellular service, printer and cartridge, among others.
1678:
641:
of a perfect complement exhibits a right angle, as illustrated by the figure. Such preferences can be represented by a
1643:
1619:
2062:
1137:
341:. The opposite is true for substitutes: the consumer is willing to pay less for each marginal unit of good "
1824:
224:
160:
2057:
653:
44:
24:
812:
854:
506:
43:
whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. Technically, it displays a negative
2007:
1867:
1817:
1635:
1110:
250:
a toothbrush may be higher than toothpaste, but its sales depends on the demand of toothpaste.
652:
The degree of complementarity, however, does not have to be mutual; it can be measured by the
1595:
1588:
1627:
1872:
1453:
1426:
586:
559:
512:
481:
454:
427:
618:
8:
2012:
19:
1450:, the first term of right-hand side stays the same while some extreme cases exist where
1934:
1745:
1623:
1540:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1406:
1386:
1090:
1070:
1038:
1018:
998:
978:
958:
938:
918:
898:
726:
706:
681:
638:
622:
539:
393:
364:
344:
324:
304:
294:
276:
256:
247:
206:
186:
166:
142:
118:
98:
78:
58:
895:
denotes the ordinary individual demand for a certain good." In fact, in Mosak's case,
1954:
1885:
1771:
1737:
1694:
1690:
1639:
1628:
1599:
421:
40:
1944:
1749:
1729:
1686:
642:
298:
2000:
1949:
1919:
1905:
1881:
1852:
1566:
228:
1983:
1929:
1890:
1663:
677:
673:
2051:
2026:
2016:
1990:
1939:
1895:
1741:
163:; less of each good will be demanded. Conversely, a decrease in the price of
1995:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1900:
1857:
669:
389:
1477:
is large enough to make the whole right-hand-side negative. In this case,
2036:
2021:
1978:
1924:
243:
1733:
1964:
1910:
1064:
385:
2031:
1915:
1862:
665:
32:
404:
802:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f_{x}(p,\omega )}{\partial p_{y}}}}
1809:
1634:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p.
1560:
231:, whose demand decreases when its substitute's price decreases.
424:
for cars is represented by the figure, with the initial demand
417:
293:
are rough complements in an everyday sense, then consumers are
227:; more of each good will be demanded. This is in contrast to a
48:
1067:
decomposition of the effect on the ordinary demand for a good
253:
All non-complementary goods can be considered substitutes. If
1841:
396:
of these relationships rather than their sensory properties.
183:
will result in a positive movement along the demand curve of
136:
115:
will result in a negative movement along the demand curve of
52:
27:: as the price of goods Y rises, the demand for good X falls.
1800:
Cowles
Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No. 7
408:
Supply and demand of cars when the price of petrol decreases
451:. Suppose that the initial price of cars is represented by
413:
975:. The elasticity does not need to be symmetrical. Thus,
556:
of cars, the new increased quantity demanded will be at
1618:
1543:
1523:
1503:
1483:
1456:
1429:
1409:
1389:
1207:
1140:
1113:
1093:
1073:
1041:
1021:
1001:
981:
961:
941:
921:
901:
857:
815:
749:
729:
709:
589:
562:
542:
515:
484:
457:
430:
367:
347:
327:
307:
279:
259:
209:
189:
169:
145:
121:
101:
81:
61:
1719:
1793:"General equilibrium theory in international trade"
1587:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1489:
1469:
1442:
1415:
1395:
1373:
1191:
1126:
1099:
1079:
1047:
1027:
1007:
987:
967:
947:
927:
907:
887:
843:
801:
735:
715:
684:exist for a complementary good and its base good:
602:
575:
548:
528:
497:
470:
443:
373:
353:
333:
313:
285:
265:
215:
195:
175:
151:
127:
107:
87:
67:
2049:
1590:Contemporary Economics: An Applications Approach
234:When two goods are complements, they experience
1035:can simultaneously be a gross substitutes for
1825:
1561:Effect of price change of complementary goods
1683:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
412:An example of this would be the demand for
1832:
1818:
1192:{\displaystyle z^{*}=(x^{*},y^{*},\dots )}
1761:
1759:
1585:
617:
403:
18:
1660:"Customer in Marketing by David Mercer"
23:Complementary goods exhibit a negative
2050:
1770:. Cengage Learning. pp. 463–464.
1765:
1676:
668:, complementary goods give additional
1813:
1790:
1756:
1670:
613:
1662:. Future Observatory. Archived from
695:
1087:of a simple price change in a good
637:be consumed with another good. The
536:. Assuming a constant supply curve
13:
1839:
1362:
1332:
1300:
1263:
1241:
1211:
783:
753:
703:Mosak's definition states "a good
361:" as it accumulates more of good "
14:
2074:
384:Complementarity may be driven by
1691:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1821-1
844:{\displaystyle f_{i}(p,\omega )}
654:cross price elasticity of demand
1630:Economics: Principles in Action
888:{\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots ,n}
1784:
1713:
1652:
1612:
1579:
1357:
1345:
1295:
1276:
1236:
1224:
1186:
1154:
838:
826:
778:
766:
203:and cause the demand curve of
95:, an increase in the price of
55:of another good decreases. If
1:
1722:Journal of Marketing Research
1679:"Substitutes and Complements"
1677:Newman, Peter (2016-11-30) .
1572:
915:is not a gross complement of
1594:. Cengage Learning. p.
478:with a quantity demanded of
7:
672:to the producer. It allows
583:with a new increased price
399:
10:
2079:
1403:is a gross substitute for
659:
51:for it increases when the
45:cross elasticity of demand
25:cross elasticity of demand
1848:
1586:Carbaugh, Robert (2006).
1497:is a gross complement of
1127:{\displaystyle \tau ^{*}}
995:is a gross complement of
955:is a gross complement of
723:is a gross complement of
1791:Mosak, Jacob L. (1944).
1766:Mankiw, Gregory (2008).
1058:
321:as they accumulate more
1906:(Post-)experience goods
625:for perfect complements
386:psychological processes
2063:Utility function types
2017:(Non-)excludable goods
1802:. Principia Press: 33.
1768:Principle of Economics
1551:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1471:
1444:
1417:
1397:
1375:
1193:
1128:
1101:
1081:
1049:
1029:
1009:
989:
969:
949:
929:
909:
889:
845:
803:
737:
717:
626:
604:
577:
550:
530:
499:
472:
445:
409:
375:
355:
335:
315:
287:
267:
217:
197:
177:
153:
129:
109:
89:
69:
28:
2013:(Non-)rivalrous goods
1557:are not symmetrical.
1552:
1532:
1512:
1492:
1472:
1470:{\displaystyle x^{*}}
1445:
1443:{\displaystyle x^{*}}
1418:
1398:
1376:
1194:
1129:
1102:
1082:
1050:
1030:
1010:
990:
970:
950:
930:
910:
890:
846:
804:
738:
718:
621:
605:
603:{\displaystyle P_{2}}
578:
576:{\displaystyle Q_{2}}
551:
531:
529:{\displaystyle D_{2}}
500:
498:{\displaystyle Q_{1}}
473:
471:{\displaystyle P_{1}}
446:
444:{\displaystyle D_{1}}
407:
376:
356:
336:
316:
288:
268:
218:
198:
178:
154:
135:and cause the demand
130:
110:
90:
70:
22:
1873:Common-pool resource
1541:
1521:
1501:
1481:
1454:
1427:
1407:
1387:
1205:
1138:
1111:
1091:
1071:
1039:
1019:
999:
979:
959:
939:
919:
899:
855:
813:
747:
727:
707:
587:
560:
540:
513:
482:
455:
428:
394:consumer perceptions
365:
345:
325:
305:
277:
257:
207:
187:
167:
143:
119:
99:
79:
59:
16:Concept in economics
1935:Global public goods
1901:(Non-)durable goods
1878:Complementary goods
1734:10.1509/jmr.12.0240
1624:Sheffrin, Steven M.
809:is negative, where
75:is a complement to
1955:Intermediate goods
1620:O'Sullivan, Arthur
1547:
1527:
1507:
1487:
1467:
1440:
1413:
1393:
1371:
1189:
1134:and chosen bundle
1124:
1097:
1077:
1045:
1025:
1005:
985:
965:
945:
925:
905:
885:
841:
799:
733:
713:
639:indifference curve
631:perfect complement
627:
623:Indifference curve
614:Perfect complement
600:
573:
546:
526:
509:to a new position
495:
468:
441:
410:
371:
351:
331:
311:
283:
263:
213:
193:
173:
149:
125:
105:
85:
65:
37:complementary good
29:
2058:Goods (economics)
2045:
2044:
1945:Information goods
1886:Independent goods
1777:978-0-324-58997-9
1700:978-1-349-95121-5
1605:978-0-324-31461-8
1550:{\displaystyle y}
1530:{\displaystyle x}
1510:{\displaystyle x}
1490:{\displaystyle y}
1416:{\displaystyle y}
1396:{\displaystyle x}
1369:
1314:
1255:
1100:{\displaystyle y}
1080:{\displaystyle x}
1048:{\displaystyle y}
1028:{\displaystyle x}
1008:{\displaystyle x}
988:{\displaystyle y}
968:{\displaystyle x}
948:{\displaystyle y}
928:{\displaystyle y}
908:{\displaystyle x}
797:
736:{\displaystyle y}
716:{\displaystyle x}
696:Gross complements
680:. A few types of
549:{\displaystyle S}
422:supply and demand
374:{\displaystyle y}
354:{\displaystyle z}
334:{\displaystyle y}
314:{\displaystyle x}
286:{\displaystyle y}
266:{\displaystyle x}
248:cost of producing
216:{\displaystyle B}
196:{\displaystyle A}
176:{\displaystyle A}
152:{\displaystyle B}
128:{\displaystyle A}
108:{\displaystyle A}
88:{\displaystyle B}
68:{\displaystyle A}
2070:
1950:Intangible goods
1920:Positional goods
1882:Substitute goods
1853:Anti-rival goods
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1728:(6): 1034–1049.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1593:
1583:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1476:
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1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1422:
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1419:
1414:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1274:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1239:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1107:, utility level
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
994:
992:
991:
986:
974:
972:
971:
966:
954:
952:
951:
946:
934:
932:
931:
926:
914:
912:
911:
906:
894:
892:
891:
886:
850:
848:
847:
842:
825:
824:
808:
806:
805:
800:
798:
796:
795:
794:
781:
765:
764:
751:
742:
740:
739:
734:
722:
720:
719:
714:
682:pricing strategy
643:Leontief utility
609:
607:
606:
601:
599:
598:
582:
580:
579:
574:
572:
571:
555:
553:
552:
547:
535:
533:
532:
527:
525:
524:
504:
502:
501:
496:
494:
493:
477:
475:
474:
469:
467:
466:
450:
448:
447:
442:
440:
439:
390:activates a goal
380:
378:
377:
372:
360:
358:
357:
352:
340:
338:
337:
332:
320:
318:
317:
312:
292:
290:
289:
284:
272:
270:
269:
264:
222:
220:
219:
214:
202:
200:
199:
194:
182:
180:
179:
174:
158:
156:
155:
150:
134:
132:
131:
126:
114:
112:
111:
106:
94:
92:
91:
86:
74:
72:
71:
66:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2001:Household goods
1984:Necessity goods
1891:Composite goods
1844:
1838:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1757:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1567:Substitute good
1563:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1000:
997:
996:
980:
977:
976:
960:
957:
956:
940:
937:
936:
920:
917:
916:
900:
897:
896:
856:
853:
852:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
790:
786:
782:
760:
756:
752:
750:
748:
745:
744:
728:
725:
724:
708:
705:
704:
698:
678:switching costs
662:
633:is a good that
616:
594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
567:
563:
561:
558:
557:
541:
538:
537:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:shift rightward
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
462:
458:
456:
453:
452:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
402:
366:
363:
362:
346:
343:
342:
326:
323:
322:
306:
303:
302:
278:
275:
274:
258:
255:
254:
229:substitute good
208:
205:
204:
188:
185:
184:
168:
165:
164:
144:
141:
140:
120:
117:
116:
100:
97:
96:
80:
77:
76:
60:
57:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Superior goods
2024:
2019:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1991:Ordinary goods
1988:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Inferior goods
1937:
1932:
1930:Global commons
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Credence goods
1893:
1888:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1783:
1776:
1755:
1712:
1699:
1669:
1666:on 2013-04-04.
1651:
1644:
1611:
1604:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1464:
1460:
1437:
1433:
1412:
1392:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1121:
1117:
1096:
1076:
1060:
1057:
1044:
1024:
1004:
984:
964:
944:
924:
904:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
823:
819:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
732:
712:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
676:by increasing
674:vendor lock-in
661:
658:
615:
612:
597:
593:
570:
566:
545:
523:
519:
492:
488:
465:
461:
438:
434:
401:
398:
370:
350:
330:
310:
297:more for each
295:willing to pay
282:
262:
212:
192:
172:
148:
124:
104:
84:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2075:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:Private goods
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Neutral goods
1972:
1970:
1969:demerit goods
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
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1948:
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1943:
1941:
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1933:
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1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
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1861:
1859:
1858:Capital goods
1856:
1854:
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1850:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
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1801:
1794:
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1773:
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1762:
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1739:
1735:
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1702:
1696:
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1673:
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1655:
1647:
1645:0-13-063085-3
1641:
1637:
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1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1524:
1504:
1484:
1462:
1458:
1435:
1431:
1410:
1390:
1381:
1365:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1200:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1115:
1094:
1074:
1066:
1063:The standard
1056:
1042:
1022:
1002:
982:
962:
942:
922:
902:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
835:
832:
829:
821:
817:
791:
787:
775:
772:
769:
761:
757:
730:
710:
701:
690:
687:
686:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
620:
611:
595:
591:
568:
564:
543:
521:
517:
508:
490:
486:
463:
459:
436:
432:
423:
419:
415:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
368:
348:
328:
308:
300:
299:marginal unit
296:
280:
260:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
225:shift outward
210:
190:
170:
162:
146:
138:
122:
102:
82:
62:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2037:Veblen goods
2022:Search goods
2008:Public goods
1979:Normal goods
1960:Luxury goods
1925:Giffen goods
1877:
1868:Common goods
1799:
1786:
1767:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1664:the original
1654:
1629:
1614:
1589:
1581:
1382:
1201:
1062:
702:
699:
670:market power
663:
651:
647:
634:
630:
628:
411:
383:
252:
244:loss leaders
239:
236:joint demand
235:
233:
161:shift inward
36:
30:
1965:Merit goods
1911:Final goods
1517:. Overall,
2052:Categories
2032:Used goods
1916:Free goods
1863:Club goods
1706:2022-05-26
1573:References
645:function.
240:vice versa
1840:Types of
1742:0022-2437
1463:∗
1436:∗
1366:ω
1363:∂
1355:ω
1333:∂
1325:∗
1317:−
1301:∂
1291:∗
1287:τ
1264:∂
1242:∂
1234:ω
1212:∂
1184:…
1176:∗
1163:∗
1147:∗
1120:∗
1116:τ
877:…
836:ω
784:∂
776:ω
754:∂
666:marketing
47:and that
33:economics
1626:(2003).
400:Examples
301:of good
1750:4800997
1685:: 1–7.
660:Example
1774:
1748:
1740:
1697:
1642:
1602:
1015:while
420:. The
418:petrol
49:demand
1842:goods
1796:(PDF)
1746:S2CID
1065:Hicks
1059:Proof
137:curve
53:price
39:is a
2015:and
1967:and
1918:vs.
1884:vs.
1880:vs.
1772:ISBN
1738:ISSN
1695:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1537:and
935:but
851:for
635:must
416:and
414:cars
273:and
139:for
41:good
35:, a
1730:doi
1687:doi
1383:If
1199:is
743:if
664:In
381:".
223:to
159:to
31:In
2054::
1798:.
1758:^
1744:.
1736:.
1726:53
1724:.
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1598:.
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629:A
1833:e
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1780:.
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880:,
874:,
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369:y
349:z
329:y
309:x
281:y
261:x
211:B
191:A
171:A
147:B
123:A
103:A
83:B
63:A
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