96:
104:
128:, but could not be used on iron hulls. The iron framework of composite ships was less bulky and lighter than timber, so allowing more cargo in a hull of the same external shape. The weight saving was particularly significant. The strength and stiffness allowed sailing vessels to be driven hard as the accumulated straining of the hull did not produce the leaks that would develop in the older wooden built ships.
205:(FRP). Such materials do not warp, crack, or split and are as versatile as traditional pressure treated wood. Composite decking is made through several different processes, and there are a multitude of sizes, shapes, and strengths available. Depending on the type of composite selected the decking materials can be used for a number of other construction projects including fences and sheds.
226:
Cement-polymer composites are being developed and tested as a replacement for traditional cement. The traditional cement used as stucco rapidly deteriorates. The deterioration causes the material to easily crack due to thermo-processes becoming permeable to water and no longer structurally sound. The
213:
In a composite steel deck, the dissimilar materials in question are steel and concrete. A composite steel deck combines the tensile strength of steel with the compressive strength of concrete to improve design efficiency and reduce the material necessary to cover a given area. Additionally, composite
82:
floor slabs. If the beam is not connected firmly to the slab, then the slab transfers all of its weight to the beam and the slab contributes nothing to the load carrying capability of the beam. However, if the slab is connected positively to the beam with studs, then a portion of the slab can be
111:
In 19th-century shipbuilding, composite construction was the use of an iron hull framework which was covered in timber planking to provide the water-tight skin of the hull. If properly insulated fastenings were used on the timber, the underwater hull could be covered with
246:. It was found that 20% crumb rubber can be added to the cement mixture without affecting the appearance of the cement. This new material was tested for strength and durability using American Society for Testing and Materials (
515:
Loutfy, R. O. (2005, April 25). National Center For
Environmental Research, US EPA. Retrieved June 14, 2010, from Final Report: Cement-Polymer Composites From Recycled Polymers for Construction:
83:
assumed to act compositely with the beam. In effect, this composite creates a larger and stronger beam than would be provided by the steel beam alone. The structural engineer may calculate a
375:
311:
172:. This occurs when a steel plate is sandwiched between two wood joists and bolted together. A flitch beam can typically support heavier loads over a longer
400:
30:
is a generic term to describe any building construction involving multiple dissimilar materials. Composite construction is often used in building
139:
was built. Other patents followed, with differing methods of electrically insulating the iron frames and fastenings from the copper sheathing.
364:
228:
218:
can span greater distances between supporting elements and have reduced live load deflection in comparison to previous construction methods.
66:, composite construction exists when two different materials are bound together so strongly that they act together as a single unit from a
516:
549:
231:
in conjunction with
Materials and Electrochemical Research Corporation tested a cement-polymer composite material consisting of
300:
135:
built from the mid-1860s. Early experiments with the system started with a patent issued in 1839, under which the steamer
467:
404:
347:
193:
The traditional decking material is pressure-treated wood. The current material many contractors choose to use is
202:
492:
534:
539:
198:
517:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6970/report/F
177:
169:
269:
63:
544:
39:
443:
215:
8:
279:
274:
173:
84:
259:
247:
117:
43:
425:
343:
194:
143:
113:
95:
103:
21:
17:
236:
125:
51:
471:
528:
107:
Internal view of HMS Gannet, with the iron frames and timber planking visible
398:
Composite
Decking. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2010, from ToolBase Services:
168:
is a simple form of composite construction sometimes used in North
American
264:
232:
87:
as one step in analyzing the load carry capability of the composite beam.
239:
165:
151:
121:
67:
47:
35:
79:
31:
132:
243:
75:
340:
The Tea
Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
468:"Composite Steel Joist - Steel Joist Institute (SJI)"
150:, a steam and sail-powered warship, and the clipper
131:Composite hulls were used for the majority of the
526:
333:
331:
299:Rahman, Nabil A.; Booth, Michael (August 2006).
99:Contemporary drawings of composite construction
70:point of view. When this occurs, it is called
328:
229:United States Environmental Protection Agency
221:
362:
298:
337:
188:
57:
102:
94:
381:from the original on September 27, 2007
317:from the original on September 30, 2006
208:
197:. This material is typically made from
527:
183:
42:. There are several reasons to use
13:
493:"Structural Steel in Construction"
365:"Flitch Plate Beams: Design Guide"
301:"Innovative Mid Rise Construction"
176:than an all-wood beam of the same
14:
561:
550:Prestressed concrete construction
342:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
159:
20:of classical architecture, see
509:
485:
460:
436:
418:
392:
356:
292:
74:. One common example involves
46:including increased strength,
1:
285:
203:fiberglass reinforced plastic
120:. Copper sheathing prevented
338:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
7:
253:
10:
566:
15:
497:ConstructionKnowledge.net
222:Cement-polymer composites
214:steel decks supported by
444:"Composite Construction"
170:light frame construction
90:
142:Surviving examples are
116:without the problem of
448:steelconstruction.info
363:DeStefano, P.E., Jim.
270:Framing (construction)
216:composite steel joists
199:wood–plastic composite
189:Composite wood decking
108:
100:
64:structural engineering
58:Structural engineering
28:Composite construction
106:
98:
40:building construction
209:Composite steel deck
50:, and environmental
401:"Composite Decking"
280:Structural analysis
275:Reinforced concrete
85:transformed section
44:composite materials
535:Building materials
372:Structure Magazine
308:Structure Magazine
260:Composite material
248:ASTM International
118:galvanic corrosion
109:
101:
540:Civil engineering
430:Trex Company, Inc
426:"Recycling Facts"
195:composite decking
184:Deck construction
78:beams supporting
557:
519:
513:
507:
506:
504:
503:
489:
483:
482:
480:
479:
470:. Archived from
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
440:
434:
433:
422:
416:
415:
413:
412:
403:. Archived from
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
380:
369:
360:
354:
353:
335:
326:
325:
323:
322:
316:
305:
296:
114:copper sheathing
72:composite action
565:
564:
560:
559:
558:
556:
555:
554:
525:
524:
523:
522:
514:
510:
501:
499:
491:
490:
486:
477:
475:
466:
465:
461:
452:
450:
442:
441:
437:
424:
423:
419:
410:
408:
399:
397:
393:
384:
382:
378:
367:
361:
357:
350:
336:
329:
320:
318:
314:
303:
297:
293:
288:
256:
224:
211:
191:
186:
162:
93:
60:
25:
22:composite order
12:
11:
5:
563:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
521:
520:
508:
484:
459:
435:
417:
391:
355:
348:
327:
290:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
255:
252:
223:
220:
210:
207:
190:
187:
185:
182:
161:
160:House building
158:
92:
89:
59:
56:
52:sustainability
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
562:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
530:
518:
512:
498:
494:
488:
474:on 2014-10-06
473:
469:
463:
449:
445:
439:
431:
427:
421:
407:on 2013-04-16
406:
402:
395:
377:
373:
366:
359:
351:
349:0-85177-256-0
345:
341:
334:
332:
313:
309:
302:
295:
291:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:) standards.
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
200:
196:
181:
179:
178:cross section
175:
171:
167:
157:
155:
154:
149:
147:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
97:
88:
86:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
23:
19:
545:Construction
511:
500:. Retrieved
496:
487:
476:. Retrieved
472:the original
462:
451:. Retrieved
447:
438:
429:
420:
409:. Retrieved
405:the original
394:
383:. Retrieved
371:
358:
339:
319:. Retrieved
307:
294:
265:Construction
240:rubber tires
233:crumb rubber
225:
212:
192:
163:
152:
148: (1878)
145:
141:
136:
130:
110:
71:
61:
27:
26:
166:flitch beam
126:teredo worm
529:Categories
502:2014-11-09
478:2014-11-09
453:2014-11-09
411:2010-06-26
385:2024-05-09
321:2024-05-09
286:References
235:made from
153:Cutty Sark
68:structural
48:aesthetics
36:watercraft
144:HMS
376:Archived
312:Archived
254:See also
237:recycled
133:clippers
80:concrete
32:aircraft
16:For the
122:fouling
346:
244:cement
146:Gannet
38:, and
379:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
315:(PDF)
304:(PDF)
137:Assam
91:Ships
76:steel
18:order
344:ISBN
242:and
174:span
124:and
201:or
62:In
531::
495:.
446:.
428:.
374:.
370:.
330:^
310:.
306:.
180:.
164:A
156:.
54:.
34:,
505:.
481:.
456:.
432:.
414:.
388:.
352:.
324:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
