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problem focused curriculum has been found to be the most effective, giving students puzzles, games, or small programs to interact with and create. Rather than applying techniques or strategies learned to tests or quizzes, students must use material learned in class to complete the programs and show they are following the class. On top of this, it has been found that developing teaching methods that seek to improve and guide students problem-solving and creative abilities tend to help them succeed in computer science and other classes. The problem-solving aspect of computer science education is often the hardest part to deal with as many students can struggle with the concept, especially when it is likely they have not had to apply in such a way before this point.
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point where anyone who wasn't an expert could get anything out of it. It was soon realized however, that mathematicians were not a good fit for computer science work and that there would be a need for people fully focused around the subject. As time went on, there was a greater need for those who were specifically trained in computer programming to match the demands of a world becoming more and more dependent on the use of computers. Initially, only colleges and universities offered computer programming courses, but as time went on, high schools and even middle schools implemented computer science programs.
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areas with not a lot of people, to struggle to hire the teachers necessary to provide a good computer science curriculum. Another issue with the teacher side of the discipline is the nature of computer science itself, and that a standard teaching structure using slides and textbooks has often been found to be ineffective. Computer science is a very problem solving oriented subject and it has often been found that teaching can be more effective when approaching it from this perspective rather than the standard lecture format.
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computers for each and every student that wanted to learn the discipline. Due to this, computing education suffered in many areas with little to no funding left over to adequately teach the subject. This is the main reason why computing education is either extremely lackluster or non-existent in many schools across the United States and UK. The subject's unpopularity for many years mostly stems from it being reserved for those who could afford the necessary equipment and software to effectively teach it.
640:
Courses (MOOCs) have played a significant role in promoting computer science education and making coding accessible to students worldwide; especially making a difference for women, underprivileged and underrepresented communities. These online learning platforms have also made computing education more accessible, allowing individuals to learn coding remotely. Additionally, we see technology increasingly being found in numerous fields like health, business and technology.
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a male dominated field, pursued by people who are nerdy and lack social skills. All these characteristics seem to be more damaging for a woman as compared to a man. Therefore, to break these stereotypes and to engage more women in computer science, it is crucial that there are special outreach programs designed to develop interest in girls starting at the middle school level and prepare them for an academic track towards the hard sciences.
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430:, where syntax is much simpler compared to more complex languages. Generally, students are taught with languages that are popular among professional businesses and programmers so that they can become familiar with languages actually used in the workforce. Thus, in high school and college, classes tend to focus on more complex uses of Python as well as other languages such as
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aspect. This is especially true for high-school, where few other subjects demand as high caliber of problem-solving ability as computer science. This is compounded by the fact that computer science is a very different discipline from most other subjects, meaning that many students who encounter it for the first time can struggle a lot.
404:. According to a 2021 report, only 51% of high schools in the US offer computer science. Elementary CS teachers in particular have lower CS teaching efficacy and have fewer chances to implement CS into their instruction than their middle and high school peers. Connecting CS teachers to resources and peers using methods such as
336:. The field of computer science education encompasses a wide range of topics, from basic programming skills to advanced algorithm design and data analysis. It is a rapidly growing field that is essential to preparing students for careers in the technology industry and other fields that require computational skills.
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college. These opportunities often involve rigorous courses that are more geared to getting people ready for the workforce rather than a more academic focus. Coding bootcamps have become a great way for people to break out into the computer science market without having to go to school all over again.
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Computer science is also notorious for being a very difficult subject in schools, with high failure and dropout rates over the years it has been taught. This is usually attributed to the fact that computer science as a subject is very problem-solving heavy and a lot of students can struggle with this
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The main reason for the failure of these programs is because almost all of them focused on girls in high school or higher levels of education. Researchers argue that by then women have already made up their mind and stereotypes start to form about computer scientists. Computer
Science is perceived as
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This problem mainly arises due to the lack of interests of girls in computing starting from the primary level. Despite numerous efforts by programs specifically designed to increase the ratio of women in this field, no significant improvement has been observed. Furthermore, a declining trend has been
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In many countries, there is a significant gender gap in computer science education. In 2015, 15.3% of computer science students graduating from non-doctoral granting institutions in the US were women while at doctoral granting institutions, the figure was 16.6%. The number of female PhD recipients in
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Computing education research (CER) or
Computer science education research is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on studying the teaching and learning of computer science. It is a subfield of both computer science and education research, and is concerned with understanding how computer science is
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In the early days of computer programming, there wasn't really a need for setting up any kind of education system, as the only people working with computers at the time were early scientists and mathematicians. Computer programming wasn't nearly popular enough to warrant being taught, nor was it at a
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Over the years, computing education has faced many various issues that have in one way or another contributed to its unpopularity. One of the most impactful of these issues is the equipment cost of effectively teaching the discipline. In the past, there were not many affordable options for providing
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are effective in elementary and middle schools as a good introduction to how programming languages function with a simple and easy to understand block-based programming structure. Once students have gotten a grasp for the very basics of programming through these languages, usually teachers will move
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Something else that has become popular in more recent times are online coding courses and coding bootcamps. Due to the nature of computer science as a discipline, there are many who realize there interest for it only later in life, or maybe it wasn't widely available when they attend high school or
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In addition to preparing students for careers in the technology industry, computer science education also promotes computational thinking skills, which are valuable in many fields, including business, healthcare, and education. By learning to think algorithmically and solve problems systematically,
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There have also been issues with finding and training good teachers for the subject. Many schools in the past didn't see the value in paying for training for teachers to be able to teach computer science or get the licenses required. This has led to many schools in disadvantaged areas, or simply
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Recently, computational education has had an increased emphasis on incorporating computational knowledge into education on all levels. This is due to the world becoming more and more technologically driven. Organizations like Code.org and initiatives like the Hour of Code and
Massive Open Online
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Evidently, there are a few countries in Asia and Africa where these stereotypes do not exist and women are encouraged for a career in science starting at the primary level, thus resulting in a gender gap that is virtually nonexistent. In 2011, women earned half of the computer science degrees in
450:
Effective teaching methods in computer science often differ from that of other subjects as the standard slideshow and textbook format often used in schools has been found to be less effective compared to standard academic subjects. Due to the problem-solving nature of computer science, a kind of
339:
Computer science education is essential to preparing students for the 21st century workforce. As technology becomes increasingly integrated into all aspects of society, the demand for skilled computer scientists is growing. According to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, employment of computer and
516:
Computer science education researchers are interested in promoting diversity and inclusion in computer science education. This may involve studying the factors that contribute to under representation of certain groups in computer science, and developing interventions to promote inclusivity and
472:
Computer science education research emerged as a field of study in the 1970s, when researchers began to explore the effectiveness of different approaches to teaching computer programming. Since then, the field has grown to encompass a wide range of topics related to computer science education,
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Researchers in computer science education seek to design curricula that are effective and engaging for students. This may involve studying the effectiveness of different programming languages, or developing new pedagogical approaches that promote active learning.
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Computer science education researchers are interested in developing effective ways to assess student learning outcomes. This may involve developing new measures of student knowledge or skills, or evaluating the effectiveness of different assessment methods.
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education is relatively new in the United States with many K-12 CS teachers facing obstacles to integrating CS instruction such as professional isolation, limited CS professional development resources, and low levels of CS teaching
507:
Researchers in computer science education are interested in exploring different teaching methods and instructional strategies. This may involve studying the effectiveness of lectures, online tutorials, or peer-to-peer learning.
442:. Despite this, it isn't completely necessary to focus on the most popular or used coding languages as much of computer science is built off of learning good coding practices that can be applied to any language in some form.
416:
As with most disciplines, computer science benefits from using different tools and strategies at different points in a student's development to ensure they get the most out of the teaching. Visual programming languages like
660:
Despite the challenges faced by the discipline, computer science continues to grow in popularity as a subject as technology grows and computers become more and more important in the classroom as well as in everyday life.
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Another differentiator of computer science education is that it has primarily only been taught at university level until recently, with some notable exceptions in Israel, Poland and the United
Kingdom with the
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Bruckman, Amy; Biggers, Maureen; Ericson, Barbara; McKlin, Tom; Dimond, Jill; DiSalvo, Betsy; Hewner, Mike; Ni, Lijun; Yardi, Sarita (2009). "Georgia computes! Improving the computing education pipeline".
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One of the primary goals of computer science education research is to improve the teaching and learning of computer science. To this end, researchers study a variety of topics, including:
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which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018, making it one of the oldest and longest running ACM Special
Interest Groups. An outcome of computing education research are
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Rogers, Yvonne; Shum, Venus; Marquardt, Nic; Lechelt, Susan; Johnson, Rose; Baker, Howard; Davies, Matt (2017). "From the BBC micro to micro:bit and beyond".
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taught, learned, and assessed in a variety of settings, such as K-12 schools, colleges and universities, and online learning environments.
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Garneli, V., Giannakos, M. N., & Chorianopoulos, K. (March 2015). Computing education in K-12 schools: A review of the literature. In
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information technology occupations is projected to "grow 21 percent from 2021 to 2031", much faster than the average for all occupations.
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has been shown to help CS and STEM teachers improve their teaching self-efficacy and implement CS topics into student instruction.
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1364:"Increasing high school teachers self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice"
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the US was 19.3% in 2018. In almost everywhere in the world, less than 20% of the computer science graduates are female.
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from age 14 or age 16 in a few countries for a few decades, but has typically as an elective subject.
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Computer science education : perspectives on teaching and learning in school
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including curriculum design, assessment, pedagogy, and diversity and inclusion.
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https://cra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2018_Taulbee_Survey.pdf
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on to an easy to use text-based programming language, such as
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1879:"Learning outside the classroom through MOOCs"
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1907:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2001:
1500:University of Florida Online
459:Computing education research
27:Pedagogy of computer science
7:
4093:Education in North America
1883:Computers in Human Behavior
664:
588:conditions to do so are met
502:
10:
4735:
4714:Computer science education
4538:Education in South America
2638:
1723:10.1007/s10639-020-10379-x
1417:Computer Science Education
1381:10.1186/s40594-020-00211-w
1329:10.26716/jcsi.2021.10.8.34
1174:Computer Science Education
1152:Computer Science Education
838:Cambridge University Press
314:Computer science education
18:Computer science education
4659:
4616:
4543:
4454:
4431:
4350:
4306:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4224:
4098:
4071:
4023:
3985:
3727:
3686:
3645:
3605:
3347:
3261:
3236:
2955:
2942:
2931:
2907:
2861:
2827:
2786:
2768:
2729:
2711:
2677:
2653:Early childhood education
2646:
2633:
2583:
2413:
2360:
2182:
2035:
2007:
1996:
1895:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.013
1762:Journal of Gender Studies
1561:Communications of the ACM
984:Communications of the ACM
930:Communications of the ACM
4509:Northern Mariana Islands
4326:Turks and Caicos Islands
3407:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3003:Central African Republic
1094:. Taylor & Francis.
976:"Computational thinking"
384:in the 1980s as part of
4474:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3668:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1634:10.1145/3183559.3183560
1502:. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
997:10.1145/1118178.1118215
942:10.1145/1378704.1378713
781:10.1145/1539024.1508899
512:Diversity and inclusion
260:Participant observation
255:Multivariate statistics
88:International education
4256:British Virgin Islands
3770:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1057:10.1098/rsta.2008.0118
737:. London: Bloomsbury.
539:Special Interest Group
530:
395:Primary and secondary
334:computational thinking
310:
4457:and other territories
4196:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3163:São Tomé and Príncipe
3023:Republic of the Congo
1215:Tedre, Matti (2015).
1100:10.1201/9781482287325
846:10.1017/9781108654555
804:"Computing education"
528:
362:mathematics education
308:
220:Conversation analysis
4719:Education by subject
4345:Education in Oceania
3721:Education in Europe
3582:United Arab Emirates
2949:Education in Africa
2172:Instructional design
1820:on 24 September 2015
1489:(pp. 543–551). IEEE.
521:Research communities
366:history of computing
240:Factorial experiment
34:Educational research
4211:Trinidad and Tobago
4106:Antigua and Barbuda
3986:States with limited
3609:limited recognition
3238:States with limited
2937:Education by region
2663:Secondary education
2575:Teaching philosophy
2478:Pedagogical pattern
2421:21st century skills
2400:Religious education
2043:Aims and objectives
1622:ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
1429:2016CSEd...26..235Y
1186:2018CSEd...28..158T
1049:2008RSPTA.366.3717W
1043:(1881): 3717–3725.
769:ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
575:of this section is
318:computing education
113:Religious education
4672:Schools portal
4146:Dominican Republic
3341:Education in Asia
2668:Tertiary education
2606:Learning resources
2097:Education sciences
1808:gender is science"
1670:. 10 February 2017
1616:Morrison, Briana;
531:
356:In comparison to
328:the discipline of
311:
225:Discourse analysis
131:Curricular domains
53:Education sciences
48:Curriculum studies
4701:
4700:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4623:other territories
4532:
4531:
4524:Wallis and Futuna
4432:Associated states
4339:
4338:
4228:other territories
4087:
4086:
3714:
3713:
3651:other territories
3334:
3333:
3265:other territories
3038:Equatorial Guinea
2927:
2926:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2658:Primary education
2629:
2628:
2518:Dialogic learning
2488:Teacher retention
2441:Critical thinking
2436:Class arrangement
2405:Special education
2080:Standardized test
2063:Course evaluation
1605:. 11 August 2021.
1226:978-1-4822-1769-8
1109:978-1-4822-8732-5
1029:Wing, Jeanette M.
972:Wing, Jeanette M.
825:Fincher, Sally A.
744:978-1-350-05711-1
616:
615:
608:
485:Curriculum design
358:science education
301:
300:
118:Teacher education
98:Special education
93:School counseling
16:(Redirected from
4726:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4643:
4631:Falkland Islands
4545:Sovereign states
4534:
4533:
4514:Pitcairn Islands
4484:French Polynesia
4469:Christmas Island
4398:Papua New Guinea
4378:Marshall Islands
4351:Sovereign states
4341:
4340:
4296:Saint Barthélemy
4226:Dependencies and
4099:Sovereign states
4089:
4088:
4024:Dependencies and
3728:Sovereign states
3716:
3715:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3663:Christmas Island
3349:Sovereign states
3336:
3335:
3326:
3325:(United Kingdom)
3321:Tristan da Cunha
3317:Ascension Island
3309:
3296:
3287:
3263:Dependencies and
2956:Sovereign states
2944:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2916:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2834:Higher education
2830:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2775:Secondary school
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2649:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2563:Student-centered
2548:Phenomenon-based
2538:Peer instruction
2503:Blended learning
2426:Bloom's taxonomy
2390:Gifted education
2385:Education reform
2217:Computer science
1998:
1997:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1813:. Archived from
1812:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1716:(3): 2811–2829.
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1552:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1165:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
980:
968:
962:
961:
922:
916:
915:
899:
885:
876:
875:
835:
821:
812:
811:
808:royalsociety.org
799:
793:
792:
763:
757:
756:
727:
721:
720:
687:
611:
604:
600:
597:
591:
565:
564:
557:
547:Parsons problems
446:Teaching methods
423:MIT App Inventor
397:computer science
374:analog computers
330:computer science
320:is the field of
293:
286:
279:
149:Computer science
108:Female education
103:Gifted education
30:
29:
21:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4666:
4664:
4647:
4641:
4624:
4622:
4612:
4539:
4528:
4456:
4450:
4433:
4427:
4408:Solomon Islands
4346:
4335:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4094:
4083:
4067:
4025:
4019:
4005:Northern Cyprus
3987:
3981:
3902:North Macedonia
3723:
3710:
3682:
3650:
3641:
3622:Northern Cyprus
3608:
3601:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3307:
3294:
3285:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3241:
3239:
3232:
2951:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2848:
2836:
2817:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2777:
2758:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2720:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2642:
2625:
2579:
2498:Active learning
2493:Teaching method
2468:Learning theory
2409:
2375:Autodidacticism
2370:Adult education
2356:
2297:Performing arts
2178:
2085:Teacher quality
2075:Standards-based
2031:
2003:
1992:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1916:
1900:
1899:
1875:
1871:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1754:
1747:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1573:10.1145/2668899
1555:Cooper, Steve;
1553:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1409:
1405:
1360:
1353:
1308:
1299:
1276:10.1145/3029601
1260:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1086:
1082:
1026:
1022:
978:
969:
965:
923:
919:
912:
897:
886:
879:
856:
833:
822:
815:
800:
796:
764:
760:
745:
728:
724:
709:
688:
684:
679:
667:
646:
637:
612:
601:
595:
592:
581:
566:
562:
555:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
479:
477:Topics of study
470:
461:
448:
414:
350:
297:
235:Factor analysis
179:Performing arts
154:Early childhood
123:Teaching method
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4614:
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4585:
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4547:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Norfolk Island
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:American Samoa
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4434:of New Zealand
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Sint Eustatius
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Cayman Islands
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:European Union
4075:
4073:
4072:Other entities
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4026:other entities
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3977:United Kingdom
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Czech Republic
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3698:
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3683:
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3602:
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3529:
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3509:
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3479:
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3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
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3414:
3409:
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3379:
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3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3310:
3297:
3288:
3274:Canary Islands
3270:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2718:Primary school
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Cognitive load
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Evidence-based
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2036:By perspective
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1914:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1806:[sic!]
1795:
1768:(6): 666–680.
1745:
1693:
1681:
1655:
1608:
1594:
1557:Grover, Shuchi
1547:
1530:
1504:
1491:
1475:
1458:
1423:(4): 235–254.
1403:
1351:
1297:
1254:
1225:
1219:. Boca Raton.
1207:
1180:(2): 158–186.
1160:
1140:
1115:
1108:
1080:
1020:
963:
917:
910:
877:
854:
813:
794:
758:
743:
722:
707:
691:Fincher, Sally
681:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
666:
663:
645:
642:
636:
633:
614:
613:
596:September 2024
569:
567:
560:
554:
551:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
478:
475:
469:
466:
460:
457:
447:
444:
413:
410:
349:
346:
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
281:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:Evidence-based
227:
222:
217:
209:
208:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
189:Social science
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
133:
132:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4636:French Guiana
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:New Caledonia
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Easter Island
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:United States
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Faroe Islands
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:South Ossetia
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Liechtenstein
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:South Ossetia
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Guinea-Bissau
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:Undergraduate
2866:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2793:Middle school
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Project-based
2556:
2554:
2553:Problem-based
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Demonstration
2511:
2509:
2508:Contemplative
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Homeschooling
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Environmental
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:Instructional
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Psychometrics
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:Settle, Amber
1612:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:(11): 34–36.
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1158:(2), 158–186.
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
977:
973:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Guzdial, Mark
921:
913:
911:9781782522973
907:
903:
902:Royal Society
896:
895:
890:
889:Furber, Steve
884:
882:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
855:9781108654555
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
831:
826:
820:
818:
809:
805:
802:Anon (2017).
798:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
754:
750:
746:
740:
736:
732:
731:Sentance, Sue
726:
718:
714:
710:
708:90-265-1969-9
704:
700:
696:
695:Petre, Marian
692:
686:
682:
672:
669:
668:
662:
658:
654:
650:
641:
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
607:
599:
589:
585:
579:
578:
574:
568:
559:
558:
550:
548:
544:
540:
537:(ACM) runs a
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
474:
465:
456:
452:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
409:
407:
403:
402:self-efficacy
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
303:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Meta-analysis
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
4663:
4619:Dependencies
4455:Dependencies
4441:Cook Islands
4321:Sint Maarten
4301:Saint Martin
4015:Transnistria
3647:Dependencies
3577:Turkmenistan
3542:Saudi Arabia
3313:Saint Helena
3284:
3188:South Africa
3178:Sierra Leone
2983:Burkina Faso
2875:Postgraduate
2691:Kindergarten
2543:Personalized
2523:Experiential
2483:Teacher look
2192:Agricultural
2048:Anthropology
1949:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1903:cite journal
1886:
1882:
1872:
1863:
1853:
1845:TechRepublic
1844:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1805:
1798:
1765:
1761:
1713:
1709:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1597:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1461:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1319:
1315:
1270:(2): 74–77.
1267:
1264:Interactions
1263:
1257:
1216:
1210:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1090:
1083:
1040:
1036:
1023:
991:(3): 33–35.
988:
982:
966:
936:(8): 25–27.
933:
929:
920:
893:
829:
807:
797:
772:
768:
761:
734:
725:
698:
685:
659:
655:
651:
647:
638:
629:
625:
621:
617:
602:
593:
571:
532:
515:
506:
497:
488:
480:
471:
462:
453:
449:
415:
394:
378:
355:
351:
342:
338:
317:
313:
312:
302:
4693:WikiProject
4388:New Zealand
4291:Puerto Rico
4201:Saint Lucia
4151:El Salvador
4053:Isle of Man
3988:recognition
3962:Switzerland
3897:Netherlands
3706:Asia portal
3607:States with
3527:Philippines
3467:South Korea
3462:North Korea
3357:Afghanistan
3240:recognition
3193:South Sudan
3083:Ivory Coast
2799:High school
2596:Definitions
2473:Lesson plan
2362:Alternative
2267:Mathematics
2237:Engineering
1932:(6), 71–77.
1889:: 604–609.
1545:(4), 66–71.
1539:ACM Inroads
1528:(2), ep272.
1128:www.bls.gov
1006:10818/29866
370:computation
245:Focus group
215:Case method
174:Mathematics
159:Engineering
40:Disciplines
4708:Categories
4286:Montserrat
4281:Martinique
4276:Guadeloupe
4131:Costa Rica
3932:San Marino
3892:Montenegro
3872:Luxembourg
3852:Kazakhstan
3755:Azerbaijan
3587:Uzbekistan
3562:Tajikistan
3477:Kyrgyzstan
3457:Kazakhstan
3377:Bangladesh
3367:Azerbaijan
3295:(Portugal)
3253:Somaliland
3173:Seychelles
3138:Mozambique
3123:Mauritania
3108:Madagascar
3063:The Gambia
2998:Cape Verde
2851:Continuing
2841:Vocational
2446:Curriculum
2380:Democratic
2352:Vocational
2342:Technology
2302:Philosophy
2184:By subject
2162:Technology
2142:Psychology
2127:Philosophy
2117:Leadership
2058:Evaluation
2053:Assessment
1952:(2), 1–16.
1860:"About Us"
1628:(1): 2–3.
900:. London:
864:1090781199
677:References
644:Challenges
573:neutrality
494:Assessment
468:Background
412:Curriculum
348:Background
199:Vocational
194:Technology
83:Technology
73:Psychology
68:Philosophy
58:Evaluation
4608:Venezuela
4553:Argentina
4358:Australia
4271:Greenland
4186:Nicaragua
4161:Guatemala
4043:Gibraltar
3867:Lithuania
3673:Hong Kong
3627:Palestine
3552:Sri Lanka
3547:Singapore
3427:Indonesia
3128:Mauritius
2684:Preschool
2584:Wikimedia
2322:Religious
2247:Euthenics
2232:Economics
2212:Chemistry
2202:Bilingual
2157:Sociology
2112:Inclusion
2092:Economics
1990:Education
1790:146570525
1782:0958-9236
1740:228817008
1732:1573-7608
1642:0097-8418
1581:0001-0782
1445:0899-3408
1398:216034569
1390:2196-7822
1374:(1): 14.
1346:240864514
1338:2574-108X
1284:1072-5520
1243:cite book
1235:870289913
950:0001-0782
872:243000064
789:0097-8418
775:(1): 86.
753:999588195
584:talk page
390:curricula
382:BBC Micro
4683:Category
4598:Suriname
4588:Paraguay
4573:Colombia
4373:Kiribati
4236:Anguilla
4171:Honduras
4141:Dominica
4116:Barbados
4063:Svalbard
4048:Guernsey
3995:Abkhazia
3947:Slovenia
3942:Slovakia
3917:Portugal
3775:Bulgaria
3696:Category
3617:Abkhazia
3567:Thailand
3522:Pakistan
3502:Mongolia
3497:Maldives
3492:Malaysia
3392:Cambodia
3319: /
3315: /
3308:(France)
3302: /
3280: /
3276: /
3228:Zimbabwe
3203:Tanzania
3053:Ethiopia
3048:Eswatini
3028:Djibouti
2993:Cameroon
2978:Botswana
2568:Socratic
2528:Feedback
2414:Concepts
2307:Physical
2277:Military
2257:Language
2207:Business
2147:Research
2137:Politics
2122:Pedagogy
2017:Glossary
2002:Overview
1864:code.org
1650:19169248
1589:34034556
1453:33792019
1322:(1): 1.
1292:24258819
1202:52884221
1133:13 April
1075:18672462
1031:(2008).
974:(2006).
958:35737830
891:(2017).
717:54455019
697:(2004).
665:See also
577:disputed
517:equity.
503:Pedagogy
326:learning
322:teaching
169:Literacy
164:Language
144:Business
4603:Uruguay
4578:Ecuador
4558:Bolivia
4519:Tokelau
4423:Vanuatu
4266:Curaçao
4251:Bonaire
4246:Bermuda
4176:Jamaica
4156:Grenada
4111:Bahamas
3972:Ukraine
3922:Romania
3882:Moldova
3840:Ireland
3835:Iceland
3830:Hungary
3820:Germany
3815:Georgia
3805:Finland
3800:Estonia
3795:Denmark
3780:Croatia
3765:Belgium
3760:Belarus
3750:Austria
3745:Armenia
3740:Andorra
3735:Albania
3592:Vietnam
3507:Myanmar
3487:Lebanon
3417:Georgia
3372:Bahrain
3362:Armenia
3304:Réunion
3300:Mayotte
3291:Madeira
3286:(Spain)
3282:Melilla
3213:Tunisia
3183:Somalia
3168:Senegal
3153:Nigeria
3143:Namibia
3133:Morocco
3098:Liberia
3093:Lesotho
3043:Eritrea
3013:Comoros
2988:Burundi
2963:Algeria
2871:→
2846:Further
2801:→
2796:→
2778:→
2742:→
2737:→
2721:→
2694:→
2687:→
2533:Passive
2456:Studies
2337:Teacher
2327:Science
2317:Reading
2312:Physics
2287:Nursing
2272:Medical
2107:History
2027:Outline
2009:General
1824:20 July
1425:Bibcode
1182:Bibcode
1066:2696102
1045:Bibcode
1015:1693513
671:Tech ed
419:Scratch
207:Methods
184:Science
75: (
63:History
4583:Guyana
4563:Brazil
4494:Hawaii
4418:Tuvalu
4191:Panama
4181:Mexico
4126:Canada
4121:Belize
4058:Jersey
4000:Kosovo
3967:Turkey
3957:Sweden
3937:Serbia
3927:Russia
3912:Poland
3907:Norway
3887:Monaco
3857:Latvia
3825:Greece
3810:France
3785:Cyprus
3637:Taiwan
3572:Turkey
3537:Russia
3472:Kuwait
3452:Jordan
3442:Israel
3402:Cyprus
3387:Brunei
3382:Bhutan
3323:
3306:
3293:
3223:Zambia
3218:Uganda
3158:Rwanda
3113:Malawi
3073:Guinea
2968:Angola
2918:Portal
2878:
2837:
2740:Junior
2735:Infant
2640:Stages
2616:Quotes
2601:Images
2461:Theory
2451:Hidden
2347:Values
2252:Health
2227:Design
2152:Rights
2132:Policy
1804:"what
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543:SIGCSE
438:, and
428:Python
332:, and
265:Reform
77:school
4568:Chile
4413:Tonga
4403:Samoa
4393:Palau
4383:Nauru
4241:Aruba
4166:Haiti
4033:Åland
3952:Spain
3877:Malta
3847:Italy
3678:Macau
3597:Yemen
3557:Syria
3532:Qatar
3512:Nepal
3447:Japan
3422:India
3412:Egypt
3397:China
3278:Ceuta
3198:Sudan
3148:Niger
3103:Libya
3088:Kenya
3068:Ghana
3058:Gabon
3033:Egypt
2973:Benin
2621:Texts
2591:Books
2292:Peace
2282:Music
2262:Legal
2222:Death
2022:Index
1818:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1786:S2CID
1736:S2CID
1674:5 May
1646:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1470:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1342:S2CID
1288:S2CID
1198:S2CID
1011:S2CID
979:(PDF)
954:S2CID
898:(PDF)
868:S2CID
834:(PDF)
4593:Peru
4489:Guam
4446:Niue
4368:Fiji
4311:Saba
4136:Cuba
3517:Oman
3482:Laos
3437:Iraq
3432:Iran
3208:Togo
3118:Mali
3008:Chad
2611:News
1909:link
1826:2015
1778:ISSN
1728:ISSN
1676:2020
1638:ISSN
1577:ISSN
1441:ISSN
1386:ISSN
1334:ISSN
1280:ISSN
1249:link
1231:OCLC
1221:ISBN
1135:2023
1104:ISBN
1071:PMID
946:ISSN
906:ISBN
860:OCLC
850:ISBN
785:ISSN
749:OCLC
739:ISBN
713:OCLC
703:ISBN
570:The
533:The
440:HTML
432:Java
421:and
360:and
324:and
139:Arts
4621:and
3649:and
2332:Sex
2197:Art
1891:doi
1770:doi
1718:doi
1668:CRA
1630:doi
1569:doi
1433:doi
1376:doi
1324:doi
1272:doi
1190:doi
1096:doi
1061:PMC
1053:doi
1041:366
1001:hdl
993:doi
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842:doi
777:doi
436:C++
316:or
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1937:^
1930:26
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