39:
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to bend his arms and elbows to constantly compensate, and his body always leans slightly forward. He holds his left reins in his left hand and his right reins — separated by his middle finger — in his right hand and not all in one hand like a
European could. It is easy to slacken an individual rein but much more difficult to shorten it. His right hand also has to control his whip used on the wheel horses. If obliged to make his right hand free, then he must lay all the right hand reins in his left hand unseparated.
257:
27:
81:, but later to be sometimes used generically. Like their predecessors, the Concords employed a style of suspension and construction particularly suited to North America's early 19th century roads. Leather thoroughbraces suspend passengers who are in constant motion while the coach is moving. The swaying is accepted by passengers for the shock absorbing action of the
245:
It is not possible to guide a
Concord coach with European-style precision. The Concord body continuously shifts. The driver or coachman has to sit slightly askew and brace himself with the aid of a steeply angled footboard. He cannot keep his reins in a steady contact with the horses' mouths. He has
155:
Concord coaches were made from wood with iron fittings. European coaches—constructed for smooth roads—could not withstand the rough
American roads without breakage. Instead of using metal springs, the Concord coach body was suspended by strong leather straps called thoroughbraces, which enabled the
159:
Inside there were three bench seats which accommodated 6, 9 or 12 passengers, depending on model. Bench seats at the front and back of the coach had limited headroom. Passengers on the center bench had no backrest but steadied themselves with a broad leather harness suspended across the coach by
163:
There was an external luggage compartment or boot at the back of the coach and another boot for valuables below the driver's seat at the front. The rear wheels had brake blocks which acted on the iron tires, controlled by the driver with a foot lever to his right at the side of his footboard.
221:
The leading horses are known as the lead horses. The wheel horses or wheelers are the back pair nearest the coach's wheels. The number of horses, usually four or six, could be even more. Two horses alone would very soon tire.
249:
The horses were harnessed very loosely by
European standards because without proper roads the horses had to be allowed to avoid their particular obstacles. The Concord pole, though mounted to allow far more play, moved less.
119:
Railroads began replacing stagecoaches in the middle of the 19th century, but
Concord coaches remained in commercial use into the 20th century and continue to be used in parades and for publicity purposes by
116:
They were high-end, expensive vehicles; the cost was justified by long service life. The thoroughbrace suspension reduced stresses on the structure and improved passenger comfort.
156:
vehicle to be constructed lighter than typical
European coaches. A larger Concord might weigh 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) and could stand over 9 feet (2.7 m) tall.
113:
The Abbot-Downing
Company, however, continued making these coaches for over 70 years, well after most their competitors, and the name became used as a generic term.
310:
38:
73:, mailcoaches, and hotel coaches. The term was first used for the coaches built by coach-builder J. Stephen Abbot and wheelwright Lewis Downing of the
531:
253:
The result was the coach's direction was straighter than with a
European coach, it did not respond to every irregularity in the road.
110:, and was probably first built in this final form in Upstate New York, and were often known as “Troy coaches” or “Albany coaches”.
293:
Concord coaches were expensive. Abbot-Downing also supplied a much simpler, lighter, and less expensive vehicle which they named
88:
and for the way the special motion eases the coach over very rough patches of roadway. This suspension, which was developed by
385:
208:
199:
190:
181:
524:
1416:
425:
1411:
50:
464:
359:
517:
1421:
132:
46:
230:
103:
1406:
1378:
1337:
277:
235:
1368:
1332:
504:
263:
with a modified thoroughbrace suspension was lighter, simpler, and near half the cost of a
Concord
1203:
1193:
684:
832:
659:
1373:
1363:
1231:
1163:
78:
898:
498:
450:
345:
1226:
1130:
288:
174:
74:
42:
1140:
1135:
975:
860:
455:
350:
239:
8:
1168:
1120:
1115:
1010:
933:
827:
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768:
653:
631:
590:
540:
89:
20:
648:
1353:
1055:
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1025:
908:
876:
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812:
743:
732:
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674:
575:
509:
468:
431:
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417:
363:
1236:
1155:
1081:
1020:
689:
636:
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66:
1312:
1188:
1105:
1030:
928:
886:
822:
664:
1358:
1266:
1241:
1045:
990:
985:
954:
949:
938:
881:
783:
679:
390:
1400:
1389:‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
1327:
1213:
1110:
995:
472:
367:
1322:
1276:
1246:
1221:
965:
476:
371:
273:
256:
1317:
1261:
1256:
1198:
1183:
1173:
1005:
800:
794:
758:
499:
Concord Coach #472. This is the 9 feet high 12 interior passenger version
260:
121:
96:
31:
414:
Butterfield's Byway: America's First
Overland Mail Route Across the West
26:
1100:
959:
805:
788:
763:
737:
695:
272:
Concord-style stagecoaches were used in Australia and New Zealand; see
160:
straps from the roof. Another six passengers could travel on the roof.
107:
70:
1302:
1178:
980:
866:
842:
817:
748:
625:
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913:
891:
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705:
615:
570:
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1297:
1251:
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1035:
918:
727:
669:
610:
585:
82:
1307:
1271:
1125:
970:
943:
903:
700:
620:
605:
1145:
1015:
1000:
923:
837:
93:
85:
1071:
871:
493:
102:
The coaches developed out of earlier models, such as the
539:
344:
Sallmann, Robert (Spring 1979). Ryder, Thomas (ed.).
449:
Wheeling, Ken (October 2005). Ryder, Jill M. (ed.).
386:"1891 Abbot Downing Concord Coach - The Henry Ford"
19:For the bus company in northern New England, see
1398:
142:the front transom supporting the metal uprights,
34:livery with leather-covered front and back boots
525:
267:
148:Brake levers on the outside edge either side
532:
518:
145:the front axle with its link for the pole.
92:in the 17th century, was long replaced by
448:
343:
255:
229:
131:
37:
25:
346:"Coaching in the "Old" and "New" World"
311:New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 128
173:A Concord coach in Hadley Farm Museum,
1399:
411:
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513:
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505:Smithsonian video about US coaching
13:
14:
1433:
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494:Abbot-Downing Historical Society
207:
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189:
180:
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465:Carriage Association of America
360:Carriage Association of America
139:The three longitudinal perches,
378:
127:
1:
317:
234:The Springfield coach, 1907.
54:
225:
65:was an American horse-drawn
7:
304:
278:Cobb & Co (New Zealand)
10:
1438:
1338:Equestrian use of roadways
451:"They Called Them Mudders"
286:
18:
1417:History of road transport
1387:
1346:
1285:
1212:
1154:
1090:
1064:
851:
551:
268:Australia and New Zealand
216:
16:Type of horse-drawn coach
1412:Animal-powered vehicles
1333:Museums and collections
1204:Whippletree/double tree
412:Groves, Melody (2014).
299:Western passenger wagon
106:illustrated by Captain
1184:Swingletree/singletree
264:
242:
152:
79:Concord, New Hampshire
58:
35:
554:carriages and coaches
289:Abbot-Downing Company
259:
233:
175:Hadley, Massachusetts
135:
75:Abbot-Downing Company
41:
29:
1422:Horse transportation
1156:Vehicle construction
1136:Trolley and lift van
976:Limbers and caissons
541:Horse-drawn vehicles
456:The Carriage Journal
351:The Carriage Journal
104:“melon-shaped” coach
1169:Front axle assembly
854:carriages and carts
774:Runabout (carriage)
313:: The Concord Coach
283:Abbot-Downing wagon
21:Concord Coach Lines
1407:Coaches (carriage)
1041:Two-wheeled calash
265:
243:
153:
59:
36:
1394:
1393:
744:Marathon carriage
418:The History Press
30:Concord Coach in
1429:
1369:Carriage museums
706:Horsebus/Omnibus
690:Hackney carriage
534:
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403:
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398:
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375:
341:
211:
202:
193:
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122:Wells Fargo Bank
90:Philip de Chiese
69:, often used as
56:
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1427:
1426:
1397:
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1390:
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1106:Conestoga wagon
1086:
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240:Springfield, VT
236:Charlestown, NH
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1046:Un-sprung cart
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
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1013:
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986:Red River cart
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926:
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786:
784:Spider phaeton
781:
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488:External links
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391:The Henry Ford
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295:Overland wagon
287:Main article:
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1111:Covered wagon
1109:
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1091:Wagons &
1089:
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996:Sicilian cart
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643:Concord coach
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168:Photo gallery
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63:Concord coach
52:
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28:
22:
1323:Driving club
1222:Bearing rein
1164:Coachbuilder
966:Jaunting car
899:Chasse-marée
685:Four-in-hand
642:
552:Four-wheeled
477:Google Books
475:– via
460:
454:
444:
413:
407:
395:. Retrieved
389:
380:
372:Google Books
370:– via
355:
349:
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220:
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118:
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101:
99:in England.
71:stagecoaches
62:
60:
43:Glen's Falls
1318:Draft horse
1257:Horse brass
1199:Wheelwright
1174:Hammercloth
1072:Sled/sleigh
1065:Non-wheeled
1006:Sprung cart
852:Two-wheeled
801:State coach
795:Stage wagon
759:Post chaise
501:scroll down
467:: 236–239.
362:: 204–206.
128:Description
53:stagecoach
47:Lake George
32:Wells Fargo
1401:Categories
1347:Categories
1194:Wainwright
1101:Chuckwagon
960:Hansom cab
789:Stagecoach
764:Road Coach
738:Mail coach
436:2014014195
318:References
297:and later
108:Basil Hall
1354:Carriages
1303:Postilion
1237:Breeching
1179:Shaft bow
981:Ralli car
867:Cape cart
861:Cabriolet
843:Wagonette
833:Vis-Ă -vis
818:Tarantass
749:Park Drag
660:Dos-Ă -dos
654:Diligence
626:Charabanc
596:Buckboard
545:carriages
473:0008-6916
368:0008-6916
226:Operation
1293:Coachman
1227:Blinders
1011:Stanhope
914:Curricle
892:Quadriga
828:Victoria
779:Sociable
769:Rockaway
723:Karozzin
712:Horsecar
632:Clarence
616:Carryall
591:Brougham
571:Barouche
397:March 8,
305:See also
1313:Driving
1298:Footman
1286:Related
1252:Crupper
1214:Harness
1131:Trolley
1093:drayage
1077:Travois
1056:Whiskey
1051:Volante
1036:Tumbrel
1026:Tilbury
919:Dogcart
909:Croydon
877:Chariot
754:Phaeton
728:Kibitka
670:Droshky
611:Cariole
586:Britzka
97:springs
83:leather
51:Chester
1379:Images
1328:Tandem
1308:Livery
1272:Terret
1267:Saddle
1247:Collar
1242:Bridle
1126:Telega
1082:Troika
971:Kalesa
944:Gharry
904:Cidomo
813:Surrey
806:Gilded
733:Landau
718:Jingle
701:Herdic
696:Hearse
675:Fiacre
621:Chaise
606:Calash
576:Berlin
471:
434:
424:
366:
217:Horses
86:straps
49:&
1359:Carts
1277:Trace
1262:Lines
1146:Wagon
1141:Vardo
1121:Lorry
1116:Float
1021:Tanga
1016:Sulky
1001:Sjees
934:Float
924:Dokar
887:Triga
838:Vozok
823:Triga
649:Coupé
637:Coach
601:Buggy
581:Brake
566:Bandy
561:Araba
463:(5).
358:(4).
94:steel
67:coach
1031:Trap
991:Shay
939:Gari
929:Ekka
882:Biga
872:Cart
665:Drag
543:and
469:ISSN
432:LCCN
422:ISBN
399:2019
364:ISSN
276:and
61:The
57:1880
950:Gig
680:Fly
238:to
77:in
1403::
461:43
459:.
453:.
430:.
420:.
416:.
388:.
356:16
354:.
348:.
326:^
301:.
124:.
55:c.
45:,
962:‡
946:‡
863:‡
797:‡
791:‡
740:‡
714:‡
708:‡
692:‡
656:‡
645:‡
639:‡
628:‡
533:e
526:t
519:v
479:.
438:.
401:.
374:.
23:.
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