Concussions in sport

1316:

descriptors "head injury" (57.1%), and "brain injury" (28.6%) the most while New Zealand used "head knock" (46.7%), "head clash" (13.3%), and "brain damage" (13.3%). For the consequences of concussion, the UK and Ireland mentioned "Second Impact Syndrome "(22.2%), "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy" (22.2%) and "Parkinson's disease and other neurological conditions" (11.1%) the most. America most commonly mentioned "Alzheimer's, dementia and neurocognitive problems" (13.6%) and "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" (11.7%), while Canada saw the most frequent mention of "depression and suicide" (10.5%). Also, the use of misleading terms such as "mild concussion", "minor concussion" and "slight concussion" are commonplace in the media. Although media articles are often written by individuals (i.e. journalists) who are not medically trained, these articles have been found to potentially influence perceptions regarding concussion for a wide audience due to the global reach of the internet.

1034:(then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), issued a highly detailed policy for dealing with injured players with suspected concussions. Under the policy, a player suffering from a suspected concussion is not allowed to return to play in that game. Players are not cleared to play after the injury for a minimum of 21 days, unless they are being supervised in their recovery by a medical practitioner. Even when medical advice is present, players must complete a multi-step monitoring process before being cleared to play again; this process requires a minimum of six days. In 2012, the IRB modified the policy, instituting a Pitchside Suspected Concussion Assessment (PSCA), under which players suspected of having suffered concussions are to leave the field for 5 minutes while doctors assess their condition via a series of questions. Players who pass the PSCA are allowed to return to play. 1213:

concussions. The most common recommendation for primary prevention was the "education of athletes, colleagues and the public ...". Several other guidelines included rule changes, and the adherence of rules during games. Regarding helmets, there was consensus that they may not always protect against concussions. 2 guidelines recommended the development of concussion policies, or the incorporation of concussions into existing head injury policies. Another 2 guidelines recommended supervision of sports injuries. Further research into the effectiveness of guidance for schools on concussion prevention is needed.

602:— also known as soccer— is a major source of sports-related concussions around the world. Even though 50–80% of injuries in football are directed to the legs, head injuries have been shown to account for between 4 and 22% of football injuries. There is the possibility that heading the ball could damage the head, as the ball can travel at 100 km/hour; although most professional footballers have reported that they experienced head injuries from colliding with other players and the ground. A multi-year study by the University of Colorado published in 1308:, portray the issue as a common cause of long-term neurological disability and the direct cause of a chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative tauopathy found in individuals with a history of exposure to severe or repeated head trauma. The increasing concern over the potential long-term effects of sport-related concussions has heightened scrutiny of the practice of collision sports, particularly American football, with some individuals advocating for its abolition. 40: 256:

hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball. In addition to concussions caused by a single severe impact, multiple minor impacts may also cause brain injury. Less than 10% of cases experience a loss of consciousness, and many typical symptoms appear after the initial concussion evaluation. The overall incidence risk of concussion is higher in adults than in youth, as the injury rate per 1,000 athletic exposures for youth is 0.23, compared to 0.28 in collegiate athletes.

5886: 184:, defined as a set of symptoms that continue after a concussion is sustained. Post-concussion symptoms can be classified as physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms. Physical symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting. Athletes may experience cognitive symptoms that include speaking slowly, difficulty remembering and concentrating. Emotional and sleep symptoms include irritability, sadness, drowsiness, and trouble falling asleep. 987:'s (NHL) concussion policy began in 1997, and players who sustain concussions are evaluated by a team doctor in a quiet room. In March 2011, the NHL adopted guidelines for the league's concussion policy. Before the adoptions, examinations on the bench for concussions was the minimum requirement, but the new guidelines make it mandatory for players showing concussion-like symptoms to be examined by a doctor in the locker room. 5915: 1193:

head. The aim of this technology is to allow greater cushioning for neurological structures in the event of head trauma. Despite being unable to prevent serious traumatic brain injury, the device has been associated with a protective effect against microstructural changes in the brain after regular impact. However, further research is necessary to determine if the device's efficacy is substantiated. Since

1701: 1715: 200:, which can result in severe injury or death. Second-impact syndrome is a result of a second head injury before the brain has adequate time to heal between concussions. It typically give signs and symptoms of a post-concussion syndrome (visual, motor, or sensory abnormalities and difficulties with cognitive processes). Even minor repeated head blow may result in malignant 991:

after the season. The 11 who received a concussion diagnosis during the season were given additional scans within 72 hours, two weeks and two months of the incident. The scans found microscopic white matter and inflammatory changes in the brains of individuals who had sustained a clinically diagnosed concussion during the period of the study."

489:

Girls also sustained more concussions in softball, compared to boys in baseball. Female athletes also had longer recovery times than males, and also had lower scores on visual memory tests. Girls also have longer recovery times for concussions, which may be due to a greater rate of blood flow in the brain.

1311:

Sports concussion has been discussed in mainstream media over many years. Media coverage of professional athletes experiencing irreversible damage after repeated brain trauma and of the under-reported rates and risks of paediatric concussion have heightened awareness surrounding head injury in sports

1072:

The problem with the PSCA is a concussed player can pass the assessment. I know from first hand experience it can be quite ineffective in deciding if a player is concussed. It is argued that allowing the five-minutes assessment is better than zero minutes but it is not as clear cut as one might hope.

823:

year, 3.6% of reported injuries were concussions, with 30.5% of concussions occurring during rebounds. Incidence rates for concussions in NCAA men's basketball is lower than NCAA women's basketball, at 0.16 concussion per 1,000 athletes compared to 0.22 per 1,000 athletes respectively. The difference

488:

suffer more concussions than male athletes. A December 2008 report states that 29,167 female high school soccer players in the United States suffered from concussions in 2005, compared to 20,929 male players. In high school basketball, 12,923 girls suffered from concussions while only 3,823 boys did.

1484:

Mission: UPMC’s Concussion Program is dedicated to providing comprehensive concussion care and conducting research to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of concussions. They focus on developing innovative concussion management protocols and educating healthcare professionals, athletes,

1409:

Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Research focuses on concussion through clinical and research initiatives to confirm objective diagnostic tests, explore new treatments for improved recovery, and implement preventive strategies to lower risks. Concussions are one area of specialty and many publications on

1212:

A systematic review investigated the effects of policies on preventing sports injuries of children at school (ages 4–18) including 26 policies, 14 of which were from the US, and 10 of which were concussion-specific . Of the 10 studies specific to concussion, and 6 studies on guidelines on preventing

1113:

Concussion may results in myriad symptoms including difficulty concentrating, focusing, and remembering, that are typically managed with rest from daily activities. The consensus is that concussions have negligible effect on educational performance and school grades in youth. However, a recent study

1459:

Mission: The CTE Center is dedicated to conducting high-impact, innovative research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma in athletes, military personnel, and others. Their research aims to understand the causes, risk factors, and mechanisms

1434:

The University of Michigan Concussion Center serves as a central point for concussion-related clinical care, research, and outreach & engagement. Links to research and public advocacy programs are available. The mission of the U-M Concussion Center is to improve health by advancing concussion

1192:

Neck collar technology is being explored for more widespread use in sports since 2019. The Q-Collar (previously known as Bauer Neuroshield) is an example of such a device. Neck collars are designed to gently constrict blood flow through the jugular vein in the neck, increasing fluid pressure in the

1109:

medical journal, many girls do not get necessary care and prevention regarding concussions, and 56 percent of players (or their families) reporting concussion symptoms never sought treatment. Studies show that girls are reporting nearly twice as many concussions as boys in the sports that they both

1077:

The Concussion bin was replaced by the head bin in 2012 with the players assessment taking 10 minutes. If concussed the player must then recover by first returning to general activities in life, then progressing back to playing. Returning to play, the player must follow the Graduated Return to Play

1064:

charged that the established concussion protocols could easily be manipulated. A key part of the protocols is the "Cogsport" test (also known as COG), a computer-based test of cognitive function. Each player undergoes the test before the start of a new season, and is then tested again on it after a

990:

Dr. Paul Echlin and Dr. Martha Shenton of Brigham and Women's Hospital and other researchers, conducted a study where "Forty-five male and female Canadian university hockey players were observed by independent physicians during the 2011–2012 season. All 45 players were given M.R.I. scans before and

890:

and translational acceleration than in football impacts because of a lower effective punch mass. They cause proportionately more rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling shows that the greatest strain is in the midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing

701:

There has been widespread debate on protective headgear in soccer. Known as a sport associated with intricate footwork, speed, and well-timed passes, soccer also is classified as a high- to moderate-intensity contact/collision sport, with rates of head injury and concussion similar to those seen in

1208:

and Prevention created the HEADS UP program, a free online informational tool. It was launched in 2007, aiming to improve concussion identification and management. The online tool is available on CDC's website and has been used by 2 million individuals into 2019. The online resource was updated in

1096:

that create a risk of a head injury or concussion, including basketball, cheerleading, soccer, and football. As a consequence, schools and youth sports groups may implement programs to reduce the risk of concussion, ensure prompt diagnosis and provision of medical care, and that young participants

579:

If a player is cleared by the Unaffiliated Neurotrauma Consultant (UNC), then they are allowed to play but will be monitored closely throughout the game. If a player is diagnosed with a concussion, then that player is not allowed back in the game. A return to play process is issued, which includes

1260:

Ten low-quality studies in a review suggested the beneficial effects of lessons for beginners, mainly composed of children and young adults. Numerous studies have also suggested that while helmets can be of great use in reducing the risk and severity of head injury, they have little effect on the

1225:

Custom-fitted mouth guards were found to be effective in 4 of 5 studies done in a review. Having the playing season in the autumn/winter decreases the risk of injury, with the highest risk occurring in the summer. Another study found a change in the rules associated with tackles, scrums and mauls

868:

Bicycling is a sport that places participants at risk of concussions and head injuries. Each year in the US there are approximately 80,000 bicycling related head injuries that require treatment in an emergency room. Roughly 33% of non-fatal bicyclist injuries are to the head. Many casual and even

705:

There are clear rules from FIFA regarding what to do when a player gets a concussion. FIFA's guidelines say that a player who has been knocked unconscious should not play again that day. The rules do however allow for "a transient alteration of conscious level" following a head injury, which says

255:

It is estimated that as many as 1.6–3.8 million concussions occur in the US per year in competitive sports and recreational activities; this is a rough estimate, since as many as 50% of concussions go unreported. Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in American football, ice

1315:

Terminology in media for sports related concussions differs based on the geographical location. Articles in America used the descriptors "head trauma" (11.7%) and "brain trauma" (6.8%) the most, while articles from the UK and Ireland primarily mentioned "blow to head" (22.2%). Australia used the

1234:

A UK-based community study found reductions in injury rates after the removal of monkey bars and increases in depth of the bark beneath equipment. A community intervention trial in New Zealand concluded the effectiveness of programs encouraging schools to reduce playground hazards. Another study

158:

in the United States and Canada included policies for managing concussion risk. Sports-related concussions are generally analyzed by athletic training or medical staff on the sidelines using an evaluation tool for cognitive function known as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), a symptom

1143:

has also created the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) and Sideline Response System (SRS) to record the frequency and severity of player hits during practices and games. On every helmet with the system, MX Encoders are implemented, which can automatically record every hit. Eight NFL teams had

503:

Women's basketball is one of the women's sports with the highest risks of getting a concussion. Women have a greater risk of getting a concussion by dribbling/ball handling rather than defending. Also it was found that female college basketball players typically receive concussions during games

171:

Concussion symptoms can last for an undetermined amount of time depending on the player and the severity of the concussion. Concussion symptoms can be described as immediate and delayed. The immediate symptoms experienced after concussions include memory loss, disorientation, and poor balance.

1251:

A review found regulatory approaches to be effective in reducing injury rates. E.g. mandatory use of protective equipment, implementation of new rules such as disallowing 'checking' from behind and 'high sticking' (raising the stick above shoulder height). A study found an inverse relationship

1216:

A systematic review conducted by the Social Science Research Unit in London in 2007 concluded that athletic injuries for young people (ages 12–24) are reduced under supervision by a coach, however strong evidence for interventions to reduce sports-related injuries remains lacking. As such, the

806:

The Team Physician may also evaluate the player in the clubhouse. Player completes the SCAT3(Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, version 3)form in the clubhouse. If the player seems to not have sustained a concussion, he can return the game.The trainer can then evaluate the player throughout the

955:'s Sports Concussion Symposium, from 2006 to 2011, 765 NHL players were diagnosed with a concussion. At the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Ice Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel made a recommendation that blows to the head are to be prohibited, and to outlaw 885:

report in 1996 ranked amateur boxing as the safest contact sport in America. However, concussions are one of the most serious injuries that can occur from boxing, and in an 80-year span from 1918 to 1998, there were 659 boxers who died from brain injury. Rates of concussion in boxing may be

591:, a study took place which "researchers recruited nine former NFL players who retired decades ago and who ranged in age from 57 to 74. The men had played a variety of positions and self-reported a wide range of concussions, varying from none for a running back to 40 for a defensive tackle." 670:

According to Downs and Abwender in their 2002 article "Neuropsychological Impairment in Soccer Athletes", "participation in soccer may be associated with poorer neuropsychological performance, although the observed pattern of findings does not specifically implicate heading as the cause".

583:

Almost every team has experienced a player who will "keep playing, then manage to stumble off the field, unnoticed by the coaches, cameras or press. He might take a breather for a series or two. But he can walk, so he wants to play. He gets back in the game and back to his teammates."

836:(NBA) announced the establishment of a concussions policy for league. The players and staff must have annual education on topics surrounding concussion during play, including mechanisms of injury, signs, symptoms and interventions. The policies surrounding concussion management in 1188:

approved Banyan Biomarkers Inc. to market devices involving the use of blood samples to evaluate concussions in adults. Banyan BTI (Brain Trauma Indicator) is a blood sample product that the FDA permitted for use before the decision to further assess head injury with CT scanning.

571:

to perform tests of concentration, thinking and balance. In 2011, the league introduced an assessment test which combines a symptoms checklist, a limited neurological examination, a cognitive evaluation, and a balance assessment. For a player to be allowed to return, he must be

1175:

In addition to force impact sensors used to assess traumatic brain injury, studies have been conducted to assess levels of biological markers for the presence of brain concussion. A variety of concurrently researched biomarkers have been associated with concussions, including

1114:

found that male students who sustained a sports-related concussion or sports-related fracture experienced significant drops in school grades post-injury, by approximately 1.73%. In addition, students with a concussion or head trauma missed significantly more days of school.

143:(DP), was first described in 1928. An awareness of the risk of concussions in other sports began to grow in the 1990s, and especially in the mid-2000s, in both the medical and the professional sports communities, as a result of the study of brains of prematurely deceased 847:

For 24 hours after the primary evaluation, the player is monitored closely by the team's medical staff, so long as they are not diagnosed with a concussion. The player must complete at least one other evaluation before the next game or practice, whichever comes

1777:

McCrory, Paul; Feddermann-Demont, Nina; Dvořák, Jiří; Cassidy, J David; McIntosh, Andrew; Vos, Pieter E; Echemendia, Ruben J; Meeuwisse, Willem; Tarnutzer, Alexander A (June 2017). "What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review".

1122:

There have been numerous attempts at preventing concussions, such as the establishment of the PACE (Protecting Athletes Through Concussion Education) program, which works with the imPACT system used by every NFL and some NHL teams as of 2012. In 2008, the

1235:

found a change of environment in sports fields and playgrounds to reduce the incidence of injuries, including 'quick release bases', bases which detach easily from the ground upon contact with a player sliding, often used in recreational softball.

548:

partnered with the UNC to determine whether professional football players suffer any health effects after any injuries, although the findings were criticized by the NFL for being unreliable due to being based on self-reporting by the players.

4052:

Rozbacher, Adrian; Selci, Erin; Leiter, Jeff; Ellis, Michael; Russell, Kelly (15 July 2017). "The Effect of Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on School Grades, National Examination Scores, and School Attendance: A Systematic Review".

235:(TBI) have also been established to have effects on the motor dysfunction and movement disorders, however a systematic review has concluded that more investigation is needed to fully understand the long term effects of concussions and TBIs. 1065:

head injury, and the results compared, to determine possible impairment. According to Lamont, some players deliberately do poorly on the pre-season test, so that they will be more likely to match or beat their previous results during play.

854:

The player, under direction of the team's medical staff, must avoid physical exertion and exposure to electronic devices, so as not to aggravate symptoms. Physical activity must be reintroduced gradually according to the medical staff's

1285:

A review concluded that the use of face protectors is effective in decreasing facial injuries. Moreover, it was concluded that mouth guards lead to less oral and head injuries. Conflicting evidence was found for the use of knee braces.

1217:

authors endorse the establishment of a national sports injury database in order to strengthen the base of evidence for interventions. The review outlined several interventions to prevent injuries specific to certain sports.

4376:"The Science of Jugular Compression: A Potential Solution to Protect Athletes and Youth from Sport-Related Concussion and a Testimonial on the Use of the Q-Collar Medical Device as a Part of a Concussion Protocol Program" 754:

have been installed on racetrack walls, with foam-padded supports on each side of the helmet that allow a driver's head to move in the event of a crash. Despite this, 29 concussions were identified between 2004 and 2012.

496:, with a concussion rate of 2.72 per 1,000 player hours. Even though men's ice hockey allows body checking, while women's ice hockey does not, the rate of concussions for men is 46% lower, at 1.47 per 1,000 player hours. 807:

entirety of the game after the injury occurs. If the player is thought to have a concussion, the team, the trainer, and team physician can determine whether to place the player on the 7-day or 10 day injured List (IL).

858:

A physician must provide an assessment regarding the presence or absence of concussion within 24 hours of the incident. In addition, the Director of the NBA Concussion Program must be informed about the concussion

172:

Delayed symptoms experienced in the later stages include sleeping disorders and behavioral changes. Both immediate and delayed symptoms can continue for long periods of time and have a negative impact on recovery.

931:

As many skills in gymnastics involve flipping or a blind landing, incidence of head injury is increased. A 15-year study found an incidence of 1.7% for concussion and closed head injury for high school gymnasts.

770:, NASCAR considered adding baseline testing to its concussion policies. NASCAR was one of few motorsport organizations that did not have baseline testing, until 2014, when it began at the start of the seasons. 1252:

between ice surface size and injury rate, and the use of correctly fitted helmets in injury reduction. Another review found an association between the use of face protectors and a decrease in facial injuries.

2231:

Pellman, Elliot J.; Viano, David C.; Withnall, Chris; Shewchenko, Nick; Bir, Cynthia A.; Halstead, P. David (2006). "Concussion in Professional Football: Helmet Testing to Assess Impact Performance—Part 11".

793:

All teams are to run baseline neurocognitive testing for all players and umpires using the ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) system during spring training or after a player

4436:

Myer, G.D.; Yuan, W.; Barber Foss, K.D.; Thomas, S.; Smith, D.; Leach, J.; Kiefer, A.W.; Dicesar, C.; Adams, J.; Gubanich, P.J.; Kitchen, K.; Schneider, D.K.; Braswell, D.; Krueger, D.; Altaye, M. (2016).

523:

American football causes 250,000 concussions annually, and 20% of high-school football players experience a concussion every year. In 2000, researchers from the Sports Medicine Research Laboratory at the

2842: 4439:"Analysis of head impact exposure and brain microstructure response in a season-long application of a jugular vein compression collar: a prospective, neuroimaging investigation in American Football" 5556: 5491: 2275:

Ozolins, Bede; Aimers, Nicole; Parrington, Lucy; Pearce, Alan J. (2016). "Movement disorders and motor impairments following repeated head trauma: A systematic review of the literature 1990–2015".

2404:

Harmon, Kimberly G; Drezner, Jonathan A; Gammons, Matthew; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Halstead, Mark; Herring, Stanley A; Kutcher, Jeffrey S; Pana, Andrea; Putukian, Margot; Roberts, William O (2013).

567:'s (NFL) policy began in 2007, with injured players examined on field by the medical team. The league's policy included the "NFL Sidelines Concussion Exam", which requires players who have taken 4660:

Masson, Maxime; Lamoureux, Julie; de Guise, Elaine (October 2019). "Self-reported risk-taking and sensation-seeking behavior predict helmet wear amongst Canadian ski and snowboard instructors".

2126:

Pfister, M.; Schaub, M.C.; Watterson, J.G.; Knecht, M.; Waser, P.G. (November 1975). "Radioactive labelling and location of specific thiol groups in myosin from fast, slow and cardiac muscles".

528:

analyzed 17,549 players from 242 different schools. 888 (5.1%) of the players analyzed have at least one concussion a season, and 131 (14.7%) of them have had another concussion the year later.

1294:

One approach to reduction of head injuries in bicycling involves developing and improving helmets in order to protect bicyclists in the event of an accident that results in a blow to the head.

844:

If concussion is suspected, the injured player is removed from the game immediately and monitored to ensure safety. A neurological exam is conducted by the team's physician or athletic trainer.

3911:

Kerr, Z. Y.; Cortes, N.; Caswell, A. M.; Ambegaonkar, J. P.; Hallsmith, K. R.; Milbert, A. F.; Caswell, S. V. (2017). "Concussion Rates in U.S. Middle School Athletes, 2015–2016 School Year".

923:

Head injuries that result in concussion are a significant cause of injury in cricket, with the rate of concussion for elite male cricket estimated at an annual average of 0.9 per 100 players.

702:

football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and rugby. While the benefits of helmets and other head protection are more obvious in the other sports, the role of headgear in soccer was unclear as of 2013.

3221: 3531: 2361:

McPherson, April L.; Nagai, Takashi; Webster, Kate E.; Hewett, Timothy E. (June 2019). "Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

1100:

In 2010, more high school soccer players suffered concussions than basketball, baseball, wrestling, and softball players combined, according to the Center for Injury Research and Policy.

3487: 2318:

McPherson, April L.; Nagai, Takashi; Webster, Kate E.; Hewett, Timothy E. (2019). "Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

851:

If the player is diagnosed with a concussion, they are prohibited from participating (on the same day or the next day) and must undergo the required return-to-participation protocol.

155: 3884: 5178: 580:

five steps, "1. Rest and recovery 2. Light aerobic exercise 3. Continued aerobic exercise/strength training 4. Football specific activities 5. Full football activity/clearance"

1073:

Concussion symptoms regularly take 10 minutes or longer to actually present. Consequently the five-minute PSCA may be giving concussed players a license to return to the field.

120:. A sports-related concussion is defined as a "complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces". Because concussions cannot be seen on 4344: 706:

that a player can return to play following assessment by medical staff. The rules also state that a player who is injured with head damage is not to be played for five days.

2091:

Elgart, Edward S.; Gusovsky, Tatiana; Rosenberg, Murray D. (November 1975). "Preparation and characterization of an enzymatically active immobilized derivative of myosin".

4190: 4621: 869:

professional bicyclists don't take safety precautions seriously, and in 2016 more than half of bicyclists involved in fatal crashes were reported not wearing a helmet.

1103:

The number of girls suffering concussions in soccer accounts for the second largest amount of all concussions reported by young athletes. According to a study in the

619:

determined that 3% of active and 30% of former players had persistent symptoms of concussions, and that 35% of the active and 32% of that former players had abnormal

3767: 2815: 5056: 1277:

A review found one multi-agency collaboration in publicising the risks of head injury effective in raising awareness and increasing sales of horse-riding helmets.

4256: 1312:

and recreation. The frequency of concussion in some of the world's biggest sports such as soccer, football, and rugby has increased the amount of media coverage.

4325: 247:(MSK) injuries. In addition, athletes that experience a concussion are twice as likely to sustain a musculoskeletal injury compared to non-concussed athletes. 263:(NCAA) injury reports estimated concussion rates among student athletes who participate in NCAA sports during the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 academic years: 5906: 5514: 3748: 2850: 1204:

Efforts to manage concussion risk in youth and high school sports include online informational resources designed for coaches and parents. For example, the

4242: 1243:

Two reviews independently concluded that modified/'break-away bases' are more effective than standard bases in the prevention of sliding-related injuries.

192:

Ignoring concussions makes athletes more vulnerable to incurring further head trauma, stressing the importance of rigorous concussion testing protocols in

4984: 3254: 963:, the NHL prohibited blindside hits to the head, but did not ban hits to the face. The conference also urged the NHL and its minor entities to join the 5700: 5485: 3190: 2993: 243:

In addition, returning to sports with impaired sensorimotor function after experiencing a sports-related concussion increases the risk of sustaining

3351: 1012:

The NHL has been criticized for allowing team doctors to determine whether an injured player can return to the ice, instead of independent doctors.

5901: 5535: 5497: 3231: 5919: 5545: 5441: 2536:

Kerr, Zachary Y.; Roos, Karen G.; Djoko, Aristarque; Dalton, Sara L.; Broglio, Steven P.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Dompier, Thomas P. (March 2017).

1038: 3655: 886:

miscalculated because concussions do not always result from a knockout blow. Olympic boxers deliver punches with high impact velocity but lower

608:

confirmed that athlete-to-athlete collisions that occur during heading, not impact with the ball itself, is generally the cause for concussion.

204:

and even death. Nonetheless, second-impact syndrome is an infrequent finding, predominately involving young athletes, and only rarely is fatal.

5806: 2930: 50: 3476: 1269:

behavior appear to be two domains that need to be addressed in order to optimize prevention efforts for traumatic brain injury in this sport.

5509: 5459: 4877: 3553:

Koh, Jae O; Cassidy, J. David; Watkinson, E. Jane (2009). "Incidence of concussion in contact sports: A systematic review of the evidence".

2606: 5049: 4168: 1149: 545: 525: 4375: 2655: 1205: 4795: 4491:"Effectiveness of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HEADS UP coaches' online training as an educational intervention" 786: 659:

and was told that he would miss a year of playing football. Čech resumed his goalkeeper duties on 20 January 2007 in a match against

2762: 695: 260: 4623:

Accidental injury, risk-taking behaviour and the social circumstances in which young people (aged 12-24) live: a systematic review

803:

Trainers can remove the player from the game and to the clubhouse for further evaluation if the player has sustained a concussion.

5890: 5679: 5042: 1168:

which establish cognitive function baselines against which the athlete is monitored over time. The CCAT online tool developed by

694:

decided to leave the player on after regaining consciousness and having passed a medical assessment. This broke the rules of the

4216: 4194: 5866: 5725: 5138: 1831: 1413: 4634: 2906: 2697: 1753: 968: 810:

Players on a 7-day concussion IL still unable to return to play after nine days are automatically transferred to a 10-day IL.

763: 5846: 3797: 3775: 3150: 3021: 2819: 781:'s (MLB) policy started in 2007, with injured players examined by a team athletic trainer on the field. On 29 March 2011, 5128: 4018: 964: 652: 3318: 5796: 2632: 2538:"Epidemiologic Measures for Quantifying the Incidence of Concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports" 1956:

Ganti, Latha; Khalid, Hussain; Patel, Pratik Shashikant; Daneshvar, Yasamin; Bodhit, Aakash N; Peters, Keith R (2014).

1057: 3623:"Head injury and concussion in cricket: Incidence, current guidance, and implications of sports concussion literature" 2713: 5719: 5709: 5464: 4817: 3282: 1758: 1087: 84: 2872: 3505: 558: 518: 213: 148: 113: 2470: 995:"We celebrate the big hit, we don't like the big head hit. There is an important distinction because we celebrate 3677: 1728: 1647: 1642: 1333:, and the parents of Owen Thomas, who hanged himself after sustaining brain damage during his football career at 837: 833: 4864: 4093:"Academic outcomes following adolescent sport-related concussion or fracture injury: A prospective cohort study" 5896: 5761: 5416: 5153: 5065: 1435:

knowledge. Their goal is to lead in concussion research and clinical practice to benefit neurological health.

5941: 5632: 5385: 1874:

Harmon K. G.; Drezner J. A.; Gammons M.; Guskiewicz K. M.; Halstead M.; Herring S. A.; Roberts W. O. (2013).

789:

announced new protocols for the league's concussion policy. The new policy includes the following protocols:

616: 225: 4990:

McKeithan, Lydia; Hibshman, Natalie; Yengo-Kahn, Aaron; Solomon, Gary S.; Zuckerman, Scott (15 March 2019).

3198: 5674: 5607: 5360: 5148: 1185: 5811: 5503: 5411: 5375: 5213: 4756:"'It was only a mild concussion': Exploring the description of sports concussion in online news articles" 3355: 2998: 4979: 4005:

Concussions and Our Kids: America's Leading Expert on How to Protect Young Athletes and Keep Sports Safe

3596: 905:, which his doctor believed were caused by numerous blows to the head," which led to his death in 2016. 797:

If a player sustains head impact during a game, the play is stopped and the player's injury is assessed.

5871: 5776: 5550: 5253: 3091: 1733: 1373: 1140: 1053:, "despite looking dazed and confused, Smith passed the PSCA and was back on the field minutes later." 1042: 1021: 897:, possibly the most famous boxer of all time, was "diagnosed with 'a cluster of symptoms that resemble 735: 568: 212:

Repeated concussions have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders among athletes, including

3700: 2676:"The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion." Clin Sports Med, 1 January 2012. Web. 8 February 2013. 5469: 5380: 5365: 5228: 5223: 5198: 4152: 3975: 2161:

Saunders, Richard L. (27 July 1984). "The Second Impact in Catastrophic Contact-Sports Head Trauma".

627: 62: 2196:

Cantu, Robert C. (August 2007). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League".

1468: 918: 5861: 5786: 5766: 5659: 5283: 5273: 5248: 2793: 1529: 1198: 1093: 656: 588: 564: 181: 66: 2944: 5831: 5617: 2610: 2585: 1209:

2016 and an interventional study conducted an assessment of the efficacy of the updated version.

1078:(GRTP) protocol, by having clearance from a medical professional, and no symptoms of concussion. 902: 882: 767: 746:, led to NASCAR establishing policies to assist in driver safety such as the introduction of the 715: 116:(CTE), which in professional athletes has led to premature retirement, erratic behavior and even 4243:"Failure to use HIT system exposes league to future concussion liability | ProFootballTalk" 943:

has also been known to have concussions inflict numerous players. Because of this, the NHL made

108:, from children and teenagers to professional athletes. Repeated concussions are known to cause 5426: 5406: 5193: 5163: 4326:"FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults" 1621: 1613: 1320: 1304: 984: 960: 948: 898: 675: 232: 217: 197: 101: 4397:"Abstracts from The 35th Annual National Neurotrauma Symposium July 7–12, 2017 Snowbird, Utah" 2687: 2048:

Edwards, Jonathan C; Bodle, Jeffrey D (2014). "Causes and Consequences of Sports Concussion".

58: 5421: 4842: 3431: 1738: 1334: 1124: 996: 972: 956: 914: 887: 782: 778: 109: 4091:

Russell, Kelly; Selci, Erin; Black, Brian; Cochrane, Karis; Ellis, Michael (25 April 2019).

5951: 5622: 5597: 5401: 5318: 5168: 5118: 5073: 4104: 2945:"Johns Hopkins study of retired NFL players sheds light on concussion-related brain damage" 2495:

Pfister, Ted; Pfister, Ken; Hagel, Brent; Ghali, William A; Ronksley, Paul E (March 2016).

1414:

https://www.mayo.edu/research/centers-programs/sports-medicine/clinical-services/concussion

1338: 655:

hit Čech's head with his right knee, knocking the keeper out. Čech underwent surgery for a

620: 599: 140: 26: 4853: 8: 5756: 5639: 5627: 5592: 5370: 5355: 5348: 5328: 5098: 5080: 3946: 3859: 3826: 3176:

Malonie, Jamie, Linda Nield, and Matthew Livley. "Can Headgear Halt Soccer Concussions?"

1637: 634: 193: 4108: 4035:

Cook, Bob. "Study Reveals Many Girls Soccer Players Stay On Field Despite Concussions."

2445:

Rivara, G R (2014). "Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions".

1920:

Livingston, Scott C (2011). "The Neurophysiology Behind Concussion Signs and Symptoms".

5791: 5695: 5612: 5431: 5018: 4991: 4724: 4699: 4677: 4620:

J, Thomas; J, Kavanagh; H, Tucker; H, Burchett; J, Tripney; A, Oakley (February 2007).

4582: 4557: 4515: 4490: 4463: 4438: 4345:"Bombers star linebacker Adam Bighill trying new device to protect against concussions" 4302: 4277: 4127: 4092: 3597:"Boxing Great Muhammad Ali's 'Sad Decline' from Brain Damage Explored in New Biography" 3578: 3408: 3381: 3073: 2924: 2562: 2537: 2386: 2343: 2300: 2257: 2245: 2209: 2073: 2025: 2008: 1984: 1958:"Who gets post-concussion syndrome? An emergency department-based prospective analysis" 1957: 1813: 1347: 759: 743: 3621:

Whitehouse, Daniel P.; Kelleher-Unger, Isaac R.; Newcombe, Virginia F. J. (May 2021).

2406:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: Concussion in sport" 1876:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport" 5946: 5841: 5654: 5333: 5308: 5203: 5188: 5023: 4777: 4729: 4681: 4630: 4587: 4538: 4520: 4468: 4418: 4413: 4396: 4307: 4220: 4132: 4070: 3928: 3889: 3570: 3413: 3128: 3119:

Downs, DS and D Abwender (2002). "Neuropsychological Impairment in Soccer Athletes".

3065: 3061: 2912: 2902: 2739: 2693: 2567: 2518: 2427: 2378: 2335: 2292: 2249: 2213: 2178: 2174: 2143: 2139: 2108: 2104: 2065: 2030: 1989: 1897: 1849: 1817: 1805: 1743: 1720: 1364: 1342: 1325: 1262: 691: 529: 485: 160: 144: 3582: 3380:

Daneshvar, Daniel H; Nowinski, Christopher J; McKee, Ann C; Cantu, Robert C (2011).

3077: 2970: 2497:"The incidence of concussion in youth sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2390: 2347: 2304: 2261: 2077: 500:

also has lower concussion rates than women's hockey, with a rate of 2.34 per 1,000.

5582: 5577: 5243: 5183: 5013: 5003: 4767: 4719: 4711: 4669: 4577: 4569: 4510: 4502: 4458: 4450: 4408: 4297: 4289: 4261: 4122: 4112: 4062: 3920: 3634: 3562: 3403: 3393: 3352:"Concussions becoming a concern in basketball | basketball, becoming, concern" 3057: 2557: 2549: 2508: 2417: 2370: 2327: 2284: 2241: 2205: 2170: 2135: 2100: 2057: 2020: 1979: 1969: 1929: 1887: 1873: 1795: 1787: 1573: 1378: 1359: 1152:

ultimately blocked its use. Other impact-detection devices include CheckLight, by

723: 533: 497: 2288: 1443: 5856: 5836: 5664: 5343: 5338: 5293: 5034: 4558:"Prevention of sports injuries in children at school: a systematic review of pol" 4454: 4293: 4156: 4117: 3924: 3721: 2513: 2496: 2422: 2405: 1892: 1875: 1791: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1469:

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Sports Medicine Concussion Program

1145: 1136: 1105: 1046: 952: 800:

A Certified Athletic Trainer (ATC) can evaluate and treat a player during a game.

747: 604: 541: 537: 244: 4952: 3801: 3722:"NHL commissioner Gary Bettman pleased with league's concussion protocol – ESPN" 3566: 2448:

Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture

2446: 1488: 750:. Drivers were eventually instructed to wear both head and neck restraints, and 5821: 5781: 5669: 5649: 5644: 5263: 5143: 4772: 4755: 4573: 1197:'s approval of the Q-Collar as a Class 1 Medical Devices, a few players in the 1135:

called the "Shockometer", which is a triangular device attached to the back of

1128: 719: 660: 631: 201: 3398: 2553: 1974: 698:, which state that any player who has lost consciousness must be substituted. 5935: 5826: 5587: 5288: 5233: 4715: 4506: 3325: 3226: 2916: 2899:

Fourth down and inches : concussions and football's make-or-break moment

2846: 2374: 2331: 1748: 1706: 1368: 1330: 1226:

decrease the number of rugby union players suffering permanent quadriplegia.

1194: 1132: 944: 751: 690:'s knee. The blow left Lloris knocked out on the ground. Reluctantly manager 687: 3885:"Rugby is still holding the concussion bomb with tongs in spite of warnings" 3477:"National Basketball Association Concussion Policy Summary – 2019–20 Season" 532:

and high-school players have a higher tendency to sustain a concussion than

5741: 5715: 5705: 5298: 5238: 5208: 5027: 4781: 4733: 4591: 4556:

Göpfert, Anya; Van Hove, Maria; Emond, Alan; Mytton, Julie (8 April 2018).

4524: 4472: 4422: 4311: 4136: 4074: 3932: 3574: 3417: 3155: 3132: 2717: 2571: 2522: 2431: 2382: 2339: 2296: 2253: 2217: 2069: 2034: 1993: 1901: 1809: 1352: 1005: 894: 679: 645: 641: 573: 492:

Women's ice hockey was reported as one of the most dangerous sports in the

221: 5008: 4698:

Mannix, Rebekah; Meehan, William P.; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro (August 2016).

4066: 3069: 2607:"High school headaches: Girls' concussions outnumber boys' in most sports" 2182: 1800: 1377:

covered the topic in two episodes, one based on the book and also called "

637: 5751: 5218: 5113: 5108: 4629:. London: Institute of Education, University of London. pp. 90–102. 3855: 3532:"Pediatricians urge parents to keep kids away from boxing, head injuries" 1933: 1266: 1181: 1169: 1061: 1031: 1030:, another full-contact sport. In 2011, the sport's world governing body, 1027: 727: 683: 4992:"Sport-Related Concussion: Evaluation, Treatment, and Future Directions" 4796:"'Head Games' Film Focuses on Concussions, Asks If Enough is Being Done" 3222:"NASCAR May Be Considering Changes to Its Concussion Policies: Fan View" 1460:

of CTE and to develop methods for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

1139:

that has a light on the device that turns red when a concussion occurs.

25:

For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in children and teens, see

5851: 5801: 5771: 5746: 5268: 5258: 5133: 5123: 5103: 5093: 4673: 4017:

Snow, Kate; Koch, Sarah; Cohen, Deirdre; Hopper, Jessica (9 May 2012).

2061: 1382: 940: 820: 739: 731: 649: 97: 19: 5492:

Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro

4821: 5572: 5540: 5278: 5088: 4257:"Mass. Companies team up to prevent head injuries – the Boston Globe" 4169:"Drew Brees Teams Up Against Concussions in School Sports – ABC News" 3749:"Study Finds Changes in Brains of Hockey Players Who Had Concussions" 3639: 3622: 3259: 3096: 2147: 2112: 1776: 1050: 664: 136: 1381:", and the other called "Football High" Political sports journalist 5816: 5303: 5173: 2763:"Concussions Exact Toll on Football Players Long After They Retire" 125: 4989: 3048:

Tysvaer, Alf Thorvald (1992). "Head and Neck Injuries in Soccer".

1371:

about concussions within the NFL. The American documentary series

3026: 2816:"NFL to require sideline test after head blows – – CNN.com Blogs" 1041:

led to criticism of the protocols. During that match, Australian

117: 4902: 3620: 3022:"'Heading' bans in soccer may not be enough to stop concussions" 2994:"Banning Soccer 'Headers' Won't Solve Concussion Problem: Study" 1438: 5602: 1666: 1498: 1444:

Boston University Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Center

1229: 1153: 878: 612: 132: 121: 3656:"Dave Stubbs: Max Pacioretty richly deserves Masterton trophy" 2403: 2230: 1355:, among other athletes, journalists, and medical researchers. 1157: 824:

is found mainly in competition activity compared to practice.

640:

suffered from a severe concussion in a match between his club

4980:

Returning to Play After a Head Injury During a Sporting Event

3151:"Concussion Rules under Spotlight in Wake of Hugo Lloris Row" 2274: 1177: 1161: 147:

players, that showed an extremely high incidence of CTE (see

105: 49:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

3910: 3701:"Hockey Urged to Ban All Blows to Head by Concussions Panel" 2125: 1165: 18:

For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in adults, see

3725: 3379: 3324:. Major League Baseball Players Association. Archived from 2360: 2317: 1418: 1172:

is another test to assist doctors in assessing concussion.

493: 274:

Rates per 1000 Athlete-Exposures (95% Confidence Interval)

131:

The danger of repeated concussions has long been known for

4927: 4555: 4149: 2818:. Thechart.blogs.cnn.com. 25 February 2011. Archived from 1463: 4697: 4435: 4090: 4051: 3283:"MLB Introduces New Concussion Policy To Protect Players" 3197:. CNN. Associated Press. 21 February 2012. Archived from 2794:"Concussions now a hot issue as leagues toughen policies" 1955: 951:. According to a data release by the National Academy of 827: 4700:"Sports-related concussions — media, science and policy" 3800:. International Rugby Board. 24 May 2011. Archived from 2494: 1922:

International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training

196:. Subsequent impact can cause a rare condition known as 4659: 3850: 3848: 2090: 1393: 1184:

and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). In 2018, the

128:, attempts to prevent concussions have been difficult. 4007:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. 40+. Print. 3255:"NASCAR to mandate baseline concussion testing in '14" 1626:

Neuropsychological evaluation by team doctor off rink

1117: 1092:

Many children and teenagers participate in sports and

5515:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2792:

Brady, Erik; Falgoust, J. Michael (25 October 2011).

2686:

McKeag, Douglas; Moeller, James L. (1 January 2007).

2656:"Women's Hockey, a Most Dangerous Game – NYTimes.com" 2163:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

762:

suffered a concussion from a crash at the end of the

4039:. Forbes Magazine, 21 January 2014. Web. 6 May 2014. 3860:"Players are deliberately cheating concussion tests" 3845: 3506:"Helmets are key when it comes to injury prevention" 2896: 1869: 1867: 1696: 1388: 1097:

are not endangered by a premature return to sports.

4754:Ahmed, Osman Hassan; Hall, Eric E. (January 2017). 4016: 3821: 3819: 3552: 3121:

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

2535: 1337:. The documentary also interviewed former athletes 5701:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) 5486:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 5064: 2451:. Institute of Medicine; National Research Council 1037:However, an incident during the third Test of the 686:sustained a blow to the head by on -coming player 552: 4693: 4691: 4278:"Potential Blood-Based Biomarkers for Concussion" 3375: 3373: 1864: 207: 5933: 5498:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work 3947:"Sport Concussion Assessment Tool – 3rd edition" 3816: 3678:"Bigger Hockey Players Causing More Concussions" 2128:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology 2093:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology 978: 5546:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 3827:"Lamont: Players are cheating concussion tests" 1049:and was sent to pitchside. According to ESPN's 4688: 4245:. Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. 24 June 2012. 3382:"The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion" 3370: 2897:Killough McClafferty, Carla (September 2013). 2873:"How does the NFL's concussion protocol work?" 2740:"Neuroscience for Kids – Football Concussions" 2633:"Concussions: Girls Have Longer Recovery Time" 2609:. News.medill.northwestern.edu. Archived from 1068:Lamont was also critical of the PSCA, noting: 5510:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 5460:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 5050: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4193:. NFLPlayers.com. 22 May 2008. Archived from 4191:"AFL-Test-Drives-Schutt'S-Shockometer / News" 2791: 2685: 1489:https://www.upmc.com/services/sports-medicine 1026:Concussions are also a significant factor in 47:The examples and perspective in this article 4019:"Concussion crisis growing in girls' soccer" 4003:Cantu, Robert C., and Mark Hyman. "Soccer." 3503: 2047: 1521:Person who approves/denies player to return 1499:Policies by major professional sports league 1230:Play in public playgrounds and sports fields 1144:originally planned to use the system in the 919:Cricket ball § Dangers of cricket balls 546:National Football League Players Association 139:. A form of CTE common in these two sports, 3144: 3142: 2843:"Cutler on mend after suffering concussion" 2787: 2785: 2783: 1962:International Journal of Emergency Medicine 1850:"Concussions in sports – NFL Topics – ESPN" 738:in 2000, and serious injuries sustained by 526:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 175: 104:, are a frequent concern for those playing 5154:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung") 5057: 5043: 4740: 4543:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3716: 3714: 3354:. Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from 2929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1919: 5017: 5007: 4771: 4753: 4723: 4581: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4412: 4301: 4126: 4116: 3638: 3407: 3397: 3191:"NASCAR drivers have concussion concerns" 2561: 2512: 2421: 2050:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2024: 2013:The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 2006: 1983: 1973: 1891: 1799: 1156:and MC10., and the online test providers 787:Major League Baseball Players Association 231:Repeated concussions or mild-to-moderate 187: 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 3768:"NHL Can Do More To Prevent Concussions" 3139: 2780: 2189: 2160: 1485:and the public about concussion safety. 1419:University of Michigan Concussion Center 1302:Recent documentaries and films, such as 261:National Collegiate Athletic Association 5680:Immediately dangerous to life or health 4953:"UPMC Sports Medicine | Pittsburgh, PA" 4662:Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 4655: 4653: 3913:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3711: 3219: 3047: 2760: 2363:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2320:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 594: 5934: 5867:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 5139:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy 4820:. Headgamesthefilm.com. Archived from 4562:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4373: 4282:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 3854: 3653: 3529: 3349: 3280: 3148: 3019: 2444: 1576:using National Association Guidelines 1385:has also covered the topic in detail. 1280: 828:National Basketball Association policy 674:On 2 November 2013 in a match between 156:four major professional sports leagues 5038: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4484: 4482: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4086: 4084: 4047: 4045: 3746: 3698: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3252: 3118: 2840: 2692:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2653: 2195: 1754:Sports-related traumatic brain injury 628:2006-07 English Premier League season 484:Numerous reports have indicated that 5914: 5557:Working Environment Convention, 1977 4865:The Collision of Sports and Politics 4650: 4619: 4275: 4235: 3493:from the original on 5 October 2023. 3180:, July 2013. retrieved 4 March 2014. 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1394:Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Research 1363:was a 2013 book by sports reporters 975:in banning any contact to the head. 512: 33: 5726:Workers' right to access the toilet 3976:"Graduated Return to Play Protocol" 3765: 3092:"Mourinho angry as keepers injured" 2689:ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine 1493: 1410:concussion research are available. 1118:Prevention efforts and technologies 965:International Ice Hockey Federation 13: 5797:International Chemical Safety Card 4598: 4479: 4443:British Journal of Sports Medicine 4429: 4362: 4081: 4042: 3747:Klein, Jeff Z. (4 February 2014). 3504:Gerhardstein, Debby (6 May 2019). 3450: 3432:"NBA Institutes Concussion Policy" 3300: 2761:Hadhazy, Adam (2 September 2008). 2654:Klein, Jeff Z. (19 October 2010). 2501:British Journal of Sports Medicine 2410:British Journal of Sports Medicine 2246:10.1227/01.neu.0000196265.35238.7c 2210:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255514.73967.90 1880:British Journal of Sports Medicine 1780:British Journal of Sports Medicine 14: 5963: 5807:National Day of Mourning (Canada) 5465:International Labour Organization 4985:An Athlete's Guide to Concussions 4973: 4875: 4342: 4330:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3530:Gordon, Serena (29 August 2011). 3350:Schwab, Frank (21 January 2010). 3220:Bandoim, Lana (18 October 2012). 2991: 2841:Mayer, Larry (12 November 2012). 1940: 1908: 1759:Concussions in high school sports 1680:Ambulance to infield care center 1661:Team physician/Neuropsychologist 1524:Person who decides player return 1389:Concussion Research Organizations 1329:, interviewing former NHL player 1297: 1088:Concussions in high school sports 959:by 11- and 12-year-olds. For the 479: 5913: 5885: 5884: 4945: 4920: 4895: 4869: 4858: 4414:10.1089/neu.2017.29011.abstracts 3149:Gibson, Owen (4 November 2013). 3062:10.2165/00007256-199214030-00006 2971:"Neuroscience for Kids – Soccer" 2175:10.1001/jama.1984.03350040068030 1832:"Concussion Tests and diagnosis" 1713: 1699: 1582:Head physician/Medical director 1255: 764:Good Sam Roadside Assistance 500 742:in a wreck in September 2001 at 559:Concussions in American football 519:Concussions in American football 214:chronic traumatic encephalopathy 149:concussions in American football 114:chronic traumatic encephalopathy 38: 4847: 4836: 4810: 4788: 4549: 4531: 4389: 4336: 4318: 4269: 4249: 4209: 4183: 4161: 4143: 4029: 4010: 3997: 3968: 3939: 3904: 3877: 3790: 3759: 3740: 3699:Klein, Jeff (20 October 2010). 3692: 3680:. LiveScience. 10 November 2008 3670: 3647: 3614: 3589: 3546: 3523: 3497: 3424: 3343: 3274: 3253:Gluck, Jeff (24 October 2013). 3246: 3213: 3183: 3170: 3112: 3084: 3041: 3020:Seaman, Andrew (13 July 2015). 3013: 2985: 2963: 2937: 2890: 2865: 2834: 2808: 2754: 2732: 2706: 2679: 2670: 2647: 2625: 2599: 2586:"Girls, sports and concussions" 2578: 2529: 2488: 2463: 2438: 2397: 2354: 2311: 2268: 2224: 2154: 2119: 1729:Concussions in Australian sport 1272: 1246: 1081: 834:National Basketball Association 667:to protect his weakened skull. 553:National Football League policy 5762:Environment, health and safety 5417:Occupational health psychology 5066:Occupational safety and health 4489:Daugherty, Jill (6 May 2019). 4171:. Abcnews.go.com. 26 June 2012 2716:. Hughston.com. Archived from 2084: 2041: 2000: 1842: 1824: 1770: 1289: 1045:clashed heads with the Lions' 1015: 709: 238: 208:Risk from repeated concussions 1: 5633:Personal protective equipment 5386:Workplace health surveillance 4957:UPMC | Life Changing Medicine 3654:Stubbs, Dave (19 June 2012). 3627:Translational Sports Medicine 3281:Bhasin, Kim (30 March 2011). 3178:Consultant For Paediatricians 2289:10.3109/02699052.2016.1147080 1764: 1439:https://concussion.umich.edu/ 1323:created the documentary film 1238: 1206:US Centre for Disease Control 979:National Hockey League policy 935: 926: 814: 617:Norway national football team 226:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 5675:Standard operating procedure 5608:Hierarchy of hazard controls 5361:Hierarchy of hazard controls 4878:"Sports Medicine - Overview" 4455:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096134 4407:(13): A–1–A-163. July 2017. 4294:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000117 4118:10.1371/journal.pone.0215900 3925:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.017 2999:U.S. News & World Report 2658:. Slapshot.blogs.nytimes.com 2542:Journal of Athletic Training 2514:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094978 2423:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941 2140:10.1016/0005-2744(75)90220-x 2105:10.1016/0005-2744(75)90219-3 1893:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941 1792:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097393 1512:Year baseline testing began 1039:2013 Lions tour of Australia 863: 648:. During the match, Reading 250: 7: 5812:NIOSH air filtration rating 5504:Health and Safety Executive 5412:Occupational health nursing 5376:Occupational exposure limit 5214:Hospital-acquired infection 5179:Exposure to human nail dust 3983:Sports Concussion Institute 3954:Sports Concussion Institute 3798:"IRB Concussion Guidelines" 3567:10.1080/0269905031000088869 3319:"2017–2021 Basic Agreement" 2471:"Sports-Related Concussion" 1692: 1655:Evaluation by medical team 1549:Evaluation by medical team 773: 507: 61:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5968: 5872:Workplace health promotion 5777:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster 5551:Worker Protection Standard 5254:Noise-induced hearing loss 4773:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.07.003 4574:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000346 4539:"HEADS UP to Youth Sports" 3386:Clinics in Sports Medicine 2714:"Sport-Related Concussion" 2007:Bey, T; Ostick, B (2009). 1734:Concussion grading systems 1515:Year current policy began 1261:incidence of concussions. 1094:extracurricular activities 1085: 1022:Concussions in rugby union 1019: 912: 908: 556: 516: 180:There is the potential of 166: 159:severity checklist, and a 24: 17: 5880: 5734: 5688: 5565: 5528: 5478: 5470:World Health Organization 5452: 5440: 5394: 5381:Occupational epidemiology 5366:Prevention through design 5317: 5224:Laboratory animal allergy 5149:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma 5124:Byssinosis ("brown lung") 5072: 4760:Physical Therapy in Sport 4332:. FDA. 10 September 2019. 4219:. Riddell. Archived from 3399:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.006 2554:10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.05 1975:10.1186/s12245-014-0031-6 1555:Medical staff/Consultant 872: 832:On 12 December 2011, the 390: 289: 273: 270: 268: 5787:Hostile work environment 5767:Environmental toxicology 5660:Redundancy (engineering) 5274:Repetitive strain injury 4818:"Head Games: The People" 4716:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.99 4704:Nature Reviews Neurology 4507:10.1177/0017896919846185 4495:Health Education Journal 2973:. Faculty.washington.edu 2742:. Faculty.washington.edu 2635:. Webmd.com. 11 May 2012 2375:10.1177/0363546518785901 2332:10.1177/0363546518785901 2009:"Second impact syndrome" 1518:First step after injury 1220: 1199:Canadian Football League 819:In the 2005 high school 682:, Tottenham goal keeper 657:depressed skull fracture 615:study of players of the 589:Johns Hopkins University 565:National Football League 233:traumatic brain injuries 182:post-concussion syndrome 176:Post-concussion syndrome 5832:Quality of working life 5618:Administrative controls 3510:National Safety Council 1509:Year policy introduced 1464:https://www.bu.edu/cte/ 1319:In 2012, film producer 1150:NFL Players Association 883:National Safety Council 504:rather than practices. 5427:Occupational therapist 5407:Industrial engineering 5199:Glassblower's cataract 5164:Decompression sickness 4798:. Athleticbusiness.com 4401:Journal of Neurotrauma 4055:Journal of Neurotrauma 1201:have used it in play. 1075: 1010: 985:National Hockey League 726:, along with those of 198:second-impact syndrome 188:Second-impact syndrome 110:neurological disorders 102:traumatic brain injury 5897:Occupational diseases 5862:Workers' compensation 5422:Occupational medicine 5284:Silo-filler's disease 5249:Mule spinners' cancer 5009:10.3390/medsci7030044 4067:10.1089/neu.2016.4765 3658:. Montrealgazette.com 1739:Head injury criterion 1125:Arena Football League 1070: 993: 973:Ontario Hockey League 915:Concussion substitute 888:head injury criterion 881:'s violent nature, a 779:Major League Baseball 5942:Sports controversies 5623:Engineering controls 5598:Emergency evacuation 5402:Environmental health 5169:De Quervain syndrome 5159:Concussions in sport 4545:. CDC. 5 March 2019. 4383:Parliament of Canada 4276:Papa, Linda (2016). 4150:PACE program website 3858:(19 December 2013). 1934:10.1123/ijatt.16.5.5 1339:Christopher Nowinski 903:Parkinson's syndrome 621:electroencephalogram 600:Association football 595:Association football 141:dementia pugilistica 67:create a new article 59:improve this article 27:Pediatric concussion 5757:Effects of overtime 5640:Job safety analysis 5628:Hazard substitution 5593:Emergency procedure 5371:Exposure assessment 5356:Occupational stress 5349:Psychosocial hazard 5329:Occupational hazard 5194:Flock worker's lung 4155:5 July 2012 at the 4109:2019PLoSO..1415900R 2853:on 15 November 2012 2767:Scientific American 2613:on 14 December 2013 2475:www.reliasmedia.com 899:Parkinson's disease 218:Alzheimer's disease 194:professional sports 5792:Indoor air quality 5696:Diving regulations 5613:Hazard elimination 5432:Safety engineering 4674:10.1037/cbs0000153 4217:"HITS™ Technology" 3778:on 1 November 2013 3753:The New York Times 3705:The New York Times 3438:. 12 December 2011 3358:on 21 October 2010 3201:on 29 October 2013 3195:Sports Illustrated 2720:on 6 February 2013 2062:10.1111/jlme.12126 961:2010–11 NHL season 949:1979–80 NHL season 760:Dale Earnhardt Jr. 5929: 5928: 5842:Safety data sheet 5655:Operations manual 5536:Bangladesh Accord 5524: 5523: 5334:Biological hazard 4907:Concussion Center 4636:978-0-9551548-8-1 4449:(20): 1276–1285. 4374:Stefanovic, Deb. 4061:(14): 2195–2203. 3890:Irish Independent 3100:. 14 October 2006 2951:. 26 January 2015 2908:978-1-4677-1067-1 2699:978-0-7817-7028-6 1744:Shock data logger 1721:Philosophy portal 1690: 1689: 1572:Evaluation by an 1365:Mark Fainaru-Wada 1281:American football 1263:Sensation seeking 1004:NHL Commissioner 947:mandatory in the 692:Andre Villas Boas 513:American football 477: 476: 145:American football 100:, a type of mild 95: 94: 87: 69:, as appropriate. 5959: 5917: 5916: 5888: 5887: 5583:Contingency plan 5578:Code of practice 5450: 5449: 5244:Metal fume fever 5059: 5052: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5011: 4996:Medical Sciences 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843:League of Denial 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4751: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4617: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4262:The Boston Globe 4253: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4197:on 16 March 2013 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4159: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4120: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4049: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3980: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3804:on 14 April 2013 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3774:. Archived from 3763: 3757: 3756: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640:10.1002/tsm2.222 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3481: 3473: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3401: 3392:(1): 1–17, vii. 3377: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3331:on 28 April 2019 3330: 3323: 3315: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3287:Business Insider 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230:. Archived from 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2920: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849:. Archived from 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2822:on 23 April 2011 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2789: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2425: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2369:(7): 1754–1762. 2358: 2352: 2351: 2326:(7): 1754–1762. 2315: 2309: 2308: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1977: 1953: 1938: 1937: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1895: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1803: 1774: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1605:Depends on team 1602:Depends on team 1599:Depends on team 1574:athletic trainer 1503: 1502: 1494:Policies summary 1481: 1480: 1476: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1379:League of Denial 1360:League of Denial 1148:season, but the 1137:football helmets 1056:In 2013, former 1008: 724:2001 Daytona 500 663:, now wearing a 623:(EEG) readings. 569:hits to the head 498:College football 266: 265: 154:As of 2012, the 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 42: 41: 34: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5876: 5857:Toxic workplace 5837:Risk management 5730: 5684: 5665:Risk assessment 5561: 5520: 5474: 5445: 5436: 5390: 5344:Physical hazard 5339:Chemical hazard 5320: 5313: 5078: 5075: 5068: 5063: 4976: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4824:on 18 June 2012 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4752: 4741: 4696: 4689: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4626: 4618: 4599: 4554: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4487: 4480: 4434: 4430: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4274: 4270: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4223:on 23 June 2012 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4157:Wayback Machine 4148: 4144: 4103:(4): e0215900. 4089: 4082: 4050: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3772:The Hockey News 3766:Proteau, Adam. 3764: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3728:. 23 April 2011 3720: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3378: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3234:on 22 July 2013 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3147: 3140: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3050:Sports Medicine 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2922: 2921: 2909: 2901:. Minneapolis. 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2790: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2534: 2530: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2402: 2398: 2359: 2355: 2316: 2312: 2273: 2269: 2229: 2225: 2194: 2190: 2159: 2155: 2124: 2120: 2089: 2085: 2046: 2042: 2005: 2001: 1954: 1941: 1918: 1909: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1786:(11): 877–887. 1775: 1771: 1767: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1658:Team physician 1501: 1496: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1300: 1292: 1283: 1275: 1258: 1249: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1120: 1106:JAMA Pediatrics 1090: 1084: 1047:Richard Hibbard 1024: 1018: 1009: 1003: 981: 953:Neuropsychology 938: 929: 921: 913:Main articles: 911: 875: 866: 830: 817: 776: 748:Car of Tomorrow 712: 605:JAMA Pediatrics 597: 561: 555: 521: 515: 510: 486:female athletes 482: 259:An analysis of 253: 245:musculoskeletal 241: 210: 190: 178: 169: 112:, particularly 91: 80: 74: 71: 56: 43: 39: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5965: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Source control 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Process safety 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Health physics 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Safety culture 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5650:Permit To Work 5647: 5645:Lockout-tagout 5642: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5309:Writer's cramp 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5264:Pneumoconiosis 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5229:Lead poisoning 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:Golfer's elbow 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:Fiddler's neck 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5144:Chronic stress 5141: 5136: 5131: 5129:Cardiovascular 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5032: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4974:External links 4972: 4970: 4969: 4944: 4919: 4894: 4868: 4857: 4846: 4835: 4809: 4787: 4739: 4710:(8): 486–490. 4687: 4668:(2): 121–130. 4649: 4635: 4597: 4568:(4): e000346. 4548: 4530: 4501:(7): 784–797. 4478: 4428: 4388: 4361: 4335: 4317: 4268: 4248: 4234: 4208: 4182: 4160: 4142: 4080: 4041: 4028: 4009: 3996: 3967: 3938: 3919:(6): 914–918. 3903: 3876: 3844: 3833:. 27 July 2013 3815: 3789: 3758: 3739: 3710: 3691: 3669: 3646: 3633:(3): 319–326. 3613: 3588: 3561:(10): 901–17. 3545: 3534:. Usatoday.com 3522: 3496: 3449: 3423: 3369: 3342: 3299: 3273: 3245: 3212: 3182: 3169: 3138: 3111: 3083: 3040: 3012: 2984: 2962: 2936: 2907: 2889: 2864: 2833: 2807: 2796:. Usatoday.Com 2779: 2753: 2731: 2705: 2698: 2678: 2669: 2646: 2624: 2598: 2577: 2548:(3): 167–174. 2528: 2507:(5): 292–297. 2487: 2462: 2437: 2396: 2353: 2310: 2283:(8): 937–947. 2267: 2223: 2204:(2): 223–225. 2188: 2169:(4): 538–539. 2153: 2134:(1): 193–209. 2118: 2099:(1): 178–192. 2083: 2040: 1999: 1939: 1907: 1863: 1841: 1823: 1801:1959.17/164207 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1710: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579:Medical staff 1577: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552:Medical staff 1550: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1470: 1467: 1445: 1442: 1420: 1417: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1348:New York Times 1299: 1298:Media coverage 1296: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1129:impact monitor 1119: 1116: 1083: 1080: 1060:international 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 1001: 980: 977: 945:hockey helmets 937: 934: 928: 925: 910: 907: 891:and football. 874: 871: 865: 862: 861: 860: 856: 852: 849: 845: 829: 826: 816: 813: 812: 811: 808: 804: 801: 798: 795: 775: 772: 758:In 2012, when 752:SAFER barriers 720:Dale Earnhardt 711: 708: 596: 593: 557:Main article: 554: 551: 517:Main article: 514: 511: 509: 506: 481: 480:Women in sport 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 461: 460: 457: 454: 451: 447: 446: 443: 440: 437: 433: 432: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 405: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 332: 331: 328: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 269: 252: 249: 240: 237: 209: 206: 202:cerebral edema 189: 186: 177: 174: 168: 165: 93: 92: 53:of the subject 51:worldwide view 46: 44: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5964: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5907:Organizations 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Public health 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720:United States 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710:United States 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588:Diving safety 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453:International 5451: 5448: 5446:organizations 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5319:Occupational 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Sports injury 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Low back pain 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:Farmer's lung 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5074:Occupational 5071: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4854:Football High 4850: 4844: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288:(3): 108–15. 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3673: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3227:Yahoo! Sports 3223: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056:(3): 200–13. 3055: 3051: 3044: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2992:Mozes, Alan. 2988: 2972: 2966: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2847:Chicago Bears 2844: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2741: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2657: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056:(2): 128–32. 2055: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1852:. Espn.go.com 1851: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1749:Impact sensor 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1708: 1707:Sports portal 1697: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369:Steve Fainaru 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Keith Primeau 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1295: 1287: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1256:Alpine skiing 1253: 1244: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195:Health Canada 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Schutt Sports 1130: 1126: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1013: 1007: 1000: 998: 997:body-checking 992: 988: 986: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:body checking 954: 950: 946: 942: 933: 924: 920: 916: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 889: 884: 880: 870: 857: 853: 850: 846: 843: 842: 841: 839: 835: 825: 822: 809: 805: 802: 799: 796: 792: 791: 790: 788: 784: 780: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 707: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 688:Romelu Lukaku 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 606: 601: 592: 590: 587:According to 585: 581: 577: 575: 570: 566: 560: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 520: 505: 501: 499: 495: 490: 487: 472: 469: 466: 463: 462: 458: 455: 452: 449: 448: 444: 441: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 407: 406: 402: 399: 396: 393: 389: 385: 382: 379: 376: 375: 371: 368: 365: 362: 361: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 329: 326: 323: 320: 319: 315: 312: 309: 306: 305: 301: 298: 295: 292: 288: 284: 281: 278: 277: 267: 264: 262: 257: 248: 246: 236: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 205: 203: 199: 195: 185: 183: 173: 164: 162: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 89: 86: 78: 68: 64: 60: 54: 52: 45: 36: 35: 32: 28: 21: 16: 5918: 5889: 5716:Right to sit 5706:Potty parity 5299:Tennis elbow 5294:Surfer's ear 5239:Mesothelioma 5209:Hearing loss 5158: 4999: 4995: 4960:. Retrieved 4956: 4947: 4935:. Retrieved 4931: 4928:"CTE Center" 4922: 4910:. Retrieved 4906: 4897: 4885:. Retrieved 4881: 4871: 4860: 4849: 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4822:the original 4812: 4800:. Retrieved 4790: 4763: 4759: 4707: 4703: 4665: 4661: 4640:. Retrieved 4622: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4498: 4494: 4446: 4442: 4431: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4352:. Retrieved 4349:The Guardian 4348: 4343:Wyman, Ted. 4338: 4329: 4320: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4260: 4251: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4221:the original 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4195:the original 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4163: 4145: 4100: 4096: 4058: 4054: 4036: 4031: 4022: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3989:28 September 3987:. Retrieved 3982: 3970: 3960:28 September 3958:. Retrieved 3953: 3941: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3896:13 September 3894:. Retrieved 3888: 3879: 3867:. Retrieved 3863: 3856:Lamont, Rory 3835:. Retrieved 3830: 3806:. Retrieved 3802:the original 3792: 3780:. Retrieved 3776:the original 3771: 3761: 3752: 3742: 3730:. Retrieved 3704: 3694: 3682:. Retrieved 3672: 3660:. Retrieved 3649: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3558: 3555:Brain Injury 3554: 3548: 3536:. Retrieved 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3509: 3499: 3484:NBA Official 3483: 3440:. Retrieved 3436:NBA Official 3435: 3426: 3389: 3385: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3326:the original 3290:. Retrieved 3286: 3276: 3264:. Retrieved 3258: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3232:the original 3225: 3215: 3203:. Retrieved 3199:the original 3194: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3160:. Retrieved 3156:The Guardian 3154: 3127:(1): 103–7. 3124: 3120: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3095: 3086: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3025: 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2997: 2987: 2975:. Retrieved 2965: 2953:. Retrieved 2948: 2939: 2898: 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2877:SBNation.com 2876: 2867: 2855:. Retrieved 2851:the original 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2820:the original 2810: 2798:. Retrieved 2770:. Retrieved 2766: 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2734: 2722:. Retrieved 2718:the original 2708: 2688: 2681: 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2611:the original 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2580: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2474: 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2447: 2440: 2416:(1): 15–26. 2413: 2409: 2399: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2280: 2277:Brain Injury 2276: 2270: 2240:(1): 78–95. 2237: 2234:Neurosurgery 2233: 2226: 2201: 2198:Neurosurgery 2197: 2191: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1965: 1961: 1925: 1921: 1886:(1): 15–26. 1883: 1879: 1854:. Retrieved 1844: 1835: 1826: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1632:Team doctor 1629:Team doctor 1487: 1483: 1462: 1458: 1437: 1433: 1412: 1408: 1372: 1358: 1357: 1353:Alan Schwarz 1346: 1343:Cindy Parlow 1324: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1284: 1276: 1273:Horse riding 1259: 1250: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1191: 1174: 1121: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1091: 1082:Youth sports 1076: 1071: 1067: 1055: 1043:George Smith 1036: 1025: 1011: 1006:Gary Bettman 994: 989: 982: 939: 930: 922: 901:,' known as 895:Muhammad Ali 893: 876: 867: 831: 818: 777: 757: 713: 704: 700: 673: 669: 665:rugby helmet 653:Stephen Hunt 625: 610: 603: 598: 586: 582: 578: 574:asymptomatic 562: 540:players. In 530:Division III 522: 502: 491: 483: 282:Competition 258: 254: 242: 230: 222:Parkinsonism 211: 191: 179: 170: 153: 130: 96: 81: 72: 48: 31: 15: 5952:Concussions 5752:Drug policy 5689:Legislation 5395:Professions 5219:Indium lung 5114:Brucellosis 5109:Berylliosis 4882:Mayo Clinic 4354:19 November 3869:26 December 3837:26 December 3808:16 February 3442:26 November 3292:26 November 2857:12 November 2455:12 November 2019:(1): 6–10. 1836:Mayo Clinic 1321:Steve James 1267:risk-taking 1182:Tau protein 1170:Axon Sports 1158:ImPACT Test 1131:created by 1062:Rory Lamont 1032:World Rugby 1028:rugby union 1016:Rugby union 859:evaluation. 855:discretion. 728:Kenny Irwin 710:Auto racing 684:Hugo Lloris 626:During the 534:Division II 464:Volleyball 408:Ice hockey 394:Basketball 335:Ice hockey 307:Basketball 239:Other risks 98:Concussions 5936:Categories 5852:Toxic tort 5802:Job strain 5772:Ergonomics 5747:Break room 5269:Radium jaw 5259:Phossy jaw 5134:Chalicosis 5104:Barotrauma 5094:Asbestosis 4932:www.bu.edu 4903:"Homepage" 4642:1 December 3864:ESPN Scrum 3831:ESPN Scrum 3782:30 October 3601:PEOPLE.com 3266:24 October 3238:21 October 3104:16 October 2480:3 November 1928:(5): 5–9. 1765:References 1383:Dave Zirin 1326:Head Games 1305:Concussion 1247:Ice hockey 1162:BrainCheck 1127:tested an 1086:See also: 1051:UK channel 941:Ice hockey 936:Ice Hockey 927:Gymnastics 821:basketball 815:Basketball 744:Darlington 740:Steve Park 736:Tony Roper 732:Adam Petty 650:midfielder 635:goalkeeper 538:Division I 377:Wrestling 75:March 2013 20:Concussion 5573:Checklist 5541:ISO 45001 5529:Standards 5279:Silicosis 5089:Acrodynia 5002:(3): 44. 4682:210359660 3260:USA Today 3097:BBC Sport 2925:cite book 2917:828775853 2591:7 October 1818:206882999 1374:Frontline 1351:reporter 1290:Bicycling 1166:XLNTbrain 864:Bicycling 768:Talladega 676:Tottenham 661:Liverpool 638:Petr Čech 613:Norwegian 450:Softball 422:Lacrosse 349:Lacrosse 321:Football 293:Baseball 285:Practice 251:Incidence 137:wrestlers 63:talk page 5947:Injuries 5902:Journals 5891:Category 5817:Overwork 5735:See also 5488:(Canada) 5479:National 5442:Agencies 5304:Tinnitus 5174:Erethism 5081:injuries 5076:diseases 5028:30884753 4782:27639135 4766:: 7–13. 4734:27364748 4592:29955375 4525:31530957 4473:27307271 4423:28661788 4312:27482776 4153:Archived 4137:31022262 4097:PLOS ONE 4075:28084891 4023:NBC News 3933:28739314 3606:19 April 3583:41598307 3575:12963556 3488:Archived 3418:21074078 3335:28 April 3162:21 March 3133:11832883 3078:37042212 2955:19 April 2882:20 March 2572:27331336 2523:26626271 2432:23243113 2391:51911315 2383:30074832 2348:51911315 2340:30074832 2305:11524717 2297:27120772 2262:10666909 2254:16385332 2218:17762733 2078:35061638 2070:25040374 2035:19561758 1994:25635191 1902:23243113 1810:29098981 1693:See also 1239:Baseball 1058:Scotland 1002:— 971:and the 877:Despite 794:signing. 785:and the 774:Baseball 508:By sport 391:Women's 279:Overall 126:CT scans 57:You may 5920:Commons 5500:(Spain) 5494:(Italy) 5321:hygiene 5119:Burnout 5019:6473667 4876:Print. 4828:14 July 4802:14 July 4725:5333496 4583:6018845 4516:6747698 4464:5099231 4303:5055836 4227:26 June 4128:6483210 4105:Bibcode 3732:30 June 3662:14 July 3409:2987636 3070:1439395 3033:13 July 3027:Reuters 3005:13 July 2949:The Hub 2826:30 June 2800:30 June 2563:5384815 2183:6737652 2026:2672291 1985:4306054 1856:30 June 1686:NASCAR 1683:NASCAR 1506:League 1141:Riddell 1110:play. 909:Cricket 722:at the 680:Everton 646:Reading 642:Chelsea 611:A 1992 436:Soccer 363:Soccer 228:(ALS). 216:(CTE), 167:Dangers 161:balance 118:suicide 5603:Hazard 5566:Safety 5099:Asthma 5026: 5016: 4962:5 June 4937:5 June 4912:5 June 4887:5 June 4780: 4732: 4722: 4680: 4633: 4590: 4580: 4523: 4513: 4471: 4461: 4421: 4310: 4300: 4201:4 July 4175:4 July 4135: 4125: 4073: 4037:Forbes 3985:. 2008 3956:. 2013 3931: 3684:4 July 3581: 3573: 3538:4 July 3416: 3406: 3362:4 July 3205:1 July 3131: 3076: 3068: 2977:4 July 2915: 2905: 2772:1 July 2746:1 July 2724:1 July 2696: 2662:4 July 2639:4 July 2617:4 July 2570: 2560: 2521: 2430: 2389: 2381: 2346: 2338: 2303: 2295: 2260: 2252: 2216: 2181: 2146: 2111: 2076: 2068: 2033: 2023: 1992: 1982: 1968:: 31. 1900: 1816: 1808: 1667:NASCAR 1473:": --> 1448:": --> 1423:": --> 1398:": --> 1345:, and 1164:, and 1154:Reebok 967:, the 879:boxing 873:Boxing 848:first. 544:, the 290:Men's 271:Sport 163:test. 133:boxers 122:X-rays 106:sports 5742:Break 4678:S2CID 4627:(PDF) 4379:(PDF) 3979:(PDF) 3950:(PDF) 3579:S2CID 3515:9 May 3491:(PDF) 3480:(PDF) 3329:(PDF) 3322:(PDF) 3074:S2CID 2387:S2CID 2344:S2CID 2301:S2CID 2258:S2CID 2074:S2CID 1814:S2CID 1677:2003 1674:2003 1671:2003 1652:2011 1618:1997 1596:2011 1593:2011 1590:2011 1569:2007 1566:2011 1563:2007 1221:Rugby 1178:S100B 840:are: 716:death 632:Czech 473:0.27 470:0.64 467:0.37 459:0.18 456:0.42 453:0.26 445:0.18 442:1.65 439:0.54 431:0.25 428:1.28 425:0.45 417:0.31 414:2.11 411:0.78 403:0.39 400:1.00 397:0.53 386:0.48 383:4.31 380:0.89 372:0.14 369:0.67 366:0.26 358:0.19 355:0.91 352:0.30 344:0.20 341:2.40 338:0.74 330:0.48 327:3.25 324:0.75 316:0.34 313:0.53 310:0.38 302:0.04 299:0.16 296:0.09 65:, or 5553:(US) 5517:(US) 5506:(UK) 5444:and 5079:and 5024:PMID 4964:2024 4939:2024 4914:2024 4889:2024 4830:2012 4804:2012 4778:PMID 4730:PMID 4644:2019 4631:ISBN 4588:PMID 4521:PMID 4469:PMID 4419:PMID 4356:2019 4308:PMID 4229:2012 4203:2012 4177:2012 4133:PMID 4071:PMID 3991:2017 3962:2017 3929:PMID 3898:2016 3871:2013 3839:2013 3810:2013 3784:2013 3734:2012 3726:ESPN 3686:2012 3664:2012 3608:2018 3571:PMID 3540:2012 3517:2020 3444:2019 3414:PMID 3364:2012 3337:2019 3294:2019 3268:2013 3240:2012 3207:2012 3164:2016 3129:PMID 3106:2006 3066:PMID 3035:2015 3007:2015 2979:2012 2957:2018 2931:link 2913:OCLC 2903:ISBN 2884:2018 2859:2012 2828:2012 2802:2012 2774:2012 2748:2012 2726:2012 2694:ISBN 2664:2012 2641:2012 2619:2012 2593:2015 2568:PMID 2519:PMID 2482:2019 2457:2014 2428:PMID 2379:PMID 2336:PMID 2293:PMID 2250:PMID 2214:PMID 2179:PMID 2144:PMID 2109:PMID 2066:PMID 2031:PMID 1990:PMID 1898:PMID 1858:2012 1806:PMID 1648:2003 1643:2011 1622:2011 1614:1997 1610:NHL 1587:NBA 1560:MLB 1545:2009 1540:2008 1535:2007 1475:edit 1450:edit 1425:edit 1400:edit 1367:and 1335:Penn 1265:and 1146:2010 983:The 969:NCAA 917:and 734:and 714:The 678:and 644:and 563:The 542:2001 536:and 494:NCAA 224:and 135:and 5014:PMC 5004:doi 4768:doi 4720:PMC 4712:doi 4670:doi 4578:PMC 4570:doi 4511:PMC 4503:doi 4459:PMC 4451:doi 4409:doi 4298:PMC 4290:doi 4123:PMC 4113:doi 4063:doi 3921:doi 3635:doi 3563:doi 3404:PMC 3394:doi 3058:doi 2558:PMC 2550:doi 2509:doi 2418:doi 2371:doi 2328:doi 2285:doi 2242:doi 2206:doi 2171:doi 2167:252 2136:doi 2132:410 2101:doi 2097:410 2058:doi 2021:PMC 1980:PMC 1970:doi 1930:doi 1888:doi 1796:hdl 1788:doi 1638:MLS 1530:NFL 1186:FDA 838:NBA 783:MLB 766:at 718:of 696:PFA 151:). 124:or 5938:: 5022:. 5012:. 4998:. 4994:. 4955:. 4930:. 4905:. 4880:. 4776:. 4764:23 4762:. 4758:. 4742:^ 4728:. 4718:. 4708:12 4706:. 4702:. 4690:^ 4676:. 4666:52 4664:. 4652:^ 4600:^ 4586:. 4576:. 4564:. 4560:. 4541:. 4519:. 4509:. 4499:78 4497:. 4493:. 4481:^ 4467:. 4457:. 4447:50 4445:. 4441:. 4417:. 4405:34 4403:. 4399:. 4381:. 4364:^ 4347:. 4328:. 4306:. 4296:. 4286:24 4284:. 4280:. 4259:. 4131:. 4121:. 4111:. 4101:14 4099:. 4095:. 4083:^ 4069:. 4059:34 4057:. 4044:^ 4021:. 3981:. 3952:. 3927:. 3917:53 3915:. 3887:. 3862:. 3847:^ 3829:. 3818:^ 3770:. 3751:. 3724:. 3713:^ 3703:. 3629:. 3625:. 3599:. 3577:. 3569:. 3559:17 3557:. 3508:. 3486:. 3482:. 3452:^ 3434:. 3412:. 3402:. 3390:30 3388:. 3384:. 3372:^ 3302:^ 3285:. 3257:. 3224:. 3193:. 3153:. 3141:^ 3125:42 3123:. 3094:. 3072:. 3064:. 3054:14 3052:. 3024:. 2996:. 2947:. 2927:}} 2923:{{ 2911:. 2875:. 2845:. 2782:^ 2765:. 2566:. 2556:. 2546:52 2544:. 2540:. 2517:. 2505:50 2503:. 2499:. 2473:. 2426:. 2414:47 2412:. 2408:. 2385:. 2377:. 2367:47 2365:. 2342:. 2334:. 2324:47 2322:. 2299:. 2291:. 2281:30 2279:. 2256:. 2248:. 2238:58 2236:. 2212:. 2202:61 2200:. 2177:. 2165:. 2148:73 2142:. 2130:. 2113:72 2107:. 2095:. 2072:. 2064:. 2054:42 2052:. 2029:. 2017:10 2015:. 2011:. 1988:. 1978:. 1964:. 1960:. 1942:^ 1926:16 1924:. 1910:^ 1896:. 1884:47 1882:. 1878:. 1866:^ 1834:. 1812:. 1804:. 1794:. 1784:51 1782:. 1341:, 1180:, 1160:, 999:." 730:, 630:, 576:. 220:, 5722:) 5718:( 5712:) 5708:( 5058:e 5051:t 5044:v 5030:. 5006:: 5000:7 4966:. 4941:. 4916:. 4891:. 4832:. 4806:. 4784:. 4770:: 4736:. 4714:: 4684:. 4672:: 4646:. 4594:. 4572:: 4566:4 4527:. 4505:: 4475:. 4453:: 4425:. 4411:: 4385:. 4358:. 4314:. 4292:: 4265:. 4231:. 4205:. 4179:. 4139:. 4115:: 4107:: 4077:. 4065:: 4025:. 3993:. 3964:. 3935:. 3923:: 3900:. 3873:. 3841:. 3812:. 3786:. 3755:. 3736:. 3707:. 3688:. 3666:. 3643:. 3637:: 3631:4 3610:. 3585:. 3565:: 3542:. 3519:. 3446:. 3420:. 3396:: 3366:. 3339:. 3296:. 3270:. 3242:. 3209:. 3166:. 3135:. 3108:. 3080:. 3060:: 3037:. 3009:. 2981:. 2959:. 2933:) 2919:. 2886:. 2861:. 2830:. 2804:. 2776:. 2750:. 2728:. 2702:. 2666:. 2643:. 2621:. 2595:. 2574:. 2552:: 2525:. 2511:: 2484:. 2459:. 2434:. 2420:: 2393:. 2373:: 2350:. 2330:: 2307:. 2287:: 2264:. 2244:: 2220:. 2208:: 2185:. 2173:: 2150:. 2138:: 2115:. 2103:: 2080:. 2060:: 2037:. 1996:. 1972:: 1966:7 1936:. 1932:: 1904:. 1890:: 1860:. 1838:. 1820:. 1798:: 1790:: 1479:] 1454:] 1429:] 1404:] 88:) 82:( 77:) 73:( 55:. 29:. 22:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Concussions in sport

Index