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with an additional low pressure stage or even a low speed turbine. Waste heat on modern steam plants is often recovered using heat exchangers. However, condensing locomotives do not have this benefit due to the waste heat being expelled to the surrounding air and not being recovered, and therefore
274:
of water droplets in steam. This aerosol is then liquified by pressure, using a specially-designed boiler feed pump. A fuel saving of nearly 30% (compared with exhausting to the atmosphere) was claimed for the
Anderson system but this seems paradoxical. One would expect a higher fuel consumption
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does not normally increase the power output, rather it may decrease considerably due to a reduction of airflow to the firebox that heats the steam boiler. Condensing the steam from a high volume gas to a low volume liquid causes a significant pressure drop at the exhaust, which usually would add
211:
These restrictions do not apply to marine or stationary steam engines due to not having size or weight restrictions. Ships often had massive waste steam recovery systems, such as the 400 ton waste steam turbine used to recover very low 6 psi (41 kPa) waste steam on the
Titanic and its
163:
additional power in most steam engines. Whilst more power is potentially available by expanding down to a vacuum, the power output is actually greatly reduced compared to a conventional steam locomotive on account of the lower air flow through the firebox, as there is now no waste steam to
245:
Here, the exhaust steam is blown into cold water in the locomotive's water tanks. A non-return system must be fitted, to prevent water from the tanks being drawn into the cylinders when the steam is shut off. This system was mainly used for locomotives working in tunnels.
293:
of water. Instead of returning the condensate water to the boiler, the hot compressed condensate is passed through a heat exchanger to return heat to the boiler, then released as clean drinking water. It is one of the most efficient processes used to desalinate water.
167:
into the firebox exhaust in order to pull more air into the firebox air intake. In order to produce similar power, air to the firebox must be provided by a steam driven or mechanically driven fan. This often cancels out any improvement in efficiency.
188:
significantly reduces these losses by only partially cooling the waste steam before compressing it into condensate, then pumping the high temperature condensate back into the boiler in order to recover the unused waste heat. This greatly reduces
402:
Generally this was a more sophisticated installation that used forced air cooling to condense the exhaust steam. The system was intended to reduce the problems of getting enough water to steam locomotives running through
228:
must thus be generated instead by a steam-driven fan. Where possible, this has been arranged to use exhaust steam, although in some cases live steam was required, with extra steam and thus fuel consumption.
625:
171:
The temperature of the exhaust steam is greater than typical stationary or ship-based steam plant of similar power due to having fewer waste recovery stages, as ships often have a
180:
in the waste steam is recovered to do mechanical work. In many conditions the temperature gradient is often much worse due to using air instead of having an abundant source of
258:. This system was used on small tram engines (where the condenser was mounted on the roof) and on large tender engines (where the condenser was mounted in the tender).
204:
in the condenser piping, and having to pump the condensate back into the boiler is likely to reduce the power output over what was achievable from simply venting to
346:. Steam is diverted from the exhaust steam pipes into the water tanks via condensing pipes within the same tanks. The water in the tanks could quickly heat up near
350:, reducing the condensing effect on the exhaust steam. It was not unknown for the tanks to be emptied and refilled with cold water on a regular basis. Ordinary
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expected from including the condenser in the cycle is not usually realised within the space constraints of a typical locomotive. Indeed, losses due to viscous
116:, into the boiler water tanks. Installations vary depending on the purpose, design and the type of locomotive to which it is fitted. It differs from the usual
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126:, in that the function of the condenser is primarily either to recover water, or to avoid excessive emissions to the atmosphere, rather than maintaining a
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sister ships. This is several times the weight of an entire locomotive, and so is clearly not feasible as a form of waste steam recovery for locomotives.
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108:, or to reduce emission of steam inside enclosed spaces. The apparatus takes the exhaust steam that would normally be used to produce a draft for the
696:
Roosen, Dr.-Ing. R. (17 March 1960). "Class "25" Condensing
Locomotives on the South African Railways — Design and Operating Experiences".
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Because of the relatively high temperature in a locomotive condenser and the rejection of the heat to the air, the potential improvement in
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were required by law to have condensers. Water tank condensers (as above) were sometimes used but air-condensers were more common. A steam
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usually had a full-length roof and this was surmounted by a nest of air-cooled copper tubes in which the exhaust steam was condensed.
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609:. Around 200 of these were built with condensing tenders, to reduce the visible exhaust plume and so avoid air attacks on the
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will not work with hot water (until hot-water injectors were developed) so condensing locomotives were usually fitted with
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AN ADVANCED MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION DESALINATION with VVC SYSTEM in desalination and purfying water industry
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Here, the exhaust steam is blown into an air-cooled radiator, similar to that used for the cooling system of an
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A drawback of condensing the exhaust steam is that it is no longer available to draw the fire, by use of the
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326:. Note the large valves in the steam return pipes, switching between condensing and non-condensing modes.
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394:(which were very low-powered) but would not have worked for larger railway locomotives.
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designed to recover exhaust steam, either in order to improve range between taking on
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uses an air-cooled condenser but the steam is only partially condensed to form an
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There are two usual reasons for fitting condensing equipment - reducing exhaust
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Note the extremely large tender, with side louvres to cool the condensers
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Titanic: Building the World's Most Famous Ship By Anton Gill, P121
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made many engines of this type. The system was satisfactory for
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Steam locomotive condensers may be water-cooled or air-cooled.
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362:. When not working in tunnels, the steam was directed to the
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because of the power required to compress the aerosol.
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to allow their locomotives to work the tunnels of the
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as naval or stationary steam power plants have. The
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Type of locomotive designed to recover exhaust steam
1827:
768:
728:"The Holcroft-Anderson Recompression Locomotive"
415:Locomotives fitted with a condensing apparatus
879:
600:
440:
722:
499:Great Northern Railway (later LNER) class N2
309:
886:
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769:Semmens, P.W.B.; Goldfinch, A.J. (2003) .
646:South Manchuria Railway Mikaku class 2-8-2
624:. From 1936 some of these were built with
801:. Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Archived from
530:London, Chatham and Dover Railway R class
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
505:Great Western Railway Metropolitan Class
452:Central London Railway tube-gauge 0-6-0T
429:
418:
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32:This article includes a list of general
1761:Glossary of steam locomotive components
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1828:
837:The World's Railways and How They Work
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278:The reason this is possible is due to
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366:and up the chimney in the usual way.
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595:Metropolitan District Railway 4-4-0T
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18:
13:
1613:National Museum of Scotland engine
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378:, locomotives working on roadside
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215:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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839:. Odhams. 1947. pp. 182–183.
771:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
710:10.1243/JILE_PROC_1960_050_021_02
141:
1795:List of steam technology patents
852:
520:Great Western Railway 9700 class
481:Great Northern Railway class J13
249:
158:, the condensing apparatus on a
23:
514:Great Western Railway 633 class
490:Great Northern Railway class L1
475:Great Eastern Railway class M15
466:Great Eastern Railway class L77
457:Great Eastern Railway class G69
1780:Murdoch's model steam carriage
1766:History of steam road vehicles
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287:Vapor-compression desalination
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1841:Steam locomotive technologies
1707:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
698:J. Inst. Locomotive Engineers
673:
636:South African Class 20 2-10-2
338:. This system was devised by
330:Originally developed for the
1836:Condensing steam locomotives
1430:Return connecting rod engine
859:Condensing steam locomotives
835:"9: Near East to Far East".
799:"National Museums Liverpool"
641:South African Class 25 4-8-4
607:Deutsche Reichsbahn class 52
589:Metropolitan Railway E Class
583:Metropolitan Railway D Class
575:Metropolitan Railway C Class
569:Metropolitan Railway B Class
560:Metropolitan Railway A Class
522:0-6-0PT (a variation on the
344:Beyer, Peacock & Company
324:Metropolitan Railway A Class
7:
1354:Condensing steam locomotive
651:
98:condensing steam locomotive
10:
1857:
1661:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
628:for use across deserts in
601:With tender air condensers
441:With water tank condensers
407:and very arid areas, e.g.
297:
285:A similar effect known as
268:Anderson condensing system
256:internal combustion engine
186:Anderson condensing system
112:, and routes it through a
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1667:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
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447:Caledonian Railway 0-4-4T
310:Reduced exhaust emissions
1506:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1810:Timeline of steam power
1805:Stationary steam engine
1688:Woolf's compound engine
1595:Soho Manufactory engine
1450:Steeple compound engine
1117:straight line mechanism
775:Oxford University Press
53:more precise citations.
1815:Water-returning engine
1789:Lean's Engine Reporter
1562:Chacewater Mine engine
1435:Six-column beam engine
626:P11 condensing tenders
437:
435:South African Class 25
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424:South African Class 25
360:boiler feedwater pumps
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306:and increasing range.
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1655:London Steam Carriage
861:at Wikimedia Commons
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173:compound steam engine
84:
1601:Bradley Works engine
1425:Reciprocating engine
1248:Babcock & Wilcox
1091:Centrifugal governor
663:Kirchweger condenser
388:Kitson & Company
332:Metropolitan Railway
315:Underground railways
241:Water tank condenser
1142:Sun and planet gear
554:Museum of Liverpool
289:was later used for
156:marine steam engine
1642:Richard Trevithick
1240:Water-tube boilers
1054:Gresley conjugated
753:2017-08-12 at the
552:(preserved at the
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336:London Underground
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233:Types of condenser
198:thermal efficiency
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1212:Fire-tube boilers
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857:Media related to
784:978-0-19-860782-3
668:Surface condenser
538:LMS Fowler 2-6-2T
370:Roadside tramways
342:and developed by
148:surface condenser
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1773:fardier à vapeur
1607:Whitbread Engine
1568:Smethwick Engine
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1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Rotative beam
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:hypocycloidal
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
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956:
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951:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:Steam engines
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
869:
866:
862:
860:
855:
838:
831:
825:, p. 244
824:
819:
805:on 2007-09-29
804:
800:
794:
786:
780:
776:
772:
765:
763:
756:
752:
749:
743:
729:
725:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
683:
679:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Jet condenser
656:
655:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
611:Eastern Front
608:
605:
604:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
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518:
515:
512:
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436:
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412:
410:
406:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:boiling point
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
321:
307:
305:
295:
292:
288:
283:
281:
276:
273:
269:
259:
257:
250:Air condenser
247:
238:
230:
227:
223:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
187:
183:
182:cooling water
179:
174:
169:
166:
161:
157:
153:
152:steam turbine
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:is a type of
99:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1800:Modern steam
1787:
1772:
1734:Porter-Allen
1713:
1647:
1574:
1554:
1511:
1445:Safety valve
1374:"Pickle-pot"
1353:
1268:Thimble tube
851:
836:
830:
818:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
793:
770:
742:
731:. Retrieved
724:Douglas Self
718:
701:
697:
691:
682:
615:World War II
550:Cecil Raikes
549:
409:South Africa
401:
392:tram engines
373:
340:Daniel Gooch
329:
301:
291:desalination
284:
277:
265:
253:
244:
236:
219:
210:
195:
191:energy waste
176:none of the
170:
145:
124:steam engine
118:closed cycle
106:boiler water
97:
95:
90:Cecil Raikes
89:
65:
56:
37:
1531:Watt engine
1331:Oscillating
1287:Boiler feed
1132:Plate chain
1111:Tusi couple
1024:Walschaerts
909:Atmospheric
823:Roosen 1961
384:tram engine
146:Unlike the
88:locomotive
51:introducing
1830:Categories
1740:Ljungström
1726:High-speed
1619:Lap Engine
1575:Resolution
1479:Precursors
1364:Kirchweger
1326:Locomotive
1273:Three-drum
1253:Field-tube
1220:Locomotive
1202:Lancashire
1122:Link chain
1106:Crankshaft
1073:Mechanisms
1001:Valve gear
809:2012-02-17
773:. Oxford:
733:2012-02-17
674:References
524:5700 Class
364:blast pipe
206:atmosphere
132:efficiency
121:condensing
102:locomotive
59:March 2012
34:references
1771:Cugnot's
1714:Salamanca
1415:Hydrolock
1400:Crosshead
1346:Condenser
1182:Egg-ended
630:Turkestan
352:injectors
304:emissions
222:blastpipe
1754:See also
1680:Compound
1555:Old Bess
1395:Blowback
1318:Cylinder
1304:Injector
1263:Stirling
1258:Sentinel
1172:Haystack
1086:Cataract
1059:Southern
1049:Caprotti
924:Compound
751:Archived
652:See also
622:SO class
620:Russian
358:-driven
202:friction
1470:History
1379:Surface
1197:Cornish
1157:Boilers
1039:Corliss
976:Corliss
959:D slide
929:Uniflow
919:Cornish
376:Britain
298:Purpose
272:aerosol
226:draught
110:firebox
47:improve
1782:(1784)
1776:(1769)
1742:(1908)
1736:(1862)
1717:(1812)
1709:(1805)
1699:Murray
1690:(1803)
1669:(1804)
1663:(1803)
1657:(1803)
1651:(1801)
1621:(1788)
1615:(1786)
1609:(1785)
1603:(1783)
1597:(1782)
1578:(1781)
1570:(1779)
1564:(1778)
1558:(1777)
1550:(1768)
1522:(1795)
1516:(1760)
1508:(1725)
1489:(1698)
1455:Stroke
1420:Piston
1405:Cutoff
1278:Yarrow
1230:Launch
1225:Scotch
986:Sleeve
981:Poppet
966:Piston
947:Valves
939:Valves
781:
591:0-4-4T
585:2-4-0T
578:0-4-4T
571:4-4-0T
546:0-6-4T
533:0-4-4T
516:0-6-0T
501:0-6-2T
477:2-4-2T
405:desert
224:. The
178:energy
128:vacuum
36:, but
1388:Other
1192:Flued
1177:Wagon
1101:Crank
1044:Lentz
1034:Baker
1029:Allan
954:Slide
563:4-4-0
548:No.5
508:2-4-0
493:0-8-2
484:0-6-0
469:0-6-2
460:2-4-2
165:eject
136:power
1540:Beam
1081:Beam
991:Bash
971:Drop
914:Watt
779:ISBN
702:50:2
356:axle
266:The
134:and
1359:Jet
1187:Box
1019:Joy
1009:Gab
706:doi
613:of
374:In
154:or
1832::
761:^
700:.
208:.
193:.
138:.
96:A
887:e
880:t
873:v
812:.
787:.
746:*
736:.
708::
632:.
617:.
565:T
556:)
526:)
510:T
495:T
486:T
471:T
462:T
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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