39:
289:
576:
3583:
775:
478:
3607:
3619:
908:
395:
3595:
2653:
1951:
644:
307:"Many persons who, from long habit and fondly cherished theories, have become strongly attached to the institution of African slavery, fancy that in Brazil they will find an opportunity for the permanent use of that system of labor — Brazil and the Spanish possessions being the only two slaveholding communities remaining in the civilized world," the
381:
Many
Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their farms and homes during the war, were unwilling to live under occupation by Federal troops during Reconstruction, or simply did not expect an improvement in the Southern economic situation in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Brazil would
238:
religion, they could not be buried in a
Catholic cemetery, so they created their own cemetery, the first non-Catholic, non-indigenous cemetery in Brazil. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and
1832:
Movimento de passageiros norte-americanos no porto do Rio de
Janeiro, 1865–1890 : uma contribuição para a história da imigração norte-americana no Brasil ("American passengers passing through the port of Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : a contribution to the history of the American migration to
753:
The
American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as pecans, Georgia peanuts and watermelon; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches
591:
who moved to Brazil before the
American Civil War, made a fortune as a tobacco and rubber farmer. Stone's plantations, which had more than five thousand hectares, were called Colonia Stone, and were located near the city of Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. Many of his descendants still have the surname
370:
formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert
Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here. Slaves were cheap, they
667:
and identify themselves as
Brazilians. As the region around the municipalities of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana became a hub for sugarcane production and society became more mobile, the confederates moved to larger cities in search of jobs in urban areas. Currently, only a few families of
461:
to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of
199:
farming. The regime in Brazil had a number of features that attracted the
Confederados, among these political decentralization, and a relatively high commitment to free trade. The continuing legality of slavery (until 1888) was another factor, though few Confederados actually acquired slaves in
668:
descendants still live on land owned by their ancestors. The descendants of the confederates are more spread throughout Brazil. They maintain their organization's headquarters at the Campo
Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where there is also a chapel and a memorial.
348:
304:, a new labor regime, and the loss of political power that came with African-American suffrage. Accustomed to raising cotton with the labor of enslaved people, some looked elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere for a place where their old life could be continued.
671:
Descendants make a connection to their history through the
American Descendant Fellowship, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called
662:
The first generation of Confederates remained an island community. As is typical, in the third generation, most families had already married native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. Confederate descendants increasingly began to speak the
430:, but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo while Campinas is 35 miles further, so the Norrises bought an ox-cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for
719:
population removed it a few years later from the city's official symbol, as the descendants of the Confederates now comprise about a tenth of the city's population). During his visit to Brazil, Carter also visited the city of
1515:
1306:
616:, received a wave of expatriate families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called
1303:
Pérez Gómez, Ricardo. "Emigración e identidad en el siglo XIX: el caso de los inmigrantes confederados en Brasil" [Migration and Identity in 19th Century: the case of the Confederate Immigrants in Brazil].
355:
Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of immigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several
466:. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$ 5,000 from that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives. Many Confederados besides Norris became known for
1385:
Brasher, Jordan P. (2020). "Creating 'Confederate pioneers': a spatial narrative analysis of race, settler colonialism, and heritage tourism at the Museu da Imigração, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo".
1681:
1343:
567:. Even today the descendants of American families are buried there. It is in this place that descendants gather periodically for religious ceremonies and parties around the 19th-century chapel.
724:
and the grave of a great-uncle of his wife, Rosalynn Carter, at Cemitério do Campo. At the time, Carter noted that Confederate descendants sounded and looked exactly like American southerners.
1696:
1992:
1709:
1562:
Orrizio, Riccardo. Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe. Simon and Schuster, 2001, pages 110–111.
422:
and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marshy. They were also offered the land where
1507:
1388:
497:
were significant. They established an intense trade, notably from 1875 onwards, with the arrival of the railroad and the installation of the Santa Barbara Station by the
505:, the village that was formed in the vicinity of the Station became known as "Vila dos Americanos", or "Vila Americana", and gave rise to the current city of Americana.
2641:
1172:
3002:
1985:
1537:
3679:
1639:
1442:
1978:
1888:
2086:
1880:
378:
in 1867. The book was a guide for would-be colonizers and stated in the introduction, "All the requisites of a desirable home have been found in Brazil."
1808:
1482:
280:
Although the amount of Confederado descendants living in Brazil today is difficult to estimate, in 2016 they were believed to number in the thousands.
731:
and memorial located within it) in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a memorial, as most of the region's original Confederate immigrants were buried there. As
3689:
2232:
1796:
1580:
891:
were some 20,000 Southerners, from 12 southern states (e.g. Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi) who preferred the Brazilian wilderness to life under
374:
A confederate from South Carolina, James McFadden Gaston, traveled extensively in central Brazil and upon return to the US published a book titled
1246:
1234:
Hunting a home in Brazil.: The agricultural resources and other characteristics of the country. Also, the manners and customs of the inhabitants
1045:
754:(Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist). Some foods of the American South also crossed over and became part of general Brazilian culture such as
2634:
1871:
743:. The community of descendants also contributed to the Museum of Immigration, also located in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, to present the history of
1109:
1065:
490:
684:
and dances are served and performed. The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag, although they identify themselves as fully
300:
planters were unwilling to live by the new rules imposed by the Union's victory and the constitutional changes that followed: an end to
2592:
2072:
3639:
2959:
2123:
508:
The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the
2582:
2471:
3644:
2619:
2407:
1606:
620:, which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the
2100:
2967:
2187:
2130:
444:
1281:
3694:
2627:
2108:
2058:
1850:
Soldado descansa! : uma epopéia norte-americana sob os céus do Brasil ("Soldier, rest! An American epic under Brazilian skies")
1150:
3183:
2992:
2982:
2972:
3125:
1341:
Marcus, Alan P. (2021). "Using "Autogeography," sense of place and place-based approaches in the pedagogy of geographic thought".
3649:
3361:
3030:
498:
3152:
3050:
2977:
1201:
3387:
3040:
2987:
2310:
2065:
1801:
Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe
681:
246:, an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. Os Confederados also have an annual festival, called the
1182:
3035:
2016:
3204:
1939:
emigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.
3664:
3045:
2402:
2268:
2001:
627:
It is not known how many Confederado immigrants came to Brazil, but unprecedented research in the records of the port of
3147:
2151:
2137:
2079:
2023:
3135:
1541:
1439:"Jason W. Stone b. 19 Feb 1830 Dana, Worcester, Massachusetts d. 1913 Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil: Whipple Database"
3173:
2196:
2144:
2051:
2044:
2037:
1897:
1749:
1741:
1092:
763:
363:
were formed. Representatives were sent to Brazil to check the land, climate, and facilities offered by the emperor.
38:
3674:
3659:
2300:
3654:
1630:
339:. The Emperor encouraged the immigration of cotton planters from the former Confederacy to enable that expansion.
2851:
2386:
1508:"G1 > Edição São Paulo – NOTÍCIAS – Descendentes de confederados celebram em SP o fim da Guerra Civil dos EUA"
288:
532:. The teaching methods developed by American teachers proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by
3548:
3280:
3120:
2829:
2476:
2427:
2180:
1776:
434:, until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current
1822:
3257:
2846:
1955:
1768:
297:
255:
159:
3178:
2686:
2657:
2290:
1813:
703:
in Brazil did not acquire the same political symbolism as it has in the United States. After then-Governor
689:
555:. Due to the prohibition of burying people of other faiths in the cemeteries of cities administered by the
449:
and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of
2649:
2093:
1572:
2572:
2339:
2204:
2905:
2560:
1682:"They lost the Civil War and fled to Brazil. Their descendants refuse to take down the Confederate flag"
721:
564:
450:
231:
220:
72:
3684:
3573:
2366:
2227:
2217:
1438:
186:
3438:
654:
in 1972, stands with fifth-generation Confederado children at the base of the Confederate monument in
323:
saw an opportunity in the economic disruption in the southern United States and hoped to build up its
3669:
3587:
2608:
2491:
2173:
1232:
403:
88:
3500:
3157:
3025:
2280:
1970:
3402:
3230:
3188:
2949:
2524:
2439:
2222:
951:
818:
108:
2888:
2550:
708:
676:", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and
655:
517:
454:
216:
64:
3528:
3252:
2540:
2454:
2432:
2253:
1764:
1602:
759:
673:
643:
467:
247:
174:
3392:
3543:
3538:
3443:
3397:
3240:
3060:
2371:
2285:
2212:
1725:
747:
597:
931:
798:
423:
3418:
3371:
3335:
3055:
3010:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2691:
2587:
2577:
2519:
2422:
2356:
2346:
580:
575:
320:
155:
96:
1277:
766:
and provided education to their female children, which was unusual in Brazil at the time.
212:
8:
3479:
3448:
3423:
3320:
3262:
3235:
3220:
3130:
3015:
2912:
2883:
2545:
2496:
2417:
2381:
2351:
2334:
2305:
1790:
1686:
1397:
1352:
1142:
1029:
664:
609:
588:
548:
533:
150:
2449:
1734:
Os norteamericanos (confederados) do Brasil : identidades no contexto transnacional
520:. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families, who set up
234:, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their
3555:
3475:
3469:
3453:
3433:
3366:
3115:
3020:
2917:
2464:
2459:
2412:
2376:
2361:
2295:
2275:
2258:
2248:
2004:
1865:
1417:
1372:
1311:
896:
716:
312:
243:
242:
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of
208:
192:
178:
3490:
3340:
3330:
3245:
3142:
2944:
2444:
2263:
1965:
1961:
1928:
1909:
1853:
1836:
1772:
1745:
1474:
1421:
1409:
1376:
1364:
1319:
1117:
1088:
544:
274:
170:
166:
132:
128:
1669:
961:
941:
828:
808:
3560:
3495:
3485:
3428:
3345:
3325:
3295:
3089:
3074:
2744:
2709:
2481:
1901:
1737:
1401:
1356:
1209:
1177:
700:
251:
204:
182:
84:
1405:
1360:
774:
688:. Many Confederate descendants traveled to the United States at the invitation of
563:
became known as the Campo Cemetery, currently a tourist attraction in the city of
3611:
3533:
3225:
2798:
2783:
1238:
1025:
736:
556:
301:
1085:
The Cambridge History of the American Civil War: Volume II: Affairs of the State
696:, participate in reenactments, or visit the places where their ancestors lived.
3623:
2730:
1651:
888:
628:
411:
367:
270:
266:
3633:
3599:
1913:
1857:
1840:
1467:
Riker, David Afton; Edmonds, James E; Riker, David Bowman (August 22, 1983).
1413:
1368:
1323:
1315:
1121:
892:
632:
529:
513:
509:
489:
were founded by immigrants from the United States, commemorated today at the
1881:"The Phonology of the Lost Cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil"
1478:
1905:
1242:
981:
848:
739:
from burying their dead in local cemeteries and had to establish their own
712:
704:
647:
552:
415:
419:
203:
It is estimated that up to 20,000 American Confederates immigrated to the
1468:
732:
693:
458:
426:
is today, and they refused it for the same reason. They decided to go to
308:
189:
2751:
559:, American immigrants began to bury their dead near the farmhouse. This
2804:
2680:
1001:
868:
685:
435:
383:
357:
336:
262:
235:
162:
116:
2696:
477:
457:. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in
382:
not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized
250:, which is used to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by
2900:
2565:
2315:
755:
502:
360:
2770:
2165:
2000:
1538:"Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e Turismo de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste"
1470:
O último confederado na Amazônia (Book, 1983) [WorldCat.org]
543:
who moved between various properties and the various centers of the
3606:
2724:
2503:
2486:
1278:"Folha de S.Paulo – SP abriga sulista que o vento levou – 16/03/98"
907:
740:
621:
560:
427:
3618:
1670:"Os Confederados: 'Family and history' in the Plantation Americas"
516:
played a very important role in the foundation and development of
394:
2810:
2760:
2717:
1932:
1631:"Retired Yale History Professor, Rollin G. Osterweis, Dies At 74"
677:
525:
407:
328:
258:
2702:
971:
838:
613:
292:
Chapel at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste built by Confederate expatriates
2661:
1950:
1787:
The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil
1296:
728:
651:
593:
540:
521:
494:
471:
463:
332:
324:
196:
778:
Confederate immigrant couple Joseph Whitaker and Isabel Norris
692:, an organization of American descendants, to visit civil war
398:
House of the first Confederate expat family in Villa Americana
2737:
1173:"Confederados forge new cultural identity – Washington Times"
991:
858:
783:
American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867)
441:
The Norrises bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado
269:
with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the
744:
486:
431:
347:
230:
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in
1935:
maintains a special collection of material related to the
1852:. Lists some 400 families. First edition 1967. São Paulo.
631:, by Betty Antunes de Oliveira, shows that around 20,000
414:. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the
539:
Religious services were celebrated on the properties by
181:, and their Brazilian descendants. They were enticed to
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1110:"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"
1066:"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"
389:
3571:
1087:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
1261:
1879:Montgomery, Michael B.; Melo, Cecil Atade (1990).
1629:
707:'s visit to the region in 1972, the government of
211:. Initially, most settled in the current state of
1466:
1307:Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social
1196:
1194:
1192:
638:
219:, which was once part of the neighboring city of
3631:
1722:The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil
711:even incorporated the Confederate flag into its
592:"Stone". They are found mainly in the cities of
442:
1573:"Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade"
1502:
1500:
1462:
1460:
1878:
1189:
2635:
2181:
1986:
1720:Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey editors,
3680:History of the Confederate States of America
1497:
1457:
1237:. Philadelphia: King & Baird, printers.
1046:Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo
2642:
2628:
2188:
2174:
1993:
1979:
1870:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
902:
402:On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator
207:from the Southern United States after the
37:
3690:Social history of the American Civil War
1829:
1344:Journal of Geography in Higher Education
906:
773:
642:
574:
501:. Due to the constant presence of these
491:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Immigration Museum
476:
393:
346:
342:
287:
227:would later be found throughout Brazil.
16:Brazilian people of Confederate ancestry
2504:Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans)
1793:, 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.
1707:
1695:DeJuana, Carlos A. (November 2, 2003).
1694:
1384:
1302:
916:Number of American descendants by state
499:Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro
3632:
2450:Dominican Republic (African Americans)
1758:
1697:"The South Rises Again, But in Brazil"
1627:
1340:
1330:
1249:from the original on November 17, 2022
1230:
1165:
1107:
1063:
635:entered Brazil between 1865 and 1885.
327:production for export to the looms of
239:highlight its benefits to the nation.
54:Thousands of descendants across Brazil
2623:
2316:Children of American service members
2195:
2169:
1974:
1847:
1806:
1731:
1679:
1642:from the original on November 1, 2019
1485:from the original on January 12, 2023
1445:from the original on January 12, 2023
1284:from the original on January 12, 2023
1153:from the original on January 24, 2022
1020:
462:learning and still cultivating their
195:, who had hoped to gain expertise in
149:
1922:
1708:Buckley, Stephen (August 22, 1999).
1082:
59:Regions with significant populations
43:Os Confederados at Festa Confederada
3640:Aftermath of the American Civil War
1830:Oliveira, Betty Antunes de (1981).
1609:from the original on August 9, 2017
727:Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the
390:Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
13:
3645:American diaspora in South America
1761:The Lost Colony of the Confederacy
1668:Ray, Montana (November 16, 2020).
1661:
1583:from the original on July 21, 2021
1518:from the original on June 13, 2022
1202:"Confederates in Brazil – Article"
1135:
762:. The immigrants also established
624:and political life of the region.
618:The Last Confederate in the Amazon
14:
3706:
1943:
1898:John Benjamins Publishing Company
1848:Jones, Judith Mac Knight (1998).
1742:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
1680:McCoy, Terrence (July 11, 2020).
1628:Harris, John B. (March 2, 1982).
1149:. September 14, 1865. p. 2.
1083:Dean, Aaron Sheehan, ed. (2019).
587:Jason Williams Stone, a man from
351:Confederate expatriates in Brazil
215:, where they founded the city of
3695:White supremacy in South America
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
2651:
1949:
1732:Gussi, Alcides Fernando (1997).
493:. Cultivation and processing of
1621:
1595:
1565:
1556:
1530:
1431:
1231:Gaston, James McFadden (1867).
512:, also dates from this period.
366:In November 1865, the state of
335:, which had long relied on the
3650:American expatriates in Brazil
1835:. Rio de Janeiro: The author.
1769:Texas A&M University Press
1224:
1101:
1076:
1057:
1036:, a novel about Confederados.
735:, they were prohibited by the
639:Descendants of Os Confederados
551:was founded in the village of
1:
2002:International response to the
1807:Tigay, Alan M. (April 1998).
1799:(Avril Bardoni, translator),
1406:10.1080/1743873x.2020.1768262
1361:10.1080/03098265.2021.1991290
1108:Romero, Simon (May 8, 2016).
1064:Romero, Simon (May 8, 2016).
1051:
769:
185:by offers of cheap land from
1710:"A Taste of Dixie in Brazil"
1473:. publisher not identified.
1310:(in Spanish) (20): 194–214.
690:Sons of Confederate Veterans
534:Brazilian official education
524:on the properties and hired
7:
1759:Harter, Eugene C. (2000) .
1389:Journal of Heritage Tourism
1039:
570:
386:group to settle in Brazil.
223:. The descendants of other
10:
3711:
3665:Cultural history of Brazil
1821:(2): 84–95. Archived from
1493:– via Open WorldCat.
583:moved to Santarém in 1867.
283:
3521:
3462:
3411:
3380:
3354:
3313:
3304:
3288:
3279:
3213:
3197:
3166:
3108:
3099:
3082:
3073:
3001:
2958:
2925:
2877:
2870:
2838:
2821:
2791:
2782:
2672:
2668:
2609:African-American diaspora
2601:
2533:
2512:
2395:
2327:
2241:
2203:
2118:
2011:
404:William Hutchinson Norris
316:wrote in September 1865.
147:Portuguese pronunciation:
127:
122:
107:
102:
89:Southern American English
83:
78:
63:
58:
53:
48:
36:
29:
2884:American (United States)
1763:. First published 1985.
1603:"Total U.S. Immigration"
376:Hunting a Home in Brazil
30:
3675:Ethnic groups in Brazil
3660:Confederate expatriates
2433:United Empire Loyalists
2269:Black Hebrew Israelites
1962:Confederados collection
903:U.S. ancestry in Brazil
603:
481:Villa Americana in 1906
254:, traditional dress of
3529:Demographics of Brazil
2658:Ancestry and ethnicity
1906:10.1075/eww.11.2.03mon
1785:William Clark Griggs,
1765:College Station, Texas
1143:"Emigration to Brazil"
912:
779:
760:southern fried chicken
715:(although most of the
682:Southern American food
659:
584:
482:
468:agricultural education
443:
410:landed in the port of
399:
352:
293:
175:Southern United States
173:slaves), who fled the
151:[kõfedeˈɾadus]
2906:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
2561:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
1825:on February 16, 2011.
1744:, Centro de Memória.
1726:University of Alabama
1185:on February 16, 2011.
910:
777:
748:immigration to Brazil
722:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
646:
578:
565:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
480:
451:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
397:
350:
343:Immigration to Brazil
291:
232:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
221:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
123:Related ethnic groups
73:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
3655:Americana, São Paulo
2423:New England Planters
2318:(multiple countries)
2311:United Arab Emirates
1958:at Wikimedia Commons
1636:The Hartford Courant
1398:Taylor & Francis
1353:Taylor & Francis
547:. In 1895 the first
453:, today the city of
321:Emperor Dom Pedro II
296:After the war, many
244:American Descendants
2418:Black Nova Scotians
1809:"The Deepest South"
1791:University of Texas
1714:The Washington Post
1701:The Washington Post
1687:The Washington Post
1383: •
1339: •
1030:Rollin G. Osterweis
889:Confederate emigres
758:, vinegar pie, and
665:Portuguese language
589:Dana, Massachusetts
549:Presbyterian Church
470:and improvement of
26:
3588:American Civil War
2687:Indigenous peoples
2005:American Civil War
1889:English World-Wide
1147:The Daily Picayune
1114:The New York Times
1070:The New York Times
1028:history professor
1021:In popular culture
913:
911:David Bowman Riker
780:
717:Italian-descendent
660:
612:, in the state of
585:
483:
424:São Caetano do Sul
400:
353:
294:
209:American Civil War
169:(along with their
24:
3685:Slavery in Brazil
3569:
3568:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3069:
3068:
2860:
2859:
2617:
2616:
2340:African Americans
2319:
2197:American diaspora
2163:
2162:
1966:Auburn University
1954:Media related to
1929:Auburn University
1923:Archival material
1814:American Heritage
1577:www.comciencia.br
1018:
1017:
885:
884:
674:Festa Confederada
581:Archibald Dobbins
545:American diaspora
275:Antebellum period
252:Confederate flags
248:Festa Confederada
167:white Southerners
138:
137:
133:Black Southerners
129:White Southerners
3702:
3670:Empire of Brazil
3622:
3621:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3311:
3310:
3286:
3285:
3106:
3105:
3080:
3079:
2875:
2874:
2789:
2788:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2317:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2131:Native Americans
2126:
2124:Foreign soldiers
2111:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1917:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1844:
1826:
1782:
1755:
1738:Campinas, Brazil
1717:
1704:
1691:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:on June 18, 2012
1540:. Archived from
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1380:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:. Archived from
1198:
1187:
1186:
1181:. Archived from
1178:Internet Archive
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1061:
920:
919:
787:
786:
701:Confederate flag
680:are worn, while
650:, on a visit to
448:
205:Empire of Brazil
153:
148:
49:Total population
41:
27:
23:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3505:
3458:
3407:
3376:
3350:
3306:
3300:
3267:
3209:
3193:
3162:
3101:
3095:
3065:
2997:
2960:Central America
2954:
2921:
2866:
2856:
2840:
2839:Central Africa
2834:
2823:
2817:
2778:
2664:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2618:
2613:
2597:
2529:
2508:
2391:
2323:
2237:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2152:Seminole Nation
2150:
2143:
2138:Cherokee Nation
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1946:
1925:
1920:
1883:
1863:
1862:
1797:Riccardo Orizio
1779:
1752:
1664:
1662:Further reading
1659:
1645:
1643:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1465:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1335:
1331:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1212:on July 8, 2007
1200:
1199:
1190:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1026:Yale University
1023:
905:
895:rule after the
772:
737:Catholic Church
641:
606:
600:, in Amazonas.
573:
557:Catholic Church
392:
345:
302:chattel slavery
286:
146:
44:
32:
31:Os Confederados
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3522:Related topics
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:Amazonian Jews
2728:
2707:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2387:United Kingdom
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2145:Choctaw Nation
2141:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2109:United Kingdom
2105:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1945:
1944:External links
1942:
1941:
1940:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1876:
1845:
1827:
1804:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1756:
1750:
1729:
1724:, Tuscaloosa:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1677:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:Newspapers.com
1620:
1594:
1564:
1555:
1529:
1496:
1456:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1381:
1336:
1329:
1295:
1260:
1223:
1188:
1164:
1134:
1100:
1093:
1075:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
952:Rio de Janeiro
948:
947:
944:
942:Espírito Santo
938:
937:
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
904:
901:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
819:Rio de Janeiro
815:
814:
811:
809:Espírito Santo
805:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
785:
784:
771:
768:
764:public schools
640:
637:
629:Rio de Janeiro
605:
602:
572:
569:
474:productivity.
412:Rio de Janeiro
391:
388:
368:South Carolina
344:
341:
319:The Brazilian
313:Daily Picayune
285:
282:
271:American South
267:American South
265:, food of the
179:Reconstruction
136:
135:
125:
124:
120:
119:
105:
104:
100:
99:
81:
80:
76:
75:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3502:
3501:Luxembourgian
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:South America
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2878:North America
2876:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:South America
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:North America
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1751:9788585562083
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1641:
1638:. p. 8.
1637:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1206:mason.gmu.edu
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1094:9781107154537
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
915:
914:
909:
900:
898:
894:
890:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
782:
781:
776:
767:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
666:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
634:
633:U.S. citizens
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
590:
582:
577:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
530:United States
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Manufacturing
511:
510:train station
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
446:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:, stopped in
417:
413:
409:
405:
396:
387:
385:
379:
377:
372:
369:
364:
362:
359:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
290:
281:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
144:
143:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
109:Protestantism
106:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
35:
28:
19:
3534:Colonization
3403:Scandinavian
3289:By ethnicity
3179:East Indians
3136:in São Paulo
3092:(East Asian)
3083:By ethnicity
2895:Confederados
2894:
2893:
2822:West Africa
2803:
2792:By ethnicity
2769:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2679:
2556:Confederados
2555:
2497:New Virginia
2301:Saudi Arabia
2233:South Africa
2228:Sierra Leone
2030:
1956:Confederados
1936:
1893:
1887:
1849:
1831:
1823:the original
1818:
1812:
1800:
1786:
1760:
1733:
1721:
1713:
1700:
1685:
1673:
1650:– via
1644:. Retrieved
1635:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1512:g1.globo.com
1511:
1487:. Retrieved
1469:
1447:. Retrieved
1433:
1393:
1387:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1305:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1253:November 17,
1251:. Retrieved
1233:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1205:
1183:the original
1176:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1033:
1024:
982:Minas Gerais
926:Descendants
886:
849:Minas Gerais
752:
726:
713:coat of arms
705:Jimmy Carter
698:
694:battlefields
670:
661:
648:Jimmy Carter
626:
617:
608:The city of
607:
586:
538:
507:
484:
440:
416:Serra do Mar
401:
380:
375:
373:
365:
354:
318:
311:
306:
295:
279:
241:
229:
225:Confederados
224:
202:
142:Confederados
141:
140:
139:
112:
92:
68:
25:Confederados
21:Ethnic group
18:
3549:from Europe
3544:Immigration
3539:Slave trade
3305:By country
3241:Palestinian
3174:Bangladeshi
3100:By country
2968:Costa Rican
2805:quilombolas
2525:New Zealand
2465:Free Blacks
2428:Six Nations
2403:The Bahamas
2367:Netherlands
2291:Philippines
2281:North Korea
1937:Confederado
1900:: 195–216.
1613:December 4,
1548:December 4,
1449:December 4,
1288:December 4,
1216:January 15,
1157:January 24,
793:Immigrants
733:Protestants
598:Itacoatiara
459:agriculture
309:New Orleans
298:Confederate
273:during the
263:hoop skirts
256:Confederate
163:expatriates
160:Confederate
3634:Categories
3556:Emigration
3444:Portuguese
3439:Macedonian
3398:Lithuanian
3362:Belarusian
3158:Vietnamese
3126:Indonesian
3061:Venezuelan
3051:Surinamese
3041:Paraguayan
3031:Ecuadorian
2993:Salvadoran
2988:Panamanian
2983:Nicaraguan
2973:Guatemalan
2692:Mixed-race
2681:Brazilians
2440:Costa Rica
2213:The Gambia
2094:San Marino
1789:, Austin:
1778:1585441023
1587:August 22,
1522:August 22,
1489:August 22,
1052:References
1002:Pernambuco
869:Pernambuco
770:Statistics
503:immigrants
436:Piracicaba
384:Protestant
371:reported.
358:emigration
337:Deep South
236:Protestant
117:Irreligion
97:Portuguese
3474:British (
3419:Bulgarian
3372:Ukrainian
3336:Hungarian
3307:or region
3184:Pakistani
3148:Malaysian
3102:or region
3056:Uruguayan
3026:Colombian
3011:Argentine
2935:Barbadian
2927:Caribbean
2901:New Texas
2889:Americana
2852:Congolese
2725:mamelucos
2593:Venezuela
2566:New Texas
2551:Americana
2541:Argentina
2520:Australia
2455:Guatemala
2254:Hong Kong
2103:(as Siam)
2017:Australia
1914:0172-8865
1866:cite book
1858:833839870
1841:866649279
1674:The Point
1422:219472349
1414:1743-873X
1400:: 20–42.
1377:239558636
1369:0309-8265
1324:2322-9381
1316:2322-9675
1122:0362-4331
932:São Paulo
897:Civil War
799:São Paulo
756:chess pie
709:Americana
686:Brazilian
656:Americana
528:from the
518:Americana
485:Numerous
455:Americana
420:São Paulo
361:companies
217:Americana
213:São Paulo
158:name for
156:Brazilian
154:) is the
79:Languages
65:Americana
3612:language
3480:Scottish
3449:Romanian
3424:Croatian
3412:Southern
3388:Estonian
3381:Northern
3321:Austrian
3236:Lebanese
3221:Armenian
3167:Southern
3131:Japanese
3121:Filipino
3046:Peruvian
3036:Guyanese
3016:Bolivian
2978:Honduran
2950:Jamaican
2913:Canadian
2871:Americas
2830:Nigerian
2753:caiçaras
2718:caboclos
2697:mestiços
2602:See also
2583:Paraguay
2482:Kickapoo
2472:Honduras
2372:Portugal
2286:Pakistan
2101:Thailand
1833:Brazil")
1640:Archived
1607:Archived
1581:Archived
1516:Archived
1483:Archived
1479:12972743
1443:Archived
1355:: 1–14.
1282:Archived
1247:Archived
1243:6647933M
1151:Archived
1040:See also
1034:Santarem
1014:260,000
936:100,490
741:cemetery
678:uniforms
622:business
610:Santarém
579:Colonel
571:Amazonas
561:cemetery
526:teachers
445:sesmaria
428:Campinas
259:uniforms
200:Brazil.
193:Pedro II
103:Religion
3624:Society
3574:Portals
3476:English
3470:Belgian
3463:Western
3454:Spanish
3434:Italian
3393:Latvian
3367:Russian
3355:Eastern
3314:Central
3263:Turkish
3253:Iranian
3214:Western
3198:Central
3116:Chinese
3109:Eastern
3021:Chilean
2945:Haitian
2918:Mexican
2847:Angolan
2811:Kalunga
2771:sararás
2762:mulatos
2746:juçaras
2739:cafuzos
2704:ainokos
2588:Uruguay
2578:Ecuador
2513:Oceania
2492:Mormons
2487:Mascogo
2357:Ireland
2347:Germany
2223:Liberia
2080:Prussia
2073:Morocco
2059:Ireland
2024:Bahamas
1933:Alabama
1728:, 1998.
1646:May 14,
1127:June 1,
1006:10,000
996:10,686
986:12,610
976:24,800
966:25,000
956:25,220
946:50,258
553:Estação
541:pastors
522:schools
464:gardens
408:Alabama
329:England
284:History
187:Emperor
177:during
91:)
85:English
3600:Brazil
3561:Racism
3491:French
3341:Polish
3331:German
3281:Europe
3258:Jewish
3246:Syrian
3205:Afghan
3189:Romani
3143:Korean
3090:Yellow
2784:Africa
2711:pardos
2673:Brazil
2662:Brazil
2546:Brazil
2477:Mexico
2413:Canada
2408:Belize
2382:Sweden
2352:Greece
2335:France
2328:Europe
2306:Taiwan
2264:Israel
2205:Africa
2087:Russia
2066:Mexico
2052:Hawaii
2045:France
2038:Canada
2031:Brazil
1912:
1856:
1839:
1775:
1748:
1477:
1420:
1412:
1375:
1367:
1322:
1314:
1241:
1120:
1091:
1032:wrote
1011:Total
962:Paraná
923:State
881:2,070
878:Total
829:Paraná
790:State
729:chapel
652:Brazil
594:Manaus
495:cotton
472:cotton
333:France
325:cotton
197:cotton
183:Brazil
165:, all
113:·
111:
93:·
69:·
67:
3496:Irish
3486:Dutch
3429:Greek
3346:Swiss
3326:Czech
3296:White
3231:Iraqi
2940:Cuban
2799:Black
2573:Chile
2460:Haiti
2377:Spain
2362:Italy
2296:Qatar
2276:Japan
2259:India
2249:China
2218:Ghana
1896:(2).
1884:(PDF)
1418:S2CID
1396:(1).
1373:S2CID
1312:eISSN
992:Bahia
893:Union
859:Bahia
487:farms
171:Black
115:
95:
71:
3478:and
3226:Arab
3153:Thai
3075:Asia
2445:Cuba
2242:Asia
1910:ISSN
1872:link
1854:OCLC
1837:OCLC
1773:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1648:2018
1615:2021
1589:2022
1550:2021
1524:2022
1491:2022
1475:OCLC
1451:2021
1410:ISSN
1365:ISSN
1320:ISSN
1290:2021
1255:2022
1218:2022
1159:2022
1129:2024
1118:ISSN
1089:ISBN
972:Pará
887:The
853:100
843:200
839:Pará
833:200
823:200
813:400
803:800
745:U.S.
699:The
614:Pará
604:Pará
596:and
432:land
331:and
261:and
131:and
2694:or
2660:in
1964:at
1931:in
1902:doi
1402:doi
1357:doi
873:85
863:85
406:of
190:Dom
3636::
1908:.
1894:11
1892:.
1886:.
1868:}}
1864:{{
1819:49
1817:.
1811:.
1771:.
1767::
1740::
1736:.
1712:.
1699:.
1684:.
1672:.
1634:.
1605:.
1579:.
1575:.
1514:.
1510:.
1499:^
1481:.
1459:^
1441:.
1416:.
1408:.
1394:16
1392:.
1371:.
1363:.
1351:.
1349:47
1347:.
1318:.
1280:.
1263:^
1245:.
1239:OL
1204:.
1191:^
1175:.
1145:.
1116:.
1112:.
1068:.
899:.
750:.
536:.
438:.
277:.
3576::
3482:)
2643:e
2636:t
2629:v
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
1994:e
1987:t
1980:v
1916:.
1904::
1874:)
1860:.
1843:.
1803:.
1781:.
1754:.
1716:.
1703:.
1690:.
1676:.
1654:.
1617:.
1591:.
1552:.
1526:.
1453:.
1424:.
1404::
1379:.
1359::
1326:.
1292:.
1257:.
1220:.
1161:.
1131:.
1097:.
1072:.
672:"
658:.
145:(
87:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
