Conflict in the Niger Delta

2898:. The abundant oil reserves resulted in widespread exploitation. The Niger Delta region encompasses about 8% of Nigeria's landmass and is the largest wetlands region on the African continent. Oil drilling in the region began in the 1950s. In the beginning, the oil drilling in the region really stimulated Nigeria's economy and was extremely beneficial to the country. Numerous multinational corporations established oil operations in the region and made a conscious effort to not violate any environmental or human rights regulations. Shell began drilling in the Niger Delta region in 1956. Over time, Shell's presence in Nigeria has been very detrimental. 2674:, announced they had come because youths trying to stop the oil companies. On the morning of December 30, two thousand young people processed through Yenagoa, dressed in black, singing and dancing. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. After a march demanding the release of those detained was turned back by soldiers, three more protesters were shot dead including Nwashuku Okeri and Ghadafi Ezeifile. The military declared a state of emergency throughout Bayelsa State, imposed a dusk-to-dawn 1369: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1261: 634: 1249: 1237: 1225: 1213: 1201: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1153: 1141: 1129: 1117: 620: 210: 2841:

were widely reported to have used the conflict as an excuse to raid homes, claiming that innocent civilians were cahoots with the NDPVF. Government soldiers and police obtained and destroyed civilian property by force. The NDPVF also accused the military of conducting air bombing campaigns against several villages, effectively reducing them to rubble, because they were believed to be housing NDPVF soldiers. The military denies this, claiming they engaged in aerial warfare only once in a genuine effort to wipe out an NDPVF stronghold.

1491: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1407: 1394: 1382: 649: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1515: 1503: 663: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1599: 677: 2507: 1756: 1744: 1732: 706: 244: 1864: 1852: 1840: 734: 268: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 720: 256: 3029:(NDDC) was entrenched on the region with the purpose of encouraging environmental relief, preventing pollution, as well as locating and removing any inhibitions to community advancement. Developed in 1981 was one of the first NGO's to dedicate work towards oil spills, the Clean Nigeria Associates(N.C.A.). The N.C.A. currently consists of fifteen oil companies who attempt to tackle any pollutants that are being spilled into the Niger Delta's bodies of water. 2722:

to the demands of the population of the Niger Delta, a populous area inhabited by a diversity of minority ethnic groups. During the 1990s these ethnic groups, most notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian government and multinational oil companies such as Shell. The minorities of the Niger Delta have continued to agitate and articulate demands for greater autonomy and control of the area's petroleum resources.

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signed the amnesty after consultation with the National Council of State. During the 60-day period, armed youths were required to surrender their weapons to the government in return for training and rehabilitation by the government. The program has been continued into the present. Militants led their

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with the sole mandate of developing the petroleum-rich Niger-Delta region of southern Nigeria. Since its inauguration, the NDDC has focused on the development of social and physical infrastructures, ecological/environmental remediation and human development. The NDDC was created largely as a response

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The government forces collaborated with the NDV during the summer, and were seen protecting NDV militiamen from attacks by the NDPVF. The state forces failed to protect the civilian population from the violence and actually increased the destruction of citizens' livelihood. The Nigerian state forces

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and Ikiyan, two Ijaw communities in Delta State. Bright Pablogba, the traditional leader of Ikiyan, who came to the river to negotiate with the soldiers, was shot along with a seven-year-old girl and possibly dozens of others. Of the approximately 1,000 people living in the two villages, four people

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The Presidential Amnesty Program (PAP) program proved to be a success, with violence and kidnappings decreasing sharply. Petroleum production and exports have increased from about 700,000 barrels per day (bpd) in mid-2009 to between 2.2 and 2.4 million bpd since 2011. However, the program is costly

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is tapped and the oil extracted onto a barge. Oil corporations and the Nigerian state point out that bunkering is illegal; militants justify bunkering, saying they are being exploited and have not received adequate profits from the profitable but ecologically destructive oil industry. Bunkered oil

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The NDPVF was founded by Asari, a former president of the Ijaw Youth Council, in 2003 after he "retreated into the bush" to form the group with the explicit goal of acquiring control of regional petroleum resources. The NDPFV attempted to control such resources primarily through oil "bunkering", a

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As of 2006, the situation in Ogoniland has eased significantly, assisted by the transition to democratic rule in 1999. However, no attempts have been made by the government or any international body to bring about justice by investigating and prosecuting those involved in the violence and property

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Military repression escalated in May 1994. On May 21, soldiers and mobile policemen appeared in most Ogoni villages. On that day, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered. Saro-Wiwa, head of the opposing faction, had been denied

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The Ogonis threatened mass action to disrupt oil company operations if they failed to comply with MOSOP demands, and thereby shifted the focus of their actions from the unresponsive federal government to the oil companies producing in the region. The rationale for this assignment of responsibility

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The state campaign against the NDPVF emboldened Asari who began publicly articulating populist, anti-government views and attempted to frame the conflict in terms of pan-Ijaw nationalism and "self-determination." Consequently, the state government escalated the campaign against him by bringing in

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addresses the laws of compensation for any damage done to the Nigerian community; oil companies are legally obligated by the judicial court to repay the country for harming their infrastructure and environment, so long as these affected regions are occupied by local people. In the year 2000, the

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and kills trees because their roots are not able to get oxygen. Moreover, the fish population has also been negatively affected by oil drilling. The region is home to over 250 different fish species, and 20 of these species are found nowhere else in the world. If oil spills continue at this rate

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From 2004 on, violence also hit the oil industry with piracy and kidnappings. In 2009, a presidential amnesty program accompanied with support and training of ex-militants proved to be a success. Thus until 2011, victims of crimes were fearful of seeking justice for crimes committed against them

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Subsequent violence occurred chiefly in riverine villages southeast and southwest of Port Harcourt, with the two groups fighting for control of bunkering routes. The conflagrations spurred violent acts against the local population, resulting in numerous deaths and widespread displacement. Daily

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to prevent oil smugglers from entering, leaving, or engaging in any business in the area. Though action has been taken in the previous years, the Niger Delta continues to experience environmental and physical detriments with little to no legitimate interference from the oil companies involved.

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These negative consequences are the result of thousands of oil spills, human rights violations, environmental destruction, and corruption. Over the past half century, Nigeria has become a plutocracy; political power is concentrated solely in the hands of the socioeconomic elite. Shell's strong

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have launched international campaigns aimed at having Shell clean the oil spills in the Delta. The organisations are concerned about the economic and health consequences for the people in the region. Shell's inability to respond effectively has led Friends of the Earth Netherlands and Amnesty

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A 1979 constitutional amendment gave the federal government full ownership and rights to all Nigerian territory and also declared that eminent domain compensation for seized land would "be based on the value of the crops on the land at the time of its acquisition, not on the value of the land

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Nonetheless, Operation Climate Change continued, and disrupted Nigerian oil supplies through much of 1999 by turning off valves through Ijaw territory. In the context of high conflict between the Ijaw and the Nigerian Federal Government (and its police and army), the military carried out the

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The ethnic unrest and conflicts of the late 1990s (such as those between the Ijaw, Urhobo and Itsekiri), coupled with a peak in the availability of small arms and other weapons, led increasingly to the militarization of the Delta. Local and state officials offered financial support to the

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The Delta region has a steadily growing population estimated at more than 30 million people in 2005, and accounts for more than 23% of Nigeria's total population. The population density is also among the highest in the world, with 265 people per square kilometre, according to the

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report found that "two witnesses that accused them later admitted that Shell and the military had bribed them with promises of money and jobs at Shell. Shell admitted having given money to the Nigerian military, who brutally tried to silence the voices which claimed justice".

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sees it as a potentially enabling corruption and so feels that cannot be continued indefinitely. The amnesty office has worked to reintegrate the fighters into society, primarily by placing and sponsoring them in vocational and higher education courses in Nigeria and abroad.

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during the 19th century, and finally for petroleum after Nigerian independence. Conflict has also resulted from artificial political borders drawn during British rule that resulted in nearly 300 ethnic groups being arbitrarily consolidated into a single nation-state.

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Beginning in December 1992, the conflict between the Ogoni and the oil companies escalated to a level of greater seriousness and intensity on both sides. Both parties began carrying out acts of violence and MOSOP issued an ultimatum to the oil companies (Shell,

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local and state elections. After Asari publicly criticized the election process as fraudulent, the Odili government withdrew its financial support from the NDPVF and began to support Tom's NDV, effectively launching a paramilitary campaign against the NDPVF.

2381:. This portion has since risen to 60%, as of 2008. Despite the vast wealth created by petroleum, the benefits have been slow to trickle down to the majority of the population, who since the 1960s have increasingly been forced to abandon their traditional 2490:

The 1970s and 1980s saw government promised benefits for the Niger Delta peoples fall through and fail to materialize, with the Ogoni growing increasingly dissatisfied and their environmental, social, and economic apparatus rapidly deteriorating. The

4845: 3272:. The NDA have attacked oil-producing facilities in the delta, causing the shutdown of oil terminals and a fall in Nigeria's oil production to its lowest level in twenty years. The attacks caused Nigeria to fall behind Angola as Africa's largest 2569:

to murder following the deaths of four Ogoni elders. Saro-Wiwa and his comrades denied the charges, but were imprisoned for over a year before being found guilty and sentenced to death by a specially-convened tribunal, hand-selected by General

5626: 2986:. Due to the circumstances, the Niger Delta is only capable of producing small portions of food unaffected by oil spills. This has increased hunger in families and individuals of all ages, leading to a country of predominant 2401:

by 64%. While many skilled, well-paid Nigerians have been employed by oil corporations, the majority of Nigerians and most especially the people of the Niger Delta states and the far north have become poorer since the 1960s.

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were found dead and sixty-two were still missing months after the attack. The same soldiers set the villages ablaze, destroyed canoes and fishing equipment, killed livestock, and destroyed churches and religious shrines.

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Internal Security, claimed to be 'searching for those directly responsible for the killings of the four Ogonis.' However, witnesses say that they engaged in terror operations against the general Ogoni population.

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and outlying towns. The two groups dwarf a plethora of smaller militias, supposedly numbering more than one hundred. The Nigerian government classifies these groups as "cults", but many began as local university

5335: 5038: 2934:, there has been an estimation of 240,000 barrels of oil being spilled annually onto the Niger Delta region. Therefore, the prolificacy of this soil is prone to producing crops that contain higher amounts of 3635: 2678:, and banned meetings. At military roadblocks, local residents were severely beaten or detained. At night, soldiers invaded private homes, terrorizing residents with beatings and raping the women and girls. 3138:, the Nigerian government launched a massive military crackdown on militants. They patrolled waters and hunted for militants, searched all civilian boats for weapons, and raided numerous militant hideouts. 3782: 4849: 5195: 3564: 2499:, became the major organization representing the Ogoni people in their struggle for ethnic and environmental rights. Its primary targets, and at times adversaries, have been the Nigerian government and 4473: 3174:

groups to surrender weapons such as rocket-propelled grenades, guns, explosives, and ammunition. Even gunboats have been surrendered to the government. Over 30,000 purported members signed up between

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in the Niger Delta also joined the Biafran insurgency. Meanwhile, the Niger Delta Avengers continued to target and destroy pipelines, while local bandit groups exploited the unrest to stage raids.

3339:, the group blew up the Ogor-Oteri oil pipeline. On 4 September, the group claimed it had rigged all marked oil and gas facilities with explosives and warned residents living near them to evacuate 447: 5227: 5447: 2558:. By mid-June, the security forces had razed 30 villages, detained 600 people and killed at least 40. This figure eventually rose to 2,000 civilian deaths and the displacement of around 100,000 2377:

Nigeria, after nearly four decades of oil production, had by the early 1980s become almost completely economically dependent on petroleum extraction, which at the time generated 25% of its

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also have negative implications on local human health. A primary cause of this is the effect crude oil spills have on crops in the given area. According to a Stanford University article,

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there were several particularly brutal battles over the Port Harcourt waterfront; some residential slums were completely destroyed after the NDPVF deliberately burned down buildings. By

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organisations and the governments of other states, who condemned the Nigerian government's long history of detaining its critics, mainly pro-democracy and other political activists. The

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in exchange for monthly payments and in some cases lucrative contracts for guarding the pipelines. Though the programme has been extended through this year, the new government of

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International to believe it actively contributes to the human rights violations in the region. Because of the large area affected, the environmental consequences are vast.

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addresses the harm lead and other metals can cause after strenuous exposure. Lead is a heavy metal that accumulates around regions that produce extreme amounts of

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oil facility. Three soldiers guarding the installation were killed in an attack, said Col. Isa Ado of the Joint Military Force. A bomb had closed down Chevron's

2990:. There is also a higher demand for food of good quality, but not enough monetary income, which leads to sex exchanges that ultimately transmit diseases such as 2906:, one and a half million tons of oil have been discharged into the Delta's farms, forests, and rivers since oil drilling began in 1956. This is equivalent to 50 395: 5185: 4217: 2534:

was the benefits accrued by the oil companies from extracting the natural wealth of the Ogoni homeland, and the central government's neglectful failure to act.

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Some Nigerian scholars state that the Niger Delta conflict has roots in a long history of exploitation and dispossession of the region beginning during the

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has sent soldiers to train Nigerian soldiers in maritime tactics against pirates. Since this initiative began, 33 pirates have been captured. Although the

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The intense confrontation between the NDPVF and NDV seems to have been brought about by Asari's political falling out with the NDPVF's financial supporter

423: 3670: 3499: 7260: 5217: 2651:. In it, long-held Ijaw concerns about the loss of control over their homeland and their own lives to the oil companies were joined with a commitment to 2530:, damages and compensation, and "immediate stoppage of environmental degradation", as well as negotiations for mutual agreement on all future drilling. 7369: 5443: 2545:

entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was detained in connection with the killings. The occupying forces, led by Major Paul Okuntimo of

8384: 8070: 7562: 6792: 3229:, the minister of state for petroleum and the head of Nigeria's oil company, said Nigerian production was down 300,000 barrels a day as a result. On 7374: 3116: 3089: 2620:

Shell claimed to have asked the Nigerian government to show clemency towards those found guilty, but said its request was refused. However, a 2001

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The implications on local human health are a direct consequence of environmental changes. As a result, there has been an influx of legal Acts and

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In May 1994, nine activists from the movement who later became known as 'The Ogoni Nine', among them Ken Saro-Wiwa, were arrested and accused of

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and chronic poverty and catastrophic oil pollution that which fueled the earlier rebellion, remain largely unaddressed. With Nigerian President

acts of treason. Oil extraction from the territory slowed to a trickle of 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m/d) (.5% of the national total).

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is considered a fact of life. The resulting scenario is one in which urbanization does not bring accompanying economic growth to provide jobs.

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paramilitary groups they believed would attempt to enforce their own political agenda. Conflagrations have been concentrated primarily in

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destruction that have occurred in Ogoniland, although individual plaintiffs have brought a class action lawsuit against Shell in the US.

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The December 1998, All Ijaw Youths Conference crystallized the Ijaws' struggle for petroleum resource control with the formation of the

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established between the early 80's and the early 2000s to reduce the crude oil damage in the Niger region. Part IV of Nigeria's

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From early 2021, Niger Delta militant groups such as the "Niger Delta People's Salvation Force" led by Asari-Dokubo joined an

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evacuated 235 non-essential personnel from two oil fields, cutting oil production by 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m/d).

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Innocent civilians were also killed by NDPVF forces firing indiscriminately in order to engage their opponents. At the end of

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as the Ijaw Youth Congress (IYC) mobilized for Operation Climate Change. Soldiers entered the Bayelsa, the state capital of

381: 6267: 3080:, Nigeria experienced a large spike in piracy off its coast. By early 2013 Nigeria became the second most-pirated nation in 8419: 8122: 7267: 7165: 7070: 6711: 6349: 6113: 4933: 4879: 4778: 4434: 2914:

have been destroyed by the oil spills. When petroleum is discharged into the soil, the soil becomes acidic, which disrupts

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civilian life was disrupted, forcing schools and economic activity to shut down, widespread property destruction resulted.

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to the Shell Forcados export terminal halted both production and imports. Speculation centered on militants using divers.

8425: 8254: 7940: 7461: 7289: 6807: 6727: 6657: 6613: 6086: 5939: 4955:"Engaging the Nigerian Niger Delta Ex-Agitators: The Impacts of the Presidential Amnesty Program to Economic Development" 4536: 3307: 3273: 2385:

practices. Annual production of both cash and food crops dropped significantly in the later decades of the 20th century.

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was discovered in Ogoniland in 1957, just one year after the discovery of Nigeria's first commercial petroleum deposit.

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also plays a key role in the act of restoring the region. The United States provides the Nigerian Navy with equipped

551: 5328:"Niger Delta: Another militant group emerges, vows to bring down refineries in Port Harcourt, Warri within 48 hours" 2852:, the situation was rapidly approaching a violent climax which caught the attention of the international community. 8487: 8259: 7987: 7749: 7744: 7599: 7584: 7125: 6819: 6802: 6704: 6006: 5881: 5305: 2895: 4660:

Martin, Sabine; Griswold, Wendy. "Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals". Center for Hazardous Substance Research.

4557: 3887:"The Effects of Oil Production and Ethnic Representation on Violent Conflict in Nigeria: A Mixed-Methods Approach" 8640: 8635: 8266: 8238: 7539: 7098: 6636: 3196: 8350: 8339: 8249: 7428: 7296: 7245: 7207: 7140: 7103: 6834: 6759: 6455: 5851: 3996: 3496: 3415: 3153:

Pipeline attacks had become common during the insurgency in the Niger Delta, but ended after the government on

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Environmental Pollution in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The Conceptual Inadequacy of ‘Environmental Justice’

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The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities

3017: 2368: 2364: 2344: 8099: 6812: 6354: 6317: 6281: 6096: 6081: 6064: 6037: 5841: 5697: 5664: 3430: 3067: 2263: 539: 491: 8299: 8093: 7516: 7443: 7352: 7347: 6945: 6384: 6245: 6188: 5959: 5934: 3671:"Pro-Biafrans claim Niger Delta Avengers link: Who is behind group that halted Nigeria's oil production?" 3071: 2239: 528: 4801: 8655: 8546: 8529: 8378: 8334: 8287: 8205: 8188: 7881: 7318: 6986: 6918: 6829: 6764: 6534: 6198: 5984: 4832: 2978:

efficiency. Another detrimental result of crude oil spills in the region is an increase of exposure to

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presence has played a major role in the absence of democracy in Nigeria. According to the documentary

8366: 8282: 8210: 7807: 7717: 7224: 6955: 6465: 6287: 6135: 6123: 5944: 4495: 4147:"Bogumil Terminski, Oil-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue" 3497:Нигерийские солдаты проходят специальную подготовку в Беларуси для борьбы с боевиками в дельте Нигера 3212: 3096:, MEND has hijacked 12 ships, kidnapped 33 sailors, and killed 4 oil workers. Since this started the 2297: 2244: 5091: 4688: 4666: 4099: 4066: 8650: 8645: 8469: 8344: 7833: 7802: 7545: 7301: 7110: 6884: 6692: 6142: 5903: 5891: 5846: 5671: 5643: 3732: 3306:

within a few days. The next day, the group reportedly blew up a major oil pipeline operated by the

624: 3461:"Amnesty Programme: Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders berate those seeking to oust Prof. Dokubo" 35:

Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region: 1.

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herders, and bandits. Asari-Dokubo formed the "Biafra Customary Government" (BCG) in March 2021.

3002:. Citizens briefly mention their bodily experience when consuming local crops and protein in the 2610: 2590: 1832: 1048: 1024: 988: 5639:

Other Separatist Groups - MASSOB-Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

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and seep into products of consumption. Consuming lead is toxic enough to affect every organ and

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The executions met with an immediate international response. The trial was widely criticised by

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entire species will become extinct and the entire Nigerian fishing industry will be decimated.

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production dropped by 43% for example; Nigeria was the world's largest cocoa exporter in 1960.

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could now distribute the land to oil companies as it deemed fit, said the Human Rights Watch.

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Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta : managing the complex politics of petro-violence

5218:"Avengers unite! Violence in the Delta has cut oil output by a third. It may get even worse" 4180:"Shell in court over alleged role in Nigeria executions | Business | The Observer" 3932: 3838: 3104:

now has learned new tactics to use against pirates, attacks still occur on a regular basis.

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explosion in a pipeline operated by Shell Petroleum Development Corporation, a Royal Dutch

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and with patronage to former militant leaders terminated, local discontent is deepening.

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SPECIAL REPORT: Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

4579: 3157:, announced that it would grant amnesty and an unconditional pardon to militants in the 7863: 7646: 7623: 6981: 6774: 6682: 6573: 6549: 6481: 6399: 6374: 6226: 6156: 6044: 5886: 5791: 5725: 4702: 4637: 4610: 4026: 3914: 3572: 3425: 3420: 2789: 2648: 2644: 2324: 2254: 1928: 1543: 1531: 1495: 1471: 1435: 1361: 1337: 1277: 1253: 952: 752: 595: 523: 464: 3886: 2701:

Subsequent actions by Ijaws against the oil industry included both renewed efforts at

8604: 8448: 8117: 7976: 7911: 7423: 7240: 7195: 7044: 6996: 6965: 6662: 6543: 6514: 6494: 6445: 6359: 6312: 6193: 5606: 5587: 5568: 5545: 4900: 4642: 4507: 4465: 4388: 4360: 4030: 4018: 3906: 3865: 3595: 3192: 2995: 2888: 2864: 2718: 2500: 2468: 2036: 1892: 1820: 1193: 1108: 868: 843: 808: 272: 125: 48: 8293: 7481: 4496:"Ideological Battle in the Nigerian State: An interplay of democracy and plutocracy" 3918: 3321:, the group warned that it will blow up additional oil installations in the future. 2537:

The government responded by banning public gatherings and declaring disturbances to

8552: 8452: 8244: 7946: 7550: 7364: 7359: 7160: 7001: 6950: 6824: 6769: 6589: 6529: 6524: 6504: 6419: 6414: 6302: 5861: 5818: 5756: 5647: 5124: 4729: 4632: 4622: 4008: 3898: 3745: 3704: 3440: 3183: 2559: 2335:, causing the militarization of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups, 2315:. Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to 2145: 2120: 2072: 2000: 1940: 1916: 1748: 1663: 1615: 1398: 1313: 1217: 1012: 940: 831: 794: 638: 609: 4330: 3562:

Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists.

8503: 8311: 7934: 7778: 7379: 7170: 7060: 7028: 6911: 6509: 6106: 5929: 5781: 5751: 5561: 4734: 4717: 4417: 4086: 3902: 3568: 3503: 3030: 2830: 2826: 2781: 2708: 2347:

by discouraging foreign investment in new power generation plants in the region.

2097: 2012: 1976: 1423: 1241: 1000: 916: 904: 681: 667: 653: 248: 115: 40: 4925: 4871: 4774: 4430: 8431: 8163: 8158: 7970: 7964: 7952: 7896: 7272: 7255: 7219: 7180: 6747: 6742: 6687: 6594: 6203: 5776: 5766: 5660:

Nigerian Oil -- "Curse of the Black Gold: Hope and Betrayal in the Niger Delta"

5603:

A Swamp Full of Dollars: Pipelines and Paramilitaries at Nigeria's Oil Frontier

4558:"World Wildlife Fund. 2006. Fishing on the Niger River. Retrieved May 10, 2007" 3380: 3234: 3050: 2959: 2915: 2748: 2606: 2602: 2538: 2430: 2060: 2024: 1988: 1724: 1700: 1567: 1519: 1133: 1096: 880: 766: 545: 4986:"Why Buhari Will Sustain Amnesty Programme – Presidency - INFORMATION NIGERIA" 4826: 4526: 4045: 3588:

Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World

3009: 2938:

than they would otherwise. Crops that prevailed in the oil spill, such as the

2307:'s minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the 2183: 8619: 8589: 8390: 8372: 8328: 8220: 7982: 7958: 7466: 7277: 7175: 6841: 6752: 6699: 5823: 5786: 5222: 5190: 4627: 4511: 4469: 4022: 3910: 3394: 3295: 3222: 3120: 3101: 3097: 2772: 2652: 2598: 2511: 2496: 2459:

is a 1,050-square-kilometre (404-square-mile) region in the southeast of the

2451: 2411: 2351:

because of a failure to prosecute those responsible for human rights abuses.

2332: 2277: 2141: 1952: 1880: 1796: 1784: 1712: 1373: 1169: 1072: 1060: 780: 260: 120: 44: 5276:"Rebels in Niger Delta cease attacks on oil platforms, agree to peace talks" 5250:"Rebels in Niger Delta cease attacks on oil platforms, agree to peace talks" 3485:

Belarusian Military Cooperation With Developing Nations: Dangerous Yet Legal

7524: 5761: 5092:"Nigeria's Qua Iboe crude oil terminal closed, workers evacuated - traders" 4646: 4079: 3435: 3311: 3238: 2999: 2987: 2907: 2876: 2805: 2777: 2741: 2695: 2638: 2586: 2546: 2506: 2476: 2419: 2410:. This population is expanding at a rapid 3% per year and the oil capital, 2382: 2308: 2300: 2234: 2229: 2112: 1964: 1760: 1386: 1265: 1229: 1157: 1036: 892: 332: 150: 68: 6605: 5358:"New Niger Delta militant group, Greenland blows up oil pipeline in Delta" 8599: 8594: 8143: 7917: 7672: 6667: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5964: 5581: 5013: 4705:[Chapter 338] (IV). Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990. 1990. 3360: 3356: 3329: 3265: 3158: 3112: 3034: 2967: 2955: 2927: 2911: 2801: 2794: 2768: 2681:

On January 4, 1999, about one hundred soldiers from the military base at

2667: 2575: 2571: 2460: 2372: 2312: 2304: 2084: 2048: 1904: 1868: 1856: 1687: 1555: 1301: 1205: 928: 581: 284: 130: 105: 52: 8215: 5771: 5089: 3997:"Understanding Niger Delta's violence from a World-Ecology perspective" 3519: 3303: 3246: 2883:

and pipelines. This quickly caused a major crisis the following day on

2879:

and threatened to disrupt oil production activities through attacks on

2730: 2702: 2621: 2566: 2495:(MOSOP) was formed in 1992, spearheaded by Ogoni playwright and author 2423: 2386: 2093: 1639: 1459: 1289: 738: 724: 320: 236: 145: 110: 64: 36: 4458:"The environmental and social impact of Shell's operations in Nigeria" 3328:, the group reportedly blew up two pipelines belonging to NPDC in the 2662:

In December 1998, two warships and 10–15,000 Nigerian troops occupied

5828: 5541: 5414:"Suspected Niger Delta militants blow up two NPDC pipelines in Delta" 3657:‘Asari Dokubo asking Niger Delta to join Biafra is a suicide mission’ 3261: 2979: 2923: 2764: 2555: 2527: 2464: 2456: 2316: 2136: 1844: 1675: 1325: 964: 696: 308: 296: 140: 135: 60: 56: 4013: 3933:"Violence in Nigeria's Oil Rich Rivers State in 2004 : Summary" 2597:, suspended Nigeria's membership in response to the executions. The 8040: 7761: 7513: 6906: 5682: 3537: 2991: 2880: 2594: 2434: 2320: 30: 4044:

Obi, C. I.; Development, UN Research Institute for Social (2005).

5806: 5713: 4531: 3630: 3388: 3123: 3108: 3085: 2943: 2939: 2705:

action and attacks on oil installations and foreign oil workers.

2671: 2663: 2415: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1031: 1019: 1007: 995: 983: 971: 959: 947: 935: 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 863: 850: 838: 826: 710: 604: 590: 576: 352: 100: 95: 4359:. Effurun/Warri: New Pages Law Publishing Co. pp. 247–256. 3864:. New Pages Law Publishing Co. Effurun/Warri. pp. 247–250. 5796: 5039:"Curbing Violence in Nigeria (III): Revisiting the Niger Delta" 4411:

Rivers and Blood: Guns, Oil and Power in Nigeria's Rivers State

3352: 3294:

declared its existence and threatened to destroy refineries in

3081: 2983: 2963: 2962:

in the human body. Other detriments include the development of

2675: 2614: 2579: 2433:: first for slaves during the 17th and 18th century, later for 2398: 2394: 2390: 469: 364: 5535: 5521:‘Nobody can stop us’ — Asari Dokubo declares Biafra government 4749: 3729:"Nigeria's Cults and their Role in the Niger Delta Insurgency" 2875:

declared "all-out war" with the Nigerian state as well as the

2709:

Creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission (2000–2003)

5801: 5584:

The Next Gulf: London, Washington and Oil Conflict in Nigeria

5014:

Maggie Fick in Lagos; Anjli Raval in London (March 8, 2016).

4802:"British hostages moved by Niger rebels after botched rescue" 3626:"New militant group threatens Niger Delta oil war - in Latin" 3299: 3253:

shut down and evacuated its workers due to militant threats.

2975: 2971: 2935: 5582:

Lorne Stockman; James Marriott; Andrew Rowell (3 Nov 2005).

5090:

Jarrett Renshaw; Libby George; Simon Falush (May 19, 2016).

5061:"Shell Nigeria shuts oil terminal as attacks cut production" 84:(21 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) 5811: 4604: 4602: 4600: 3148: 2947: 3746:"BBC News - Nigerian militants seize workers from oil rig" 5638: 5496:"Biafra Struggle: How Nnamdi Kanu, Asari Dokubo Fell Out" 5058: 4728:. Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics: 567–570. 4524: 3003: 2860:

After launching a mission to wipe out NDPVF, approved by

172:~15,000 militants signed for presidential amnesty program 5444:"JUST IN: Militants strike again, blow up NPDC facility" 4597: 4210:"Shell in court over alleged role in Nigeria executions" 4378: 4376: 2475:

set up shop there throughout the next two decades. The

5304:. Reports Afrique News. 22 August 2016. Archived from 4718:"Oil Spill Problems and Management in the Niger Delta" 4382: 2747:

Prior to 2003, the epicenter of regional violence was

7511: 5633:

Peace and Security in the Niger Delta: Baseline Study

4133:

Fossile Ressourcen, Erdölkonzerne und indigene Völker

3119:(MEND), have resorted to taking foreign employees of 3061: 2296:

first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between

5672:

A Look At the Fight Over Nigeria's Natural Resources

5388:"Niger Delta militants issue another deadly warning" 4872:"Africa | Will Nigeria oil offensive backfire?" 4494:

Ojukwu, Dr chris c; Nwaorgu, O. G. F. (2012-03-15).

4373: 3538:"Инструкторы из Израиля готовят нигерийский спецназ" 3370: 3355:

separatists against Nigerian security forces, armed

2731:

Emergence of armed groups in Niger Delta (2003–2004)

5523:, The Cable, 14 March 2021. Accessed 15 March 2021. 5470:"Militants tell residents to vacate oil facilities" 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3506:- Центр специальной подготовки Республики Беларусь 3092:is thought to be behind most of the attacks. Since 2793:can be sold for profit, usually to destinations in 2132:General Benikeme Hitler (Niger Delta Marine Force) 6683:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5560: 5302:"N'Delta Militants: More Groups Declare Ceasefire" 5156:"Africa's largest oil producer has been dethroned" 4828:Military operations in the Niger Delta - 16 Aug 08 2855: 2414:, and other large towns are also growing quickly. 5635:WAC Global Services Baseline Study, December 2003 5567:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Westview Press. 5186:"The Niger Delta Avengers: Danegeld in the Delta" 5041:. Crisis Group. 29 September 2015. Archived from 3659:, PM News, 17 March 2021. Accessed 18 March 2021. 3129: 2780:. The groups have adopted names largely based on 2574:, on 10 November 1995. The activists were denied 8617: 4926:"Africa | Nigeria offers militants amnesty" 3608: 3590:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 3117:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 3090:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 3041: 478:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 204:Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders (since 2019) 4046:"Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa" 3959:Where Vultures Feast (Okonta and Douglas, 2001) 2213: 7434:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 5733: 4722:International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 4322: 4207: 4043: 4001:Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 3884: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3579: 3199:, the amnesty program seemed likely to end in 2982:, making individuals more prone to developing 7497: 6621: 5698: 5605:(illustrated, reprint ed.). I.B.Tauris. 5153: 4493: 4464:. International Catalan Institute for Peace. 4455: 2833:forces that began occupying Port Harcourt in 2526:) demanding some $ 10 billion in accumulated 2493:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People 2448:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People 2199: 5059:Hilary Uguru; Michelle Faul (May 11, 2016). 4304:"Shell hit by new litigation over Ogoniland" 3668: 3623: 3010:Battle Raging in Nigeria over Control of Oil 2717:(NDDC) was established in 2000 by President 2343:. The violence has contributed to Nigeria's 2130:Corporal "Oleum Bellum" (New Delta Avengers) 6635: 5119: 5117: 5016:"Bombed pipeline to hit Nigeria oil output" 5009: 5007: 3955: 3953: 3885:Koos, Carlo; Pierskalla, Jan (2015-01-20). 3693: 3302:within 48 hours, as well as a gas plant in 2698:, killing scores if not hundreds of Ijaws. 7504: 7490: 6628: 6614: 5705: 5691: 5656:, February 2007 (accessed 28 January 2007) 5125:"Nigeria arrests 'Avengers' oil militants" 5054: 5052: 4659: 4525:Maweni Farm Documentaries (15 July 2008). 4232: 3161:which would last for 60 days beginning on 2632: 2206: 2192: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4733: 4665: 4636: 4626: 4354: 4328: 4272:"THE NIGER DELTA: NO DEMOCRATIC DIVIDEND" 4177: 4012: 3859: 2613:—but not on petroleum, Nigeria's primary 7653:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 6428: 5563:This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis 5114: 5004: 4715: 4406: 4404: 3950: 3149:Presidential amnesty program (2009–2016) 2767:(both of which are primarily made up of 2505: 2178:~15,000 militants surrendered as of 2023 8196:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 7870:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 7395:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor 5536:Obi, Cyril and Siri Aas Rustad (2011). 5147: 5049: 3585: 2554:characterized the policy as deliberate 2524:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 2361:Environmental issues in the Niger Delta 2098: 448:Reformed Egbesu Boys of the Niger Delta 8618: 7131:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5368:from the original on 17 September 2016 5338:from the original on 17 September 2016 5282:from the original on 15 September 2016 5256:from the original on 15 September 2016 5026: 4869: 4843: 4500:Global Journal of Human-Social Science 4383:Okonata, Ike; Douglas, Oronto (2003). 4296: 4284:from the original on 24 September 2015 4159:from the original on 23 September 2015 4130: 3994: 3681:from the original on 13 September 2016 3268:, publicly announced its existence in 8385:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 8306:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 7485: 6609: 5686: 5558: 5476:from the original on 6 September 2016 5102:from the original on October 14, 2017 4800:Philp, Catherine (January 19, 2009). 4799: 4437:from the original on 11 December 2015 4401: 4264: 4135:. Giessen: Focus Verlag. p. 105. 4073: 3342: 3292:Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate 3018:non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 2910:disasters. Hundreds of kilometers of 2422:in Nigeria are growing, and official 2187: 382:Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate 5712: 5629:Journal of Energy Security, May 2010 5600: 5071:from the original on October 3, 2016 4992:from the original on 26 January 2016 4131:Haller, Tobias; et al. (2000). 3976:from the original on 20 October 2014 3835:""Armed Conflicts Report - Nigeria"" 3586:Minahan, James B. (2016). "Urhobo". 3049:, Friends of the Earth Netherlands ( 2952:Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals 2753:Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force 485:Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force 8475:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 8426:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7941:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7462:Dissident Irish republican campaign 7336:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency 6808:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 6658:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 5450:from the original on 31 August 2016 5424:from the original on 21 August 2016 4846:"Niger Delta offensive intensifies" 4781:from the original on 11 August 2016 4608: 3703:Katrin Gänsler (3 September 2021). 3308:Nigerian National Petroleum Company 2329:environmental harm over its impacts 417:Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders 410:Asawana Deadly Force of Niger Delta 13: 8183:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 7725:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 6902:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 6880:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 6673:Central African Republic Civil War 6450:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 5529: 5252:. Deutsche Welle. 21 August 2016. 4580:"Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta" 4577: 4245:. Greenpeace. 2001. Archived from 4037: 3487:// Belarus Digest, 5 December 2013 3349:insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 3206: 3062:Piracy and kidnappings (2006–2014) 3027:Niger Delta Development Commission 2715:Niger Delta Development Commission 2578:and upon being found guilty, were 2408:Niger Delta Development Commission 389:Joint Niger Delta Liberation Force 14: 8667: 8420:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8123:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7251:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 7121:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 6712:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 5620: 5230:from the original on 24 June 2016 5198:from the original on 24 June 2016 4306:. Mallenbaker.net. Archived from 4220:from the original on June 3, 2016 4112:from the original on 3 March 2016 3638:from the original on 21 July 2018 2323:government in 1999. Struggle for 8250:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 7268:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 7261:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq 7126:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5586:. Constable & Robinson Ltd. 5166:from the original on 5 June 2016 5135:from the original on 16 May 2016 4431:"Nigerian army warns oil rebels" 4208:Nick Mathiason (April 4, 2009). 3891:Terrorism and Political Violence 3387: 3373: 2932:Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1392: 1380: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1331: 1319: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1223: 1211: 1199: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1115: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1006: 994: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 849: 837: 825: 802: 788: 774: 760: 746: 732: 718: 704: 690: 675: 661: 647: 632: 618: 603: 589: 575: 522: 463: 357: 345: 326: 314: 302: 290: 278: 266: 254: 242: 230: 208: 190: 94: 29: 8267:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 7099:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 7080:Internal conflict in Bangladesh 5514: 5488: 5462: 5436: 5406: 5380: 5350: 5320: 5294: 5268: 5242: 5210: 5178: 5083: 4978: 4947: 4936:from the original on 2012-03-25 4918: 4907:from the original on 2011-01-27 4893: 4882:from the original on 2009-09-30 4863: 4837: 4820: 4793: 4767: 4756:from the original on 2012-06-11 4742: 4709: 4695: 4653: 4571: 4550: 4539:from the original on 2016-01-06 4518: 4487: 4476:from the original on 2016-09-13 4456:Antoni Pigrau (November 2013). 4449: 4423: 4348: 4337:from the original on 2012-04-05 4201: 4190:from the original on 2013-09-06 4171: 4139: 4124: 4092: 3988: 3962: 3939:from the original on 2008-11-02 3925: 3878: 3853: 3827: 3796: 3785:from the original on 2011-01-26 3767: 3756:from the original on 2011-01-26 3738: 3722: 3662: 3544:from the original on 2018-09-10 3107:Since 2006, militant groups in 2856:Nigerian oil crisis (2004–2006) 2441: 2339:and police forces, notably the 1580:Ganiyu Tunde Adegboyega Adekeye 7141:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 7066:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 6835:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 6760:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 4775:"Nigeria's shadowy oil rebels" 4716:Nwilo, PC; Badejo, OT (2005). 4462:Per la Pau / Peace in Progress 4329:Aghadiuno, Eric (1999-01-04). 4178:Mathiason, Nick (2009-04-05). 3650: 3555: 3530: 3512: 3490: 3477: 3453: 3416:Islamist insurgency in Nigeria 3130:Military crackdown (2008–2009) 2894:Nigeria was the world's tenth 2771:), conflict became focused on 2685:'s Escravos facility attacked 1: 8631:Petroleum industry in Nigeria 8568:2014 Lesotho political crisis 8525:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 7688:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 7390:Syrian–Turkish border clashes 7312:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria 7094:Insurgency in Northeast India 6890:Religious violence in Nigeria 6870:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 6446:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 6405:Sustainable Development Goals 5601:Peel, Michael (24 Mar 2011). 5154:Elena Holodny (16 May 2016). 4870:Walker, Andrew (2009-05-27). 4848:. 234next.com. Archived from 4100:"International Action Report" 3705:"In Biafra wächst die Unruhe" 3624:Tife Owolabi (14 June 2017). 3447: 3042:Royal Dutch Shell controversy 2647:(IYC) and the issuing of the 2369:Nigerian energy supply crisis 2365:Petroleum industry in Nigeria 2354: 436:Reformed Egbesu Fraternities 8562:SADC intervention in Lesotho 8164:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 8118:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 7875:ECOWAS military intervention 7595:2011–2014 factional violence 7203:Conflicts in the Philippines 6813:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 5665:National Geographic Magazine 5278:. Pulse.ng. 21 August 2016. 4903:. Irinnews.org. 2009-05-22. 4735:10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-567 4357:Environmental Protection Law 4277:. Human Rights Watch. 2002. 3995:Mateos, Oscar (2021-06-21). 3903:10.1080/09546553.2014.962021 3862:Environmental Protection Law 3431:Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea 3241:facility a week earlier. On 3169:. Former Nigerian President 3068:Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea 2345:ongoing energy supply crisis 2331:has fueled violence between 492:Niger Delta Liberation Front 7: 8239:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 8094:Insurgency in Northern Chad 7444:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7353:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 7348:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 6946:Jamaican political conflict 6897:Conflict in the Niger Delta 6410:Water supply and sanitation 4844:Fatade, Wale (2009-05-28). 3366: 3072:Foreign hostages in Nigeria 2725: 2463:basin. Economically viable 2393:production dropped by 29%, 2294:conflict in the Niger Delta 2217:Conflict in the Niger Delta 499:Joint Revolutionary Council 24:Conflict in the Niger Delta 10: 8672: 8530:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 8351:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 8206:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 8071:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 7882:Western Togoland Rebellion 7429:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 7319:Kurdish separatism in Iran 7297:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 7246:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 7104:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 6987:Ecuadorian security crisis 6919:Western Togoland Rebellion 6830:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 5472:. Naij. 4 September 2016. 4420:(Human Rights Watch, 2005) 4355:Ehighelua, Ikhide (2007). 4089:(Human Rights Watch, 1999) 3860:Ehighelua, Ikhide (2007). 3210: 3065: 2636: 2445: 2358: 455:Egbesu Mightier Fraternity 8582: 8539: 8511: 8502: 8441: 8412: 8367:Second Sudanese Civil War 8359: 8321: 8275: 8231: 8151: 8142: 8110: 8081: 8050: 8010: 7927: 7904: 7895: 7844: 7818: 7792: 7771: 7734: 7680: 7671: 7639: 7610: 7572: 7532: 7523: 7454: 7416: 7409: 7307:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 7233: 7225:South Thailand insurgency 7191:Conflict in Rakhine State 7151: 7053: 7037: 7021: 7014: 6974: 6956:Salvadoran gang crackdown 6938: 6931: 6862: 6798:Insurgency in the Maghreb 6785: 6720: 6650: 6643: 6567: 6480: 6350:Female genital mutilation 6253: 6244: 6164: 6155: 6060:Federal Executive Council 6028: 6019: 5925: 5916: 5837: 5724: 3213:2016 Niger Delta conflict 2659:, beginning December 28. 2225: 2168: 2155: 565: 182: 74: 28: 23: 16:Ongoing military conflict 8470:2008 invasion of Anjouan 8066:Civil War (2012–present) 8035:Pool Department conflict 6885:Nigerian bandit conflict 6765:Insurgency in Mozambique 6733:Ethiopian civil conflict 6693:Western DR Congo clashes 6102:House of Representatives 6033:Administrative divisions 5446:. Naij. 30 August 2016. 4628:10.4103/0300-1652.108887 4615:Nigerian Medical Journal 4152:. Conflictrecovery.org. 3733:The Jamestown Foundation 3022:Oil Pipelines Act (1990) 2950:absorption by over 90%. 2788:process in which an oil 2657:Operation Climate Change 2593:, which had pleaded for 2319:and the election of the 625:Mohammed Badaru Abubakar 472:separatists (from 2021) 431:Niger Delta Marine Force 8465:Hanish Islands conflict 8001:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 7852:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 7694:Herder–farmer conflicts 7618:Western Sahara conflict 6961:Honduran gang crackdown 6852:Western Saharan clashes 6847:Western Sahara conflict 6803:Insurgency in the Sahel 6637:Ongoing armed conflicts 3972:. Essentialaction.org. 3731:by Bestman Wellington, 3411:Human rights in Nigeria 2633:Ijaw unrest (1998–1999) 2591:Commonwealth of Nations 2582:by the Nigerian state. 1833:Diepreye Alamieyeseigha 1592:Samuel Olajide Afolayan 1049:Mohammed Dikko Abubakar 1025:Ogbonna Okechukwu Onovo 989:Mustafa Adebayo Balogun 82:12 March 2003 - present 8641:Wars involving Nigeria 8636:21st-century conflicts 8288:Somali–Kenyan conflict 8177:Second Afar insurgency 7784:Sierra Leone Civil War 7283:Saudi–led intervention 7111:Insurgency in Pakistan 6992:Insurgency in Paraguay 6343:Oodua Peoples Congress 4789:– via bbc.co.uk. 4683:Cite journal requires 4416:July 20, 2008, at the 4061:Cite journal requires 2761:Niger Delta Vigilantes 2514: 2510:Ogoni Flag created by 2341:Nigerian Mobile Police 2128:General "Busta Rhymes" 566:Commanders and leaders 441:Red Egbesu Water Lions 8547:Bophuthatswana crisis 8211:Oromia–Somali clashes 8129:Boko Haram insurgency 8089:Civil War (2005–2010) 7706:Boko Haram insurgency 7629:Clashes, 2020–present 7071:Republican insurgency 6875:Boko Haram insurgency 6461:Niger Delta conflicts 6007:Wildlife conservation 5882:Military dictatorship 4752:. Milieudefensie.nl. 4433:. 28 September 2014. 4333:. OnlineNigeria.com. 4085:May 27, 2016, at the 3227:Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu 3055:Amnesty International 2552:Amnesty International 2509: 2169:Casualties and losses 2109:Ebikabowei Victor-Ben 2105:Government Ekpemupolo 1773:Henry Seriake Dickson 1737:Udom Gabriel Emmanuel 1628:Adesola Nunayon Amosu 1182:Haliru Mohammed Bello 1122:Bashir Salihi Magashi 685:(2023–present) 642:(2023–present) 613:(2023–present) 509:Niger Delta Vigilante 396:Niger Delta Red Squad 370:Niger Delta Republic 215:Nigerian Armed Forces 8626:Terrorism in Nigeria 8519:Mozambican Civil War 8479:Burundian conflicts 8459:Djiboutian Civil War 8171:Insurgency in Ogaden 7799:Liberian Civil Wars 7712:Niger Delta conflict 7385:Russian intervention 7375:Inter-rebel conflict 7329:Western Iran clashes 7302:Gaza–Israel conflict 5955:Environmental issues 5559:Maier, Karl (2002). 5045:on 18 February 2016. 4385:Where Vultures Feast 4105:. Nigerianmuse.com. 3405:Drilling and Killing 3258:Niger Delta Avengers 3197:March 2015 elections 2896:largest oil exporter 2873:Mujahid Dokubo-Asari 2757:Mujahid Dokubo-Asari 2431:British imperial era 2303:and a number of the 1448:Abdulrahman Dambazau 1146:Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1085:Ibrahim Kpotun Idris 977:Abdulrahman Dambazau 812:(2023–present) 798:(2023–present) 784:(2020–present) 770:(2016–present) 756:(2023–present) 742:(2023–present) 728:(2020–present) 714:(2023–present) 700:(2023–present) 671:(2023–present) 657:(2023–present) 628:(2023–present) 599:(2023–present) 585:(2023–present) 375:Niger Delta Avengers 8558:Lesothan conflicts 8483:1993–2005 Civil War 8201:Afar–Somali clashes 7988:2022–2024 offensive 7983:2012–2013 rebellion 7825:Ivorian Civil Wars 7658:Tunisian revolution 7600:2014–2020 civil war 7580:2008 Kufra conflict 7517:conflicts in Africa 7439:Russo-Ukrainian War 7136:Insurgency in Sindh 7116:Insurgency in Sindh 6793:Insurgency in Egypt 6738:Afar–Somali clashes 6456:Islamist insurgency 4609:Med, Niger (2013). 3576:; 05/20/2014 18:03. 3233:, Shell closed its 3171:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua 2974:, and reduction of 2485:Nigerian government 2473:Chevron Corporation 1809:Werinipre Seibarugo 1652:Mohammed Dikko Umar 1604:Isiaka Oladayo Amao 1508:Awwal Zubairu Gambo 1484:Martin Luther Agwai 1412:Tukur Yusuf Buratai 1350:Martin Luther Agwai 856:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua 403:Adaka Boro Avengers 198:Nigerian government 8605:Colour revolutions 8403:Sudanese civil war 8255:2009–present phase 7995:Batwa–Luba clashes 7864:Casamance conflict 7741:Tuareg rebellions 7701:Religious violence 7647:Algerian Civil War 7563:Terrorism in Egypt 7324:Iran–PJAK conflict 7186:Karen–Mon conflict 6982:Colombian conflict 6775:Operation Atalanta 6678:Insurgency in Chad 6293:Child sexual abuse 6273:Capital punishment 6222:Telecommunications 5420:. 19 August 2016. 5364:. 10 August 2016. 5308:on 12 October 2017 4584:large.stanford.edu 4310:on 7 February 2009 3669:Ludovica Iaccino. 3573:The Jerusalem Post 3567:2018-09-10 at the 3520:"VK.com | VK" 3502:2018-07-16 at the 3426:Petroleum politics 3421:Nigerian Civil War 3343:Biafran insurgency 2885:September 26, 2004 2649:Kaiama Declaration 2645:Ijaw Youth Council 2515: 2280:and Ogoni activism 1929:Oserheimen Osunbor 1544:Dele Joseph Ezeoba 1532:Usman Oyibe Jibrin 1496:Alexander Ogomudia 1472:Owoye Andrew Azazi 1436:Azubuike Ihejirika 1362:Alexander Ogomudia 1338:Owoye Andrew Azazi 1278:Abayomi Olonisakin 1254:Theophilus Danjuma 953:Emmanuel Iheanacho 753:Sheriff Oborevwori 596:Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo 424:New Delta Avengers 8656:Niger River Delta 8613: 8612: 8578: 8577: 8498: 8497: 8449:Rwandan Civil War 8397:Blue Nile clashes 8379:Nomadic conflicts 8335:Nomadic conflicts 8138: 8137: 7977:March 23 Movement 7912:Angolan Civil War 7891: 7890: 7667: 7666: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7424:Abkhazia conflict 7405: 7404: 7241:Abkhazia conflict 7196:Rohingya conflict 7166:Myanmar civil war 7045:Xinjiang conflict 7010: 7009: 6997:Peruvian conflict 6966:Gang war in Haiti 6927: 6926: 6663:Anglophone Crisis 6603: 6602: 6563: 6562: 6515:List of Nigerians 6476: 6475: 6355:Gender inequality 6318:Domestic violence 6282:Girl child labour 6240: 6239: 6151: 6150: 6114:Political parties 6097:National Assembly 6082:Human trafficking 6065:Foreign relations 6015: 6014: 5912: 5911: 5674:December 26, 2006 5551:978-1-84813-808-7 5334:. 9 August 2016. 4988:. 25 April 2015. 4777:. 20 April 2006. 4703:Oil Pipelines Act 4394:978-1-85984-473-1 3601:978-1-61069-954-9 3195:'s defeat in the 3193:Goodluck Jonathan 3115:, especially the 3000:illegal abortions 2996:teenage pregnancy 2865:Olusegun Obasanjo 2719:Olusegun Obasanjo 2560:internal refugees 2501:Royal Dutch Shell 2469:Royal Dutch Shell 2337:Nigerian military 2287: 2286: 2182: 2181: 2037:Adebayo Adefarati 1893:Emmanuel Uduaghan 1821:Goodluck Jonathan 1194:Adetokunbo Kayode 1109:Usman Alkali Baba 869:Olusegun Obasanjo 844:Goodluck Jonathan 819:Former commanders 809:Siminalayi Fubara 273:Cross River State 178: 177: 126:Cross River State 8663: 8553:Caprivi conflict 8509: 8508: 8488:2015–2018 unrest 8294:Likoni massacres 8283:Ethnic conflicts 8245:Somali Civil War 8149: 8148: 7947:Second Congo War 7902: 7901: 7678: 7677: 7557:Post-coup unrest 7551:Sinai insurgency 7530: 7529: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7414: 7413: 7365:Daraa insurgency 7360:Syrian civil war 7290:Yemeni Civil war 7161:Myanmar conflict 7019: 7018: 7002:Mapuche conflict 6951:Mexican drug war 6936: 6935: 6825:Sinai insurgency 6770:Somali Civil War 6648: 6647: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6583: 6576: 6426: 6425: 6251: 6250: 6207: 6189:Economic history 6162: 6161: 6026: 6025: 5923: 5922: 5872:Southern Nigeria 5867:Northern Nigeria 5862:Colonial Nigeria 5731: 5730: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5648:Sebastian Junger 5616: 5597: 5578: 5566: 5555: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5500:Sahara Reporters 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5394:. 12 August 2016 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5226:. 25 June 2016. 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5194:. 25 June 2016. 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5160:Business Insider 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5035: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4960:. 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1971: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1424:Kenneth Minimah 1418: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1284: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242:Rabiu Kwankwaso 1236: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1029: 1017: 1005: 1001:Sunday Ehindero 993: 981: 969: 957: 945: 933: 921: 917:Oluyemi Adeniji 909: 905:Magaji Muhammed 897: 885: 873: 861: 848: 836: 824: 821: 820: 815: 811: 803: 801: 797: 789: 787: 783: 775: 773: 769: 761: 759: 755: 747: 745: 741: 733: 731: 727: 719: 717: 713: 705: 703: 699: 691: 689: 686: 684: 682:Hassan Abubakar 676: 674: 670: 668:Emmanuel Ogalla 662: 660: 656: 654:Taoreed Lagbaja 648: 646: 643: 641: 633: 631: 627: 619: 617: 614: 612: 602: 598: 588: 584: 574: 543: 537: 533: 521: 520: 515: 511: 505: 501: 494: 487: 480: 474: 462: 457: 450: 443: 435: 433: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 358: 356: 355: 346: 344: 343: 339: 327: 325: 315: 313: 303: 301: 291: 289: 279: 277: 267: 265: 255: 253: 249:Akwa Ibom State 243: 241: 231: 229: 224: 223: 209: 207: 191: 189: 157: 116:Akwa Ibom State 93: 83: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8669: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8583:Related topics 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8556: 8550: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8532:(2017–present) 8527: 8522: 8515: 8513: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8432:Kasese clashes 8429: 8428:(1996–present) 8423: 8422:(1987–present) 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8405:(2023–present) 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8381:(2009–present) 8376: 8370: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8290:(1963–present) 8285: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8241:(1998–present) 8235: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8189:War, 1998–2000 8180: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8159:Oromo conflict 8155: 8153: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8131:(2009–present) 8126: 8125:(1987–present) 8120: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8100:2021 offensive 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8063: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7974: 7973:(2009–present) 7971:Ituri conflict 7968: 7965:Dongo conflict 7962: 7961:(2004–present) 7956: 7953:Ituri conflict 7950: 7944: 7943:(1996–present) 7938: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7920:(1975–present) 7915: 7908: 7906: 7899: 7897:Central Africa 7893: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7884:(2020–present) 7879: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7866:(1982–present) 7861: 7858:Guinea clashes 7855: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7764:(2012–present) 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7727:(2021–present) 7722: 7721: 7720: 7709: 7708:(2009–present) 7703: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7684: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7624:War, 1975–1991 7614: 7612: 7611:Western Sahara 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7590:2011 civil war 7582: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565:(2013–present) 7560: 7554: 7553:(2011–present) 7548: 7543: 7536: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7275: 7273:Qatif conflict 7265: 7264: 7263: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7220:Papua conflict 7217: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7181:Karen conflict 7178: 7173: 7168: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6748:Oromo conflict 6745: 6743:OLA insurgency 6740: 6730: 6728:ADF insurgency 6724: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6688:Ituri conflict 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6453: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Child marriage 6285: 6275: 6270: 6268:Baby factories 6265: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217:Stock Exchange 6214: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6136:Vice-President 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5975:National parks 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5945:Climate change 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5899:Third Republic 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5879: 5877:First Republic 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5777:Hausa kingdoms 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5662:—article from 5657: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5621:External links 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612:978-1848858404 5611: 5598: 5593:978-1845292591 5592: 5579: 5573: 5556: 5550: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5502:. 15 June 2021 5487: 5461: 5435: 5405: 5379: 5349: 5319: 5293: 5267: 5241: 5209: 5177: 5146: 5113: 5082: 5048: 5025: 5003: 4977: 4946: 4932:. 2009-06-26. 4917: 4892: 4862: 4836: 4819: 4792: 4766: 4741: 4708: 4694: 4685:|journal= 4652: 4596: 4578:Nwagbo, Gigi. 4570: 4549: 4517: 4486: 4448: 4422: 4400: 4393: 4372: 4366:978-9780629328 4365: 4347: 4321: 4295: 4263: 4231: 4200: 4170: 4138: 4123: 4091: 4072: 4063:|journal= 4036: 3987: 3961: 3949: 3924: 3897:(5): 888–911. 3877: 3871:978-9780629328 3870: 3852: 3826: 3795: 3781:. 2003-07-01. 3766: 3752:. 2010-11-09. 3737: 3721: 3692: 3661: 3649: 3607: 3600: 3578: 3554: 3529: 3511: 3489: 3476: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3384: 3381:Nigeria portal 3368: 3365: 3344: 3341: 3288:August 9, 2016 3211:Main article: 3208: 3205: 3163:August 6, 2009 3150: 3147: 3131: 3128: 3063: 3060: 3051:Milieudefensie 3043: 3040: 2960:nervous system 2916:photosynthesis 2869:September 2004 2857: 2854: 2850:September 2004 2808:following the 2804:, governor of 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2710: 2707: 2637:Main article: 2634: 2631: 2603:United Kingdom 2539:oil production 2443: 2440: 2356: 2353: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2061:Rotimi Amaechi 2051: 2039: 2027: 2025:Olusegun Agagu 2015: 2003: 1991: 1989:Emeka Ihedioha 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1725:Orji Uzor Kalu 1715: 1703: 1701:Okezie Ikpeazu 1691: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1570: 1568:Ishaya Ibrahim 1558: 1546: 1534: 1522: 1520:Ibok Ekwe Ibas 1510: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1402: 1389: 1377: 1364: 1352: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1292: 1280: 1268: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1160: 1148: 1136: 1134:Mansur Dan Ali 1124: 1112: 1099: 1097:Mohammed Adamu 1087: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1027: 1015: 1003: 991: 979: 967: 955: 943: 931: 919: 907: 895: 883: 881:Mohammed Shata 871: 859: 846: 834: 818: 817: 816: 814: 813: 799: 785: 771: 767:Godwin Obaseki 757: 743: 729: 715: 701: 687: 672: 658: 644: 629: 615: 600: 586: 571: 568: 567: 563: 562: 561: 560: 557: 554: 546:Nigerian mafia 514: 513: 504: 503: 496: 489: 482: 460: 459: 458:(2016–present) 452: 451:(2016–present) 445: 444:(2016–present) 434:(2017–present) 428: 427: 426:(2017–present) 421: 420:(2016–present) 414: 413:(2016–present) 407: 406:(2016–present) 400: 399:(2016–present) 393: 392:(2016–present) 386: 385:(2016–present) 379: 378:(2016–present) 367: 338: 337: 336: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 205: 185: 184: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 92: 90: 86: 85: 80: 72: 71: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8668: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:War on terror 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8391:Heglig Crisis 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8373:War in Darfur 8371: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8329:Heglig Crisis 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8300:Kenyan crisis 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8221:War in Amhara 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7959:Kivu conflict 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819:Côte d'Ivoire 7817: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7718:2016 conflict 7716: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7585:Libyan crisis 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7507: 7502: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7468: 7467:Loyalist feud 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7278:Yemeni crisis 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7256:Iraq conflict 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Kalay clashes 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:War in Darfur 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820:Libyan Crisis 6818: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6753:War in Amhara 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6705:M23 offensive 6703: 6702: 6701: 6700:Kivu conflict 6698: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6467: 6466:2016 conflict 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6328:Ethnic groups 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6143:Supreme Court 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Early history 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5574:9780813340456 5570: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5522: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5223:The Economist 5219: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5191:The Economist 5187: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5065:Seattle Times 5062: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4967:on 2016-01-25 4963: 4956: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4852:on 2016-02-18 4851: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4690: 4677: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4559: 4553: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4527:"Poison Fire" 4521: 4513: 4509: 4506:(A6): 29–38. 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4248: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3841:on 2006-10-10 3840: 3836: 3830: 3816:on 2011-07-22 3812: 3805: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3735:, 6 July 2007 3734: 3730: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3395:Energy portal 3390: 3385: 3382: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351:which pitted 3350: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:Port Harcourt 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264:group in the 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:February 2016 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201:December 2015 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155:June 26, 2009 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121:oil companies 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3102:Nigerian Navy 3099: 3098:United States 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006:documentary, 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970:, wearing of 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773:Port Harcourt 2770: 2766: 2763:(NDV) led by 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2742:Rivers States 2739: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653:direct action 2650: 2646: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:United States 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2512:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2494: 2488: 2486: 2483:itself." The 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2452:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2449: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:Port Harcourt 2409: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333:ethnic groups 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2279: 2278:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2276: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2260:Environmental 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250:Other issues 2246: 2245:2016 conflict 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2176:2,500+ killed 2175: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2143: 2142:Soboma George 2139: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1953:Achike Udenwa 1944: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1881:Ifeanyi Okowa 1872: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1824: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1797:Timipre Sylva 1788: 1786: 1785:Nestor Binabo 1776: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1713:Theodore Orji 1704: 1702: 1692: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1403: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1378: 1375: 1374:Ibrahim Ogohi 1365: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1209: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1170:Olusola Obada 1161: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:Solomon Arase 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061:Suleiman Abba 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 992: 990: 985: 980: 978: 973: 968: 966: 961: 956: 954: 949: 944: 942: 937: 932: 930: 925: 920: 918: 913: 908: 906: 901: 896: 894: 889: 884: 882: 877: 872: 870: 865: 860: 857: 852: 847: 845: 840: 835: 833: 828: 823: 822: 810: 800: 796: 786: 782: 781:Hope Uzodinma 772: 768: 758: 754: 744: 740: 730: 726: 716: 712: 702: 698: 688: 683: 673: 669: 659: 655: 645: 640: 630: 626: 616: 611: 606: 601: 597: 592: 587: 583: 578: 573: 572: 570: 569: 564: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 542: 541: 536: 532: 530: 525: 519: 518:Supported by: 510: 507: 506: 500: 497: 493: 490: 486: 483: 479: 476: 475: 473: 471: 466: 456: 453: 449: 446: 442: 439: 438: 437: 432: 425: 422: 418: 415: 411: 408: 404: 401: 397: 394: 390: 387: 383: 380: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 366: 354: 342: 341:supported by: 334: 324: 322: 312: 310: 300: 298: 288: 286: 276: 274: 264: 262: 261:Bayelsa State 252: 250: 240: 238: 228: 227: 226: 225: 216: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 187: 186: 181: 171: 170: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 121:Bayelsa State 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 102: 97: 91: 88: 87: 81: 78: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 8451: / 8185:(2000–2018) 8013:of the Congo 7772:Sierra Leone 7711: 7525:North Africa 7341:2015–present 6896: 6555:Video gaming 6500:Coat of arms 6460: 6395:Social class 6380:Prostitution 6308:Demographics 6278:Child labour 6179:Central Bank 6070:Human rights 6050:Constitution 5663: 5651: 5602: 5583: 5562: 5537: 5516: 5504:. Retrieved 5499: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5438: 5426:. Retrieved 5417: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5391: 5382: 5370:. Retrieved 5361: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5331: 5322: 5310:. Retrieved 5306:the original 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5270: 5258:. Retrieved 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5221: 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5189: 5180: 5168:. Retrieved 5159: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5128: 5104:. Retrieved 5095: 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5064: 5043:the original 5019: 4994:. Retrieved 4980: 4969:. Retrieved 4962:the original 4949: 4938:. Retrieved 4929: 4920: 4909:. Retrieved 4895: 4884:. Retrieved 4875: 4865: 4854:. Retrieved 4850:the original 4839: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4805: 4795: 4783:. Retrieved 4769: 4758:. Retrieved 4744: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4697: 4676:cite journal 4655: 4621:(1): 10–16. 4618: 4614: 4587:. Retrieved 4583: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4552: 4541:. Retrieved 4530: 4520: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4478:. Retrieved 4461: 4451: 4439:. Retrieved 4425: 4384: 4356: 4350: 4339:. Retrieved 4331:"Ijaw Tribe" 4324: 4312:. Retrieved 4308:the original 4298: 4286:. Retrieved 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4247:the original 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4213: 4203: 4192:. Retrieved 4183: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4141: 4132: 4126: 4114:. Retrieved 4094: 4075: 4054:cite journal 4039: 4007:(1): 29–43. 4004: 4000: 3990: 3978:. Retrieved 3964: 3941:. Retrieved 3927: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3861: 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3839:the original 3829: 3818:. Retrieved 3811:the original 3804:"Background" 3798: 3787:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3758:. Retrieved 3749: 3740: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3708: 3683:. Retrieved 3674: 3664: 3652: 3640:. Retrieved 3629: 3587: 3581: 3571: 3557: 3546:. Retrieved 3532: 3523: 3514: 3508:(in Russian) 3492: 3479: 3468:. Retrieved 3464: 3455: 3436:Warri Crisis 3403: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274:oil producer 3269: 3255: 3243:May 19, 2016 3242: 3239:Escravos GTL 3231:May 11, 2016 3230: 3218: 3216: 3200: 3189: 3179: 3176:October 2009 3175: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3143:May 15, 2009 3142: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3106: 3094:October 2012 3093: 3078:October 2012 3077: 3076:Starting in 3075: 3045: 3035:patrol boats 3021: 3015: 3007: 2988:malnutrition 2968:miscarriages 2966:, pregnancy 2956:fossil fuels 2951: 2931: 2921: 2908:Exxon Valdez 2903: 2900: 2893: 2884: 2868: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806:Rivers State 2799: 2786: 2778:fraternities 2746: 2734: 2712: 2700: 2696:Odi massacre 2692: 2680: 2668:Delta states 2661: 2656: 2642: 2639:Warri Crisis 2627: 2619: 2587:human rights 2584: 2564: 2547:Rivers State 2543: 2536: 2532: 2516: 2489: 2481: 2477:Ogoni people 2455: 2442:Ogoni crisis 2428: 2420:urbanization 2404: 2397:by 65%, and 2383:agricultural 2376: 2349: 2293: 2292:The current 2291: 2268: 2249: 2215: 2147: 2135: 2122: 2113:Dokubo-Asari 2092: 1965:Ikedi Ohakim 1761:Victor Attah 1387:Faruk Yahaya 1266:Lucky Irabor 1230:Yayale Ahmed 1158:Labaran Maku 1037:Hafiz Ringim 893:Iyorchia Ayu 544: 538: 534: 517: 516: 461: 429: 369: 340: 333:Rivers State 196: 188: 183:Belligerents 165: 151:Rivers State 8600:Arab Winter 8595:Arab Spring 8564:(1998–1999) 8555:(1994–1999) 8521:(1977–1992) 8461:(1991–1994) 8455:(1990–1994) 8399:(2022–2023) 8387:(2011–2020) 8375:(2003–2020) 8369:(1983–2005) 8347:(2013–2020) 8322:South Sudan 8308:(2012–2013) 8302:(2007–2008) 8179:(1995–2018) 8173:(1994–2018) 8144:East Africa 8062:(2004–2007) 8043:(2016–2017) 8037:(2002–2003) 8019:Civil wars 8003:(2016–2019) 7997:(2013–2018) 7955:(1999–2007) 7949:(1998–2003) 7937:(1996–1997) 7918:Cabinda War 7914:(1975–2002) 7854:(1998–1999) 7673:West Africa 7660:(2010–2011) 7649:(1991–2002) 7559:(2013–2014) 7542:(2011–2014) 6668:Cabinda War 6174:Brain Drain 6169:Agriculture 6075:LGBT rights 5980:Niger Delta 5965:Jos Plateau 5852:before 1500 5762:Kanem-Bornu 5653:Vanity Fair 5644:"Blood Oil" 5480:7 September 5454:7 September 5428:7 September 5398:7 September 5372:7 September 5342:7 September 5312:7 September 5286:7 September 5260:7 September 3935:. Hrw.org. 3714:3 September 3685:7 September 3330:Delta State 3281:August 2016 3266:Niger Delta 3159:Niger Delta 3136:August 2008 3113:Niger Delta 2972:body joints 2928:Niger Delta 2912:rain forest 2904:Poison Fire 2846:August 2004 2802:Peter Odili 2795:West Africa 2576:due process 2572:Sani Abacha 2461:Niger Delta 2373:South South 2305:Niger Delta 2085:Peter Odili 2049:Nyesom Wike 1905:James Ibori 1869:Donald Duke 1857:Liyel Imoke 1688:Jonah Wuyep 1556:Ola Ibrahim 1302:Ola Ibrahim 1206:Godwin Abbe 929:Godwin Abbe 582:Bola Tinubu 556:The Outlaws 285:Delta State 131:Delta State 106:Niger Delta 49:Cross River 8620:Categories 8512:Mozambique 8216:Tigray war 6520:Literature 6298:Corruption 6263:Censorship 6206:(currency) 6184:Corruption 5950:Ecoregions 5540:. London: 5418:Daily Post 5362:Daily Post 5332:Daily Post 5075:August 22, 4971:2015-10-27 4940:2011-04-23 4911:2011-04-23 4886:2011-04-23 4856:2011-04-23 4760:2012-06-22 4543:2016-01-20 4480:2016-08-22 4441:20 January 4341:2011-04-23 4314:14 October 4288:14 October 4256:14 October 4224:August 22, 4194:2011-04-23 4186:. 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Verso. 4031:237787893 4023:2444-6157 3911:0954-6553 3845:9 October 3750:bbc.co.uk 3260:(NDA), a 3165:, ending 2980:radiation 2867:in early 2862:President 2835:June 2004 2765:Ateke Tom 2611:sanctions 2556:terrorism 2528:royalties 2465:petroleum 2457:Ogoniland 2317:democracy 2271:oil theft 2137:Ateke Tom 2117:John Togo 1845:Ben Ayade 1676:Paul Dike 1326:Paul Dike 965:Abba Moro 697:Alex Otti 552:Black Axe 531:elements 512:(2004–09) 502:(2004–14) 495:(2005–14) 488:(2003–09) 481:(2004–14) 309:Imo State 297:Edo State 141:Imo State 136:Edo State 41:Akwa Ibom 8453:genocide 8152:Ethiopia 8060:Bush War 8053:Republic 8041:Pool War 8011:Republic 7928:DR Congo 7762:Mali War 7514:Cold War 7213:Drug war 6932:Americas 6907:Mali War 6590:Category 6540:Religion 6390:Refugees 6385:Protests 6370:Polygamy 6313:Diaspora 6258:Abortion 6092:Military 6038:Villages 6021:Politics 6002:Wildlife 5842:Timeline 5738:Kingdoms 5718:articles 5474:Archived 5448:Archived 5422:Archived 5366:Archived 5336:Archived 5280:Archived 5254:Archived 5228:Archived 5196:Archived 5164:Archived 5133:Archived 5106:June 30, 5100:Archived 5069:Archived 4990:Archived 4934:Archived 4930:BBC News 4905:Archived 4880:Archived 4876:BBC News 4808:. 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