735:
1806:
155:
1363:
3569:
162:
1660:
791:
178:
230:
763:
749:
50:
777:
710:
249:
1378:
Poles, those ideas meant assimilation: turning them into loyal subjects through gradual religious and cultural conversion. The principle of
Orthodoxy was the result of the special role it played in the Russian Empire, as the Church was in fact becoming a department of state, and other religions discriminated against; for instance, papal bulls could not be read in the largely Catholic kingdom of Poland without agreement from the Russian government.
1438:
3633:
3525:
1782:
1312:, and wanted no restrictions on their rule. All opposition to the emperor of Russia was suppressed and the law was disregarded at will by Russian officials. Though the absolute rule demanded by Russia was difficult to establish due to Poland's liberal traditions and institutions, the independence of the kingdom lasted only 15 years; initially
2463:), a province of the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. The sources are also unclear as to when Congress Poland (or Vistula land) officially ended; some argue that it ended when the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities assumed control of the area during
1203:, the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished. Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. The Congress was important enough in the creation of the state to cause the new country to be informally named for it. The kingdom lost its status as a
1220:
to be more closely integrated with the
Russian Empire. However, even after this formalized annexation, the territory retained some degree of distinctiveness and continued to be referred to informally as Congress Poland until the Russian rule there ended as a result of the advance by the armies of the
1847:
Since agriculture was equivalent to 70% of the national income, the most important economic transformations included the establishment of mines and the textile industry; the development of these sectors brought more profit and higher tax revenues. The beginnings were difficult due to floods and an
1377:
was crowned King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw, but he declined to swear to abide by the
Constitution and continued to limit the independence of the Polish kingdom. Nicholas' rule promoted the idea of Official Nationality, consisting of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. In relation to
1381:
The rule of
Nicholas also meant the end of political traditions in Poland; democratic institutions were removed, an appointed—rather than elected—centralized administration was put in place, and efforts were made to change the relations between the state and the individual. All of this led to
3432:. Covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism; the adjustment of the aristocracy's power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social significance; the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of the state.
1644:
in 1815, it was composed of five ministers, special nominees of the king and the viceroy of the
Kingdom of Poland. The council executed the king's will and ruled in the cases outside the minister's competence and prepared projects for the Council of State.
2573:* Ludność Polski w XX Wieku = The Population of Poland in the 20th Century / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodorowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, 2005 (Monografie; 5), p 539,
1232:
The kingdom was 128,500 km in area and originally had a population of approximately 3.3 million. The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchy of Warsaw and much smaller than the
1601:
The governor-general answered directly to the emperor and exercised much broader powers than had the "namiestnik". In particular, he controlled all the military forces in the region and oversaw the judicial systems (he could impose
1402:
broke out but lasted only two years before being crushed. As a direct result, any remaining separate status of the kingdom was removed and the political entity was directly incorporated into the
Russian Empire. The unofficial name
1667:
The administrative divisions of the kingdom changed several times over its history, and various smaller reforms were also carried out which either changed the smaller administrative units or merged/split various subdivisions.
1948:. Taxes were raised and the overall economic situation of commoners worsened. The noblemen and landowners were, on the other hand, provided with more privileges, rights and even financial support in the form of
1207:
state in 1831 and the administrative divisions were reorganized. It was sufficiently distinct that its name remained in official
Russian use, although in the later years of Russian rule it was replaced with the
2581:
Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywiślański terminy Królestwo
Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe lub w skrócie Kongresówka były nadal używane, zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach.
1393:
Following an 11-month military campaign, the
Kingdom of Poland lost its semi-independent status and was integrated much more closely with the Russian Empire. This was formalized through the issuing of the
1171:
in 1807. After
Napoleon's 1812 defeat, the fate of the Duchy of Warsaw was dependent on Russia. Prussia insisted on the duchy being completely eliminated. After Russian troops reached Paris in 1812, Tsar
1959:
in Europe. The development of the zinc industry took place at the beginning of the 19th century. It was mostly caused by the significant increase of demand for zinc mainly in industrialized countries of
2455:
in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced. They disagree however on whether the Kingdom of Poland, colloquially known as Congress Poland, as a state, was officially replaced by
1398:
by the Emperor in 1832, which abolished the constitution, army and legislative assembly. Over the next 30 years, a series of measures bound Congress Poland ever more closely to Russia. In 1863 the
2588:
Despite the official name Kraj Przywiślański terms such as, Kingdom of Poland, Congress Poland, or in short Kongresówka were still in use, both in everyday language and in some publications.
229:
3557:
3535:
1899:, to upkeep larger establishments, or to undertake production. The Germans were also relieved of the tax burden. This allowed to create one of the largest European textile centres in
1895:; the first textile machine was installed in 1829. Greater use of machines led to production in the form of workshops. The government was also encouraging foreign specialists, mostly
1491:
Polish remained an official language until the mid-1860s when it was replaced by Russian. This resulted in bilingual street signs and documents, however, the full implementation of
1237:
which had a population of over 10 million and an area of 1 million km. Its population reached 6.1 million by 1870 and 10 million by 1900. The majority of ethnic
1915:
were the majority in the population. With the abolition of border customs in 1851 and further economic growth, Polish cities were gaining wealth and importance. Most notably,
1856:
negotiated to open the Polish market to the world. He also tried to introduce appropriate protective duties. A large and profitable investment was the construction of the
1828:
Despite the fact that the economic situation varied at times, Congress Poland was one of the largest economies in the world. In the mid 1800s the region became heavily
1241:
within the Russian Empire lived in the Congress Kingdom, although some areas outside its borders were also inhabited by strong Polish and Roman Catholic minorities.
3550:
1316:
used the title King of Poland and was obligated to observe the provisions of the constitution. However, in time the situation changed and he granted the viceroy,
3840:
3835:
2624:
after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland (including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land;"
2526:
2854:
W. Caban, ‘The Nineteenth-Century Ideas of Polish Roads to Independence’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2018, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 105-127.
906:
at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the
2721:
under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918; it was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918
2574:
1184:, however, disapproved strongly of the idea, Austria issuing a memorandum on returning to the 1795 resolutions with support from the United Kingdom under
415:
3845:
3565:
3543:
354:
1519:. The viceroy was chosen by the king from among the noble citizens of the Russian Empire or the Kingdom of Poland. The viceroy supervised the entire
2334:
1488:
of the Russian Empire. The liberal provisions of the constitution, and the scope of the autonomy, were often disregarded by the Russian officials.
2642:
728:
1386:
in response to his repeated curtailing of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland, resulting in the
2886:
2996:
1940:, which marked the beginning of Polish sugar refineries. The use of iron cutters and plows was also favoured among the farmers. During the
1474:
3495:
Mykhed, Oksana (2014). "Not by Force Alone: Public Health and the Establishment of Russian Rule in the Russo-Polish Borderland, 1762–85".
2676:
Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land.
3805:
3055:
2619:
po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Królestwa Pol. (łącznie z nazwą), przekształcając je w "Kraj Przywiślański";
1009:
3451:
1676:
1654:
1317:
996:. The moderately multicultural population of Congress Poland was estimated at 9,402,253 inhabitants in 1897. It was mostly composed of
17:
2959:
1734:
were renamed powiats. In 1844 several governorates were merged with others, and some others were renamed; five governorates remained.
1324:
resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. In 1819, Alexander I abolished freedom of the press and introduced preventive
3815:
3203:
3179:
1579:
2662:
Królestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazwę Królestwa Polskiego zastąpiła, w urzędowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywiślański.
248:
1395:
154:
3617:
2927:
1753:(a new lower-level entity), and restructured the existing five governorates into 10. The 1912 reform created a new governorate –
1189:
1686:
On 16 January 1816 the administrative division was reformed, with the departments being replaced with more traditionally Polish
3810:
3504:
3403:
3136:
3025:
2700:
2510:
1911:. These small and initially insignificant settlements later developed into large and multicultural cities, where Germans and
1702:
earlier that decade, the administrative division was reformed again, bringing Congress Poland closer to the structure of the
1641:
1446:
1273:
950:
578:
3597:
3607:
3110:
1805:
1637:
1524:
1466:
1193:
1504:
463:
1566:, who served from 1863 to his death in 1874. No "namiestnik" was named to replace him; however, the role of "namestnik"—
3592:
3384:
1840:
and other crops was significant in stabilizing the financial output. An important trade partner of Congress Poland was
1754:
1563:
1234:
1177:
896:
177:
3471:
3132:
3069:
3006:
2937:
2896:
2817:
2786:
2753:
2468:
2356:
1919:, being associated with the construction of railway lines and bridges, gained priority in the entire Russian market.
1853:
1082:
892:
93:
71:
1336:, which represented Poland's patriotic traditions. Beginning in 1825, the sessions of the Sejm were held in secret.
64:
3529:
1672:
1454:
1329:
915:
1975:-"Factory of Optical Equipment") in Warsaw. It was the only firm in the Russian Empire which crafted and produced
3820:
3573:
1516:
1056:
253:
183:
1543:. The viceroy exercised broad powers and could nominate candidates for most senior government posts (ministers,
1362:
1013:
1001:
770:
3029:
2704:
1741:, further reforms were instituted which were designed to bring the administrative structure of Poland (now
1078:
756:
1659:
914:, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the
3061:
1749:) closer to that of the Russian Empire. It divided larger governorates into smaller ones, introduced the
1281:
161:
1892:
1817:. The city was considered to be one of the largest textile industry centres in Europe and was nicknamed
1417:), i.e., 'Vistula Land', replaced 'Kingdom of Poland' as the area's official name and the area became a
949:
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was theoretically granted considerable political autonomy by the liberal
1382:
discontent and resistance among the Polish population. In January 1831, the Sejm deposed Nicholas I as
988:, which towards the beginning of the 20th century became the Russian Empire's third-largest city after
939:
1559:). He had no competence in the realms of finances and foreign policy; his military competence varied.
1932:
and paid workforce. Only a few experimented by obtaining proper machinery and plowing equipment from
1332:
started the persecution of Polish secret organizations and in 1821 the King ordered the abolition of
1005:
344:
2639:
1199:
Following the Congress, Russia gained a larger share of Poland (with Warsaw) and, after crushing an
3830:
3825:
3800:
2716:
1915–18 pod okupacją niem. i austro-węgierską; K.P. przestało istnieć po powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).
1094:
58:
3095:
1044:
3376:
2433:
2406:
2350:
2070:
1367:
1308:
deeply valued personal freedom. In reality, the kings had absolute power and the formal title of
1277:
1253:
1074:
514:
402:
359:
167:
3754:
3698:
3647:
3587:
3429:
1832:, however, agriculture still maintained a major role in the economy. In addition, the export of
3749:
3682:
3622:
3441:
2472:
2339:
1619:
1528:
1470:
1353:
1245:
1059:
957:, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. It was, therefore, little more than a
651:
636:
364:
349:
75:
3774:
2743:
2549:
2500:
1562:
The office of "namiestnik" or viceroy was never abolished; however, the last "namiestnik" was
1300:
boundary separating it from the rest of Russian lands. Poland also had democratic traditions (
1216:
its separate institutions and administrative arrangements were abolished as part of increased
2008:
1540:
1520:
1313:
1173:
1052:
954:
452:
437:
216:
3657:
2776:
1952:. The aim of this was to weaken their support for the rebellion against the Russian Empire.
3677:
3667:
2967:
2607:
2345:
1374:
1152:
1048:
927:
923:
903:
31:
3759:
3708:
3672:
3612:
3347:
1922:
Although the economic and industrial progress occurred rapidly, most of the farms, called
8:
3769:
2963:
2882:
2772:
2109:
2083:
1944:
the occupying authorities sought to deprive peasant insurgents of their popularity among
1758:
1536:
1176:
intended to annex the duchy and parts of Lithuanian lands which were historically in the
872:
544:
485:
1480:
In theory, Congress Poland possessed one of the most liberal governments of the time in
3779:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3718:
3703:
3662:
3652:
3602:
3485:
2361:
1984:
1794:
1762:
1328:. Resistance to Russian control began in the 1820s. Russian secret police commanded by
1321:
1168:
1160:
1140:
1040:
919:
911:
853:
565:
397:
37:"Russian Poland" redirects here. For Russian territory of the former Commonwealth, see
3294:
981:(provinces). Thus, from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
3764:
3713:
3500:
3467:
3425:
3380:
3128:
3065:
3002:
2933:
2892:
2782:
2749:
2650:
2506:
2471:
in 1917; finally, some argue that it ended only with the creation of the independent
1766:
1699:
1607:
1405:
1387:
1345:
1213:
1200:
1124:
1017:
966:
931:
907:
591:
500:
407:
38:
3273:
3231:
2011:, Congress Poland had a population of 9,402,253: 4,712,090 men and 4,690,163 women.
1857:
965:
with the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in
2452:
2424:
2397:
2096:
2044:
1941:
1746:
1738:
1591:
1571:
1410:
1399:
1349:
1081:, established by the Germans. In 1917, part of this was renamed as the short-lived
1025:
970:
606:
529:
306:
135:
3033:
2527:"The Social and Political History of the Polish Language in the Long 19th Century"
1268:
Theoretically, the Polish Kingdom in its 1815 form was a semi-autonomous state in
3461:
3436:
2923:
2739:
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2603:
2393:
2385:
2057:
2031:
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322:
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121:
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1996:
1961:
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Immediately after its creation in 1815, the Kingdom of Poland was divided into
1603:
1450:
1383:
1301:
1269:
1257:
1222:
1181:
1148:
1090:
989:
962:
876:
860:
278:
268:
241:, following the Congress of Vienna. The Russian Empire is shown in light green.
3316:
1449:
in 1815. The emperor of Russia was the official head of state, considered the
3794:
3455:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 929–932.
3446:
3120:
1841:
1272:
with Russia through the rule of the Russian emperor. The state possessed the
1238:
1217:
1036:
997:
943:
888:
390:
386:
3148:
827:
3420:
Getka-Kenig, Mikolaj. "The Genesis of the Aristocracy in Congress Poland,"
3252:
2456:
1485:
1357:
1209:
1151:. The kingdom was created from parts of the Polish territory that had been
1086:
958:
742:
621:
2830:
1900:
1814:
922:". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the
2464:
1992:
1988:
1877:
1810:
1798:
1711:
1687:
1548:
1333:
1226:
1204:
1144:
884:
538:
523:
2778:
Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph
1980:
1937:
1884:
1820:
1556:
1511:
1422:
1325:
1293:
1244:
The Kingdom of Poland largely re-emerged as a result of the efforts of
274:
3489:
3440:
1904:
1437:
3348:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
1707:
1426:
1256:
in Europe, with the emperor of Russia serving as the self-proclaimed
1185:
1063:
978:
813:
3204:"Gospodarka w Królestwie Polskim od roku 1815 do początku XIX wieku"
3574:
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland)
3513:
Zamoyski, Adam. Poland: a history. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2012
1945:
1305:
1035:
The territory of Congress Poland roughly corresponds to modern-day
864:
784:
3632:
2814:
Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century
1765:. It was split off from the Vistulan Country and made part of the
1731:
1727:
1691:
1535:
the councils' decisions; other than that, his decisions had to be
1248:, a Pole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state in alliance with
3317:"DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC INDUSTRY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND 1815–1904"
2502:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
1976:
1949:
1933:
1924:
1896:
1849:
1567:
1544:
1297:
1029:
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381:
369:
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857:
849:
809:
292:
1781:
1929:
1865:
1861:
1833:
1750:
1280:(parliament) responsible to the king capable of voting laws,
1212:" (Russian: Привислинский Край). Following the defeat of the
1016:, and a small Russian minority. The predominant religion was
2998:
Constitution-making in the region of former Soviet dominance
2866:
Castlereagh et l'Europe, w: Le Congrès de Vienne et l'Europe
3480:
Leslie, R. F. "Politics and economics in Congress Poland,"
1956:
1912:
1532:
935:
930:, but later was demoted to merely a Prussian province (the
3180:"Życie gospodarcze Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1815-1830"
2929:
The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822
2745:
The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822
1073:
The Kingdom of Poland effectively came to an end with the
2891:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 196.
1837:
1610:
with the force of law," which could alter existing laws.
1252:. The Kingdom of Poland was one of the few contemporary
1032:
and German were widely spoken by their native speakers.
3001:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 12–13.
2922:
2816:, dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
2680:
After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland
3107:
Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland
2767:
2765:
2684:
In the years 1914-1916 the Kingdom of Poland became...
2353:– the withdrawal of Russian forces from Poland in 1915
1445:
The government of Congress Poland was outlined in the
1135:
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was created out of the
2438:
2411:
2994:
1547:, judges of the High Tribunal, councilors of state,
1276:, one of the most liberal in 19th-century Europe, a
1020:
and the official language used within the state was
3463:
Polish politics and the Revolution of November 1830
3226:
3224:
2762:
1663:
Administrative divisions of Congress Poland in 1830
1077:of Russian forces in 1915 and was succeeded by the
2734:
2732:
2015:Linguistic composition of Congress Poland in 1897
2670:W latach 1914-1916 Królestwo Polskie stało się...
2467:; others, that it ended with the creation of the
1967:In 1899, Aleksander Ginsberg founded the company
1339:
3792:
3221:
2498:
2335:Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland
1127:, it is often referred to as "Congress Poland".
1105:Although the official name of the state was the
3435:
3417:(Oxford University Press, 1982) pp. 306–33
2881:
2729:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2666:Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim...
1024:until the failed January Uprising (1863) when
729:Polish National Government (November Uprising)
3841:States and territories disestablished in 1915
3836:States and territories disestablished in 1867
3551:
3459:
3198:
3196:
2781:. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 7.
1320:, almost dictatorial powers. Very soon after
1118:
127:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
1955:Congress Poland was the largest supplier of
1716:
196:
113:
3499:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 123–142.
3314:
2981:
2932:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 179–180.
2918:
2916:
2914:
2494:
2492:
1698:. On 7 March 1837, in the aftermath of the
1648:
1523:and, in the monarch's absence, chaired the
254:Administrative divisions of Congress Poland
3846:States and territories established in 1815
3558:
3544:
3193:
3054:Janowski, Maciej; Przekop, Danuta (2004).
3020:
3018:
2547:
1655:Administrative division of Congress Poland
1453:, with the local government headed by the
1192:and the British delegate to the Congress,
247:
228:
3232:"Polityka gospodarcza – druckilubecki.pl"
3163:
3084:
2863:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2451:Sources agree that after the fall of the
1844:, which imported goods in large amounts.
1801:were exclusively made in Congress Poland.
1613:
1123:), in order to distinguish it from other
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
2966:Encyclopedia (1890–1906). Archived from
2911:
2738:
2489:
1804:
1780:
1658:
1436:
1396:Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland
1361:
875:ceded a part of Polish territory to the
222:"National Song to the King's Well-being"
57:This article includes a list of general
3497:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3015:
2701:Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe
1936:. New crops were being cultivated like
1679:from the times of the French-dominated
1498:
1263:
14:
3793:
3494:
3099:
3047:
2877:
2875:
2795:
2771:
2748:. New York: Grove Press. p. 171.
2678:However the same article also states:
1737:In 1867, following the failure of the
3539:
3411:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3404:Bibliography of the history of Poland
3370:
3342:
3340:
3125:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3094:, 1874, p. 140, note 1. Google Print
1880:, for which he is mostly remembered.
1848:intense diplomatic relationship with
1642:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1606:without trial). He could also issue "
1447:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1274:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1028:became co-official as a consequence.
3424:(2009), Issue 100, pp. 79–112;
2952:
1852:. It was not until 1822 when Prince
1570:of the former kingdom passed to the
1517:1815 constitution of Congress Poland
1194:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
1163:which had been transformed into the
973:, as the country became governed by
43:
3127:, Columbia University Press, 2005,
2872:
2505:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137.
1505:Namiestnik of the Kingdom of Poland
934:), and was subsequently annexed in
271:with the Russian Empire (1815–1831)
24:
3806:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
3397:
3337:
3057:Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918
2155:
1876:. Drucki-Lubecki also founded the
1640:of the kingdom. Introduced by the
1564:Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg
1515:" was introduced in Poland by the
1484:, but in practice, the area was a
217:Pieśń narodowa za pomyślność króla
63:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Semi-autonomous polity (1815–1915)
25:
3857:
3517:
2818:The University of Texas at Austin
1578:—or, to be more specific, of the
1495:into the Polish language failed.
1147:reorganized Europe following the
879:following France's defeat in the
3816:1867 disestablishments in Poland
3631:
3567:
3523:
2888:The history of Polish literature
2664:Jednakże w artykule jest także:
2392:
1868:Rivers, which allowed to bypass
1455:viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland
1441:The Kingdom of Poland, 1815–1830
1330:Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev
1139:, a French client state, at the
918:, also commonly referred to as "
916:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
789:
775:
761:
747:
733:
708:
176:
160:
153:
48:
30:For the Polish legislature, see
3364:
3308:
3287:
3266:
3245:
3141:
3114:
2868:. Paris: Bruxelles. p. 60.
2857:
2848:
2823:
2445:
2002:
1318:Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich
170:Bottom: Brown-Water Navy Ensign
3439:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
2693:
2632:
2596:
2567:
2541:
2519:
2418:
2379:
1903:and in surrounding towns like
1340:Uprisings and loss of autonomy
1235:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1178:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
871:. It was established when the
206:for 'God is with us!')
13:
1:
3811:1815 establishments in Poland
3109:, 1888, p. 460. Google Print
2995:Ludwikowski, Rett R. (1996).
2831:"Poland - Partitioned Poland"
2548:Britannica (8 January 2010).
2367:
2357:History of Poland (1795–1918)
2009:Russian Empire Census of 1897
1973:Fabryka Przyrządów Optycznych
1854:Francis Xavier Drucki-Lubecki
1690:(of which there were eight),
1432:
1425:until 1875, when it became a
771:Military Government of Lublin
235:
3484:(1955), 8#1, pp. 43–63
3437:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
2550:"Congress Kingdom of Poland"
2529:. Kamusella. 24 January 2017
2482:
1991:. Following the outbreak of
1079:Government General of Warsaw
757:Government General of Warsaw
7:
3062:Central European University
2439:
2412:
2328:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2064:
2061:
2051:
2048:
2038:
2035:
1872:(Gdańsk) and high Prussian
1706:, with the introduction of
1366:Eagle of an officer in the
984:The capital was located in
953:. However, its rulers, the
10:
3862:
3401:
1776:
1652:
1617:
1502:
1343:
1130:
940:North German Confederation
842:Congress Kingdom of Poland
36:
29:
18:Congress Kingdom of Poland
3727:
3691:
3640:
3629:
3580:
3092:Russia's Advance Eastward
2812:Agnieszka Barbara Nance,
2499:Tomasz Kamusella (2009).
2428:
2401:
2321:
1995:the factory was moved to
1789:made by a Polish company
1595:
1588:Warszawski Okręg Wojskowy
1414:
1373:Alexander I's successor,
1254:constitutional monarchies
1119:
1100:
977:, and later divided into
942:, the predecessor of the
887:, it was replaced by the
824:
805:
687:
667:
657:
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149:
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128:
108:
3371:Golab, Caroline (1977).
1649:Administrative divisions
1596:Варшавский Военный Округ
1580:Warsaw Military District
1066:and a small part of the
1062:as well as southwestern
844:, formally known as the
234:Map of Congress Poland,
3452:Encyclopædia Britannica
3442:"Poland, Russian"
3422:Acta Poloniae Historica
3377:Temple University Press
2924:Nicolson, Harold George
2835:Encyclopedia Britannica
2740:Nicolson, Harold George
2554:Encyclopedia Britannica
2372:
1809:An early photograph of
1421:under the control of a
1368:Army of Congress Poland
1180:. Both Austria and the
852:created in 1815 by the
659:• 1897 census
403:Constitutional monarchy
299:Official languages
78:more precise citations.
3821:19th century in Poland
3728:1867–1914 governorates
3692:1844–1867 governorates
3641:1837–1844 governorates
3581:1816–1837 voivodeships
3460:Leslie, R. F. (1956).
3373:Immigrant Destinations
2864:Henderson, WO (1964).
2389:
2340:Grand Duchy of Finland
1825:
1802:
1717:
1664:
1633:
1626:Administrative Council
1620:Administrative Council
1614:Administrative Council
1587:
1529:Administrative Council
1471:Administrative Council
1462:
1442:
1370:
1354:Alvensleben Convention
1246:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1114:
1060:Voivodeships of Poland
197:
114:
3026:"Królestwa Polskiego"
1887:was built in 1828 in
1808:
1784:
1662:
1521:public administration
1473:, in addition to the
1440:
1365:
897:regained independence
856:as a semi-autonomous
314:Common languages
3532:at Wikimedia Commons
3253:"The Augustów Canal"
2773:Palmer, Alan Warwick
2608:Encyklopedia Interia
2604:POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE
2413:Kongressovaya Polsha
2390:Królestwo Kongresowe
2346:Grand Duchy of Posen
2322:Source: Golab (1977)
1785:An advertisement of
1757:– from parts of the
1636:) was a part of the
1634:Rada Administracyjna
1499:Executive leadership
1264:Initial independence
1201:insurrection in 1831
928:German Confederation
924:Grand Duchy of Posen
904:partitions of Poland
891:-controlled nominal
579:Constitution adopted
464:Namiestnik (Viceroy)
32:Parliament of Poland
3466:. Greenwood Press.
3415:1795 to the Present
3064:Press. p. 74.
2964:Brockhaus and Efron
2960:"Kingdom of Poland"
2402:Конгрессовая Польша
2148:
2016:
1928:, chose to rely on
1763:Lublin Governorates
1541:government minister
1539:by the appropriate
1282:an independent army
1097:instead of a king.
545:Chamber of Deputies
345:Eastern Catholicism
168:Top: Royal Standard
2962:(in Russian). The
2645:2017-04-24 at the
2475:in 1918. Examples:
2473:Republic of Poland
2362:Pale of Settlement
2145:
2014:
1826:
1803:
1714:, Polish spelling
1665:
1443:
1415:Привислинский Край
1371:
1322:Congress of Vienna
1169:Napoleon Bonaparte
1141:Congress of Vienna
1125:Kingdoms of Poland
912:Kingdom of Prussia
883:. In 1915, during
854:Congress of Vienna
637:Russian withdrawal
566:Congress of Vienna
3788:
3787:
3528:Media related to
3506:978-1-137-32058-2
3315:Rafał Kowalczyk.
3105:Thomas Mitchell,
2651:WIEM Encyklopedia
2640:Królestwo Polskie
2512:978-0-230-58347-4
2469:Kingdom of Poland
2461:Privislinsky Krai
2440:Tsarstvo Polskoye
2437:
2410:
2326:
2325:
2143:
2142:
2007:According to the
1883:The first Polish
1793:(1905). Cameras,
1767:Southwestern Krai
1755:Kholm Governorate
1700:November Uprising
1527:, as well as the
1406:Privislinsky Krai
1388:November Uprising
1346:November Uprising
1214:November Uprising
1188:, Prime Minister
1143:in 1815 when the
1115:Królestwo Polskie
1107:Kingdom of Poland
1083:Kingdom of Poland
1018:Roman Catholicism
932:Province of Posen
908:Habsburg monarchy
863:, a successor to
846:Kingdom of Poland
835:
834:
801:
800:
797:
796:
721:
720:
642:19 September 1915
501:Pavel Yengalychev
496:
493:• 1914–1915
481:
478:• 1815–1826
448:
445:• 1894–1915
433:
430:• 1815–1825
408:Absolute monarchy
334:Roman Catholicism
223:
115:Królestwo Polskie
110:Kingdom of Poland
104:
103:
96:
39:Russian Partition
16:(Redirected from
3853:
3635:
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3553:
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3536:
3527:
3510:
3482:Past and Present
3477:
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3409:Davies, Norman.
3391:
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3352:www.demoscope.ru
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3042:
3041:
3032:. Archived from
3030:Encyklopedia PWN
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2705:Encyklopedia PWN
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2453:January Uprising
2449:
2443:
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2432:
2430:
2429:Царство Польское
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2383:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2023:Native speakers
2017:
2013:
1942:January Uprising
1747:Vistulan Country
1739:January Uprising
1720:
1638:Council of State
1597:
1572:governor-general
1525:Council of State
1467:Council of State
1416:
1400:January Uprising
1350:January Uprising
1190:Robert Jenkinson
1122:
1121:
1120:Царство Польское
955:Russian emperors
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584:27 November 1815
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3831:Personal unions
3826:Former kingdoms
3801:Congress Poland
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3398:Further reading
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2005:
1779:
1722:). In 1842 the
1681:Duchy of Warsaw
1657:
1651:
1622:
1616:
1604:death sentences
1509:The office of "
1507:
1501:
1493:Cyrillic script
1435:
1419:namestnichestvo
1360:
1344:Main articles:
1342:
1306:Polish nobility
1266:
1225:in 1915 during
1165:Duchy of Warsaw
1149:Napoleonic wars
1137:Duchy of Warsaw
1133:
1117:; Russian:
1103:
1095:Regency Council
1068:Grodno District
920:Austrian Poland
893:Regency Kingdom
881:Napoleonic Wars
869:Duchy of Warsaw
838:Congress Poland
831:
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3386:978-0877221098
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3379:. p. 91.
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1997:St. Petersburg
1962:Western Europe
1858:Augustów Canal
1830:industrialized
1778:
1775:
1771:Russian Empire
1704:Russian Empire
1653:Main article:
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1503:Main article:
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1302:Golden Liberty
1270:personal union
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1223:Central Powers
1182:United Kingdom
1132:
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1093:, which had a
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279:Russian Empire
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3473:9780837124162
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3274:"Wyborcza.pl"
3269:
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3199:
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3181:
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3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:Print, p. 278
3134:
3133:0-231-12819-3
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:Norman Davies
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3073:
3071:963-9241-18-0
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3036:on 2006-10-01
3035:
3031:
3028:(in Polish).
3027:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3008:0-8223-1802-4
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:on 2006-09-02
2969:
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2961:
2955:
2941:
2939:0-8021-3744-X
2935:
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2925:
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2898:0-520-04477-0
2894:
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2799:
2790:
2788:0-87113-665-1
2784:
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2755:0-8021-3744-X
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2399:
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2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:Great Retreat
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
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2333:
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2138:
2135:
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2098:
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2069:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:landed gentry
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
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1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1842:Great Britain
1839:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1807:
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1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
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1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:were renamed
1725:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1549:referendaries
1546:
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1537:countersigned
1534:
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1255:
1251:
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1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:Russification
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
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1166:
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1128:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:Great Retreat
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Kalisz Region
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
944:German Empire
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
895:until Poland
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
806:Today part of
804:
788:
786:
783:
782:
774:
772:
769:
768:
760:
758:
755:
754:
746:
744:
741:
740:
732:
730:
727:
726:
723:
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714:
707:
706:
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702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
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623:
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335:
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308:
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301:
297:
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267:
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231:
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218:
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209:
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199:
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185:
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171:
163:
156:
148:
143:
137:
123:
116:
107:
98:
95:
87:
77:
73:
67:
66:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3496:
3481:
3462:
3450:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3372:
3366:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3211:. Retrieved
3207:
3183:. Retrieved
3153:. Retrieved
3143:
3124:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3090:Hugo Stumm,
3086:
3075:. Retrieved
3060:. Budapest:
3056:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:the original
2997:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2954:
2943:. Retrieved
2928:
2902:. Retrieved
2887:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2825:
2820:, pp. 169-88
2813:
2777:
2744:
2720:
2715:
2695:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2634:
2623:
2618:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2521:
2501:
2460:
2457:Vistula Land
2447:
2420:
2381:
2006:
2003:Demographics
1989:stereoscopes
1972:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1923:
1921:
1909:Zduńska Wola
1882:
1846:
1827:
1818:
1799:stereoscopes
1790:
1742:
1736:
1715:
1688:voivodeships
1685:
1670:
1666:
1625:
1623:
1608:declarations
1600:
1561:
1510:
1508:
1490:
1486:puppet state
1479:
1444:
1418:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1372:
1358:Vistula Land
1309:
1267:
1243:
1231:
1210:Vistula Land
1198:
1145:great powers
1134:
1106:
1104:
1087:client state
1072:
1070:of Belarus.
1034:
983:
979:governorates
959:puppet state
951:constitution
948:
901:
845:
841:
837:
836:
743:Vistula Land
698:Succeeded by
697:
692:
675:Polish złoty
625:established
622:Vistula Land
215:
211:
194:Motto:
193:
184:Coat of arms
90:
81:
62:
3329:11 November
2713:(in Polish)
2659:(in Polish)
2616:(in Polish)
2578:(in Polish)
2465:World War I
2342:(1809–1917)
1993:World War I
1878:Bank Polski
1860:connecting
1811:Manufaktura
1712:governorate
1673:departments
1557:archbishops
1531:. He could
1334:Freemasonry
1314:Alexander I
1227:World War I
1174:Alexander I
1153:partitioned
1014:Lithuanians
1002:Polish Jews
926:outside of
885:World War I
693:Preceded by
679:(1815–1841)
571:9 June 1815
539:Lower house
524:Upper house
511:Legislature
453:Nicholas II
438:Alexander I
410:(1832–1915)
405:(1815–1832)
338:Minorities:
309:(from 1867)
281:(1832–1915)
239: 1815
198:Z nami Bóg!
76:introducing
3795:Categories
3683:Sandomierz
3623:Sandomierz
3413:. Vol. 2:
3357:2022-08-03
3077:2008-04-10
3040:2006-01-19
2974:2006-07-27
2945:2008-04-10
2904:2008-04-10
2559:18 January
2533:1 November
2368:References
2317:13,058,000
2309:11,935,318
2301:11,588,585
2146:Population
2136:9,402,253
2110:Belarusian
2084:Lithuanian
2049:1,267,194
2036:6,755,503
1985:objectives
1981:telescopes
1938:sugar beet
1885:steam mill
1821:Manchester
1795:objectives
1730:, and the
1708:guberniyas
1512:namiestnik
1463:Namiestnik
1433:Government
1423:namiestnik
1375:Nicholas I
1326:censorship
1304:) and the
1294:penal code
1057:Holy Cross
1010:Ukrainians
828:Sopoćkinie
652:Population
398:Government
382:Demonym(s)
275:Real union
59:references
3618:Podlaskie
3430:0001-6829
3208:Sciaga.pl
2483:Citations
2434:romanized
2407:romanized
2293:9,402,253
2285:8,256,562
2277:7,687,893
2269:7,104,864
2261:6,515,153
2253:6,078,564
2245:5,336,210
2237:4,840,466
2229:4,673,869
2221:4,810,735
2213:4,798,658
2205:4,488,009
2197:4,188,112
2189:3,998,000
2181:3,911,000
2173:3,520,355
2165:2,815,000
2020:Language
1427:Guberniya
1205:sovereign
1186:George IV
1064:Lithuania
1053:Podlaskie
1004:, ethnic
938:into the
899:in 1918.
814:Lithuania
663:9,402,253
330:Religion
325:, Russian
277:with the
145:1815–1915
84:July 2024
3755:Piotrków
3699:Augustów
3678:Podlasie
3668:Masovian
3648:Augustów
3608:Masovian
3588:Augustów
3300:29 April
3279:29 April
3258:29 April
3237:29 April
3213:29 April
3185:29 April
3155:29 April
2926:(2001).
2885:(1983).
2775:(1997).
2742:(2001).
2643:Archived
2329:See also
2101:267,160
2088:305,322
2075:335,337
2062:407,274
1925:folwarks
1743:de facto
1718:gubernia
1545:senators
1310:Autocrat
1286:currency
1155:between
1049:Masovian
1039:and the
975:viceroys
865:Napoleon
848:, was a
785:Ober Ost
668:Currency
609:Uprising
594:Uprising
592:November
355:Lutheran
350:Reformed
317:Polish,
3775:Suwałki
3770:Siedlce
3449:(ed.).
2840:5 April
2436::
2425:Russian
2409::
2398:Russian
2139:100.00
2125:35,116
2114:29,347
2097:Russian
2045:Yiddish
1977:cameras
1950:bribery
1934:England
1905:Ozorków
1897:Germans
1874:tariffs
1850:Prussia
1819:Polish
1787:cameras
1777:Economy
1769:of the
1759:Sedlets
1724:powiats
1696:powiats
1677:a relic
1592:Russian
1568:viceroy
1553:bishops
1411:Russian
1298:customs
1161:Prussia
1157:Austria
1131:History
1089:of the
1030:Yiddish
1026:Russian
1006:Germans
967:1830–31
818:Belarus
635:•
620:•
607:January
605:•
590:•
577:•
564:•
551:History
537:•
522:•
480:(first)
432:(first)
370:Judaism
319:Yiddish
307:Russian
289:Capital
256:in 1914
212:Anthem:
136:Russian
72:improve
3780:Warsaw
3745:Lublin
3740:Kielce
3735:Kalisz
3719:Warsaw
3704:Lublin
3663:Lublin
3658:Kraków
3653:Kalisz
3603:Lublin
3598:Kraków
3593:Kalisz
3503:
3490:649777
3488:
3470:
3428:
3383:
3295:"Łódź"
3131:
3068:
3005:
2936:
2895:
2785:
2752:
2509:
2386:Polish
2133:TOTAL
2122:Other
2058:German
2052:13.48
2039:71.85
2032:Polish
1917:Warsaw
1889:Warsaw
1870:Danzig
1732:obwóds
1728:okręgs
1692:obwóds
1630:Polish
1584:Polish
1576:Warsaw
1555:, and
1482:Europe
1459:Polish
1356:, and
1296:and a
1290:budget
1250:Russia
1111:Polish
1101:Naming
1041:Lublin
1022:Polish
994:Moscow
986:Warsaw
910:, the
889:German
873:French
858:Polish
850:polity
810:Poland
554:
530:Senate
495:(last)
468:
447:(last)
420:
387:Polish
323:German
303:Polish
293:Warsaw
262:Status
214:
204:Polish
132:
122:Polish
118:
61:, but
3765:Radom
3760:Płock
3750:Łomża
3714:Radom
3709:Płock
3673:Płock
3613:Płock
3486:JSTOR
3445:. In
3320:(PDF)
2314:1913
2306:1909
2298:1904
2290:1897
2282:1890
2274:1885
2266:1880
2258:1875
2250:1870
2242:1865
2234:1860
2226:1855
2218:1850
2210:1845
2202:1840
2194:1835
2186:1830
2178:1825
2170:1820
2162:1814
2128:0.37
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