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2265:(SCLC) and Chicago's Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), had assumed control over civil rights demonstrations and negotiations. While CORE was a member organization of the CCCO, it increasingly lost influence over desegregation efforts. And when the Chicago Freedom Movement met with representatives of the city to negotiate in the summer of 1966, they agreed on ten fair housing reforms but did not discuss reforms to desegregate the schools. While CORE played no role in the housing summit, it had shifted towards promoting and developing Black power in Chicago. By the fall of 1966, CORE was no longer a civil rights organization, but a Black power organization. Changes in CORE's national leadership and continued inaction on behalf of the Board to desegregate the schools pushed CORE towards separatism and away from desegregation efforts. The chapter collapsed in October 1968.
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campus, attended by both black and white members, set a precedent for peaceful protest. Despite their nonviolent approach, resistance from store managers often resulted in violence. This led to training sessions that were in place to prepare demonstrators for physical and verbal abuse, which many of the members encountered at these early sit-ins. They used new strategies, such as the “integrated sandwich plan”, where
African Americans would sit next to a white member and the white member would order them a sandwich. These acts were only available to them as they were a group that encouraged interracial cooperation. Overall, CORE's presence and outlook on protests catalyzed momentum for civil rights advancement in Kentucky.
1808:. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background." To combat discriminatory policies regarding interstate travel, CORE participated in Freedom Rides as college students boarded Greyhound Buses headed for the Deep South. As the influence of the organization grew, so did the number of chapters, eventually expanding all over the country. Despite CORE remaining an active part of the fight for change, some people have noted the lack of organization and functional leadership has led to a decline of participation in social justice.
2411:, efforts were being made to increase voter registration among rural communities. Though their motives were noble, there was no national attention or support gathering around the work of the Louisiana members. As such, acts of violence or harassment against them often went unreported and the victims were not supported by the public. Compounding this issue, both the national and local government felt no responsibility to protect these members or supply federal intervention. These underlying issues in Louisiana stirred up support among local CORE members for the idea of allowing armed self-defense within their ranks.
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measure to alleviate overcrowding at some schools, the Board sanctioned the construction of mobile classroom units. Moreover, a significant proportion of students dropped out before finishing high school. Faculty was segregated, and many teachers in predominantly black schools lacked full-time teaching experience compared to teachers in white schools. In addition, the history curriculum did not mention
African Americans. According to CORE, "school segregation a damaging bacteria, a psychological handicap, which a disease generating widespread unemployment and crime in Chicago".
2246:, and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, advocating for improvements in educational equality. In addition, CORE attended the Board's school budget hearings, speaking against segregation and asking for the Board to implement transfer plans to desegregate the schools. In July 1963, CORE staged a week-long sit-in and protest at the Board office in downtown Chicago in response to the Board's inaction. Finally, Board President Claire Roddewig and Willis agreed to meet with CORE to negotiate integration, but no significant changes came to the schools.
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from college campuses, CORE kept up civil disobedience campaigns in the North as well as the South. They also organized activities in
California, where they protested housing discrimination in San Francisco and Los Angeles, held a Western Region Conference in the Sacramento area, and launched an equal employment campaign at restaurants and stores throughout the state. In 1968, Seattle's chapter of CORE decided that, in order for it to function best in the community, it needed to be an all-black organization.
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act out intense role-playing exercises to simulate real-life scenarios they may encounter, in an attempt to improve their resolve in the face of violence. Throughout the two-week period, they completed twenty-six demonstrations on buses or trains. Out of these twenty-six demonstrations, six resulted in arrests. The members of this group received a great deal of publicity, and this marked the beginning of a long series of similar campaigns.
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2231:'s maintenance of the neighborhood school policy resulted in a pattern of racial segregation in the CPS. Predominantly black schools were situated in predominantly black neighborhoods on the south and west sides of the city, while predominantly white schools were located in predominantly white areas in the north, northwest and southwest sides of Chicago.
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2006:, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to move from the front "white" seating section to the back "colored" seating section of a Greyhound interstate bus while traveling from Virginia to Maryland. After the Virginia state court upheld her conviction and arrest, Morgan's case was brought before the Supreme Court with
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CORE, SNCC, and COFO collaborated to establish 30 Freedom
Schools in towns across Mississippi. As a group, the three organizations collected volunteers that taught in the schools and the curriculum now included black history, the philosophy of the civil rights movement. During the summer of 1964 over
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By 1961 CORE had 53 chapters throughout the United States. By 1963, most of the major urban centers of the
Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and West Coast had one or more CORE chapters, including a growing number of chapters on college campuses. In the South, CORE had active chapters and projects in
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after an incident in
Plaquemine, Louisiana. On September 1, 1963 local police of Plaqumine threatened to lynch Farmer after a CORE demonstration in the city turned violent. As a result, he had to be smuggled out of the city accompanied by two armed men. After this event, Farmer would go on to permit
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Winning victories in northern cities in the 1940s and 1950s, CORE became active in the South with the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960. The following year CORE organized "Freedom Rides," sending black and white students south to disrupt segregated interstate bus service. Drawing much of its membership
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This victory marked a big turning point in the history of CORE, especially in the state of
Kentucky. It attracted over 1,000 new members in Kentucky and was one of the first major civil rights victories. Although this was a big moment in Kentucky history, the NAACP had initiated direct action
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The group was composed of men only, to get around certain laws of the time that restricted the mixing of males and females. These participants then underwent rigorous training aimed at equipping them with the necessary skills to react non-violently, even in the face of violent behaviors. They would
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CORE made significant strides in the civil rights movement in
Kentucky, establishing its first chapter in Lexington in 1959. This chapter went on to be the strongest and longest-lasting chapter in Kentucky history. With other branches established in Louisville, Frankfort, Richmond, and Covington,
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Contrarily, the
Supreme Court ruled in favor of Irene and asserted that the Virginia Legislature could not impose segregation among interstate bus travelers. This landmark ruling would go on to inspire CORE members to seek out non-violent ways to push back against segregation outside of the court
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CORE provided more interracial cooperation than other organizations, especially in the
Lexington chapter, which consisted of mostly teachers and clergymen from the University of Kentucky. Their inaugural sit-in on July 11, 1959, at the Varsity Village Restaurant near the University of Kentucky
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Many segregated schools were very overcrowded. To ease this overcrowding, the Board instated double shifts at some of the schools which helped with the overcrowding but provided new issues. Double shifts meant that students in affected schools attended less than a full day of class. In another
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In New York City, the Brooklyn chapter of CORE was seen as one of the most radical chapters of CORE. This chapter employed increasingly aggressive tactics with a focus on racial discrimination. Primarily, the Brooklyn chapter of CORE used community-based activism which made it one of the most
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During the mid-1960s, CORE turned towards community involvement, seeking to equip Chicagoans with ways to challenge segregation. Freedom Houses, transfer petitions, community rallies and meetings served to educate Chicagoans about segregation and provide them with tools to circumnavigate the
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magazine accused the group of selling influence, writing that, "is better known among real civil rights groups for renting out its historic name to any corporation in need of a black front person. The group has taken money from the payday-lending industry, chemical giant (and original DDT
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Brooklyn's CORE used the slogan "Jim Crow Must Go" to raise awareness about the unequal schooling that African American children faced at this time as well as the overall unequal treatment of African Americans. While this slogan was typically associated with the south because they had
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were often targets of white mobs. So also were the homes of local African Americans involved in the campaign. That summer 30 black homes and 37 black churches were firebombed. Over 80 volunteers were beaten by white mobs or racist police officers. Three CORE activists,
2599:" program targeted civil rights groups, including the CORE, for infiltration, discreditation and disruption. In August 1967, the FBI instructed its program "COINTELPRO" to "neutralize" what the FBI called "black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups.
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On September 4, 1966, Robert Lucas and fellow members of CORE led activists through Cicero, Illinois, to pressure the city of Chicago's white leaders into making solid commitments to open housing. Shortly before the march, Chicago city officials, including Mayor
2349:(COFO), volunteers from the three organizations concentrated their efforts in Mississippi. In 1962 only 6.7 percent of African Americans in the state were registered to vote, the lowest percentage in the country. This involved the formation of the
2504:, and brought awareness to the lack of student involvement in discipline at Columbia University. In addition to these efforts, the Harlem chapter of CORE gathered food and resources in Hamilton Hall, for the impoverished to use as needed.
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in the Constitution, which declared that states could not impose rules that interfered with passengers crossing state lines, as the prevailing tactic to argue her case. However, Virginia state courts did not find this argument convincing.
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and others in exchange for an end of demonstrations. Robert Lucas and other members of CORE felt that the march was strategically necessary and proceeded with it anyway. The march is documented in the 1966 short documentary film
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and also other organizations that were a part of the same movement. One of the most notable collaborations with the NAACP was the successful challenge against Louisville’s residential segregation ordinance in the case
2496:, and other Harlem residents in order to protest different causes that stemmed from institutionalized racism. One of these causes was the opposition of Columbia University's perceived complacency in surrounding the
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2345:(NAACP) helped organize the "Freedom Summer" campaign—aimed principally at ending the political disenfranchisement of African Americans in the Deep South. Operating under the umbrella coalition of the
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in 1993, "CORE has no functioning chapters; it holds no conventions, no elections, no meetings, sets no policies, has no social programs and does no fund-raising. In my opinion, CORE is fraudulent."
2730:, Donald Gutstein wrote that "In recent years CORE used its African-American facade to work with conservative groups to attack organizations like Greenpeace and undermine environmental regulation."
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document Miranda's activities as CORE activist and one-time chair of the Boston CORE chapter. Located in the Archives and Special Collections of the Northeastern University Libraries in Boston, MA.
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with the goal of drawing attention to racial discrimination, which was one of their main focuses. Brooklyn's CORE's aggressive tactics would cause it to be suspended from the National CORE groups.
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Between 1960 and 1963, CORE diligently wrote letters addressing the conditions of schools to various authorities, including the Board of Education (led by Superintendent Benjamin Willis), Mayor
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protests in Louisville even before CORE entered the state. This offered a base for the members of the CORE chapters in Kentucky to work off of and helped make strides in the movements of CORE.
1849:, while not a founding member of the organization, was, as Farmer and Houser later noted, "an uncle to CORE" and provided it with significant support. The group had evolved out of the pacifist
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At the same time in New York City, the Harlem chapter of CORE was very active in supporting African Americans in New York. The Harlem chapter joined forces with
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Image of three CORE hunger strikers, Jay Frank, Stanley Kohls, and Martin Goldsmith, sitting in a hallway at the Los Angeles Board of Education Building, 1963.
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was reaching its apogee. CORE sought to apply the nonviolent anti-colonial tactics pioneered by Gandhi and his followers to successfully challenge
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In accordance with CORE's constitution and bylaws, in the early and mid-1960s, chapters were organized on a model similar to that of a democratic
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In 1963, the organization helped organize the famous March on Washington. On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 people marched peacefully to the
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4085:: Maps and charts showing the geography of CORE activism. From the Mapping American Social Movements project at the University of Washington.
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4079:: Archival site incorporating documents, maps, audio/visual materials related to CORE's work in black power and black economic development.
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To bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background.
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during the 1960s. Others strongly supported the organization. By the mid-1960s, Farmer tried to incorporate elements of the emerging
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CORE has been criticized by environmentalist groups for its efforts promoting DDT use against malaria in Africa. A 2005 article in
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in this effort. In 2007, CORE organized a 300-mile walk across Uganda to promote DDT-based interventions against malaria.
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In 1962, CORE set up a headquarters in Durham, North Carolina where upon arrival, local black women activists, including
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3624:"The Columbia Coalition: African Americans, New Leftists, and Counterculture at the Columbia University Protest of 1968"
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influential chapters in history. In 1964, the group held a Stall-In, deliberately preventing the flow of traffic to the
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until 1968, when California activist Wilfred T. Ussery served a brief term as national chairman. He was replaced by
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Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington DC, on September 22, 1963, in memory of the children killed in the
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3,000 students attended these schools and the experiment provided a model for future educational programs such as
2277:, welcomed them into their homes. CORE worked with the local NAACP to organize pickets at Eckerd's Drug Store and
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Southerners that they would use armed self-defense to protect CORE workers from racist organizations, such as the
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2227:(CPS), addressing disparities in educational opportunities for African American students. By the late 1950s, the
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CORE Rebuttal to CBS Standpoint editorial broadcast program, January 16, 1964, Chicago, CHM, CORE Papers, Box 2.
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heavily influenced the organization. During the period in which CORE was founded, Gandhi's leadership of the
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A CORE delegation toured seven African countries in 1971. Innis met with several heads of state, including
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2973:(Boston: Beacon Press 1992), pp. 117-123, 137-138, 162 (CORE and Farmer); 7-8, 120-122, 150 (Shridharani).
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CORE provides immigration services to immigrants in the preparation of petitions and applications to the
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Harambee City: the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism
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Harambee City: the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism
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Harambee City: the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism
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Harambee City: the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism
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resumed his position as executive secretary of CORE, with the objective of replicating the 1947
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sentiments within CORE—sentiments that, among other things, would quickly lead to an embrace of
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In 1981, to settle illegal fundraising allegations under Roy Innis, CORE paid a $ 35,000 fine.
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CORE, at its heart, is an organization dedicated to non-violent philosophies and practices. In
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Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism
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Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings : the Congress of Racial Equality in Brooklyn
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Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
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branch based in Uganda, with Fiona Kobusingye as its director. Bringing attention to the
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5106:
4765:
4749:
4729:
4495:
4460:
4387:
3651:
3604:
3550:
3479:
3416:
3215:
3109:
2584:. However, subsequent political developments within the organization led it to support
2557:
2460:
2366:
2007:
1901:
1858:
975:
760:
527:
504:
193:
3498:"Congress of Racial Equality. Brooklyn Chapter - Social Networks and Archival Context"
7964:
7685:
7347:
7317:
6912:
6669:
6412:
6327:
6322:
6282:
6155:
5926:
5911:
5876:
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5521:
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4316:
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4013:
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3643:
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3135:
3101:
3011:
3001:
2934:
2873:
2863:
2581:
2493:
2385:
2300:
2130:
2031:
2027:
1947:
1794:
780:
621:
128:
4202:
3232:
2295:
2121:
On May 4, 1961, male and female participants started their journey through the deep
1160:
8120:
8091:
8086:
7984:
7952:
7925:
7650:
7267:
7237:
7227:
7222:
6789:
6589:
6574:
6564:
6534:
6275:
6222:
6071:
6056:
6021:
5886:
5831:
5821:
5716:
5591:
5526:
5401:
5316:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5241:
5236:
5211:
5101:
4485:
4400:
4363:
3635:
3588:
3199:
3093:
2649:
2514:
2402:
2312:
2239:
1801:
1155:
1012:
840:
775:
755:
664:
4146:
3497:
2685:
crisis is one of the organization's main activities. It has championed the use of
2113:
8115:
7942:
7852:
7847:
7778:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
7628:
7583:
7437:
7427:
7407:
7392:
7292:
7167:
7157:
6796:
6584:
6569:
6554:
6372:
6001:
5991:
5951:
5931:
5891:
5766:
5756:
5721:
5681:
5666:
5601:
5466:
5416:
5346:
5231:
5181:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5131:
5116:
5111:
5086:
5026:
4950:
4553:
4524:
4519:
4475:
4455:
4434:
4406:
4177:
3926:
3343:
Our separate ways: women and the Black freedom movement in Durham, North Carolina
2915:
2756:
2623:
2573:
2429:
2372:
2035:
1955:
1183:
990:
740:
659:
2315:
to demand equal justice for all citizens under the law. At the end of the march
8552:
7957:
7920:
7910:
7670:
7665:
7607:
7442:
7372:
7302:
7297:
6801:
6725:
6623:
6604:
6193:
6041:
6026:
5956:
5906:
5871:
5856:
5841:
5801:
5781:
5771:
5726:
5711:
5691:
5461:
5431:
5421:
5391:
5381:
5291:
5261:
5061:
4687:
4639:
4529:
4070:
3592:
2615:
2332:
2320:
2134:
2107:
2075:
2052:
1987:
1865:
1838:
1642:
1067:
1037:
795:
785:
616:
4161:
2760:, a 1964 documentary about CORE's 1963 voting registration drive in Louisiana.
2689:
to fight the disease, and it has partnered with a variety of conservative and
2117:
A Greyhound bus burns after being firebombed outside of Anniston, 14 May 1961.
8676:
7510:
7492:
7482:
7452:
7397:
7352:
7337:
7282:
7272:
7257:
7207:
7202:
7172:
6969:
6897:
6720:
6599:
6529:
6377:
6243:
6066:
5996:
5901:
5751:
5686:
5671:
5661:
5621:
5546:
5536:
5496:
5481:
5371:
5361:
5321:
5271:
5146:
5071:
5041:
4149:
Online collection of original CORE documents ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive.
3746:
3689:"CICERO MARCH IS SELECTED FOR NATIONAL FILM REGISTRY – Chicago Film Archives"
3647:
3600:
3542:
3475:
3211:
3149:
3105:
3015:
2877:
2763:
2607:
2561:
2437:
2358:
2066:, their publicity officer, and eight black men, on what was to be a two-week
1924:
1916:
1912:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1711:
1706:
3788:"Mayoral Race Is Overshadowed In New York Primary Tomorrow – New York Times"
3360:
2125:, testing segregated bus terminals as well. The riders were met with severe
7822:
7590:
7515:
7487:
7472:
7457:
7412:
7387:
7367:
7277:
7247:
7242:
7212:
7162:
7014:
6700:
6559:
6539:
6061:
6016:
6011:
5971:
5806:
5786:
5741:
5676:
5611:
5596:
5511:
5501:
5456:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5356:
5351:
5341:
5326:
5286:
5221:
5201:
5196:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5121:
5076:
5046:
4429:
4027:
3375:"Civil Rights March on Washington (History, Facts, Martin Luther King Jr.)"
2705:
2532:
2415:
2389:
2377:
2361:
and challenged the attendance of the all-white Mississippi representation.
2150:
2099:
2003:
1939:
1830:
1826:
1797:
1195:
1007:
735:
598:
4191:
Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,
4103:
3522:
3293:"5.10: Changes in American Culture Brought About by Governmental Policies"
2353:(MFDP). Over 80,000 people joined the party and 68 delegates attended the
7842:
7827:
7675:
7638:
7477:
7432:
7417:
7182:
7177:
7024:
6579:
6549:
6176:
6140:
6081:
6076:
6036:
5986:
5921:
5916:
5826:
5776:
5706:
5701:
5641:
5626:
5476:
5471:
5336:
5216:
5186:
5126:
5091:
4352:
2569:
2522:
2497:
1979:
1951:
1908:
1889:
1854:
1361:
1017:
870:
750:
534:
105:
4139:, multimedia resources on CORE activity in Seattle, Washington from the
2898:
1825:, Illinois, in March 1942. The organization's founding members included
7377:
7362:
7332:
7327:
7076:
7044:
6883:
6851:
6203:
5861:
5791:
5761:
5631:
5606:
5551:
5451:
5066:
5036:
4120:
4091:: A timeline of more than 600 events reported in CORE publications and
4076:
3639:
3608:
3576:
3483:
3459:
2723:
2693:
2596:
2568:
In 1966, James Farmer resigned as Director of CORE. He was replaced by
2191: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1877:
466:
205:
7713:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
3464:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
3219:
3187:
3113:
3081:
7991:
7837:
7342:
7126:
7064:
6959:
6181:
5651:
5636:
2577:
2553:
2414:
The idea of armed-self defense would be supported by CORE co-founder
2408:
2079:
1975:
1943:
1691:
1032:
765:
544:
371:
89:
6638:
2805:(Gives full mailing address and phone number for sending donations.)
2560:(center) with a delegation from CORE is greeted by Kenyan President
2166:
8464:
8459:
7969:
5541:
3203:
3097:
2719:
2631:
2611:
2126:
2083:
2071:
2062:
On April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight white men, including
1991:
1920:
1077:
1002:
995:
7728:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3884:
Not a Conspiracy Theory: How Business Propaganda Hijacks Democracy
3581:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2728:
Not A Conspiracy Theory: How Business Propaganda Hijacks Democracy
7081:
6130:
4032:
Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement
2682:
2619:
2526:
2220:
1983:
1930:
Some of CORE's main leadership had strong disagreements with the
1822:
1800:
organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for
1165:
471:
3731:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 109–206.
3000:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 135–140.
2971:
Raising up a Prophet. The African-American encounter with Gandhi
2403:
Louisiana Chapter of CORE and The Support for Armed Self-Defense
7915:
6198:
2678:
2657:
2627:
2399:). These deaths created nationwide publicity for the campaign.
1935:
1072:
93:
3858:
3134:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 43–45.
2648:. CORE also provides classes for immigrants in fields such as
7727:
4933:
2862:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 3–26.
2771:
2603:
2455:
2223:
chapter of CORE began to challenge racial segregation in the
2023:
845:
7772:
3431:"Congress of Racial Equality - Black History - HISTORY.com"
2930:
Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas
875:
33:
2343:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
4089:
Timeline of Congress of Racial Equality Actions 1942–1970
2686:
2592:
4131:
4098:
6383:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
6161:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
4137:
CORE and Central Area Civil Rights Campaigns 1960-1968
3940:"The Congress Of Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.) is Founded"
6407:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4760:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
4625:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
4174:
Congress of Racial Equality, Seattle Chapter, records.
4106:
Web site for documentary of Journey of Reconciliation.
2816:"About the Congress of Racial Equality (702) 637-7968"
4232:
4152:
4010:
CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968
2093:
8713:
Nonviolence organizations based in the United States
4083:
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Actions 1942–1970
2853:
2851:
2737:
1864:
The group was inspired by Indian nationalist leader
6455:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3855:"Core Africa – Defining Search Engine Optimization"
1668:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3979:Mencimer, Stephanie Mencimer (November 10, 2009).
3927:"Uganda: Walking Kampala to Gulu to Fight Malaria"
3577:"The Congress of Racial Equality and Its Strategy"
2646:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
2156:
2153:organizations and thousands of ordinary citizens.
3340:
2848:
8674:
7763:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4991:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2448:
8703:Civil rights organizations in the United States
7808:Black players in professional American football
7758:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4981:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4914:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
4805:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3956:
3258:Parrish, Madeleine; Ikoro, Chima (2022-02-25).
8693:Anti-racist organizations in the United States
6460:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
4141:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
2933:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 256.
2782:Steelworkers and Shipyard Workers for Equality
395:Education of freed people during the Civil War
16:Civil rights organization in the United States
6654:
6368:List of lynching victims in the United States
4706:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4218:
4158:Congress of Racial Equality Collected Records
3981:"Tea Partiers' Next Target: The Climate Bill"
2801:"Congress of Racial Equality - Donation Page"
2470:
2326:
2018:Initially, Morgan's legal team only included
1766:
7521:Historically black colleges and universities
4007:
3929:(Page 1 of 1). AllAfrica.com, July 10, 2007.
3257:
3185:
3079:
2840:Meier, August & Rudwick, Elliot (1975).
2839:
2507:
2057:
406:Historically black colleges and universities
4835:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
4176:1954–2010. 5 cubic feet (12 boxes). At the
4008:Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott M. (1975).
3761:"Federal Surveillance of African Americans"
2920:
2672:
2517:, negotiated a Fair Housing agreement with
2443:
2422:
390:Education during the slave period in the US
6661:
6647:
4884:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
4225:
4211:
3763:. University of North Carolina Wilmington.
3555:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2842:CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement
2490:Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
1773:
1759:
713:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
7738:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
6440:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3621:
2479:
2397:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
2339:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
2207:Learn how and when to remove this message
2147:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
169:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
6475:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
4515:University of Georgia desegregation riot
3978:
3899:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3785:
3260:"Chicago Public Schools and Segregation"
3186:Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott (1969).
3080:Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott (1969).
2926:
2547:
2337:The following year, CORE along with the
2294:
2263:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
2112:
2106:, only this time under a new name - the
1960:
1853:, and sought to apply the principles of
8698:Black conservatism in the United States
8688:African Americans' rights organizations
6389:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6126:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
6121:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
3786:Mitchell, Alison (September 13, 1993).
3726:
3520:
3318:"Oct. 22, 1963: Chicago School Boycott"
3129:
2995:
2857:
2268:
8675:
8637:Topics related to the African diaspora
7743:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
6303:African-American women in the movement
4755:White House Conference on Civil Rights
4586:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
4026:
3882:Gutstein, Donald (November 24, 2009).
3570:
3568:
3566:
3345:. University of North Carolina Press.
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
2419:armed guards to attend CORE meetings.
2284:
8617:Landmark African-American legislation
6668:
6642:
4744:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
4206:
4197:University of California, Los Angeles
3900:Gutstein, Donald (January 22, 2010).
3872:
3776:, Public Broadcasting System website.
3457:
3453:
3451:
3161:
3159:
3125:
3123:
3051:
3049:
911:Athletic associations and conferences
400:History of African-American education
7748:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
6512:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4976:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4924:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4870:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
4347:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
4272:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
3574:
3276:
2351:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2189:adding citations to reliable sources
2160:
2013:
834:Association for the Study of African
8102:African-American Vernacular English
4919:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4855:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
4525:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
4162:Swarthmore College Peace Collection
3902:"Inside the DDT Propaganda Machine"
3774:"COINTELPRO" A Huey P. Newton Story
3671:"Martin Luther King Jr. in Chicago"
3563:
3172:
2704:According to an interview given by
1934:over the Deacons' public threat to
1648:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1149:African-American Vernacular English
718:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
8020:U.S. cities with large populations
7723:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
6363:African-American churches attacked
4929:Montgomery Improvement Association
4904:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4889:Council of Federated Organizations
4860:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4618:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
4576:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
4382:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4286:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
4153:A History of CORE in New York City
4104:"You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!"
3972:
3695:
3448:
3156:
3120:
3046:
2347:Council of Federated Organizations
851:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
8729:
8718:Organizations established in 1942
6893:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
6889:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
6696:African American founding fathers
6435:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
6308:Jews in the civil rights movement
4193:Charles E. Young Research Library
4064:
3668:
2916:"The Congress of Racial Equality"
2454:CORE often collaborated with the
2244:Illinois House of Representatives
1555:Places by plurality of population
221:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
211:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
164:Abolitionism in the United States
8655:
7773:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
6918:Nadir of American race relations
6629:Civil rights movement portal
6622:
6470:Freedom Riders National Monument
6212:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4724:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4683:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
4570:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4052:. University of Arkansas Press.
4012:. University of Illinois Press.
3963:"Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank"
3341:Greene, Christina (2005-01-01).
2740:
2165:
2046:
2022:, but they were later joined by
1730:
252:Black Belt in the American South
32:
8683:1942 establishments in Illinois
6779:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
6769:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
6497:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
6485:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4961:National Council of Negro Women
4899:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3932:
3919:
3898:Relevant section excerpted at:
3847:
3822:
3805:
3767:
3753:
3720:
3681:
3662:
3615:
3514:
3490:
3423:
3405:
3392:
3367:
3334:
3310:
3285:
3251:
3238:
3235:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
3226:
3073:
3022:
2989:
2976:
2844:. University of Illinois Press.
2722:, and a reported $ 40,000 from
2176:needs additional citations for
2157:Desegregating Chicago's schools
1997:
1932:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1872:. Indian writer and journalist
856:National Council of Negro Women
7768:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
6774:Civil right movement 1896–1954
4377:Mansfield school desegregation
2960:
2947:
2908:
2884:
2833:
2808:
2793:
2556:(2nd from left) and then wife
2305:Department of Justice Building
2303:speaks to a crowd outside the
1886:independence movement in India
1653:Racism against Black Americans
21:Commission for Racial Equality
1:
7948:Cherokee freedmen controversy
6924:The Negro Motorist Green Book
6507:National Voting Rights Museum
6450:Civil Rights Movement Archive
6249:Lynching in the United States
6136:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
4591:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
4564:University of Chicago sit-ins
4331:Davis v. Prince Edward County
4099:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4001:
2636:Organization of African Unity
2543:
2449:Beginning of CORE in Kentucky
861:National Pan-Hellenic Council
6502:National Civil Rights Museum
6358:March on Washington Movement
6343:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4812:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3622:Slonecker, B. (2008-06-01).
2699:
2663:
2250:neighborhood school policy.
1851:Fellowship of Reconciliation
1663:School segregation in the US
1201:Black American Sign Language
1175:Languages and other dialects
7:
7818:Black players in ice hockey
7753:National Urban League (NUL)
7579:American Society of Muslims
6817:Selma to Montgomery marches
6737:Brown v. Board of Education
6146:"This Little Light of Mine"
4894:Dallas County Voters League
4840:Atlanta Negro Voters League
4603:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4310:Brown v. Board of Education
4167:
4126:The Frank J. Miranda Papers
4071:Congress of Racial Equality
3834:Congress Of Racial Equality
3707:Congress Of Racial Equality
3057:"Morgan v. Virginia (1946)"
2820:Congress Of Racial Equality
2733:
2355:Democratic Party Convention
1898:racism in the United States
1831:Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray
1816:
1787:Congress of Racial Equality
490:African-American businesses
106:thecongressofracialequality
57:; 82 years ago
27:Congress of Racial Equality
10:
8734:
7975:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
7733:Nashville Student Movement
6744:Children of the plantation
6480:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6348:Holt Street Baptist Church
6318:16th Street Baptist Church
5302:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4946:Nashville Student Movement
4876:An Appeal for Human Rights
3593:10.1177/000271626535700114
2471:Movements Made in Kentucky
2330:
2288:
2229:Chicago Board of Education
2050:
2036:Interstate Commerce Clause
1811:
1028:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
703:Congressional Black Caucus
670:African Diaspora Religions
457:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
18:
8645:
8612:Index of related articles
8490:
8405:
8129:
8062:
8000:
7900:
7861:
7793:
7786:
7701:
7621:
7613:Doctrine of Father Divine
7559:
7501:
7150:
7005:
6997:Women's suffrage movement
6950:Reconstruction Amendments
6757:Voting Rights Act of 1965
6676:
6618:
6520:
6422:
6236:
6169:
6111:
6090:
5977:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5947:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
5019:
5011:Women's Political Council
5006:Wednesdays in Mississippi
5001:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4986:Southern Regional Council
4956:Northern Student Movement
4865:Committee for Freedom Now
4825:
4772:Memphis sanitation strike
4738:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4660:
4481:Savannah Protest Movement
4443:
4301:
4262:Journey of Reconciliation
4254:
4241:
4048:Frazier, Nishani (2017).
3944:African American Registry
3727:Nishani, Frazier (2017).
3628:Journal of Social History
3130:Nishani, Frazier (2017).
2996:Nishani, Frazier (2017).
2858:Nishani, Frazier (2017).
2536:, which was added to the
2508:March in Cicero, Illinois
2299:A CORE sign displayed as
2104:Journey of Reconciliation
2068:Journey of Reconciliation
2058:Journey of Reconciliation
1535:US states and territories
836:American Life and History
558:Lift Every Voice and Sing
267:Treatment of the enslaved
100:
85:
77:
69:
51:
43:
31:
8662:United States portal
8097:African-American English
7526:Inventors and scientists
7218:George Washington Carver
6822:Chicago Freedom Movement
4845:Atlanta Student Movement
4794:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4719:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4700:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4598:1963 Birmingham campaign
4491:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4415:Civil Rights Act of 1957
4132:A History of Harlem CORE
3813:"Equal Opportunity Scam"
3188:"The First Freedom Ride"
3082:"The First Freedom Ride"
2927:Hardiman, David (2003).
2787:
2673:International activities
2444:Kentucky Chapter of CORE
2423:Brooklyn Chapter of CORE
2255:Chicago Freedom Movement
2094:The First "Freedom Ride"
1827:James Leonard Farmer Jr.
1737:United States portal
1144:African-American English
655:African-American Muslims
216:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
19:Not to be confused with
8585:African-American firsts
7634:Back-to-Africa movement
7603:Black Hebrew Israelites
7383:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
6931:Partus sequitur ventrem
6397:Voter Education Project
6151:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
5812:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5247:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4673:Chester school protests
4668:Twenty-fourth Amendment
4630:Detroit Walk to Freedom
4372:Tallahassee bus boycott
4293:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3527:. Lexington, Kentucky.
3521:Purnell, Brian (2013).
2388:, were murdered by the
2020:Spottswood Robinson III
1658:Reparations for slavery
746:Back-to-Africa movement
645:Black Hebrew Israelites
523:African-American beauty
8553:Spingarn Medal winners
8042:States and territories
7813:Black NFL quarterbacks
7313:Martin Luther King Jr.
6845:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6784:Montgomery bus boycott
6610:Movement photographers
5852:Bernice Johnson Reagon
5572:Martin Luther King Sr.
5567:Martin Luther King Jr.
5137:William Holmes Borders
4909:Highlander Folk School
4799:Poor People's Campaign
4652:St. Augustine movement
4502:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4425:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4396:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
4358:Montgomery bus boycott
3322:Zinn Education Project
2565:
2538:National Film Registry
2519:Martin Luther King Jr.
2480:Harlem Chapter of CORE
2317:Martin Luther King Jr.
2308:
2259:Martin Luther King Jr.
2225:Chicago Public Schools
2118:
1970:
1874:Krishnalal Shridharani
1128:Dialects and languages
288:Second Great Migration
7863:Athletic associations
7798:Negro league baseball
7569:African-American Jews
7288:Ketanji Brown Jackson
7253:Henry Highland Garnet
7112:Negro National Anthem
6862:George Floyd protests
6827:Post–civil rights era
6445:Civil Rights Memorial
6333:Bethel Baptist Church
5982:Charles Kenzie Steele
5427:Audrey Faye Hendricks
5332:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5312:Patricia Stephens Due
5282:Abraham Lincoln Davis
5217:Colia Lafayette Clark
4971:Operation Breadbasket
4966:National Urban League
4713:Katzenbach v. McClung
4581:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
4234:Civil rights movement
3925:Hilary Bainemigisha,
3575:Rich, Marvin (1965).
3458:Wendt, Simon (2004).
3419:on February 16, 2007.
3061:Encyclopedia Virginia
2638:(OAU) as a delegate.
2588:political positions.
2551:
2463:on November 5, 1917.
2298:
2116:
2098:In the early 1960's,
1964:
1923:school segregation. "
1890:British colonial rule
1880:—and whose 1939 book
1870:nonviolent resistance
1806:civil rights movement
1540:US metropolitan areas
1367:List of neighborhoods
981:Alabama Creole people
971:African-American Jews
903:Negro league baseball
866:National Urban League
818:Civic/economic groups
650:African-American Jews
540:African-American hair
402:, after the Civil War
231:Post–civil rights era
8070:Afro-Seminole Creole
7596:Azusa Street Revival
7468:Booker T. Washington
6992:Underground Railroad
6857:Free people of color
6711:Atlantic slave trade
6490:other King memorials
6465:Freedom Rides Museum
6402:1960s counterculture
6353:Edmund Pettus Bridge
6032:Walter Francis White
5937:Alexander D. Shimkin
4451:New Year's Day March
4420:Ministers' Manifesto
4267:Executive Order 9981
3886:. Key Porter Books.
2768:Creighton University
2748:United States portal
2275:Sadie Sawyer Hughley
2269:Desegregating Durham
2185:improve this article
1882:War Without Violence
1857:as a tactic against
1839:Elsie Bernice Fisher
1821:CORE was founded in
1697:Criminal stereotypes
1472:District of Columbia
1189:Afro-Seminole Creole
631:Non-Christian groups
226:Black power movement
190:during the Civil War
159:Atlantic slave trade
8465:Trinidad and Tobago
8080:Black American Sign
7907:By African descent
7901:Ethnic subdivisions
7888:Southwestern (SWAC)
7803:Baseball color line
7718:Black Panther Party
7622:Political movements
7539:in computer science
7198:Carol Moseley Braun
6987:Tulsa race massacre
6980:Treatment of slaves
6812:March on Washington
6807:Birmingham movement
6228:Mary McLeod Bethune
6189:Sermon on the Mount
6156:"We Shall Overcome"
5737:William Lewis Moore
5517:Frank Minis Johnson
5492:Richie Jean Jackson
5447:Donald L. Hollowell
5252:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
5057:Gwendolyn Armstrong
5052:William G. Anderson
5032:Victoria Gray Adams
4996:The Freedom Singers
4850:Black Panther Party
4635:March on Washington
4548:Garner v. Louisiana
4509:Boynton v. Virginia
3691:. 18 December 2013.
3502:snaccooperative.org
3398:Meier and Rudwick,
3244:Meier and Rudwick,
3165:Meier and Rudwick,
2982:Meyer and Rudwick,
2953:Meier and Rudwick,
2777:New York Foundation
2486:Columbia University
2291:March on Washington
2285:March on Washington
1967:Birmingham bombings
1915:campaigns opposed "
1835:George Mills Houser
1093:Sierra Leone Creole
1054:Specific ancestries
939:Southwestern (SWAC)
462:Black History Month
293:New Great Migration
247:Agriculture history
28:
8708:COINTELPRO targets
8563:US representatives
8558:US cabinet members
8450:Dominican Republic
8037:Metropolitan areas
7878:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
7703:Civic and economic
7681:Self-determination
7502:Education, science
7423:Fred Shuttlesworth
7403:A. Philip Randolph
7308:Coretta Scott King
7233:Frederick Douglass
7060:Harlem Renaissance
6965:Separate but equal
6955:Reconstruction era
6943:Plessy v. Ferguson
6834:Cornerstone Speech
6748:Civil Rights Acts
6731:Black Lives Matter
6706:American Civil War
6545:Michael Eric Dyson
6430:In popular culture
6313:Fifth Circuit Four
6297:Loving v. Virginia
6290:Hernandez v. Texas
6269:Buchanan v. Warley
6261:Separate but equal
6255:Plessy v. Ferguson
6218:Frederick Douglass
6052:Robert F. Williams
5962:Kelly Miller Smith
5942:Fred Shuttlesworth
5867:Frederick D. Reese
5847:George Raymond Jr.
5837:A. Philip Randolph
5817:Fay Bellamy Powell
5732:Queen Mother Moore
5617:Z. Alexander Looby
5562:Coretta Scott King
5507:Barbara Rose Johns
5487:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5412:William E. Harbour
5192:Stokely Carmichael
5107:Randolph Blackwell
4777:King assassination
4766:Loving v. Virginia
4750:March Against Fear
4730:How Long, Not Long
4608:Children's Crusade
4559:Cambridge movement
4496:Ax Handle Saturday
4461:Greensboro sit-ins
4388:Give Us the Ballot
4093:The New York Times
3792:The New York Times
3640:10.1353/jsh.0.0034
3379:www.infoplease.com
2766:, an affiliate at
2566:
2558:Doris Funnye Innis
2461:Buchanan v. Warley
2392:on June 21, 1964 (
2309:
2219:In the 1960s, the
2119:
2008:Morgan v. Virginia
1971:
1902:civil disobedience
1894:racial segregation
1859:racial segregation
1102:Sexual orientation
976:Afro-Puerto Ricans
929:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
564:Self-determination
528:Black is beautiful
194:Reconstruction era
26:
8670:
8669:
8498:African Americans
8370:Dallas–Fort Worth
7965:Black Southerners
7896:
7895:
7348:Thurgood Marshall
7318:Bernard Lafayette
6913:Million Man March
6670:African Americans
6636:
6635:
6413:Eyes on the Prize
6328:A.G. Gaston Motel
6323:Kelly Ingram Park
6283:Sweatt v. Painter
5967:Mary Louise Smith
5927:Cleveland Sellers
5912:Michael Schwerner
5877:Gloria Richardson
5657:Thurgood Marshall
5577:Bernard Lafayette
5307:John Wesley Dobbs
4821:
4820:
4540:Birmingham attack
4520:Rock Hill sit-ins
4471:Sibley Commission
4466:Nashville sit-ins
4338:Gebhart v. Belton
4324:Briggs v. Elliott
4317:Bolling v. Sharpe
4278:Sweatt v. Painter
4188:Los Angeles Times
4115:, May/June 2005,
3830:"Immigration 101"
3819:, April 22, 2003.
3817:The Village Voice
3534:978-0-8131-4184-8
3264:South Side Weekly
2940:978-1-85065-712-5
2656:in its center in
2582:black nationalism
2386:Michael Schwerner
2319:made his famous "
2301:Robert F. Kennedy
2217:
2216:
2209:
2131:Anniston, Alabama
2032:William H. Hastie
2028:Thurgood Marshall
2014:Morgan v. Virgina
2010:on June 3, 1946.
1948:black nationalist
1802:African Americans
1783:
1782:
1720:
1719:
1618:
1617:
1392:Dallas-Fort Worth
1209:
1208:
1119:
1118:
1063:Americo-Liberians
946:
945:
884:
883:
809:
808:
678:
677:
622:Womanist theology
572:
571:
514:Symbols and ideas
300:
299:
179:Antebellum period
174:Revolutionary War
129:African Americans
114:
113:
8725:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8622:Lynching victims
8121:Louisiana Creole
8092:American English
7980:Louisiana Creole
7953:Choctaw freedmen
7791:
7790:
7328:Huddie Ledbetter
7268:Fannie Lou Hamer
7238:W. E. B. Du Bois
7228:Claudette Colvin
7223:Shirley Chisholm
7040:Family structure
6908:Military history
6790:Browder v. Gayle
6663:
6656:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6627:
6626:
6590:Charles M. Payne
6575:Steven F. Lawson
6565:David Halberstam
6535:Clayborne Carson
6276:Hocutt v. Wilson
6223:W. E. B. Du Bois
6072:Sammy Younge Jr.
6057:Q. V. Williamson
6022:Wyatt Tee Walker
5887:Bernice Robinson
5832:Lincoln Ragsdale
5822:Rodney N. Powell
5717:Douglas E. Moore
5592:Sanford R. Leigh
5527:J. Charles Jones
5402:Fannie Lou Hamer
5317:Joseph Ellwanger
5277:Jonathan Daniels
5267:Claudette Colvin
5257:Annie Lee Cooper
5242:Kathleen Cleaver
5237:Eldridge Cleaver
5212:Shirley Chisholm
5102:Gloria Blackwell
4693:workers' murders
4640:"I Have a Dream"
4535:Anniston bombing
4486:Greenville Eight
4401:Little Rock Nine
4364:Browder v. Gayle
4252:
4251:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4073:Official website
4045:
4023:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3969:, May/June 2005.
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3897:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3857:. Archived from
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3826:
3820:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3415:. Archived from
3413:"Freedom Riders"
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3183:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2897:. Archived from
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2726:." In his book,
2515:Richard J. Daley
2502:Morningside Park
2327:"Freedom Summer"
2313:Lincoln Memorial
2279:Howard Johnson's
2240:Richard J. Daley
2212:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2169:
2161:
2034:. They used the
1795:African-American
1775:
1768:
1761:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1682:media depictions
1631:
1630:
1526:Population count
1222:
1221:
1156:Liberian English
1135:English dialects
1132:
1131:
1088:Samaná Americans
1013:Creoles of color
959:
958:
897:
896:
841:Black conductors
822:
821:
691:
690:
665:Louisiana Voodoo
587:
586:
332:Family structure
315:
314:
262:Military history
257:Business history
188:military history
143:
142:
116:
115:
110:
107:
73:Currently active
65:
63:
58:
38:CORE information
36:
29:
25:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8656:
8654:
8641:
8607:Historic places
8600:US state firsts
8486:
8401:
8125:
8058:
8030:2010 majorities
8025:2000 majorities
7996:
7943:Black Seminoles
7892:
7883:Southern (SIAC)
7866:
7865:and conferences
7864:
7857:
7853:Serena Williams
7848:Jackie Robinson
7782:
7706:
7704:
7697:
7617:
7584:Nation of Islam
7555:
7503:
7497:
7438:Sojourner Truth
7428:Clarence Thomas
7393:Gabriel Prosser
7293:Michael Jackson
7168:Crispus Attucks
7158:Ralph Abernathy
7146:
7102:Musical theater
7001:
6867:Great Migration
6839:COVID-19 impact
6797:Sit-in movement
6672:
6667:
6637:
6632:
6621:
6614:
6595:Thomas E. Ricks
6585:Diane McWhorter
6570:Vincent Harding
6555:Adam Fairclough
6522:
6516:
6418:
6373:Freedom Schools
6232:
6165:
6113:
6107:
6098:Omaha, Nebraska
6086:
6002:Hartman Turnbow
5992:Dorothy Tillman
5952:Glenn E. Smiley
5932:Charles Sherrod
5892:Jo Ann Robinson
5767:Charles Neblett
5757:Elijah Muhammad
5722:Harriette Moore
5682:Floyd McKissick
5667:Franklin McCain
5602:Stanley Levison
5467:T. R. M. Howard
5417:Vincent Harding
5347:Walter Fauntroy
5232:Xernona Clayton
5182:John H. Calhoun
5167:Aurelia Browder
5157:Stanley Branche
5152:Raylawni Branch
5132:Joseph E. Boone
5117:Ezell Blair Jr.
5112:Unita Blackwell
5087:Harry Belafonte
5027:Ralph Abernathy
5015:
4951:Nation of Islam
4827:
4817:
4656:
4613:Birmingham riot
4554:Albany Movement
4476:Atlanta sit-ins
4456:Sit-in movement
4439:
4435:Biloxi wade-ins
4407:Cooper v. Aaron
4297:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4170:
4067:
4042:
4034:. Arbor House.
4020:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3894:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3811:Charles, Nick,
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3675:Chicago Tribune
3667:
3663:
3620:
3616:
3573:
3564:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3456:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3373:
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3368:
3353:
3339:
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3316:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3266:
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3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
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3173:
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3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3008:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2967:Sudarshan Kapur
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2914:Homes, George.
2913:
2909:
2904:on May 5, 2010.
2901:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2870:
2856:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2757:Louisiana Diary
2746:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2702:
2675:
2666:
2654:American Civics
2624:William Tolbert
2574:Floyd McKissick
2552:CORE President
2546:
2510:
2482:
2473:
2451:
2446:
2425:
2405:
2373:Freedom Schools
2341:(SNCC) and the
2335:
2329:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2182:
2170:
2159:
2096:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2016:
2000:
1956:Floyd McKissick
1868:'s support for
1819:
1814:
1779:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1672:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1559:
1521:
1497:Omaha, Nebraska
1462:Historic places
1456:
1348:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1170:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1097:
1049:
991:Black Seminoles
956:
955:Sub-communities
948:
947:
934:Southern (SIAC)
894:
886:
885:
880:
835:
819:
811:
810:
805:
722:
688:
680:
679:
674:
660:Nation of Islam
626:
603:
584:
574:
573:
568:
509:
476:
443:
415:
376:
352:Musical theater
312:
302:
301:
283:Great Migration
140:
104:
96:, United States
61:
59:
56:
39:
24:
17:
12:
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8720:
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8609:
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8602:
8597:
8592:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8573:Visual artists
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8533:Mathematicians
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8483:
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8467:
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8400:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
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8367:
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8352:
8350:South Carolina
8347:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8320:North Carolina
8317:
8316:
8315:
8305:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8265:Massachusetts
8263:
8262:
8261:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8107:social context
8104:
8094:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7958:Creek Freedmen
7955:
7950:
7945:
7935:
7933:Alabama Creole
7930:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7873:Central (CIAA)
7869:
7867:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7666:Pan-Africanism
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7608:Black theology
7605:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7549:in STEM fields
7546:
7541:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7504:and technology
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7443:Harriet Tubman
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7373:Michelle Obama
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7303:Barbara Jordan
7300:
7298:Harriet Jacobs
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7188:Amelia Boynton
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7151:Notable people
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:LGBT community
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6939:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Freedom Riders
6799:
6794:
6786:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6746:
6741:
6733:
6728:
6726:Black genocide
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6634:
6633:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6605:Akinyele Umoja
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6194:Mahatma Gandhi
6191:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6103:South Carolina
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:Hosea Williams
6039:
6034:
6029:
6027:Hollis Watkins
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5957:A. Maceo Smith
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:Bernie Sanders
5904:
5899:
5897:Angela Russell
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:David Richmond
5879:
5874:
5872:Walter Reuther
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Cordell Reagon
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:George Raymond
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:Charles Person
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5772:Huey P. Newton
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5727:Harry T. Moore
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Cecil B. Moore
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5692:James Meredith
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Clarence Jones
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5462:Zilphia Horton
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5432:Lola Hendricks
5429:
5424:
5422:Dorothy Height
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Lawrence Guyot
5389:
5384:
5382:Jack Greenberg
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Andrew Goodman
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5292:Joseph DeLaine
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:Dorothy Cotton
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5207:J. L. Chestnut
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:Amelia Boynton
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Arnold Aronson
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4688:Freedom Summer
4685:
4680:
4678:Bloody Tuesday
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4181:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4150:
4147:CORE Documents
4144:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4109:Chris Mooney,
4107:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4065:External links
4063:
4062:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4024:
4018:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3971:
3955:
3931:
3918:
3893:978-1554701919
3892:
3871:
3846:
3821:
3804:
3778:
3766:
3752:
3737:
3719:
3694:
3680:
3669:James, Frank.
3661:
3634:(4): 967–996.
3614:
3562:
3533:
3513:
3489:
3470:(3): 261–270.
3447:
3422:
3404:
3402:, pp. 269–281.
3391:
3366:
3351:
3333:
3309:
3297:K12 LibreTexts
3284:
3275:
3250:
3248:, pp. 135–145.
3237:
3225:
3204:10.2307/273469
3171:
3155:
3140:
3119:
3098:10.2307/273469
3092:(3): 213–214.
3072:
3045:
3034:www.sutori.com
3021:
3006:
2988:
2986:, pp. 374–408.
2975:
2959:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2907:
2892:"This is CORE"
2883:
2868:
2847:
2832:
2807:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2735:
2732:
2718:manufacturer)
2701:
2698:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2616:Julius Nyerere
2545:
2542:
2509:
2506:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2424:
2421:
2404:
2401:
2382:Andrew Goodman
2333:Freedom Summer
2331:Main article:
2328:
2325:
2321:I Have a Dream
2289:Main article:
2286:
2283:
2270:
2267:
2215:
2214:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2135:Freedom Riders
2095:
2092:
2076:North Carolina
2059:
2056:
2053:Freedom Riders
2051:Main article:
2048:
2045:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1996:
1988:South Carolina
1866:Mahatma Gandhi
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Black genocide
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:US communities
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:South Carolina
1504:
1502:North Carolina
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
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1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:South Carolina
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:North Carolina
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:Samaná English
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1111:LGBT community
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Creek Freedmen
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:Carmel Indians
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
983:
978:
973:
967:
964:
963:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
944:
943:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Central (CIAA)
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:
905:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
830:
827:
826:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Pan-Africanism
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
699:
696:
695:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
617:Black theology
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
602:
601:
595:
592:
591:
585:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
569:
567:
566:
561:
554:
549:
548:
547:
537:
532:
531:
530:
519:
516:
515:
511:
510:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
483:
482:
481:Economic class
478:
477:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
425:
422:
421:
420:Academic study
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
375:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
320:
319:
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
272:
271:
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269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
202:
201:
191:
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176:
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166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8730:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8632:Neighborhoods
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8595:Sports firsts
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8398:
8397:West Virginia
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8334:Pennsylvania
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8314:
8313:New York City
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8157:San Francisco
8155:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8130:By state/city
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8075:American Sign
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8008:Neighborhoods
8006:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7938:Black Indians
7936:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7860:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:Black schools
7514:
7512:
7511:Black studies
7509:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7493:Whitney Young
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7483:Oprah Winfrey
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7453:Denmark Vesey
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7398:Joseph Rainey
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:Toni Morrison
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7338:Joseph Lowery
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Jesse Jackson
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Kamala Harris
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:Marcus Garvey
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7208:Blanche Bruce
7206:
7204:
7203:Edward Brooke
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:James Bradley
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:James Baldwin
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7117:Neighborhoods
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6970:Silent Parade
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Jim Crow laws
6896:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:Black cowboys
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Timothy Tyson
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6530:Taylor Branch
6528:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Freedom songs
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Jim Crow laws
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:"Oh, Freedom"
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Whitney Young
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Kale Williams
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:Albert Turner
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:A. P. Tureaud
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:Bayard Rustin
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:William Moyer
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Joseph McNeil
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Charles McDew
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Benjamin Mays
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Vivian Malone
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Joseph Lowery
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Clyde Kennard
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Vernon Jordan
5535:
5533:
5532:Matthew Jones
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:T. J. Jemison
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Jesse Jackson
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Robert Graetz
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Golden Frinks
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Charles Evers
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Vernon Dahmer
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Septima Clark
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Bruce Boynton
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:James Baldwin
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Mathew Ahmann
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4939:Youth Council
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:Freedom Rides
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:Prior to 1954
4253:
4250:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:"Black Gold?"
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:Harambee City
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4041:9780877956242
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:Farmer, James
4025:
4021:
4019:9780252005671
4015:
4011:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3861:on 2010-05-03
3860:
3856:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3738:9781610756013
3734:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:9780807856000
3348:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3233:Freedom Rides
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3141:9781610756013
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3007:9781610756013
3003:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2869:9781610756013
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:DePorres Club
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Jomo Kenyatta
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2562:Jomo Kenyatta
2559:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2441:
2439:
2438:Jim Crow Laws
2433:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2359:Atlantic City
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:By 1966, the
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2174:This section
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2047:Freedom Rides
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:direct action
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Bayard Rustin
1844:
1843:Homer A. Jack
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:Minstrel show
1710:
1708:
1707:Magical Negro
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:West Virginia
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:San Francisco
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:New York City
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Nova Scotians
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:Black Indians
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
965:
961:
960:
952:
951:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:HBCU (HBCUAC)
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
910:
909:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:
890:
889:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
832:
831:
829:
828:
825:Organizations
824:
823:
815:
814:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
730:
726:
725:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
697:
694:Organizations
693:
692:
684:
683:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
635:
634:
630:
629:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
612:
611:
607:
606:
600:
597:
596:
594:
593:
589:
588:
583:
578:
577:
565:
562:
559:
555:
553:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
520:
518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
485:
484:
480:
479:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
452:
451:
447:
446:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
424:
423:
419:
418:
412:
409:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
385:
384:
380:
379:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:Neighborhoods
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
322:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
305:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
274:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
109:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
8548:Sportspeople
8518:Billionaires
8435:Sierra Leone
8338:Philadelphia
8174:Jacksonville
8001:Demographics
7833:Jack Johnson
7823:Muhammad Ali
7722:
7656:Conservatism
7591:Black church
7488:Andrew Young
7473:Ida B. Wells
7463:David Walker
7458:C. T. Vivian
7413:Paul Robeson
7408:Hiram Revels
7388:Colin Powell
7368:Barack Obama
7323:James Lawson
7278:Jimi Hendrix
7248:James Farmer
7243:Medgar Evers
7213:Ralph Bunche
7163:Maya Angelou
7137:Middle class
7015:Afrofuturism
6941:
6929:
6922:
6843:
6788:
6735:
6701:Afrocentrism
6691:Abolitionism
6620:
6560:David Garrow
6540:John Dittmer
6411:
6338:Brown Chapel
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6253:
6210:
6062:Andrew Young
6017:A. T. Walden
6012:C. T. Vivian
5972:Maxine Smith
5807:Homer Plessy
5787:James Orange
5742:Irene Morgan
5697:William Ming
5677:Ralph McGill
5612:Viola Liuzzo
5597:Jim Letherer
5582:James Lawson
5512:Vernon Johns
5502:Esau Jenkins
5457:Myles Horton
5407:Fred Hampton
5397:Prathia Hall
5387:Dick Gregory
5357:Marie Foster
5352:James Forman
5342:James Farmer
5327:Medgar Evers
5287:Angela Davis
5222:Ramsey Clark
5202:James Chaney
5197:Johnnie Carr
5177:Ralph Bunche
5172:H. Rap Brown
5162:Ruby Bridges
5122:Joanne Bland
5097:Claude Black
5077:Marion Barry
5047:Muhammad Ali
4874:
4859:
4810:
4803:
4764:
4742:
4711:
4704:
4546:
4507:
4500:
4430:Kissing Case
4405:
4362:
4345:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4284:
4276:
4186:
4112:Mother Jones
4110:
4092:
4049:
4031:
4009:
3990:November 10,
3988:. Retrieved
3985:Mother Jones
3984:
3974:
3967:Mother Jones
3966:
3958:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3905:
3883:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3833:
3824:
3816:
3807:
3797:December 13,
3795:. Retrieved
3791:
3781:
3769:
3755:
3728:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3703:"CORE Facts"
3697:
3683:
3674:
3664:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3584:
3580:
3523:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:
3492:
3467:
3463:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3425:
3417:the original
3407:
3399:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:
3369:
3342:
3336:
3325:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3301:. Retrieved
3299:. 2020-08-30
3296:
3287:
3278:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3228:
3195:
3191:
3169:, pp. 33–39.
3166:
3131:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3024:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2929:
2922:
2910:
2899:the original
2886:
2859:
2841:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2795:
2755:
2727:
2714:Mother Jones
2712:
2710:
2706:James Farmer
2703:
2677:CORE has an
2676:
2667:
2643:
2640:
2601:
2590:
2586:conservative
2567:
2533:Cicero March
2531:
2511:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2452:
2434:
2426:
2416:James Farmer
2413:
2406:
2393:
2390:Ku Klux Klan
2378:James Chaney
2371:
2363:
2336:
2310:
2307:in June 1963
2272:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2194:
2183:Please help
2178:verification
2175:
2151:civil rights
2120:
2108:Freedom Ride
2100:James Farmer
2097:
2088:
2061:
2041:
2017:
2004:Irene Morgan
2001:
1998:Irene Morgan
1972:
1940:Ku Klux Klan
1929:
1906:
1881:
1863:
1820:
1798:civil rights
1790:
1786:
1784:
1610:Sierra Leone
1442:Philadelphia
1412:Jacksonville
1008:Brass Ankles
761:Conservatism
736:Afrocentrism
708:Joint Center
599:Black church
590:Institutions
505:Billionaires
495:Middle class
448:Celebrations
411:Fraternities
86:Headquarters
70:Legal status
44:Abbreviation
8568:US senators
8538:Republicans
8523:Journalists
8380:San Antonio
8345:Puerto Rico
8286:Mississippi
8179:Tallahassee
8152:Los Angeles
7843:Jesse Owens
7828:Arthur Ashe
7686:Nationalism
7676:Raised fist
7639:Black power
7544:in medicine
7478:Roy Wilkins
7433:Emmett Till
7418:Al Sharpton
7183:Julian Bond
7178:James Bevel
7142:Upper class
7132:Stereotypes
7025:Black mecca
6937:Plantations
6716:Black Codes
6580:Doug McAdam
6550:Chuck Fager
6177:Nonviolence
6082:James Zwerg
6077:Bob Zellner
6037:Roy Wilkins
5987:Hank Thomas
5922:Pete Seeger
5917:Bobby Seale
5782:Jack O'Dell
5777:Edgar Nixon
5707:Amzie Moore
5702:Jack Minnis
5642:Mae Mallory
5627:Clara Luper
5587:Bernard Lee
5477:Cecil Ivory
5472:Ruby Hurley
5442:Oliver Hill
5437:Aaron Henry
5337:Chuck Fager
5297:Dave Dennis
5187:Guy Carawan
5127:Julian Bond
5092:James Bevel
5082:Daisy Bates
4353:Emmett Till
4236:(1954–1968)
3587:: 113–118.
3435:HISTORY.com
2957:, pp. 3–23.
2694:think tanks
2691:libertarian
2570:Black Power
2523:James Bevel
2498:Vietnam War
1980:Mississippi
1952:Black Power
1909:trade union
1855:nonviolence
1678:Stereotypes
1605:Nova Scotia
1487:Mississippi
1447:San Antonio
1427:Los Angeles
1362:Black mecca
1289:Mississippi
1196:Negro Dutch
1018:Dominickers
962:Multiethnic
871:TransAfrica
781:Nationalism
751:Black power
535:Black pride
500:Upper class
199:Politicians
8677:Categories
8513:Astronauts
8303:New Jersey
8147:California
7651:Capitalism
7448:Nat Turner
7378:Rosa Parks
7363:Diane Nash
7333:John Lewis
7122:Newspapers
7092:Literature
7077:Juneteenth
7030:Businesses
6884:Exodusters
6852:Free Negro
6523:historians
6204:Satyagraha
6170:Influences
5862:James Reeb
5797:James Peck
5792:Rosa Parks
5762:Diane Nash
5632:Danny Lyon
5607:John Lewis
5552:A. D. King
5452:James Hood
5067:Ella Baker
5037:Zev Aelony
4121:ExxonMobil
4058:1682260186
4002:References
3949:2022-05-25
3911:22 January
3865:2023-12-20
3507:2023-04-19
3327:2023-07-04
3303:2023-07-04
3269:2022-05-18
3198:(3): 217.
3066:2024-04-26
3039:2022-05-25
2724:ExxonMobil
2597:COINTELPRO
2544:Since 1966
2430:World Fair
2367:Head Start
2323:" speech.
2149:and other
2143:Montgomery
2139:Birmingham
2064:James Peck
1878:Salt March
1244:California
1218:Population
791:Patriotism
776:Liberalism
756:Capitalism
727:Ideologies
608:Theologies
467:Juneteenth
439:Literature
367:Newspapers
275:Migrations
206:Juneteenth
8627:Monuments
8503:Activists
8355:Tennessee
8275:Michigan
8259:Baltimore
8249:Louisiana
8242:Lexington
8225:Davenport
8164:Cleveland
8063:Languages
7992:Melungeon
7970:Blaxicans
7838:Joe Louis
7693:Socialism
7629:Anarchism
7358:Bob Moses
7343:Malcolm X
7263:Fred Gray
7127:Soul food
7065:New Negro
7050:Folktales
6960:Redlining
6182:Padayatra
6131:"Kumbaya"
6091:By region
5747:Bob Moses
5652:Bob Mants
5637:Malcolm X
5557:C.B. King
5377:Fred Gray
5020:Activists
4661:1964–1968
4444:1960–1963
4302:1954–1959
3747:973832475
3656:143074793
3648:0022-4529
3601:0002-7162
3551:cite book
3543:842972115
3476:0024-6816
3212:0031-8906
3150:973832475
3106:0031-8906
3016:973832475
2878:973832475
2700:Criticism
2664:Geography
2578:Roy Innis
2572:advocate
2554:Roy Innis
2540:in 2013.
2409:Louisiana
2257:, led by
2080:Tennessee
2002:In 1944,
1976:Louisiana
1944:Louisiana
1702:Hollywood
1692:Blackface
1627:Prejudice
1545:US cities
1422:Lexington
1397:Davenport
1377:Baltimore
1353:US cities
1329:Tennessee
1279:Louisiana
1225:US states
1033:Melungeon
1003:Blaxicans
801:Socialism
766:Garveyism
741:Anarchism
545:Good hair
372:Soul food
342:Folktales
90:Las Vegas
52:Formation
8650:Category
8441:America
8407:Diaspora
8392:Virginia
8325:Oklahoma
8308:New York
8291:Nebraska
8254:Maryland
8237:Kentucky
8203:Illinois
8142:Arkansas
8047:Illinois
7985:of color
7671:Populism
7644:Movement
7561:Religion
6903:Lynching
6686:Timeline
6112:Movement
5542:Tom Kahn
4826:Activist
4246:timeline
4168:Archives
4119:- CORE,
4030:(1985).
3906:The Tyee
3361:65183735
3030:"Sutori"
2734:See also
2720:Monsanto
2632:Idi Amin
2612:Tanzania
2197:May 2012
2127:violence
2084:Kentucky
2072:Virginia
2070:through
2043:system.
2026:lawyers
1992:Kentucky
1925:Jim Crow
1921:de facto
1917:Jim Crow
1900:through
1888:against
1817:Founding
1793:) is an
1742:Category
1565:Diaspora
1492:Missouri
1417:Kentucky
1344:Virginia
1314:Oklahoma
1299:New York
1294:Nebraska
1284:Maryland
1259:Illinois
1239:Arkansas
1078:Merikins
1023:Freedmen
996:Mascogos
796:Populism
687:Politics
582:Religion
552:Stepping
318:Lifeways
154:Timeline
121:a series
119:Part of
8578:Writers
8543:Singers
8528:Jurists
8476:Europe
8430:Liberia
8375:Houston
8279:Detroit
8215:Indiana
8208:Chicago
8191:Atlanta
8186:Georgia
8169:Florida
8137:Alabama
8087:English
7661:Leftism
7531:Museums
7082:Kwanzaa
7007:Culture
6975:Slavery
6678:History
6237:Related
5827:Al Raby
4782:funeral
4645:Big Six
3839:May 26,
3712:May 26,
3609:1035898
3484:4234031
3440:May 31,
3384:May 31,
2825:May 23,
2683:malaria
2679:African
2650:English
2620:Liberia
2564:(left).
2527:Al Raby
2494:Mau Mau
2221:Chicago
1984:Florida
1823:Chicago
1812:History
1804:in the
1600:Liberia
1482:Georgia
1477:Florida
1407:Houston
1402:Detroit
1387:Chicago
1372:Atlanta
1264:Indiana
1254:Georgia
1249:Florida
1234:Alabama
1166:Tutnese
1045:Redbone
771:Leftism
472:Kwanzaa
429:Studies
381:Schools
310:Culture
239:Aspects
184:Slavery
146:Periods
138:History
101:Website
78:Purpose
60: (
8590:Mayors
8508:Actors
8480:France
8472:Israel
8460:Mexico
8445:Canada
8420:Gambia
8415:Africa
8365:Austin
8330:Oregon
8269:Boston
8232:Kansas
8198:Hawaii
8116:Gullah
7926:Yoruba
7916:Gullah
7787:Sports
7705:groups
7535:Women
7072:Hoodoo
6946:(1896)
6872:Second
6848:(1857)
6793:(1956)
6740:(1954)
6423:Legacy
6199:Ahimsa
4828:groups
4289:(1950)
4281:(1950)
4242:Events
4056:
4038:
4016:
3890:
3745:
3735:
3654:
3646:
3607:
3599:
3541:
3531:
3482:
3474:
3359:
3349:
3220:273469
3218:
3210:
3192:Phylon
3148:
3138:
3114:273469
3112:
3104:
3086:Phylon
3014:
3004:
2937:
2876:
2866:
2658:Nevada
2628:Uganda
2261:, the
2242:, the
2082:, and
1990:, and
1936:racist
1634:Racism
1595:Israel
1585:France
1580:Canada
1575:Africa
1382:Boston
1319:Oregon
1274:Kansas
1184:Gullah
1073:Gullah
893:Sports
640:Hoodoo
94:Nevada
8491:Lists
8455:Haiti
8425:Ghana
8360:Texas
8296:Omaha
7574:Islam
7107:Names
7097:Music
7035:Dance
6521:Noted
6114:songs
4934:NAACP
4787:riots
4160:from
3652:S2CID
3605:JSTOR
3480:JSTOR
3216:JSTOR
3110:JSTOR
2902:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2788:Notes
2772:Omaha
2604:Kenya
2456:NAACP
2129:. In
2123:South
2024:NAACP
1942:, in
1747:Index
1590:Ghana
1512:Texas
1437:Omaha
1334:Texas
846:NAACP
357:Names
347:Music
327:Dance
8387:Utah
8220:Iowa
8052:Ohio
8013:list
7921:Igbo
7911:Fula
7055:Hair
7045:Film
6762:1968
6752:1964
4054:ISBN
4036:ISBN
4014:ISBN
3992:2009
3913:2010
3888:ISBN
3841:2016
3799:2007
3743:OCLC
3733:ISBN
3714:2016
3644:ISSN
3597:ISSN
3557:link
3539:OCLC
3529:ISBN
3472:ISSN
3442:2017
3400:CORE
3386:2017
3357:OCLC
3347:ISBN
3246:CORE
3208:ISSN
3167:CORE
3146:OCLC
3136:ISBN
3102:ISSN
3012:OCLC
3002:ISBN
2984:CORE
2955:CORE
2935:ISBN
2874:OCLC
2864:ISBN
2827:2022
2652:and
2626:and
2595:'s "
2591:The
2384:and
2141:and
2030:and
1896:and
1791:CORE
1785:The
1680:and
1339:Utah
1309:Ohio
1269:Iowa
876:UNCF
337:Film
186:and
108:.org
62:1942
55:1942
47:CORE
7020:Art
6877:New
3636:doi
3589:doi
3585:357
3200:doi
3094:doi
2770:in
2687:DDT
2630:'s
2622:’s
2614:’s
2606:’s
2593:FBI
2488:'s
2394:see
2357:in
2187:by
2137:in
2110:.
434:Art
8679::
6891:/
4195:,
3983:.
3965:,
3942:.
3904:.
3874:^
3832:.
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3790:.
3741:.
3705:.
3673:.
3650:.
3642:.
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1986:,
1982:,
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