Conservation movement

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conservation efforts and holds them accountable for their direct effects on its preservation. While conservation-far drills visuals and sight as being the main interaction medium between people and the environment, conservation near includes a hands-on, full sensory experience permitted by conservation-near methodologies. An emphasis on observation only stems from a deeper association with intellect and observation. The alternative to this is more of a bodily or "primitive" consciousness, which is associated with lower-intelligence and people of color. A new, integrated approach to conservation is being investigated in recent years by institutions such as WWF. The socionatural relationships centered on the interactions based in reciprocity and empathy, making conservation efforts being accountable to the local community and ways of life, changing in response to values, ideals, and beliefs of the locals. Japanese seascapes are often integral to the identity of the residents and includes historical memories and spiritual engagements which need to be recognized and considered. The involvement of communities gives residents a stake in the issue, leading to a long-term solution which emphasizes sustainable resource usage and the empowerment of the communities. Conservation efforts are able to take into consideration cultural values rather than the foreign ideals that are often imposed by foreign activists.

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radical theory as it focuses on the structural political-economy of modern nation states and the need to create structural change. Convivial conservation creates a more integrated approach which reconfigures the nature-human configuration to create a world in which humans are recognized as a part of nature. The emphasis on nature as for and by humans creates a human responsibility to care for the environment as a way of caring for themselves. It also redefines nature as not only being pristine and untouched, but cultivated by humans in everyday formats. The theory is a long-term process of structural change to move away from capitalist valuation in favor of a system emphasizing everyday and local living. Convivial conservation creates a nature which includes humans rather than excluding them from the necessity of conservation. While other conservation theories integrate some of the elements of convivial conservation, none move away from both dichotomies and capitalist valuation principles.

2098: 1235:, were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market forces, including logging and hunting. This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt believed that the laissez-faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the 1474:, was a well known American eugenicist and conservationist. Grant worked alongside Roosevelt in the American conservation movement and was even secretary and president of the Boone and Crockett Club. In 1916, Grant published the book "The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History", which based its premise on eugenics and outlined a hierarchy of races, with white, "Nordic" men at the top, and all other races below. The German translation of this book was used by Nazi Germany as the source for many of their beliefs and was even proclaimed by Hitler to be his "Bible". 1369: 6298: 2026: 1511: 2062: 750: 1069: 7159: 5185: 2122: 1986:

participation by local hunters who perform self-monitoring techniques and keep records of their hunts. The information obtained by the hunters participating in the program has provided CABI with important data required to make educated decisions about the use of the land. Hunters have been willing participants in this program because of pride in their traditional activities, encouragement by their communities and expectations of benefits to the area.

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Sea Near: Satoumi and Coral Reef Conservation in Okinawa", expands on this approach, called "conservation far", in which access to lands is open to external foreign entities, such as researchers or tourists, but prohibited to local populations. The conservation initiatives are therefore taking place "far" away. This entity is largely unaware of the customs and values held by those within the territory surrounding nature and their role within it.

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were overtaking the wilderness and threatening the native plants and animals were also consuming and threatening the racial vigor that they believed white Americans held which made them superior. Roosevelt was a big believer that white male virility depended on wildlife for its vigor, and that, consequently, depleting wildlife would result in a racially weaker nation. This lead Roosevelt to support the passing of many immigration restrictions,

2074: 1155: 2007:, the first area to be set aside by tribal people rather than governmental forces. Moremi National Park is home to a variety of wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, buffalo, zebra, cheetahs and antelope, and covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers. Most of the groups involved with establishing this protected land were involved with hunting and were motivated by their personal observations of declining wildlife and habitat. 2110: 5197: 876: 2086: 2038: 1953:

decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest (it causes flooding). In Cree lands, however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics.

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Democrats from the Coastal states. Conservatives drew on new organizational networks of think tanks, industry groups, and citizen-oriented organizations, and they began to deploy new strategies that affirmed the rights of individuals to their property, protection of extraction rights, to hunt and recreate, and to pursue happiness unencumbered by the federal government at the expense of resource conservation.

1920: 2050: 1293: 1528: 1389:. The debates over the public lands and environmental politics played a supporting role in the decline of liberalism and the rise of modern environmentalism. Although Americans consistently rank environmental issues as "important", polling data indicates that in the voting booth voters rank the environmental issues low relative to other political concerns. 1481:. Founded in 1905, its priority was to protect and conserve various waterbird species. However, the first state-level Audubon group was created in 1896 by Harriet Hemenway and Minna B. Hall to convince women to refrain from buying hats made with bird feathers- a common practice at the time. The organization is named after 1556:(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications) and its responsible for many conservation efforts in Costa Rica it achieves through its many agencies, including SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas), FONAFIFO (national forest fund), and CONAGEBIO (National Commission for Biodiversity Management). 2002:

The FPS promotes habitat conservation and provides local education for preservation of wildlife. Conservation initiatives were met with strong opposition from the Botswana government because of the monies tied to big-game hunting. In 1963, BaTawanga Chiefs and tribal hunter/adventurers in conjunction

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and or practitioner experience often disregarding other forms of evidence of successes and failures (e.g. scientific information). This has led to costly and poor outcomes. Evidence-based conservation provides access to information that will support decision making through an evidence-based framework

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combined hosting over 500,000 species of plants and animals. Despite this, Costa Rica is only 250 miles long and 150 miles wide. A widely accepted theory for the origin of this unusual density of species is the free mixing of species from both North and South America occurring on this "inter-oceanic"

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While Theodore Roosevelt was one of the leading activists for the conservation movement in the United States, he also believed that the threats to the natural world were equally threats to white Americans. Roosevelt and his contemporaries held the belief that the cities, industries and factories that

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and structural change to create a post-capitalist approach to conservation. Convivial conservation rejects both human-nature dichotomies and capitalistic political economies. Built on a politics of equity, structural change and environmental justice, convivial conservation is considered a

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tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system, in which Karen villagers provided labor for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. After seven years in Burma, Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation

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Institutions such as the WWF have historically been the cause of the displacement and divide between Indigenous populations and the lands they inhabit. The reason is the organization's historically colonial, paternalistic, and neoliberal approaches to conservation. Claus, in her article "Drawing the

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It is also the only country in the world that generates more than 99% of its electricity from renewable sources, relying on hydropower (72%), wind (13%), geothermal energy (15%), biomass and solar (1%). Critics have pointed out however, that in achieving this milestone, the country has built several

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legislations and wildlife preservation laws. For instance, Roosevelt established the first national parks through the Antiquities Act of 1906 while also endorsing the removal of Indigenous Americans from their tribal lands within the parks. This move was promoted and endorsed by other leaders of the

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for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade.) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children's books stated and still do, that the

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In Japan, the town of Shiraho had traditional ways of tending to nature that were lost due to colonization and militarization by the United States. The return to traditional sustainability practices constituted a “conservation near” approach. This engages those near in proximity to the lands in the

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The growth of the Republican party's political power in the inland West (apart from the Pacific coast) was facilitated by the rise of popular opposition to public lands reform. Successful Democrats in the inland West and Alaska typically take more conservative positions on environmental issues than

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and Yosemite Valley to the federal government. While Muir wanted nature preserved for its own sake, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot's formulation, "to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation

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The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these

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The laissez-faire position held that owners of private property, including lumber and mining companies, should be allowed to do anything they wished on their properties. Environmental protection therefore becomes their choice. Businesses are pressured somewhat by the incentive of occupational

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began lobbying for and implementing conservation practices in the 1960s. The Fauna Preservation Society of Ngamiland (FPS) was formed in 1962 by the husband and wife team: Robert Kay and June Kay, environmentalists working in conjunction with the Batawana tribes to preserve wildlife habitat.

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are issues affecting all regions of the world. The consequent destruction of wildlife habitat has prompted the creation of conservation groups in other countries, some founded by local hunters who have witnessed declining wildlife populations first hand. Also, it was highly important for the

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joined forces with CABI to institute wildlife and hunting monitoring programs in 23 Izoceño communities. The partnership combines traditional beliefs and local knowledge with the political and administrative tools needed to effectively manage habitats. The programs rely solely on voluntary

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had been appointed by McKinley as chief of Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. In 1905, his department gained control of the national forest reserves. Pinchot promoted private use (for a fee) under federal supervision. In 1907, Roosevelt designated 16 million acres

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The ideology of the conservation movement in Germany paralleled that of the U.S. and England. Early German naturalists of the 20th century turned to the wilderness to escape the industrialization of cities. However, many of these early conservationists became part of and influenced the

1568:(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications). SINAC has subdivided the country into various zones depending on the ecological diversity of that region - as seen in figure 1. The country has used this ecological diversity to its economic advantage in the form of a thriving 1981:. They are responsible for the creation of the 34,000 square kilometre Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area (KINP). The KINP protects the most biodiverse portion of the Gran Chaco, an ecoregion shared with Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In 1996, the 983:

was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in

2347:, accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming 1239:, whose members were some of the best minds and influential men of the day. Its contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America. 1559:

Costa Rica has made conservation a national priority, and has been at the forefront of preserving its natural environment with 28% of its land protected in the form of national parks, reserves, and wildlife refuges, which is under the administrative control of

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Conservation was revived in the mid-19th century, with the first practical application of scientific conservation principles to the forests of India. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the

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with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $ 1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a

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You know, when we first set up WWF, our objective was to save endangered species from extinction. But we have failed completely; we haven't managed to save a single one. If only we had put all that money into condoms, we might have done some

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ever published. Timbre resources in England were becoming dangerously depleted at the time, and Evelyn advocated the importance of conserving the forests by managing the rate of depletion and ensuring that the cut down trees get replenished.

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peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. (See

1977:, is a tribe of hunters who were influential in establishing the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Isoso (CABI). CABI promotes economic growth and survival of the Izoceno people while discouraging the rapid destruction of habitat within Bolivia's 1179:(1817–1862) made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book 1489:

tales in his books. Despite his views of racial inequality, Audubon did find black and Indigenous people to be scientifically useful, often using their local knowledge in his books and relying on them to collect specimens for him.

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and began managing the forests with measures to reduce the risk of wildfire in order to protect the "household" of nature, as it was then termed. This early ecological idea was in order to preserve the growth of delicate

936:; this pressure led to the first formal conservation Act, which prohibited the felling of small teak trees. The first forestry officer was appointed in 1806 to regulate and preserve the trees necessary for shipbuilding. 1349:, who had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in 1905 in having Congress transfer the 1280:

of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 sq mi; 930,000 km) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for

2800: 1442:, while hunting by Indigenous groups, laborers and the working class, and poor citizens - especially for the express use of sustenance - was vigorously monitored. Scholars have shown that the establishment of the 4157:

Coates, Peter. "Emerging from the Wilderness (or, from Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 407–38

1249:(1838–1914), argued that the conservation policies were not strong enough to protect the interest of the natural world because they continued to focus on the natural world as a source of economic production. 1572:, putting its commitment to nature, on display to visitors from across the globe. The tourism market in Costa Rica is estimated to grow by USD 1.34 billion from 2023 to 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.76%. 805:, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in. 1221:

preservation which requires that they not wholly destroy or consume the resources they rely upon. Said businesses need to innovate or pivot in the event that the exhaustion of a resource is imminent.

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is the application of evidence in conservation biology and environmental management actions and policy making. It is defined as systematically assessing scientific information from published,

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knowledge on a specific conservation topic. This includes assessing the current effectiveness of different management interventions, threats and emerging problems and economic factors.

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and "inter-continental" landscape. Preserving the natural environment of this fragile landscape, therefore, has drawn the attention of many international scholars and scientists.

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as a country has been heralded its champion in the current times. Costa Rica hosts an astonishing number of species, given its size, having more animal and plant species than the

2801:"U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 26, Chap. 1263, pp. 650-52. "An act to set apart certain tracts of land in the State of California as forest reservations." [H.R. 12187]" 1362: 1446:, while setting aside land for preservation, was also a continuation of preserving the land for the recreation and enjoyment of elite white hunters and nature enthusiasts. 3349:

Troëng, Sebastian; Rankin, Eddy (2005-01-01). "Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica".

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The early years of the environmental and conservation movements were rooted in the safeguarding of game to support the recreation activities of elite white men, such as

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authorised the building of many large-scale dams and water projects, as well as the expansion of the National Forest System to buy out sub-marginal farms. In 1937, the

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in the parks, which included allowing some Indigenous Americans to remain so that the tourists could get what was to be considered the full "wilderness experience".

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held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use. Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty".

1061:, became the definitive work on the subject and was widely used by forest assistants in the subcontinent. In 1861, the Forest Department extended its remit into the 6474: 2547:. Vol. v.27 (Original from Harvard University, Digitized Apr 4, 2008 ed.). Allahabad: R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester. pp. 617–623. 1116:

brought new methods to Indian conservation, the latter becoming the Inspector-General in 1883 after Brandis stepped down. Schlich helped to establish the journal

1565: 1553: 1463:, a leading eugenicist and conservationist. Furthering the economic exploitation of the environment and national parks for wealthy whites was the beginning of 836:. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of 1012:

who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state management of forests in the world.

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to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir

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In 2019, convivial conservation was an idea proposed by Bram Büscher and Robert Fletcher. Convivial conservation draws on social movements and concepts like

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put conservationist issues high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter,

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The American movement received its inspiration from 19th century works that exalted the inherent value of nature, quite apart from human usage. Author

2351:, ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first who wrote on . That honour belongs to Master 1015:

These local attempts gradually received more attention by the British government as the unregulated felling of trees continued unabated. In 1850, the

6334: 6010: 1328:, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres (930,000 km). 6582: 4198: 3096: 6577: 5859: 1815: 1787: 1498:. Like elite and influential Americans of the early 20th century, they embraced eugenics and racism and promoted the idea that Nordic people are 1575:

dams (providing the bulk of its electricity) some of which have negatively impacted indigenous communities as well as the local flora and fauna.

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Schlich, in the middle of the seated row, with students from the forestry school at Oxford, on a visit to the forests of Saxony in the year 1892

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WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The

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in 1847 and gave several lectures at the Association on the failure of agriculture in India. These lectures influenced the government under

6979: 1265:, declared that the valley must be preserved for the sake of its beauty: "No holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." 6811: 6015: 5036: 725: 3318: 2653: 7029: 5256: 4783: 2369: 7147: 6080: 5995: 3580:

Sutherland, William J; Pullin, Andrew S.; Dolman, Paul M.; Knight, Teri M. (June 2004). "The need for evidence-based conservation".

3265: 7081: 4233: 2830:* Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. 1994:

In order to discourage illegal South African hunting parties and ensure future local use and sustainability, indigenous hunters in

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Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right.

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Barca, Stefania, and Ana Delicado. "Anti-nuclear mobilisation and environmentalism in Europe: A view from Portugal (1976–1986)."

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to introduce the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to

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Concerns over teak depletion were raised as early as 1799 and 1805 when the Navy was undergoing a massive expansion during the

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The debate between conservation and preservation reached its peak in the public debates over the construction of California's

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and it is generally a conservative school of thought which aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued

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Bolaane, Maitseo. "Chiefs, Hunters & Adventurers: The Foundation of the Okavango/Moremi National Park, Botswana".

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King KFS (1968). "Agro-silviculture (the taungya system)". University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 109

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Carruthers, Jane. "Africa: Histories, Ecologies, and Societies," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 379–406;

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Evidence-based conservation was organized based on the observations that decision making in conservation was based on

1683:, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans. 7076: 6454: 6203: 5939: 5889: 4682: 3802:

Johnson, Erik W., Saito, Yoshitaka, and Nishikido, Makoto. "Organizational Demography of Japanese Environmentalism,"

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America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history

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conservation movement to solve problems of living conditions in the cities and the overpopulation of such places.

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forester, joined the British service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu division in eastern

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Green states and social movements: environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway

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and France where scientific forestry methods were developed. These methods were first applied rigorously in

848:, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Conservation is seen as differing from 7124: 6867: 6662: 6657: 6535: 6109: 5673: 5624: 5612: 5546: 5417: 4958: 4226: 3113: 1301: 1050: 771: 169: 2342:

Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet

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Forests, Peasants and Revolutionaries: Forest Conservation & Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917–1929

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Noss, Andrew and Imke Oetting. "Hunter Self-Monitoring by the Izoceño -Guarani in the Bolivian Chaco".

2344:, Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 1869: 1800: 1711: 1618: 1005: 806: 6984: 6592: 6384: 5326: 4768: 4389: 4268: 2428: 2212: 2135: 2016: 1830: 1810: 1640: 1614: 1601: 1585: 1520: 1158: 717: 4058: 943:

economics and complaints from private landowners brought these early conservation attempts to an end.

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An Unexpected Environment: National Park Creation, Resource Custodianship, and the Mexican Revolution

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The movement away from the spectacle of nature and instead focusing on the mundane ‘everyday nature’

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was signed into law, providing funding for state agencies to carry out their conservation efforts.

1325: 1277: 1191: 1113: 959: 435: 366: 2835: 2520:(Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen. 2493: 1531: 6994: 6896: 6843: 6602: 6525: 6104: 5839: 5798: 5480: 5422: 5362: 5189: 4963: 4806: 4616: 4588: 4311: 4301: 4219: 4150:

Bess, Michael, Mark Cioc, and James Sievert, "Environmental History Writing in Southern Europe,"

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Crabgrass Crucible: Suburban Nature and the Rise of Environmentalism in Twentieth-Century America

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The evidence-based approach to conservation is based on evidence-based practice which started in

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publications and texts, practitioners' experiences, independent expert assessment, and local and

1825: 1777: 1730: 1485:, a naturalist and legendary bird painter. Audubon was also a slaveholder who also included many 1459:, a leading landscape architect, conservationist, and supporter of the national park system, and 1419:

Emphasis on the long-term democratic engagement with nature rather than elite access and tourism,

1339: 1236: 1146:, and forest utilization, which became the standard and enduring textbook for forestry students. 900:

in 1662. Published as a book two years later, it was one of the most highly influential texts on

764: 390: 3914: 3173:"How Brown were the Conservationists? Naturism, Conservation, and National Socialism, 1900–1945" 7059: 7054: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6936: 6921: 6775: 6434: 6283: 6147: 5834: 5763: 5713: 5629: 5311: 5306: 5215: 5208: 5028: 4983: 4938: 4753: 4717: 4707: 4502: 4477: 4461: 4446: 4428: 2170: 1895: 1782: 1645: 1258: 1098: 1062: 880:

Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions,

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The early conservation movement evolved out of necessity to maintain natural resources such as

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The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection

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Bates, J. Leonard. "Fulfilling American Democracy: The Conservation Movement, 1907 to 1921",

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Benjamin Redekop, "Embodying the Story: The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt" in

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with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the

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Germans were prominent in the forestry administration of British India. As well as Brandis,

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Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920

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founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of

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seeks to use high quality scientific evidence to make conservation efforts more effective.

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Vanishing America : species extinction, racial peril, and the origins of conservation

8: 6916: 6891: 6884: 6806: 6728: 6449: 6439: 6409: 6218: 5793: 5778: 5688: 5465: 5003: 4886: 4881: 4626: 4545: 4364: 4344: 4334: 3273: 2569:"Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875-1927" 2352: 2262: 2222: 2217: 2160: 1675:

calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including

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Defending the master race : conservation, eugenics, and the legacy of Madison Grant

3018: 6872: 6746: 6677: 6469: 6302: 6233: 6168: 5556: 4948: 4943: 4578: 4540: 4497: 4416: 3628: 3539: 3090: 2422: 2247: 2145: 2030: 1443: 1296:

Roosevelt was a leader in conservation, fighting to end the waste of natural resources.

1269: 1228: 947: 658: 617: 552: 470: 282: 150: 80: 71: 4011:

Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985

1628:. It was formerly named the "World Wildlife Fund", which remains its official name in 801:, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect 7129: 6838: 6796: 6682: 6565: 6238: 6031: 5723: 5581: 5445: 5387: 5301: 5157: 5140: 5111: 4906: 4790: 4596: 4349: 4286: 3694: 3597: 3527: 3517: 3474: 3366: 3323: 3245: 3192: 3078: 3068: 3038: 2981: 2971: 2939: 2869: 2680: 2631: 2568: 2521: 2462: 2410: 2400: 2320: 2232: 2227: 2197: 1143: 1139: 475: 450: 90: 55: 4170:

McNeill, John R. "Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental History,"

3710:

Jones, Eric L. "The History of Natural Resource Exploitation in the Western World,"

1966: 1962: 1368: 1209:

Both conservationists and preservationists appeared in political debates during the

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which argued that people should become intimately close with nature. The ideas of

844:. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching 6587: 6278: 6268: 6213: 6173: 6152: 5978: 5773: 5551: 5526: 5496: 5296: 4916: 4826: 4811: 4677: 4642: 4451: 4099: 4047: 4034:

The Conservation Fight, From Theodore Roosevelt to the Tennessee Valley Authority

3362: 2842: 2724: 2660: 2456: 2066: 1597: 1499: 1460: 1416:

The movement away from the concept of conservation as saving only nonhuman nature

1331: 1305: 1286: 1273: 1210: 1199: 1195: 1118: 997: 951: 754: 683: 678: 598: 572: 567: 547: 485: 445: 440: 62: 44:"Conservationism" redirects here. For biological conservationism management, see 3963:

Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia

3559: 3426: 1304:, signed into law the creation of five national parks, and signed the year 1906 6617: 6243: 5906: 5824: 5748: 5576: 5511: 5397: 4841: 4758: 4692: 4687: 4406: 4384: 4319: 4242: 3997:

Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics

3949:

An Environmental History of Great Britain: From 10,000 Years Ago to the Present

3593: 2935: 2237: 2078: 2042: 1477:

One of the first established conservation agencies in the United States is the

1435: 1350: 1042: 933: 917: 480: 430: 371: 237: 217: 3719:

Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century

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in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of

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With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

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Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia

2414: 1537:

Although the conservation movement developed in Europe in the 18th century,

1357:

Theodore Roosevelt's view on conservationism remained dominant for decades;

1276:

and was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He encouraged the

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The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945

4051: 3940:

Jehlicka, Petr. "Environmentalism in Europe: an east-west comparison." in

3904:

Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933)

3852:

From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492

3691:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

3513:

Drawing the sea near : Satoumi and coral reef conservation in Okinawa

2855: 1425:

The democratic management of nature, with nature as commons and in context

5753: 5602: 5586: 5521: 5470: 4702: 4697: 4662: 4525: 4177:

Robin, Libby, and Tom Griffiths, "Environmental History in Australasia,"

3833: 2865: 2394: 2337: 1949: 1873: 1754: 1439: 1335:(65,000 km) of new national forests just minutes before a deadline. 1262: 958:

that has sentimental value. The poem was set to music later that year by

916:

from the early 19th century. The government was interested in the use of

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California Greenin': How the Golden State Became an Environmental Leader

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Purdy, Jedediah (August 13, 2015). "Environmentalism's Racist History".

2061: 1510: 1381:

Environmental reemerged on the national agenda in 1970, with Republican

1068: 749: 6273: 6193: 6114: 6041: 5561: 5516: 4861: 4846: 4672: 4652: 4143:, and Matt Osborn, "Environmental History Writing in Northern Europe," 3987:

The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America,

3859:

A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico

2854:

Büscher, Bram; Dressler, Wolfram; Fletcher, Robert, eds. (2014-05-29).

2324: 1978: 1903: 1676: 1649: 1538: 1464: 1004:

Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by

976: 926: 837: 307: 242: 232: 3573: 2762:

The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America

2625: 6931: 6763: 6228: 6119: 5130: 5076: 4530: 3880:

Defending the Land of the Jaguar: A History of Conservation in Mexico

3295:"Costa Rica runs entirely on renewable energy for 300 days this year" 3062: 2965: 2788:

Seeking the Greatest Good: The Conservation Legacy of Gifford Pinchot

2488: 2192: 1346: 1246: 813: 644: 515: 287: 277: 192: 182: 3980: 3828:

Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico

3034: 2893:

Büscher, B. and Fletcher, R., 2019. Towards convivial conservation.

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Another long-term supporter, partner, and inspiration to Roosevelt,

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which supplies the water supply of San Francisco. Muir, leading the

1154: 6687: 6414: 5869: 5743: 5234: 4923: 4186:

The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History

3783:

The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future

3615:

Sutherland, William J. (July 2003). "Evidence-based Conservation".

2399:. Martin Gardner. New York: Dover Publications. 1992. p. 118. 1995: 1451: 1123: 1102: 939:

This promising start received a setback in the 1820s and 30s, when

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Spoils and Spoilers: Australians Make Their Environment, 1788-1980

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Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. "A History of Forestry at Oxford",

2150: 2109: 1974: 1924: 1667:

is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a

1514:

Figure 1. Costa Rica divided into different areas of conservation

1085: 1081: 909: 207: 3401: 3233: 3231: 2085: 6672: 4560: 4127: 3814:

Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent

3790:

The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China

2284: 1919: 1629: 1546: 1486: 1181: 1031: 1009: 1001: 415: 3956:

The greenest nation?: A new history of German environmentalism

3643:"Inuit Ask Europeans to Support Its Seal Hunt and Way of Life" 1404: 965: 27:

Social and political advocacy for protecting natural resources

3228: 2049: 1495: 1097:

and helped establish research and training institutions. The

962:. Lines from the song have been quoted by environmentalists. 821: 3795:

Grove, Richard H.; Damodaran, Vinita Jain; Sangwan, Satpal.

3579: 1906:

and other fields. It is part of the larger movement towards

1292: 4207:, a Canadian documentary on conservation and national parks 1089: 922: 908:

The field developed during the 18th century, especially in

825: 3762:

Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho

1527: 1385:

playing a major role, especially with his creation of the

1213:(the 1890s–early 1920s). There were three main positions. 1695: 1363:

Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

955: 3845:

The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica

3241:

The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica

1927:

forest. It says, "A conservation area protected by law".

1686: 5101:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3745:

Conservation in Africa: People, Policies & Practice

2853: 1564:(National System of Conservation Areas) a division of 1429: 1122:

in 1874, and became the founding director of the first

3684:

Empire, Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism,

3440: 2014: 4089:

Dreamers & Defenders: American Conservationists.

3019:"Shades of Darkness: Race and Environmental History" 2614:, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp.236-261. Accessed: May 6, 2012. 1149: 3212:"Costa Rica recognised for biodiversity protection" 2775:

President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservations Legacy

2458:

Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism

3738:Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation without Illusion 2599:This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India 1345:In 1903 Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with 4043:(3rd ed. 1982), the standard intellectual history 2805:Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 2663:. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on 2011-09-01. 2319:. Coral Gables, Florida: Glade House. p. 8. 2187:Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850–1920 7175: 6583:Other effective area-based conservation measures 4102:, good biographical studies of the major leaders 3396: 3394: 2963: 2623: 1023:a pioneer in the nascent conservation movement. 886:The conservation movement can be traced back to 6578:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 5860:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 1942: 925:trees, which was an important resource for the 5125:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 4162:Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought 4018:A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 3455:. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2014. p. 37 1704: 1227:The conservationists, led by future President 6328: 6161: 5250: 4227: 3475:"WWF's Mission, Guiding Principles and Goals" 3391: 1850: 1579: 1505: 1413:The promotion of nature for, to and by humans 772: 3385:"WWF conservation projects around the world" 3348: 3095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6342: 1405:The five elements of convivial conservation 1049:. In the same year, Cleghorn organised the 966:Origins of the modern conservation movement 6335: 6321: 5257: 5243: 5196: 4234: 4220: 4075:The Shaping of Environmentalism in America 3942:Social change and political transformation 3614: 3544:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3266:"Estado de la Biodiversidad en Costa Rica" 2461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 1956: 1857: 1843: 1053:and in 1860 the department banned the use 779: 765: 5136:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 4027:Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency 3977:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 3866:An Environmental History of Latin America 2917: 2737:"Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club" 950:published "Woodman, Spare that Tree!", a 5164:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4199:A history of conservation in New Zealand 3016: 2716:(2015). DOI: 10.1177/1742715014546875. 2513: 2005:Moremi National Park and Wildlife Refuge 1918: 1526: 1509: 1367: 1291: 1153: 1067: 874: 37:For specific types of conservation, see 6264:Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour 4046: 4013:(1987), the standard scholarly history 3736:Adams, Jonathan S.; McShane, Thomas O. 3402:"WWF - Endangered Species Conservation" 2507: 2481: 2314: 1289:than all of his predecessors combined. 14: 7176: 4734:Corporate environmental responsibility 3928:The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815–2000 3170: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3108: 3106: 3060: 2538: 2517:The Forests and Gardens of South India 2514:Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861). 2454: 2285:"Conservationist or Environmentalist?" 1372:Theodore Roosevelt with trophy killing 1059:The forests and gardens of South India 882:title page of the first edition (1664) 6316: 5238: 4215: 3889:. University of Arizona Press (2011). 3806:Nov 2009, Vol. 79 Issue 4, pp 481–504 3509: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3237: 3209: 3166: 3164: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2672: 2359:was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi). 1338:In May 1908, Roosevelt sponsored the 1130:in 1885. He authored the five-volume 954:poem urging a lumberjack to avoid an 5264: 5107:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 3893: 2918:Hellegers, Desiree (December 2017). 2679:. Indus Publishing. pp. 85–88. 2597:Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, 2566: 1989: 1660:) and 8% from corporations in 2014. 1430:Racism and the Conservation Movement 1092:forests were controlled by militant 4164:(2002), standard scholarly history 3944:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 112–131. 3847:. University of Texas Press. (1999) 3725: 3131: 3103: 2282: 2208:List of environmental organizations 1914: 1312:. He also established the first 51 1308:, under which he proclaimed 18 new 24: 4749:Environmental full-cost accounting 4241: 3965:(2000) 324pp; covers 1917 to 1939. 3671: 3629:10.1111/j.1526-4629.2003.tb00068.x 3496: 3335: 3161: 3049: 2992: 2950: 2904: 2882: 1923:A conservation area's sign in the 25: 7205: 6455:Conservation biology of parasites 5890:Environmental resource management 4683:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4192: 4133: 4041:Wilderness and the American Mind, 3743:Anderson, David; Grove, Richard. 3740:(1992) 266p; covers 1900 to 1980s 2290:Mackinac Center for Public Policy 1888:of "what works" in conservation. 1455:conservation movement, including 1171:Conservation in the United States 1150:Conservation in the United States 840:areas to include preservation of 7158: 7157: 6571:Tropical rainforest conservation 6475:Vulnerability and susceptibility 6296: 5195: 5184: 5183: 5153:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4020:(2000), shorter standard history 3969: 3820: 3752:Journal of Historical Geography. 3449:WWFN-International Annual Review 3144:"The Myth of John James Audubon" 3061:Peter., Spiro, Jonathan (2009). 3017:Merchant, Carolyn (2003-07-01). 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 1816:Library and information practice 1710:This section is an excerpt from 1519:This section is an excerpt from 870: 866:Timeline of environmental events 748: 7120:NatureServe conservation status 6405:Conservation-induced extinction 5337:Human impact on the environment 5322:List of environmental conflicts 4739:Corporate social responsibility 4668:Ocean thermal energy conversion 4607:Community-supported agriculture 4292:Human impact on the environment 4114:The Journal of American History 3873:Biodiversity & Conservation 3768: 3635: 3608: 3582:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3552: 3485:from the original on 2019-01-13 3467: 3419: 3377: 3311: 3287: 3258: 3203: 3067:. University of Vermont Press. 3010: 2860:. University of Arizona Press. 2847: 2832:The Journal of American History 2824: 2811: 2793: 2780: 2767: 2754: 2729: 2706: 2693: 2666: 2647: 2617: 2604: 2591: 2567:Weil, Benjamin (1 April 2006). 2560: 2551: 2532: 2297:from the original on 2008-12-03 1626:human impact on the environment 1387:Environmental Protection Agency 6511:Conservation management system 6395:Conservation-dependent species 6355:Index of conservation articles 5656:List of environmental killings 4979:Socially responsible marketing 3830:. Duke University Press (2015) 3703:Haq, Gary, and Alistair Paul. 3693:. (2004) Ebury Press, London. 3648:. 6 March 2006. Archived from 3238:Evans, Sterling (2010-06-28). 3210:Watts, Jonathan (2010-10-25). 3171:Landry, Marc (February 2010). 2676:Indian Forestry: A Perspective 2475: 2448: 2435: 2387: 2362: 2331: 2308: 2276: 896:, presented as a paper to the 13: 1: 6737:Assisted natural regeneration 6541:Ecoregion conservation status 5502:Bright green environmentalism 5170:Sustainable Development Goals 4974:Socially responsible business 4118:online at History Cooperative 3979:(1957), 44#1 pp. 29–57. 3714:1991 Supplement 6, pp 235–252 3712:Research in Economic History, 3686:(2002), covers British Empire 3327:. 13 May 2010. Archived from 3244:. University of Texas Press. 3177:Contemporary European History 2836:online at History Cooperative 2370:"History of forests in India" 2269: 1983:Wildlife Conservation Society 1622:non-governmental organization 1376: 988:through the establishment of 39:Conservation (disambiguation) 7125:Special Area of Conservation 6663:Landscape-scale conservation 6658:High conservation value area 6536:Community-based conservation 5674:Environmentalism of the poor 5547:Free-market environmentalism 3363:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.014 2970:. Harvard University Press. 1943:Boreal forest and the Arctic 1696:"Conservation near" approach 1302:United States Forest Service 1026:He had become interested in 7: 7143:List of conservation issues 6551:Evidence-based conservation 6445:Mutualisms and conservation 5885:Natural resource management 5804:Sustainability organization 5280:Outline of environmentalism 4999:Sustainability organization 4784:Standards and certification 4375:Social return on investment 4109:(Duke U.P. 2016) x, 486 pp. 4053:"Conservation Policy" 4029:(1959), on Progressive Era. 3705:Environmentalism since 1945 2924:Canadian Journal of History 2482:MUTHIAH, S. (Nov 5, 2007). 2010: 1870:Evidence-based conservation 1712:Evidence-based conservation 1705:Evidence-based conservation 1687:"Conservation Far" approach 1639:WWF is the world's largest 1198:were also very influential— 1088:. During that time Burma's 807:Evidence-based conservation 731:Political parties by region 521:Party convention/conference 10: 7210: 7184:Environmental conservation 6593:Roadless area conservation 6385:Compassionate conservation 4424:Systemic change resistance 4181:10 (2004), pp. 439–74 4154:5 (2000), pp. 545–56; 4147:5 (2000), pp. 396–406 3875:. 14.11 (2005): 2679–2693. 3754:31.2 (Apr. 2005): 241–259. 3594:10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018 2936:10.3138/cjh.ach.52.3.rev22 2895:Conservation & Society 2673:Rawat, Ajay Singh (1993). 2243:U.S. National Park Service 2213:List of environment topics 2136:Australian Grains Genebank 1709: 1615:World Wide Fund for Nature 1602:World Wide Fund for Nature 1586:World Wide Fund for Nature 1583: 1580:World Wide Fund for Nature 1521:Conservation in Costa Rica 1518: 1506:Conservation in Costa Rica 1300:Roosevelt established the 1168: 1057:. Cleghorn's 1861 manual, 863: 859: 718:Lists of political parties 43: 36: 29: 7138: 7092: 6947: 6784: 6727: 6696: 6616: 6483: 6363: 6350: 6292: 6256: 6135: 6024: 5967:Anti-incinerator movement 5932: 5830:Climate change mitigation 5812: 5739:Cultural environmentalism 5706: 5679:Environmental stewardship 5664: 5638: 5595: 5489: 5476:Resacralization of nature 5438: 5431: 5345: 5289: 5274: 5179: 5090: 5027: 4799: 4726: 4635: 4602:Climate-smart agriculture 4587: 4559: 4516: 4470: 4437: 4310: 4267: 4249: 4174:42 (2003), pp. 5–43. 4004:Nixon and the Environment 3850:Funes Monzote, Reinaldo. 3730: 3189:10.1017/S0960777309990208 2964:Powell, Miles A. (2016). 2315:Gifford, John C. (1945). 1641:conservation organization 1245:Preservationists, led by 1202:, the first chief of the 1163:Yellowstone National Park 726:Ruling parties by country 699:National unity government 6980:Central African Republic 6628:Conservation designation 6546:Environmental protection 6531:Conspicuous conservation 6521:Conservation photography 6496:Conservation development 6491:Conservation agriculture 6049:Conspicuous conservation 5865:Environmentally friendly 5850:Environmental protection 5845:Environmental personhood 5694:Radical environmentalism 5651:Environmental skepticism 5451:Environmental philosophy 4744:Environmental accounting 4493:Sustainable architecture 4483:Environmental technology 4179:Environment and History, 3999:(1993), on conservatives 3933:Dryzek, John S., et al. 3676: 3617:Conservation in Practice 3114:"The History of Audubon" 2176:Environmental protection 1908:evidence-based practices 1731:Evidence-based practices 1479:National Audubon Society 1326:Shoshone National Forest 1278:Newlands Reclamation Act 1192:Sir William P.D. Schlich 1114:Sir William P.D. Schlich 1051:Madras Forest Department 736:Banned political parties 436:Leader of the Opposition 404:Leaders and organization 367:Parliamentary opposition 30:Not to be confused with 7194:Environmental movements 6719:Human–wildlife conflict 6603:Site-based conservation 6526:Conservation psychology 6344:Conservation of species 5840:Ecological civilization 4617:Sustainable agriculture 4166:excerpt and text search 4059:Encyclopædia Britannica 3991:excerpt and text search 3911:Environment and History 3864:Miller, Shawn William. 3857:Melville, Elinor G. K. 3562:. Conservation Evidence 3510:Claus, C. Anne (2020). 3351:Biological Conservation 2585:10.1093/envhis/11.2.319 1957:Latin America (Bolivia) 1340:Conference of Governors 1237:Boone and Crockett Club 946:In 1837, American poet 6776:Species reintroduction 6435:Latent extinction risk 6303:Environment portal 6284:Tragedy of the commons 6148:Environmental defender 5835:Conservation community 5764:Environmental defender 5714:Anti-fracking movement 5630:Stewardship (theology) 5312:Environmental movement 5307:Environmental conflict 5160:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5029:Sustainable management 5014:Urban drainage systems 4754:Environmental planning 4718:Water recycling shower 4708:Tidal stream generator 4503:Sustainable industries 4462:Sustainable population 4447:Demographic transition 4429:Tragedy of the commons 4205:For Future Generations 4152:Environmental History, 4145:Environmental History, 4080:Sellers, Christopher. 3995:Cawley, R. McGreggor. 3913:22.4 (2016): 497–520. 3900:Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo 2901:(3), pp.283-296. 2807:. Library of Congress. 2624:Thoreau, Henry David, 2427:: CS1 maint: others ( 2171:Environmental movement 1928: 1611: 1534: 1515: 1373: 1297: 1259:Yosemite National Park 1166: 1099:Imperial Forest School 1073: 883: 846:environmental movement 7148:List of organisations 6802:Hawaiian honeycreeper 6742:Ecosystem restoration 6714:Habitat fragmentation 6709:Fortress conservation 6668:Marine protected area 6638:Conservation easement 6633:Conservation district 6598:Roadside conservation 6516:Conservation movement 6460:Species translocation 6400:Conservation genetics 6390:Conservation behavior 6082:The Lord of the Rings 5902:Short-haul flight ban 5769:Environmental justice 5734:Conservation movement 5719:Anti-nuclear movement 5646:Anti-environmentalism 5332:Environmental studies 5052:Humanistic capitalism 4867:Environmental finance 4508:Sustainable packaging 4184:Worster, Donald, ed. 3985:Brinkley, Douglas G. 3804:Sociological Inquiry, 3023:Environmental History 2760:Douglas G. Brinkley, 2573:Environmental History 2539:Oliver, J.W. (1901). 2484:"A life for forestry" 2455:Barton, Greg (2002). 2441:Stebbing, E.P. (1922) 2396:Best remembered poems 2258:Wildlife conservation 2166:Environmental history 2003:with the FPS founded 1971:Santa Cruz Department 1922: 1589: 1532:Tapantí National Park 1530: 1513: 1457:Frederick Law Olmsted 1398:environmental justice 1371: 1359:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1295: 1157: 1126:school in England at 1071: 994:Edward Percy Stebbing 878: 793:conservation movement 669:Confidence and supply 526:Leadership convention 377:Official party status 333:Entrepreneurial party 18:Conservation Movement 7189:Environmental ethics 7110:Planetary boundaries 7100:Conservation officer 6704:Conservation refugee 6653:Habitat conservation 6643:Conservation reserve 6608:Wetland conservation 6506:Conservation grazing 6501:Conservation finance 6465:Conservation welfare 6430:In-situ conservation 6425:Extinction threshold 6420:Ex-situ conservation 5855:Environmental policy 5669:Biophilia hypothesis 5572:Green libertarianism 5019:Urban infrastructure 4713:Water heat recycling 4536:Conservation biology 4380:Steady-state economy 4355:Micro-sustainability 4340:Ecological footprint 4297:Planetary boundaries 4116:96.1 (2009): 123-47 4087:Strong, Douglas H. 4073:Scheffer, Victor B. 4002:Flippen, J. Brooks. 3826:Boyer, Christopher. 3781:Economy, Elizabeth. 3682:Barton, Gregory A. 3319:"A plague of people" 2866:10.2307/j.ctt183pdh2 2834:96.1 (2009): 123-47 2819:Breaking New Ground, 2443:The forests of India 2253:Wetland conservation 2203:Habitat conservation 2141:Conservation biology 1894:and later spread to 1681:Debt-for-Nature Swap 1673:ecological footprint 1665:Living Planet Report 1233:George Bird Grinnell 1105:was founded by him. 1055:shifting cultivation 834:sustainable forestry 674:Consensus government 664:Coalition government 456:Parliamentary leader 263:Classical radicalism 46:Conservation biology 6450:Nature conservation 6440:Marine conservation 6410:Conservation status 6219:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5794:Product stewardship 5779:Ethical consumerism 5689:Nature conservation 5466:Earth jurisprudence 5120:Earth Summit (1992) 4774:Metrics and indices 4627:Sustainable fishery 4546:Holocene extinction 4365:Product stewardship 4335:Earth Overshoot Day 4172:History and Theory, 4105:Taylor, Dorceta E. 3961:Weiner, Douglas R. 3406:World Wildlife Fund 3331:on 6 November 2016. 2545:The Indian Forester 2541:"Forestry in India" 2496:on November 8, 2007 2263:Wildlife management 2223:Natural environment 2218:Marine conservation 2161:Energy conservation 1669:Living Planet Index 1570:ecotourism industry 1444:U.S. national parks 1354:of men and trees." 1231:and his close ally 1204:USDA Forest Service 1177:Henry David Thoreau 1110:Berthold Ribbentrop 1028:forest conservation 1017:British Association 981:James Ranald Martin 975:, that there was a 818:wildlife management 798:nature conservation 755:Politics portal 704:Rotation government 694:Minority government 689:Majority government 654:Parliamentary group 511:Leadership election 188:Christian democracy 6747:Island restoration 6678:Open space reserve 6470:Threatened species 6234:Theodore Roosevelt 6169:Sunderlal Bahuguna 5557:Green conservatism 4579:Sustainable energy 4541:Endangered species 4498:Sustainable design 4412:Consumer behaviour 4098:2007-12-01 at the 3958:(MIT Press, 2014). 3937:(Oxford UP, 2003). 3774:Bolton, Geoffrey. 3707:(Routledge, 2013). 3689:Clover, Charles. 2841:2009-07-03 at the 2723:2016-01-14 at the 2659:2012-03-13 at the 2357:Boke of Husbandrie 2317:Living by the Land 2248:Water conservation 2146:Conservation ethic 1929: 1535: 1516: 1374: 1310:national monuments 1298: 1229:Theodore Roosevelt 1167: 1132:Manual of Forestry 1074: 990:Forest Departments 948:George Pope Morris 884: 659:Divided government 553:Crossing the floor 499:Internal elections 471:Party spokesperson 382:Single-issue party 72:Political Spectrum 7171: 7170: 7130:Soil conservation 6683:Wildlife corridor 6566:Forest protection 6561:Forest management 6310: 6309: 6252: 6251: 6136:Environmentalists 5955:Rio Grande do Sul 5724:Car-free movement 5702: 5701: 5582:Green syndicalism 5446:Political ecology 5302:Ecological crisis 5232: 5231: 5158:Earth Summit 2002 5141:Lisbon Principles 5113:Our Common Future 4791:Sustainable yield 4597:Civic agriculture 4350:Green consumption 4287:Global governance 4025:Hays, Samuel P. 3954:Uekotter, Frank. 3919:Bonhomme, Brian. 3894:Europe and Russia 3760:Showers, Kate B. 3717:McNeill, John R. 3523:978-1-4529-5947-4 3427:"How is WWF run?" 3074:978-1-58465-715-6 2977:978-0-674-97295-7 2875:978-0-8165-9885-4 2817:Gifford Pinchot, 2445:vol. 1, pp. 72-81 2233:Soil conservation 2228:Natural landscape 2198:Forest protection 1990:Africa (Botswana) 1867: 1866: 1600:, Founder of the 1243:Preservationists: 1225:Conservationists: 1144:forest protection 1140:forest management 1008:, a professional 803:natural resources 789: 788: 635: 634: 451:Political faction 159: 158: 16:(Redirected from 7201: 7161: 7160: 7045:Papua New Guinea 6937:Cryopreservation 6902:Gray nurse shark 6556:Flagship species 6380:Captive breeding 6337: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6301: 6300: 6189:Jacques Cousteau 6159: 6158: 6143:Environmentalist 5897:Rights of nature 5820:Circular economy 5789:Impact investing 5759:Ecological grief 5729:Climate movement 5567:Green liberalism 5436: 5435: 5281: 5268: 5267:Environmentalism 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5199: 5198: 5187: 5186: 5131:Agenda 21 (1992) 5102: 5067:Natural resource 4954:Organic movement 4929:Impact investing 4648:Hydroelectricity 4622:Sustainable diet 4574:Renewable energy 4569:Carbon footprint 4551:Invasive species 4488:Natural building 4439:World population 4400:Marketing myopia 4360:Over-consumption 4330:Circular economy 4325:Anti-consumerism 4282:Environmentalism 4236: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4141:Björn-Ola Linnér 4066:Rothmun, Hal K. 4063: 4062:(12th ed.). 4055: 4048:Pinchot, Gifford 4039:Nash, Roderick. 4016:Hays, Samuel P. 4009:Hays, Samuel P. 3878:Simonian, Lane. 3726:Regional studies 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3454: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3423: 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Archived from 3262: 3256: 3255: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3058: 3047: 3046: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2915: 2902: 2891: 2880: 2879: 2851: 2845: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2773:W. Todd Benson, 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2739:. Archived from 2733: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2699:Samuel P. Hays, 2697: 2691: 2690: 2670: 2664: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2492:. Archived from 2479: 2473: 2472: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2372:. Archived from 2366: 2360: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2280: 2181:Environmentalism 2156:Ecology movement 2127:Renewable energy 2125: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2053: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2029: 2028: 2020: 1915:Areas of concern 1859: 1852: 1845: 1718: 1717: 1609: 1440:deplete wildlife 1322:national forests 1287:nature preserves 1255:Hetch Hetchy dam 1078:Dietrich Brandis 1036:Governor-General 1006:Alexander Gibson 850:environmentalism 795:, also known as 781: 774: 767: 753: 752: 592: 591: 558:Party discipline 540:Party discipline 506:Primary election 362:Opposition party 273:Social democracy 203:Environmentalism 77: 76: 51: 50: 21: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7134: 7088: 6943: 6861:Indian elephant 6780: 6723: 6692: 6688:30 by 30 target 6619: 6612: 6588:Riparian buffer 6479: 6366: 6359: 6346: 6341: 6311: 6306: 6295: 6288: 6279:Lifeboat ethics 6269:Business ethics 6248: 6214:Wangari Maathai 6174:Murray Bookchin 6157: 6153:Water protector 6131: 6020: 5979:Chipko movement 5928: 5808: 5774:Ethical banking 5698: 5660: 5634: 5591: 5552:Green anarchism 5527:Eco-nationalism 5497:Bioconservatism 5485: 5427: 5341: 5297:Climate justice 5285: 5279: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5233: 5228: 5175: 5100: 5092: 5091:Agreements and 5086: 5023: 4827:Climate finance 4795: 4722: 4678:Reclaimed water 4631: 4583: 4555: 4512: 4466: 4452:Family planning 4433: 4306: 4263: 4245: 4240: 4195: 4136: 4126:(2018) 280 pp 4100:Wayback Machine 3972: 3896: 3885:Wakild, Emily. 3823: 3771: 3733: 3728: 3679: 3674: 3672:Further reading 3669: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3655:on 28 June 2007 3652: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3613: 3609: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3516:. Minneapolis. 3508: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3347: 3336: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3299:The Independent 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3236: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3088: 3087: 3075: 3059: 3050: 3035:10.2307/3986200 3015: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2978: 2962: 2951: 2916: 2905: 2892: 2883: 2876: 2852: 2848: 2843:Wayback Machine 2829: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2725:Wayback Machine 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2661:Wayback Machine 2652: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2612:British Scholar 2609: 2605: 2596: 2592: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2533: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2420: 2419: 2407: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2336: 2332: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2283:Harding, Russ. 2281: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2023: 2015: 2013: 1992: 1959: 1945: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1863: 1797: 1764: 1715: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1610: 1606:Cosmos Magazine 1598:Sir Peter Scott 1596: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1524: 1508: 1461:Gifford Pinchot 1432: 1407: 1379: 1332:Gifford Pinchot 1306:Antiquities Act 1274:Gifford Pinchot 1211:Progressive Era 1200:Gifford Pinchot 1196:Carl A. Schenck 1173: 1152: 1119:Indian Forester 998:desertification 968: 934:Napoleonic Wars 873: 868: 862: 856:use by humans. 785: 747: 742: 741: 740: 720: 710: 709: 708: 684:Hung parliament 679:Grand coalition 648: 647:between parties 637: 636: 631: 622: 603: 589: 579: 578: 577: 573:Party switching 568:Party-line vote 548:Conscience vote 542: 532: 531: 530: 500: 492: 491: 490: 446:Minority leader 441:Majority leader 405: 397: 396: 395: 328:Catch-all party 302: 294: 293: 292: 172: 161: 160: 155: 130: 100: 74: 56:Politics series 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7207: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7153:List of people 7150: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7065:United Kingdom 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6912:Painted turtle 6909: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6831: 6829:American bison 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6257:Related topics 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6244:Greta Thunberg 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6162:Notable people 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6011:United Kingdom 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5907:Sustainability 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Climate action 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Earth Optimism 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Green politics 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5512:Eco-capitalism 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5481:Social ecology 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5418:Social science 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5193: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5166:(Rio+20, 2012) 5161: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4912:Infrastructure 4909: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Eco-capitalism 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4759:Sustainability 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4727:Accountability 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4385:Sustainability 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320:Anthropization 4316: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243:Sustainability 4239: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4193:External links 4191: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4148: 4135: 4134:Historiography 4132: 4131: 4130: 4122:Vogel, David. 4120: 4110: 4103: 4093:online edition 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4044: 4037: 4032:King, Judson. 4030: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3983: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3947:Simmons, I.G. 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3907: 3906:(2011), 360pp. 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3831: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3810:Thapar, Valmik 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3687: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3634: 3607: 3588:(6): 305–308. 3572: 3551: 3522: 3495: 3466: 3439: 3418: 3390: 3376: 3357:(1): 111–116. 3334: 3310: 3286: 3257: 3250: 3227: 3202: 3160: 3130: 3102: 3073: 3048: 3029:(3): 380–394. 3009: 3005:The New Yorker 2991: 2976: 2949: 2930:(3): 609–611. 2903: 2881: 2874: 2846: 2823: 2810: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2753: 2728: 2705: 2692: 2685: 2665: 2646: 2616: 2603: 2590: 2579:(2): 319–343. 2559: 2550: 2531: 2506: 2474: 2467: 2447: 2434: 2405: 2386: 2361: 2330: 2307: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2238:Sustainability 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2103:Earth sciences 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2012: 2009: 1991: 1988: 1958: 1955: 1944: 1941: 1936:overpopulation 1916: 1913: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773:Medical ethics 1770: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 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The 967: 964: 918:forest produce 872: 869: 861: 858: 787: 786: 784: 783: 776: 769: 761: 758: 757: 744: 743: 739: 738: 733: 728: 722: 721: 716: 715: 712: 711: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 639: 638: 633: 632: 630: 629: 623: 621: 620: 615: 610: 608:Dominant-party 604: 602: 601: 595: 590: 585: 584: 581: 580: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 544: 543: 538: 537: 534: 533: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 489: 488: 483: 481:Shadow cabinet 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 431:Lead candidate 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 394: 393: 384: 379: 374: 372:Party of power 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 238:Libertarianism 235: 230: 225: 220: 218:Green politics 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 173: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 142: 139: 138: 132: 131: 129: 128: 123: 121:Radical Centre 118: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 87: 84: 83: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 63:Party politics 59: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7206: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7164: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:IUCN Red List 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:De-extinction 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077:United States 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6757:afforestation 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752:Reforestation 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Rachel Carson 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6093:Ecomusicology 6091: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6016:United States 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Vegetarianism 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Green economy 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Slow movement 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Eco-terrorism 5535: 5533: 5532:Eco-socialism 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Disinvestment 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439:Philosophical 5437: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Communication 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:Organizations 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147:Earth Charter 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Environmental 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969:Refurbishment 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:Organizations 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872:Green economy 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Eco-socialism 4855: 4853: 4852:Eco-investing 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Disinvestment 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:Marine energy 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Cultured meat 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Simple living 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4128:online review 4125: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3970:United States 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3923:(2005) 252pp. 3922: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3821:Latin America 3815: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3799:(1998) 1036pp 3798: 3794: 3791: 3788:Elvin, Mark. 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3747:(1988), 355pp 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3699:0-09-189780-7 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3276:on 2010-03-01 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3251:9780292789289 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2821:(1947) p. 32. 2820: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2786:Char Miller, 2783: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2743:on 2014-04-07 2742: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2686:9788185182780 2682: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2468:9781139434607 2464: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2406:0-486-27165-X 2402: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2376:on 2018-09-04 2375: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1951: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932:Deforestation 1926: 1921: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874:peer-reviewed 1871: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634:United States 1631: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1619:international 1616: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472:Madison Grant 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:sport hunting 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383:Richard Nixon 1370: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:bird reserves 1311: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134:(1889–96) on 1133: 1129: 1128:Cooper's Hill 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:United States 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1021:Hugh Cleghorn 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:British India 982: 978: 974: 963: 961: 960:Henry Russell 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 941:laissez-faire 937: 935: 930: 928: 924: 919: 915: 914:British India 911: 906: 903: 899: 898:Royal Society 895: 894: 889: 881: 877: 871:Early history 867: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 828:, as well as 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 799: 794: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 762: 760: 759: 756: 751: 746: 745: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 714: 713: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 646: 641: 640: 628: 625: 624: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 600: 597: 596: 594: 593: 588: 587:Party systems 583: 582: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 536: 535: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 496: 495: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 401: 400: 392: 391:International 388: 387:Transnational 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 298: 297: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 268:Republicanism 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Progressivism 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 171: 165: 164: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 140: 137: 134: 133: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 86: 85: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 67: 64: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 47: 40: 33: 19: 6878:Bengal Tiger 6834:Arabian oryx 6825:Land mammal 6812:Golden eagle 6648:Gap analysis 6515: 6375:Biodiversity 6365:Conservation 6294: 6239:Shōzō Tanaka 6224:Chico Mendes 6209:Aldo Leopold 6199:Tim Flannery 6179:David Brower 6127:Publications 6081: 6001:South Africa 5922:Tree sitting 5880:Greenwashing 5784:Flight shame 5733: 5608:Christianity 5542:Ecomodernism 5461:Deep ecology 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5188: 5112: 4877:Construction 4800:Applications 4518:Biodiversity 4277:Anthropocene 4204: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4161: 4160:Hay, Peter. 4151: 4144: 4139:Cioc, Mark, 4123: 4113: 4106: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3976: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3926:Cioc, Mark. 3920: 3910: 3903: 3886: 3882:(1995) 326pp 3879: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3834:Dean, Warren 3827: 3816:(1998) 288pp 3813: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3778:(1981) 197pp 3775: 3769:Asia-Pacific 3764:(2005) 346pp 3761: 3751: 3744: 3737: 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