913:. Plows were most effective for treating dense brush prior to planting, often in conjunction with a planting machine. Scarifying teeth, e.g., Young's teeth, were sometimes used to prepare sites for planting, but their most effective use was found to be preparing sites for seeding, particularly in backlog areas carrying light brush and dense herbaceous growth. Rolling choppers found application in treating heavy brush but could be used only on stone-free soils. Finned drums were commonly used on jack pine–spruce cutovers on fresh brushy sites with a deep duff layer and heavy slash, and they needed to be teamed with a tractor pad unit to secure good distribution of the slash. The S.F.I. scarifier, after strengthening, had been "quite successful" for 2 years, promising trials were under way with the cone scarifier and barrel ring scarifier, and development had begun on a new flail scarifier for use on sites with shallow, rocky soils. Recognition of the need to become more effective and efficient in site preparation led the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests to adopt the policy of seeking and obtaining for field testing new equipment from Scandinavia and elsewhere that seemed to hold promise for Ontario conditions, primarily in the north. Thus, testing was begun of the Brackekultivator from Sweden and the Vako-Visko rotary furrower from Finland.
889:
slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce, and root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm) compared with black spruce sheltered (210 cm), as well as white spruce open (175 cm) and sheltered (229 cm) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm) than open plantations (204 cm). Wang et al. (2000) recommended that sheltered plantation site preparation should be used.
865:
per merchantable unit volume against diameter at breast height (dbh), and (b) weight of fine slash (<1.27 cm) also against dbh, and produced a table of slash weight and size distribution on one acre of a hypothetical stand of white spruce. When the diameter distribution of a stand is unknown, an estimate of slash weight and size distribution can be obtained from average stand diameter, number of trees per unit area, and merchantable cubic foot volume. The sample trees in Kiil's study had full symmetrical crowns. Densely growing trees with short and often irregular crowns would probably be overestimated; open-grown trees with long crowns would probably be underestimated.
459:. It is designed to only disrupt the soil in a narrow strip directly below the crop row. In comparison to no-till, which relies on the previous year's plant residue to protect the soil and aids in postponement of the warming of the soil and crop growth in Northern climates, zone tillage produces a strip approximately five inches wide that simultaneously breaks up plow pans, assists in warming the soil and helps to prepare a seedbed. When combined with cover crops, zone tillage helps replace lost organic matter, slows the deterioration of the soil, improves soil drainage, increases soil water and nutrient holding capacity, and allows necessary soil organisms to survive.
214:
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that soil needed to be pulverized into fine powder for plants to make use of it. Tull believed that, since water, air, and heat were clearly not the primary substance of a plant, plants were made of earth, and thus had to consume very small pieces of earth as food. Tull wrote that each subsequent tillage of the soil would increase its fertility, and that it was impossible to till the soil too much. However, scientific observation has shown that the opposite is true; tillage causes soil to lose structural qualities that allow plant roots, water, and nutrients to penetrate it, accelerates
480:
535:
956:) in 13 microsite planting positions: berm, hinge, and trench in each of north, south, east, and west aspects, as well as in untreated locations between the furrows. Tenth-year stem volumes of trees on south-, east-, and west-facing microsites were significantly greater than those of trees on north-facing and untreated microsites. However, planting spot selection was seen to be more important overall than trench orientation.
338:, in which the soil was blown away and stirred up into dust storms that blackened the sky. This prompted re-consideration of tillage techniques, but in the United States as of 2019, 3 trillion pounds of soil were estimated to be lost due to erosion while adoption of improved techniques for controlling erosion are still not widespread. In the mid 1930s Frank and Herbert Petty of Doncaster, Victoria, Australia developed the
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reduced by 28% to 36%. The increases correlated well with the amounts of slash (both total and ≥7 cm diameter) consumed. The change in pH depends on the severity of the burn and the amount consumed; the increase can be as much as 2 units, a 100-fold change. Deficiencies of copper and iron in the foliage of white spruce on burned clearcuts in central
British Columbia might be attributable to elevated pH levels.
682:
130:"Tillage" can also mean the land that is tilled. The word "cultivation" has several senses that overlap substantially with those of "tillage". In a general context, both can refer to agriculture. Within agriculture, both can refer to any kind of soil agitation. Additionally, "cultivation" or "cultivating" may refer to an even narrower sense of shallow, selective secondary tillage of
31:
926:
Mounds reached mean soil temperatures of 10 °C at 10 cm depth 5 days after planting, but the control did not reach that temperature until 58 days after planting. During the first growing season, mounds had 3 times as many days with a mean soil temperature greater than 10 °C than did the control microsites.
372:
Reduced tillage leaves between 15 and 30% crop residue cover on the soil or 500 to 1000 pounds per acre (560 to 1100 kg/ha) of small grain residue during the critical erosion period. This may involve the use of a chisel plow, field cultivators, or other implements. See the general comments below
122:
Tillage that is deeper and more thorough is classified as primary, and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location is secondary. Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such
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The mounds warmed up quickest, and at soil depths of 0.5 cm and 10 cm averaged 10 and 7 °C higher, respectively, than in the control. On sunny days, daytime surface temperature maxima on the mound and organic mat reached 25 °C to 60 °C, depending on soil wetness and shading.
921:
Site preparation treatments that create raised planting spots have commonly improved outplant performance on sites subject to low soil temperature and excess soil moisture. Mounding can certainly have a big influence on soil temperature. Draper et al. (1985), for instance, documented this as well as
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hazard on harvested sites. Forest managers interested in the application of prescribed burning for hazard reduction and silviculture, were shown a method for quantifying the slash load by Kiil (1968). In west-central
Alberta, he felled, measured, and weighed 60 white spruce, graphed (a) slash weight
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areas. Results showed that, in general, prescribed burning did not reduce organic layers satisfactorily, nor did it increase soil temperature, on the sites tested. Increases in seedling establishment, survival, and growth on the burned sites were probably the result of slight reductions in the depth
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forests of the
Alberta foothills are often characterized by deep accumulations of organic matter on the soil surface and cold soil temperatures, both of which make reforestation difficult and result in a general deterioration in site productivity; Endean and Johnstone (1974) describe experiments to
622:
Tilling in absolute darkness (night tillage) might reduce the number of weeds that sprout following the tilling operation by half. Light is necessary to break the dormancy of some weed species' seed, so if fewer seeds are exposed to light during the tilling process, fewer will sprout. This may help
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The popularity of tillage as an agricultural technique in early modern times had to do with theories about plant biology proposed by
European thinkers. In 1731, English writer Jethro Tull published the book "Horse-Hoeing Husbandry: An Essay on the Principles of Vegetation and Tillage," which argued
199:
The weed control, to the extent that it is done via tillage, is usually achieved with cultivators or hoes, which disturb the top few centimeters of soil around the crop plants but with minimal disturbance of the crop plants themselves. The tillage kills the weeds via two mechanisms: uprooting them,
1105:
Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by
Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of
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Draper et al.'s (1985) mounds received 5 times the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) summed over all sampled microsites throughout the first growing season; the control treatment consistently received about 14% of daily background PAR, while mounds received over 70%. By
November,
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Nitrogen will be lost from the site by burning, though concentrations in remaining forest floor were found by
Macadam (1987) to have increased in two out of six plots, the others showing decreases. Nutrient losses may be outweighed, at least in the short term, by improved soil microclimate through
826:
Changes in soil chemical properties associated with burning include significantly increased pH, which
Macadam (1987) in the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone of central British Columbia found persisting more than a year after the burn. Average fuel consumption was 20 to 24 t/ha and the forest floor depth was
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period. This slows water movement, which reduces the amount of soil erosion. Additionally, conservation tillage has been found to benefit predatory arthropods that can enhance pest control. Conservation tillage also benefits farmers by reducing fuel consumption and soil compaction. By reducing the
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According to J. Hall (1970), in
Ontario at least, the most widely used site preparation technique was post-harvest mechanical scarification by equipment front-mounted on a bulldozer (blade, rake, V-plow, or teeth), or dragged behind a tractor (Imsett or S.F.I. scarifier, or rolling chopper). Drag
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of that site by the chosen method. Site preparation may be designed to achieve, singly or in any combination: improved access, by reducing or rearranging slash, and amelioration of adverse forest floor, soil, vegetation, or other biotic factors. Site preparation is undertaken to ameliorate one or
359:
Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest, when the soil is wet enough to allow plowing but also allows good traction. Some soil types can be plowed dry. The objective of primary tillage is to attain a reasonable depth of soft soil, incorporate crop residues, kill weeds, and to
888:
Wang et al. (2000) determined field performance of white and black spruces 8 and 9 years after outplanting on boreal mixedwood sites following site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching) in 2 plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern
Manitoba. Donaren trenching
834:
Marked increases in exchangeable calcium also correlated with the amount of slash at least 7 cm in diameter consumed. Phosphorus availability also increased, both in the forest floor and in the 0 cm to 15 cm mineral soil layer, and the increase was still evident, albeit somewhat
462:
It has been successfully used on farms in the Midwest and West of the USA for over 40 years, and is currently used on more than 36% of the U.S. farmland. Some specific states where zone tillage is currently in practice are Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Minnesota, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois.
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Up to 1970, no "sophisticated" site preparation equipment had become operational in Ontario, but the need for more efficacious and versatile equipment was increasingly recognized. By this time, improvements were being made to equipment originally developed by field staff, and field testing of
959:
In a Minnesota study, the N–S strips accumulated more snow but snow melted faster than on E–W strips in the first year after felling. Snow-melt was faster on strips near the centre of the strip-felled area than on border strips adjoining the intact stand. The strips, 50 feet (15.24 m) wide,
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is emphasized by the U.S. Forest Service. Acceptable planting spots are defined as microsites on the north and east sides of down logs, stumps, or slash, and lying in the shadow cast by such material. Where the objectives of management specify more uniform spacing, or higher densities, than
1106:
Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following
830:
Even a broadcast slash fire in a clearcut does not give a uniform burn over the whole area. Tarrant (1954), for instance, found only 4% of a 140-ha slash burn had burned severely, 47% had burned lightly, and 49% was unburned. Burning after windrowing obviously accentuates the subsequent
389:, but as conservational tillage is now more widely used than intensive tillage (in the United States), it is often not appropriate to refer to this type of tillage as conventional. Intensive tillage often involves multiple operations with implements such as a mold board, disk, or chisel
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type units designed and constructed by Ontario's Department of Lands and Forests used anchor chain or tractor pads separately or in combination, or were finned steel drums or barrels of various sizes and used in sets alone or combined with tractor pad or anchor chain units.
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for only 3 hours, i.e., one-quarter of the daily light period, whereas mounds received light above the compensation point for 11 hours, i.e., 86% of the same daily period. Assuming that incident light in the 100–600 μE/m/s intensity range is the most important for
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produces finer soil and sometimes shapes the rows, preparing the seed bed. It also provides weed control throughout the growing season during the maturation of the crop plants, unless such weed control is instead achieved with low-till or no-till methods involving
1805:
Ballard, T.M. 1985. Spruce nutrition problems in the central interior and their relationship with site preparation. Proc. Interior spruce seedling performance: state of the art Symposium. Northern Silviculture Committee Workshop, Feb. 1985, Prince George
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Since each type of tillage type has more than one type of equipment that may be used, the tillage types may be referred to in the plural by adding the term "systems" i.e.: Reduced tillage systems, intensive tillage systems, conservation tillage
852:
of the organic layer, minor increases in soil temperature, and marked improvements in the efficiency of the planting crews. Results also suggested that the process of site deterioration has not been reversed by the burning treatments applied.
204:), or a combination of both. Weed control both prevents the crop plants from being outcompeted by the weeds (for water and sunlight) and prevents the weeds from reaching their seed stage, thus reducing future weed population aggressiveness.
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diminished, 21 months after burning. However, in another study in the same Sub-boreal Spruce Zone found that although it increased immediately after the burn, phosphorus availability had dropped to below pre-burn levels within 9 months.
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fall frosts had reduced shading, eliminating the differential. Quite apart from its effect on temperature, incident radiation is also important photosynthetically. The average control microsite was exposed to levels of light above the
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or other considerations, but the orientation can often be chosen. It can make a difference. A disk-trenching experiment in the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone in interior British Columbia investigated the effect on growth of young outplants
1900:
Kiil, A.D. 1968. Weight of the fuel complex in 70-year-old lodgepole pine stands of different densities. Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Forest Research Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta. Departmental Publication 1228. 13
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states lacks consistent yield results; however, there is still interest in deep tillage within agriculture. In areas that are not well-drained, deep tillage may be used as an alternative to installing more expensive tile drainage.
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McKinnon, L.M.; Mitchell, A.K.; Vyse, A. 2002. The effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and boreal tree species: a bibliography. Nat. Resour., Can., Can. For. Serv., Victoria BC, Inf. Rep. BC-X-394. 29
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Prescribed burning for preparing sites for direct seeding was tried on a few occasions in Ontario, but none of the burns was hot enough to produce a seedbed that was adequate without supplementary mechanical site preparation.
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Endean, F.; Johnstone, W.D. 1974. Prescribed fire and regeneration on clearcut spruce–fir sites in the foothills of Alberta. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Northern For. Res. Centre, Edmonton AB, Inf. Rep. NOR-X-126. 33
413:
Conservation tillage is used on over 370 million acres, mostly in South America, Oceania and North America. In most years since 1997, conservation tillage was used in US cropland more than intensive or reduced tillage.
342:. This steerable plough could be pulled by either two horses or a tractor and the disc wheels could be steered in unison, or separately allowing the operator to plough the center of rows as well as between and around
1980:
Draper, D.; Binder, W.; Fahlman, R.; Spittlehouse, D. 1985. Post-planting ecophysiology of Interior spruce. Interior Spruce Seedling Performance: State of the Art. Northern Silvic. Committee, Prince George BC. 18 p.
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Cook, R.L., H.F. McColly, L.S. Robertson, and C.M. Hansen. 1958. Save Money – Water – Soil with Minimum Tillage. Extension Bulletin 352. Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
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a) Reduction of logging slash, plant competition, and humus prior to direct seeding, planting, scarifying or in anticipation of natural seeding in partially cut stands or in connection with seed-tree systems.
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However, conservation tillage delays warming of the soil due to the reduction of dark earth exposure to the warmth of the spring sun, thus delaying the planting of the next year's spring crop of corn.
2029:
Clausen, J.C.; Mace, A.C., Jr. 1972. Accumulation and snowmelt on north–south versus east–west oriented clearcut strips. Univ. Minnesota, Coll. For., St. Paul MN, Minn. For. Res. Notes No. 34. 4 p.
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Site preparation on some sites might be done simply to facilitate access by planters, or to improve access and increase the number or distribution of microsites suitable for planting or seeding.
1297:
Tamburini, G., De Simone, S., Sigura, M., Boscutti, F., Marini, L. and Kleijn, D. (2016), Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control.
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Macadam, A.M. 1987. Effects of broadcast slash burning on fuels and soil chemical properties in the sub-boreal spruce zone of central British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 17(12):1577–1584.
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more constraints that would otherwise be likely to thwart the objectives of management. A valuable bibliography on the effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and
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Zone tillage is a form of modified deep tillage in which only narrow strips are tilled, leaving soil in between the rows untilled. This type of tillage agitates the soil to help reduce
405:
Conservation tillage leaves at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface, or at least 1,000 lb/ac (1,100 kg/ha) of small grain residue on the surface during the critical
752:
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A raw, rough, and tough soil is hard to till and will neither bring forth corn, nor any other thing without great labor, however the seasons be temperate in moisture and dryness
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Slash weight (the oven-dry weight of the entire crown and that portion of the stem less than four inches in diameter) and size distribution are major factors influencing the
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Prescribed burning is carried out primarily for slash hazard reduction and to improve site conditions for regeneration; all or some of the following benefits may accrue:
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Broadcast burning is commonly used to prepare clearcut sites for planting, e.g., in central British Columbia, and in the temperate region of North America generally.
998:
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J. Hall's (1970) report on the state of site preparation in Ontario noted that blades and rakes were found to be well suited to post-cut scarification in tolerant
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Little, S.N.; Klock, G.O. 1985. The influence of residue removal and prescribed fire on distribution of forest nutrients. USDA, For. Serv., Res. Pap. PNW-333.
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Greater speeds, when using certain tillage implements (disks and chisel plows), lead to more intensive tillage (i.e., less residue is on the soil surface).
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in 2003, ploughing with modern powerful tractors had done as much damage in the last six decades as traditional farming did in the previous six centuries.
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Tarrant, R.F. 1954. Effect of slash burning on soil pH. USDA, For. Serv., Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Sta., Portland OR, Res. Note 102. 5 p.
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When done in autumn, helps exposed soil crumble over winter through frosting and defrosting, which helps prepare a smooth surface for spring planting.
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1925:"Survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings in relation to stock type, site preparation and plantation type in southeastern Manitoba"
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d) Reduction or elimination of slash, grass, or brush fuels from strategic areas around forested land to reduce the chances of damage by wildfire.
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Indoria, A.K.; Rao, Ch. Srinivasa; Sharma, K.L.; Reddy, K. Sammi (2017). "Conservation agriculture – a panacea to improve soil physical health".
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Can reduce infestations of slugs, cut worms, army worms, and harmful insects as they are attracted by leftover residues from former crops.
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Papers presented at the Fire Management Symposium, April 1987, Prince George BC, Central Interior Fire Protection Committee, Smithers BC.
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obtainable from an existing distribution of shade-providing material, redistribution or importing of such material has been undertaken.
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Site preparation is any of various treatments applied to a site to ready it for seeding or planting. The purpose is to facilitate the
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Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil. (Results in more runoff and erosion as the soil absorbs water more slowly than before)
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b) Reduction or elimination of unwanted forest cover prior to planting or seeding, or prior to preliminary scarification thereto.
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possible. However, the destruction of the prairie grasses and tillage of the fertile topsoil of the American Midwest caused the
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Taylor, S.W.; Feller, M.C. 1987. Initial effects of slashburning on the nutrient status of Sub-boreal Spruce Zone ecosystems.
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Increasing the angle of disks causes residues to be buried more deeply. Increasing their concavity makes them more aggressive.
290:... you must labor it most exquisitely, harrow it and manure it very oft with great store of dung, so you shall make it better
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cover or less than 500 pounds per acre (560 kg/ha) of small grain residue. This type of tillage is often referred to as
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Site preparation is the work that is done before a forest area is regenerated. Some types of site preparation are burning.
17:
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Holt, L. 1955. White spruce seedbeds as related to natural regeneration. Pulp Paper Res. Instit. Can., Montreal QC. 28 p.
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aerate the soil. Secondary tillage is any subsequent tillage, to incorporate fertilizers, reduce the soil to a finer
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has greatly reduced the use of tillage. Crops can be grown for several years without any tillage through the use of
1100:
225:. Hoofed animals could also be used to till soil by trampling, in addition to pigs, whose natural instincts are to
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Rotational tillage – Tilling the soil every two years or less often (every other year, or every third year, etc.).
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test prescribed burning as a means of seedbed preparation and site amelioration on representative clear-felled
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for many crops. Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.
294:... but especially desire that they may not be watered with rain, for water is as good as poison to them.
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Tilling the soil results in dislodging the cohesiveness of the soil particles, thereby inducing erosion.
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430:– Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows untilled.
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939:, the mounds received over 4 times the total daily light energy that reached the control microsites.
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1258:. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska – Lincoln. p. Figure 2
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Tilling could at times be very labor-intensive. This aspect is discussed in the 16th-century French
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number of times the farmer travels over the field, significant savings in fuel and labor are made.
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to control weeds, crop varieties that tolerate packed soil, and equipment that can plant seeds or
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Ronco, F. 1975. Diagnosis: sunburned trees. J. For. 73(1):31–35. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
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397:, rolling basket, and cutter can be used to prepare the seed bed. There are many variations.
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The type of implement makes the most difference, although other factors can have an effect.
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Dries the soil before seeding (in wetter climates, tillage aids in keeping the soil drier).
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1407:"Evaluation of Zone Tillage for Corn Production — On-Farm Research — Penn State Extension"
1192:"Safeguarding Soil: A Smart Way to Protect Farmers, Taxpayers, and the Future of Our Food"
8:
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the reduced thickness of forest floor where low soil temperatures are a limiting factor.
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267:, or a similar sturdy animal. Horses are generally unsuitable, though breeds such as the
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However, the earliest evidence of plow usage dates back to around 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia
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2012:
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2076:(28 September 2009; verified 28 September 2009). Soil Science of America, Madison, WI.
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Wang, G. Geoff; Siemens, J. Aurea; Keenan, Vince; Philippot, Daniel (1 October 2000).
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Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into the soil.
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1373:. Texas Cooperative Extension, The Texas A&M University System. Archived from
436:- Soil is covered with mulch to conserve heat and moisture. 100% soil disturbance.
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Soil Science of America. 2009. Glossary of Soil Science Terms. . Available at
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to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
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Percentage residue is used to compare tillage systems because the amount of
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Reduces the risk of crop diseases which can be harbored in surface residues.
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1862:"Weight and Size Distribution of Slash of White Spruce and Lodgepole Pine"
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of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of
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Soil and water conservation for productivity and environmental protection
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1517:(PPT—available as non-PPT by searching the path through a search engine)
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the top layer of soil or horizon A, which facilitates planting the crop.
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1281:"National Crop Residue Management (CRM) Survey Summary (various years)"
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1595:. PennState – College of Agricultural Sciences – Cooperative Extension
1108:. Translated by Surflet, Richard. London (published 1616). p. 11.
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alternating with uncut strips 16 feet (4.88 m) wide, were felled in a
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1437:"UCONN IPM: Integrated Pest Management:Vegetables:Deep Zone Tillage"
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Hall, J. 1970. Site preparation in Ontario. For. Chron. 46:445–447.
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With linear site preparation, orientation is sometimes dictated by
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Chisel plows can have spikes or sweeps. Spikes are more aggressive.
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424:– plows, disks, et cetera are not used. Aims for 100% ground cover.
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No-tillage and surface-tillage agriculture: the tillage revolution
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Conservation Tillage and Residue Management to Reduce Soil Erosion
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c) Reduction of humus on cold, moist sites to favour regeneration.
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Tilling was first performed via human labor, sometimes involving
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2129:"Illustrated Guide of Tilling and Weaving: Rural Life in China"
1479:, DeJong-Hughes, J. Johnson, J. Plant Management Network. 2009.
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99:(overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks),
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the soil without really digging it up. This practice, called
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Manufacturer of Agricultural Zone Till Subsoiler with Photos
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Troeh, Frederick R., J. Arthur Hobbs, Roy L. Donahue. 1991.
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1368:"Best Management Practices for Conservation/Reduced Tillage"
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1991:
Burton, P.; Bedford, L.; Goldstein, M.; Osberg, M. (2000).
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It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date of its invention
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or plant material, resulting in soil with a rough texture.
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1922:
1663:
Mahdi Al-Kaisi; Mark Hanna; Michael Tidman (13 May 2002).
1429:
922:
the effect it had on root growth of outplants (Table 30).
785:
tree species has been prepared by McKinnon et al. (2002).
30:
1426:. "Evaluation of Zone Tillage for Corn Production", 2002.
1051:
942:
1471:
1468:, "Fall Zone Tillage Conserves Soil, Yields Well", 1999.
1252:"CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN THE UNITED STATES: AN OVERVIEW"
999:
SWEEP (Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement program)
623:
reduce the amount of herbicides needed for weed control.
1642:"Nightmare in Tilling Fields – a Horror for Weed Pests"
326:
grasses and rocks caused trouble. Soon after 1900, the
256:
134:
fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.
1132:
1543:"Alternative tillage systems to save time and fuel*"
1399:
575:
Compaction of the soil, also known as a tillage pan.
744:It has been suggested that this section should be
2044:Sprague, Milton A., and Glover B. Triplett. 1986.
1318:"Reduced soil tilling helps both soils and yields"
671:
373:to see how they can affect the amount of residue.
2074:https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary
2062:, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.
1717:Kiil, A. D.; Chrosciewicz, Z. (1 December 1970).
1624:
1622:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1507:
1505:
1384:
1190:Stillerman, Karen Perry; DeLonge, Marcia (2019).
1189:
868:The need to provide shade for young outplants of
2138:
1716:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1070:
354:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1396:. Vegetable Program. "Deep Zone Tillage", 2012.
554:and fertilizer, and its ability to store water.
229:the ground regularly if allowed to. The wooden
2105:The nature and property of soils, 13th edition
2102:
1719:"Prescribed Fire — Its Place in Reforestation"
1619:
1576:
1541:Dr. Tarlok Singh Sahota CCA (September 2008).
330:was introduced, which made modern large-scale
168:(of which there are many types and subtypes),
1482:
1287:. Conservation Technology Information Center.
1161:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
898:equipment from other sources was increasing.
1799:
1692:
1457:. "Soil Health and Deep-Zone Tillage", 2008.
855:
251:It could be pulled with human labor, or by
27:Preparation of soil by mechanical agitation
1589:"Soil Compaction and Conservation Tillage"
1460:
1940:
1877:
1734:
1536:
1534:
1177:"History of tillage and tillage research"
1146:
1120:"History of tillage and tillage research"
1065:
1028:
1026:
1024:
598:. In the UK, half of the long barrows in
164:The seedbed preparation can be done with
1098:
569:Reduces microbes, earthworms, ants, etc.
533:
478:
212:
200:burying their leaves (cutting off their
29:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1918:
1916:
1511:
581:(nutrient runoff into a body of water).
400:
381:Intensive tillage leaves less than 15%
364:, level the surface, or control weeds.
14:
2139:
1823:
1821:
1531:
1362:
1360:
1343:"Strip Till for Field Crop Production"
1315:
1021:
943:Orientation of linear site preparation
2092:(umequip.com by Unverferth Equipment)
1904:
1757:
1751:
1555:from the original on 16 November 2013
1275:
1273:
639:affects the soil loss due to erosion.
2085:agriculture_sustainable_farming.html
2023:
1984:
1971:
1957:
1913:
1894:
1859:
1853:
1834:
1809:
1790:
1665:"Methods for measuring crop residue"
1316:Horton, Michelle (6 December 2019).
1179:. University of Minnesota Extension.
1122:. University of Minnesota Extension.
730:
675:
602:and almost all the burial mounds in
376:
1843:
1818:
1710:
1682:
1394:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1357:
909:stands for natural regeneration of
613:
566:Reduces organic matter in the soil.
538:A Kenyan farmer holding tilled soil
24:
2103:Brady, Nyle C.; R.R. Weil (2002).
2096:
1270:
367:
217:Tilling with Hungarian Grey cattle
25:
2163:
2122:
1631:University of Missouri: Extension
1046:
984:Optimum water content for tillage
455:problems and to improve internal
188:, ridge- or bed-forming tillers,
1758:Scott, J. D. (1 December 1970).
1194:. Union of Concerned Scientists.
735:
680:
606:have been damaged. According to
393:. After this, a finisher with a
123:as that required to make a good
2035:
1860:Kiil, A. D. (1 December 1965).
1656:
1634:
1607:
1567:
1345:. Ag.ndsu.edu. 14 November 2012
1335:
1309:
1291:
753:Site preparation of forest land
672:Site preparation of forest land
643:
446:
1244:
1219:
1183:
1169:
1126:
1112:
1092:
585:
543:Dries the soil before seeding.
466:Its use in the USA's Northern
145:loosens the soil and mixes in
137:
13:
1:
2107:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2080:No-Plow Farmers Save Our Soil
1424:Pennsylvania State University
1086:
964:stand, aged 90 to 100 years.
892:
488:Valencian Museum of Ethnology
355:Primary and secondary tillage
271:were bred as draft animals.
994:Soybean management practices
513:Mechanically destroys weeds.
318:plow allowed farming in the
7:
1760:"Direct Seeding in Ontario"
1593:Conservation Tillage Series
1305:doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12544
967:
916:
694:the scope of other articles
594:ancient structures such as
529:
494:
34:Tillage after corn harvest
10:
2168:
1993:"[No title found]"
1616:July 2003 English Heritage
1519:. University of Washington
1300:Journal of Applied Ecology
1148:10.18520/cs/v112/i01/52-61
1099:Estienne, Charles (1564).
791:
750:into a new article titled
474:
208:
2147:Agricultural soil science
1455:University of Connecticut
1151:(inactive 27 April 2024).
880:
856:Ameliorative intervention
572:Destroys soil aggregates.
2152:Agricultural terminology
1014:
349:
2009:10.1023/A:1006796412006
1004:TERON (Tillage erosion)
115:, and cultivating with
1929:The Forestry Chronicle
1866:The Forestry Chronicle
1764:The Forestry Chronicle
1723:The Forestry Chronicle
1514:"Soils in Agriculture"
1207:Cite journal requires
539:
491:
296:
218:
63:tilling methods using
41:
1669:Iowa State University
712:splitting the content
706:and help introduce a
537:
482:
284:
216:
33:
1614:"Ripping Up History"
1573:Gebhardt_et_al. 1985
1066:conservation tillage
650:agricultural science
401:Conservation tillage
387:conventional tillage
233:was then invented. (
89:draft-animal-powered
18:Conservation tillage
2048:. New York, Wiley.
714:into a new article.
1942:10.5558/tfc76775-5
1879:10.5558/tfc41432-4
1776:10.5558/tfc46453-6
1736:10.5558/tfc46448-6
1380:on 10 August 2014.
1227:"Types of tillage"
932:compensation point
704:discuss this issue
540:
492:
219:
42:
2068:978-0-13-096807-4
2054:978-0-471-88410-1
774:
773:
729:
728:
377:Intensive tillage
307:, and results in
153:Secondary tillage
16:(Redirected from
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1409:. Archived from
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989:Site preparation
979:Land development
870:Engelmann spruce
769:
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739:
738:
731:
724:
721:
715:
684:
683:
676:
614:General comments
608:English Heritage
563:Chemical runoff.
320:American Midwest
293:
289:
280:Charles Estienne
278:text written by
119:shanks (teeth).
21:
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2097:Further reading
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1303:, 53: 233–241.
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1285:ctic.purdue.edu
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1135:Current Science
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1017:
1009:Tillage erosion
970:
945:
919:
895:
883:
874:Rocky Mountains
858:
831:heterogeneity.
794:
770:
764:
761:
740:
736:
725:
719:
716:
701:
696:, specifically
685:
681:
674:
662:no-till farming
646:
616:
600:Gloucestershire
588:
532:
497:
477:
453:soil compaction
449:
403:
379:
370:
368:Reduced tillage
357:
352:
309:soil compaction
291:
287:
247:
243:modern-day Iraq
211:
143:Primary tillage
140:
103:, rolling with
51:preparation of
38:Click for video
35:
28:
23:
22:
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5:
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2123:External links
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1935:(5): 775–782.
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1872:(4): 432–437.
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1644:. Ars.usda.gov
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1459:
1453:, Boucher, J.
1443:on 22 May 2013
1428:
1413:on 13 May 2013
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954:lodgepole pine
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87:. Examples of
55:by mechanical
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1101:"CHAP. IIII."
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1076:However, see
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1045:However, see
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708:summary style
705:
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689:This section
687:
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457:soil drainage
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61:human-powered
58:
54:
50:
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39:
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19:
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2036:Bibliography
2025:
2003:(1): 23–44.
2000:
1996:
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1932:
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1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1636:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1521:. Retrieved
1473:
1462:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1431:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1401:
1386:
1375:the original
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1311:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1260:. Retrieved
1255:
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1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1200:cite journal
1185:
1171:
1157:cite journal
1138:
1134:
1128:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1072:
1047:zone tillage
961:
958:
946:
928:
924:
920:
911:yellow birch
904:
900:
896:
887:
884:
872:in the high
867:
859:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
798:
795:
787:
778:regeneration
775:
762:
751:
745:
717:
698:Silviculture
690:
647:
644:Alternatives
637:crop residue
596:long barrows
590:Tilling can
589:
503:Loosens and
498:
465:
461:
450:
447:Zone tillage
416:
412:
407:soil erosion
404:
383:crop residue
380:
371:
358:
340:Petty Plough
328:farm tractor
313:
297:
285:
273:
248:
242:
238:
234:
220:
152:
151:
142:
141:
129:
121:
105:cultipackers
49:agricultural
44:
43:
1997:New Forests
1674:28 December
1349:20 December
1256:okstate.edu
1236:24 February
1078:cover crops
862:forest fire
849:Picea/Abies
844:Picea/Abies
666:diesel fuel
586:Archaeology
546:Soil loses
332:agriculture
194:cultivators
138:Definitions
101:rototilling
2141:Categories
1327:8 December
1087:References
949:topography
893:Mechanical
765:March 2019
692:duplicates
654:herbicides
442:Ridge-till
434:Mulch-till
428:Strip-till
269:Clydesdale
186:subsoilers
158:herbicides
147:fertilizer
117:cultivator
93:mechanized
65:hand tools
2131:from 1696
1951:0015-7546
1888:0015-7546
1784:0015-7546
1745:0015-7546
1523:28 August
548:nutrients
499:Plowing:
486:tillage.
468:Corn Belt
336:Dust Bowl
301:soil loss
276:agronomic
113:harrowing
107:or other
97:ploughing
69:shoveling
57:agitation
2017:20334017
1981:(mimeo).
1599:26 March
1550:Archived
1447:3 August
1417:3 August
1033:systems.
968:See also
917:Mounding
907:hardwood
658:fumigate
552:nitrogen
530:Negative
495:Positive
261:elephant
132:row crop
67:include
1559:20 June
792:Burning
758:discuss
702:Please
668:usage.
648:Modern
550:, like
505:aerates
475:Effects
422:No-till
346:trees.
344:orchard
324:prairie
305:erosion
209:History
190:rollers
178:shovels
170:dibbles
166:harrows
125:seedbed
109:rollers
77:mattock
73:picking
47:is the
45:Tillage
2111:
2066:
2052:
2015:
1949:
1886:
1782:
1743:
1648:5 July
1262:8 July
881:Access
783:boreal
592:damage
395:harrow
292:
288:
223:slaves
85:raking
83:, and
81:hoeing
79:work,
2013:S2CID
1553:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
1141:(1).
1015:Notes
747:split
604:Essex
362:tilth
350:Types
316:steel
192:, or
2109:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1947:ISSN
1884:ISSN
1780:ISSN
1741:ISSN
1676:2012
1650:2012
1601:2011
1561:2018
1525:2013
1449:2013
1419:2013
1351:2012
1329:2019
1264:2013
1238:2019
1213:help
1163:link
842:The
484:Rice
391:plow
314:The
253:mule
231:plow
227:root
174:hoes
53:soil
2005:doi
1937:doi
1874:doi
1806:BC.
1772:doi
1731:doi
1143:doi
1139:112
760:)
756:. (
311:.
303:by
91:or
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2001:20
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1933:76
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1359:^
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1198:{{
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1155:{{
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257:ox
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