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has been called "cascade logic": each time new evidence becomes available, a conspiracy theory is able to dismiss it by claiming that even more people must be part of the cover-up. Any information that contradicts the conspiracy theory is suggested to be disinformation by the alleged conspiracy. Similarly, the continued lack of evidence directly supporting conspiracist claims is portrayed as confirming the existence of a conspiracy of silence; the fact that other people have not found or exposed any conspiracy is taken as evidence that those people are part of the plot, rather than considering that it may be because no conspiracy exists. This strategy lets conspiracy theories insulate themselves from neutral analyses of the evidence, and makes them resistant to questioning or correction, which is called "epistemic self-insulation".
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underrepresented demographics. However, as of 2019, many governmental websites do not take full advantage of the available information-sharing opportunities. Similarly, social media accounts need to be used effectively in order to achieve meaningful communication with the public, such as by responding to requests that citizens send to those accounts. Other steps include adapting messages to the communication styles used on the social media platform in question, and promoting a culture of openness. Since mixed messaging can support conspiracy theories, it is also important to avoid conflicting accounts, such as by ensuring the accuracy of messages on the social media accounts of individual members of the organization.
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black-and-white world in which good is struggling against evil. The general public is cast as the victim of organised persecution, and the motives of the alleged conspirators often verge on pure maniacal evil. At the very least, the conspirators are said to have an almost inhuman disregard for the basic liberty and well-being of the general population. More grandiose conspiracy theories portray the conspirators as being Evil
Incarnate: of having caused all the ills from which we suffer, committing abominable acts of unthinkable cruelty on a routine basis, and striving ultimately to subvert or destroy everything we hold dear.
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consumers a seat at the table to mend their mistrust in institutions. Regarding the challenges of this approach, Pierre has said, "The challenge with acknowledging areas of uncertainty within a public sphere is that doing so can be weaponized to reinforce a post-truth view of the world in which everything is debatable, and any counter-position is just as valid. Although I like to think of myself as a middle of the road kind of individual, it is important to keep in mind that the truth does not always lie in the middle of a debate, whether we are talking about climate change, vaccines, or antipsychotic medications."
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people who value critical thinking, this can be affirmed and then redirected to encourage being more critical when analyzing the conspiracy theory. 3) Approaches demonstrate empathy, and are based on building understanding together, which is supported by modeling open-mindedness in order to encourage the conspiracy theorists to do likewise. 4) The conspiracy theories are not attacked with ridicule or aggressive deconstruction, and interactions are not treated like an argument to be won; this approach can work with the general public, but among conspiracy theorists it may simply be rejected.
1135:. More generally, belief in conspiracy theories is associated with holding extreme and uncompromising viewpoints, and may help people in maintaining those viewpoints. While conspiracy theories are not always present in extremist groups, and do not always lead to violence when they are, they can make the group more extreme, provide an enemy to direct hatred towards, and isolate members from the rest of society. Conspiracy theories are most likely to inspire violence when they call for urgent action, appeal to prejudices, or demonize and scapegoat enemies.
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threatening subversives. Rogin cites examples from the Red Scares of 1919, to McCarthy's anti-communist campaign in the 1950s and more recently fears of immigrant hordes invading the US. Unlike
Hofstadter, Rogin saw these "countersubversive" fears as frequently coming from those in power and dominant groups, instead of from the dispossessed. Unlike Robert Jewett, Rogin blamed not the counterculture, but America's dominant culture of liberal individualism and the fears it stimulated to explain the periodic eruption of irrational conspiracy theories. The
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923:. Their arguments often take the form of asking reasonable questions, but without providing an answer based on strong evidence. Conspiracy theories are most successful when proponents can gather followers from the general public, such as in politics, religion and journalism. These proponents may not necessarily believe the conspiracy theory; instead, they may just use it in an attempt to gain public approval. Conspiratorial claims can act as a successful rhetorical strategy to convince a portion of the public via
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1965:
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simple corrections, and can be adapted to the specific values held by individuals and cultures. These narratives may depict personal experiences, or alternatively they can be cultural narratives. In the context of vaccination, examples of cultural narratives include stories about scientific breakthroughs, about the world before vaccinations, or about heroic and altruistic researchers. The themes to be addressed would be those that could be exploited by conspiracy theories to increase
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effective to use these strategies in advance, informing people that they could encounter misleading information in the future, and why the information should be rejected (also called inoculation or prebunking). While it has been suggested that discussing conspiracy theories can raise their profile and make them seem more legitimate to the public, the discussion can put people on guard instead as long as it is sufficiently persuasive.
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result in legitimizing them. In this context, possible interventions include carefully selecting which conspiracy theories to refute, requesting additional analyses from independent observers, and introducing cognitive diversity into conspiratorial communities by undermining their poor epistemology. Any legitimization effect might also be reduced by responding to more conspiracy theories rather than fewer.
801:. The conspiracy is believed to have broad goals, usually conceived as securing control of a country, a region, or even the entire world. The goals are sweeping, whilst the conspiratorial machinery is generally simple: a single, evil organization implements a plan to infiltrate and subvert existing institutions. This is a common scenario in conspiracy theories that focus on the alleged machinations of
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bicycle-sharing programs. In the case of public communications by government officials, factors that improve the effectiveness of communication include using clear and simple messages, and using messengers which are trusted by the target population. Government information about conspiracy theories is more likely to be believed if the messenger is perceived as being part of someone's
1442:, as of 2020 most researchers believe that backfire effects are either unlikely to occur on the broader population level, or they only occur in very specific circumstances, or they do not exist. Brendan Nyhan, one of the researchers who initially proposed the occurrence of backfire effects, wrote in 2021 that the persistence of misinformation is most likely due to other factors.
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refer to a variety of hypotheses in which those convicted in the conspiracy were in fact the victims of a deeper conspiracy. There are also attempts to analyze the theory of conspiracy theories (conspiracy theory theory) to ensure that the term "conspiracy theory" is used to refer to narratives that have been debunked by experts, rather than as a generalized dismissal.
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can fool the entire world, but so incompetent that even the unskilled conspiracy theorists can find mistakes they make that prove the fraud. At some point, the number of alleged conspirators, combined with the contradictions within the alleged conspirators' interests and competence, becomes so great that maintaining the theory becomes an obvious exercise in absurdity.
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to the acceptance of larger and more extensive theories because the hardened neural pathways are already present. Repetition of the "facts" of conspiracy theories and their connected lies simply reinforces the rigidity of those pathways. Thus, conspiracy theories and dehumanizing lies are not mere hyperbole, they can actually change the way people think:
850:("Who benefits?"), jumping to the conclusion that a posited beneficiary is responsible for covertly influencing events. On the other hand, the "deep" conspiracy theorist begins with a hunch and then seeks out evidence. Rothbard describes this latter activity as a matter of confirming with certain facts one's initial paranoia.
1590:, discussing the usage of "conspiracy theory" in contemporary American culture, holds that this term is used for a belief that explains an event as the result of a secret plot by exceptionally powerful and cunning conspirators to achieve a malevolent end. According to Barkun, the appeal of conspiracism is threefold:
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part of our present understanding of the way that US intelligence works and neither thus qualify as 'conspiracy theories' anymore. The point here is that when we employ the term 'conspiracy theory' in actual language use, we are implicitly assuming and implying that the claims advanced by the theory are not true.
471:, can act with near-perfect competence and secrecy. The causes of events or situations are simplified to exclude complex or interacting factors, as well as the role of chance and unintended consequences. Nearly all observations are explained as having been deliberately planned by the alleged conspirators.
1405:, giving patients all the relevant information without imposing decisions on them, to ensure that they have a sense of control. Improving access to healthcare also reduces medical conspiracism. However, doing so by political efforts can also fuel additional conspiracy theories, which occurred with the
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suggests that people who believe conspiracy theories have difficulty rethinking situations. Exposure to those theories has caused neural pathways which are more rigid and less subject to change. Initial susceptibility to believing the lies, dehumanizing language, and metaphors of these theories leads
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This enemy seems on many counts a projection of the self; both the ideal and the unacceptable aspects of the self are attributed to him. A fundamental paradox of the paranoid style is the imitation of the enemy. The enemy, for example, may be the cosmopolitan intellectual, but the paranoid will outdo
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argue that even if a posited cabal behind an alleged conspiracy is almost always perceived as hostile, there often remains an element of reassurance for theorists. This is because it is a consolation to imagine that difficulties in human affairs are created by humans, and remain within human control.
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TĂĽrkay Salim Nefes underlines the political nature of conspiracy theories. He suggests that one of the most important characteristics of these accounts is their attempt to unveil the "real but hidden" power relations in social groups. The term "conspiracism" was popularized by academic Frank P. Mintz
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to understand exactly what people believe, and the reasons they give for those beliefs. This allows messaging to focus on the specific concerns that people identify, and on topics that are easily misinterpreted by the public, since these are factors which conspiracy theories can take advantage of. In
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in 1996, much of the opposition centered on promoting a procedural objection to the report's creation. Specifically, it was claimed that part of the procedure reflected a conspiracy to silence dissenters, which served as motivation for opponents of the report and successfully redirected a significant
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Swami, Viren; Coles, Rebecca; Stieger, Stefan; Pietschnig, Jakob; Furnham, Adrian; Rehim, Sherry; Voracek, Martin (2011). "Conspiracist ideation in
Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious
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It also seems to be the case that the way we normally use the term conspiracy theory excludes instances where the theory has been generally accepted as true...Just as the
Watergate scandal is now part of the official account of the Nixon administration, the NSA monitoring practices are arguably also
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in outlining intellectual virtues (such as humility, caution and carefulness) and intellectual vices (such as gullibility, carelessness and closed-mindedness). Whereas intellectual virtues help in reaching sound examination, intellectual vices "impede effective and responsible inquiry", meaning that
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Additional research suggests that "delusional ideation" is the trait most likely to indicate a stronger belief in conspiracy theories. Research also shows an increased attachment to these irrational beliefs leads to a decreased desire for civic engagement. Belief in conspiracy theories is correlated
1643:, unpredictable, or otherwise inexplicable events. According to Berlet and Lyons, "Conspiracism is a particular narrative form of scapegoating that frames demonized enemies as part of a vast insidious plot against the common good, while it valorizes the scapegoater as a hero for sounding the alarm".
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can be counterproductive. For example, since conspiracy theories can reinterpret disconfirming information as part of their narrative, refuting a claim can result in accidentally reinforcing it, which is referred to as a "backfire effect". In addition, publishing criticism of conspiracy theories can
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In public health campaigns, information retention by the public is highest for loss-framed messages that include more extreme outcomes. However, excessively appealing to catastrophic scenarios (e.g. low vaccination rates causing an epidemic) may provoke anxiety, which is associated with conspiracism
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Methods of refutation which have shown effectiveness in various circumstances include: providing facts that demonstrate the conspiracy theory is false, attempting to discredit the source, explaining how the logic is invalid or misleading, and providing links to fact-checking websites. It can also be
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The typical approach of conspiracy theories is to challenge any action or statement from authorities, using even the most tenuous justifications. Responses are then assessed using a double standard, where failing to provide an immediate response to the satisfaction of the conspiracy theorist will be
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describes conspiracy theory as a "form of popular knowledge or interpretation". The use of the word 'knowledge' here suggests ways in which conspiracy theory may be considered in relation to legitimate modes of knowing. The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledge, Birchall claims,
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Conspiracy beliefs are widespread around the world. In rural Africa, common targets of conspiracy theorizing include societal elites, enemy tribes, and the
Western world, with conspirators often alleged to enact their plans via sorcery or witchcraft; one common belief identifies modern technology as
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emulates
Communist cells and quasi-secret operation through "front" groups, and preaches a ruthless prosecution of the ideological war along lines very similar to those it finds in the Communist enemy. Spokesmen of the various fundamentalist anti-Communist "crusades" openly express their admiration
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have sometimes had mixed results, but are generally considered ineffective. An example of this is the use of images that showcase disturbing health outcomes, such as the impact of smoking on dental health. One possible explanation is that information processed via the fear response is typically not
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Public exposure to conspiracy theories can be reduced by interventions that reduce their ability to spread, such as by encouraging people to reflect before sharing a news story. Researchers Carlos Diaz Ruiz and Tomas
Nilsson have proposed technical and rhetorical interventions to counter the spread
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Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a
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too analyzed this paranoid style of politics that has occurred throughout
American history. Conspiracy theories frequently identify an imaginary subversive group that is supposedly attacking the nation and requires the government and allied forces to engage in harsh extra-legal repression of those
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is allegedly responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the
Democratic party did not pursue exposing this alleged plot, that must mean that both the Democratic and Republican parties are conspirators in the alleged plot. It also assumes that the alleged conspirators are so competent that they
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Conspiracism serves the needs of diverse political and social groups in
America and elsewhere. It identifies elites, blames them for economic and social catastrophes, and assumes that things will be better once popular action can remove them from positions of power. As such, conspiracy theories do
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Researchers have recommended that public policies should take into account the possibility of conspiracy theories relating to any policy or policy area, and prepare to combat them in advance. Conspiracy theories have suddenly arisen in the context of policy issues as disparate as land-use laws and
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Conspiracy theories are a fundamental component of a wide range of radicalized and extremist groups, where they may play an important role in reinforcing the ideology and psychology of their members as well as further radicalizing their beliefs. These conspiracy theories often share common themes,
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is used by conspiracy theorists: both evidence against the conspiracy and an absence of evidence for it are re-interpreted as evidence of its truth, whereby the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than something that can be proved or disproved. The epistemic strategy of conspiracy theories
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observes "This interpretation relies on the notion that, the stronger the evidence against a conspiracy, the more the conspirators must want people to believe their version of events." As a consequence, the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than something that can be proven or disproven.
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A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account... invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other
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campaigns. A key characteristic of communication strategies to address medical conspiracy theories is the use of techniques that rely less on emotional appeals. It is more effective to use methods that encourage people to process information rationally. The use of visual aids is also an essential
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can be disproven by a single perceived deficiency, even though such events are extremely rare. In addition, both disregarding the claims and attempting to address them will be interpreted as proof of a conspiracy. Other conspiracist arguments may not be scientific; for example, in response to the
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deceit, it is even harder to step out of that path — which is how fanatics are born. Instead, these people will seek out information that confirms their beliefs, avoid anything that is in conflict with them, or even turn the contrasting information on its head, so as to make it fit their beliefs.
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Hofstadter also noted that "sexual freedom" is a vice frequently attributed to the conspiracist's target group, noting that "very often the fantasies of true believers reveal strong sadomasochistic outlets, vividly expressed, for example, in the delight of anti-Masons with the cruelty of Masonic
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This is additionally supported by the fact that conspiracy theories have a number of disadvantageous attributes. For example, they promote a negative and distrustful view of other people and groups, who are allegedly acting based on antisocial and cynical motivations. This is expected to lead to
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Some psychological scientists assert that explanations related to conspiracy theories can be, and often are "internally consistent" with strong beliefs that had previously been held prior to the event that sparked the conspiracy. People who believe in conspiracy theories tend to believe in other
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Conspiracy theories often make use of complicated and detailed arguments, including ones which appear to be analytical or scientific. However, belief in conspiracy theories is primarily driven by emotion. One of the most widely confirmed facts about conspiracy theories is that belief in a single
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Another approach is based on viewing conspiracy theories as narratives which express personal and cultural values, making them less susceptible to straightforward factual corrections, and more effectively addressed by counter-narratives. Counter-narratives can be more engaging and memorable than
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In addition, when the government communicates with citizens to combat conspiracy theories, online methods are more efficient compared to other methods such as print publications. This also promotes transparency, can improve a message's perceived trustworthiness, and is more effective at reaching
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One approach describes conspiracy theories as resulting from a "crippled epistemology", in which a person encounters or accepts very few relevant sources of information. A conspiracy theory is more likely to appear justified to people with a limited "informational environment" who only encounter
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Conspiracy theories can divert attention from important social, political, and scientific issues. In addition, they have been used to discredit scientific evidence to the general public or in a legal context. Conspiratorial strategies also share characteristics with those used by lawyers who are
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rather than conspiracy theory. Bjerg (2016) writes: "the way we normally use the term conspiracy theory excludes instances where the theory has been generally accepted as true. The Watergate scandal serves as the standard reference." By contrast, the term "Watergate conspiracy theory" is used to
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The issue of conspiracism versus rational criticism is a tough one, and some people (Jodi Dean, for example) argue that the former is simply a variety of the latter. I don't accept this, although I certainly acknowledge that there have been conspiracies. They simply don't have the attributes of
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The theory of Dr. Sankey as to the manner in which these injuries to the chest occurred in asylums deserved our careful attention. It was at least more plausible that the conspiracy theory of Mr. Charles Reade, and the precautionary measure suggested by Dr. Sankey of using a padded waistcoat in
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Some researchers have suggested that conspiracy theories could be partially caused by psychological mechanisms the human brain possesses for detecting dangerous coalitions. Such a mechanism could have been useful in the small-scale environment humanity evolved in but are mismatched in a modern,
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People formulate conspiracy theories to explain, for example, power relations in social groups and the perceived existence of evil forces. Proposed psychological origins of conspiracy theorising include projection; the personal need to explain "a significant event a significant cause;" and the
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In general, people do reject conspiracy theories when they learn about their contradictions and lack of evidence. For most people, corrections and fact-checking are very unlikely to have a negative impact, and there is no specific group of people in which backfire effects have been consistently
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reduces the number of information sources available to the population, which may lead people to support conspiracy theories. Since the credibility of conspiracy theories can be increased if governments act dishonestly or otherwise engage in objectionable actions, avoiding such actions is also a
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Characteristics of successful strategies for reaching conspiracy theorists have been divided into several broad categories: 1) Arguments can be presented by "trusted messengers", such as people who were formerly members of an extremist group. 2) Since conspiracy theorists think of themselves as
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England has had quite enough to do in Europe and Asia, without going out of her way to meddle with America. It was a physical and moral impossibility that she could be carrying on a gigantic conspiracy against us. But our masses, having only a rough general knowledge of foreign affairs, and not
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In addition to psychological factors such as conspiracist ideation, sociological factors also help account for who believes in which conspiracy theories. Such theories tend to get more traction among election losers in society, for example, and the emphasis of conspiracy theories by elites and
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Unfortunately, research into this brain wiring also shows that once people begin to believe lies, they are unlikely to change their minds even when confronted with evidence that contradicts their beliefs. It is a form of brainwashing. Once the brain has carved out a well-worn path of believing
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Psychological motives for believing in conspiracy theories can be categorized as epistemic, existential, or social. These motives are particularly acute in vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. However, it does not appear that the beliefs help to address these motives; in fact, they may be
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Joseph Pierre has said that mistrust in authoritative institutions is the core component underlying many conspiracy theories and that this mistrust creates an epistemic vacuum and makes individuals searching for answers vulnerable to misinformation. Therefore, one possible solution is offering
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Interventions that reduce feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, or powerlessness result in a reduction in conspiracy beliefs. Other possible strategies to mitigate the effect of conspiracy theories include education, media literacy, and increasing governmental openness and transparency. Due to the
429:, which proponents of the theory use as evidence of CIA motive and intention, does not contain the phrase "conspiracy theory" in the singular, and only uses the term "conspiracy theories" once, in the sentence: "Conspiracy theories have frequently thrown suspicion on our organisation [
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in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The general predisposition to believe conspiracy theories cuts across partisan and ideological lines. Conspiratorial thinking is correlated with antigovernmental orientations and a low sense of political efficacy, with conspiracy
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Conspiracy theorizing in the workplace can also have economic consequences. For example, it leads to lower job satisfaction and lower commitment, resulting in workers being more likely to leave their jobs. Comparisons have also been made with the effects of workplace rumors, which share some
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view conspiracy theorizing as typically nonpathological, given that unfounded belief in conspiracy is common across both historical and contemporary cultures, and may arise from innate human tendencies towards gossip, group cohesion, and religion. One historical review of conspiracy theories
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unnaturally somewhat exaggerating the space which we occupy in the world's eye, do not appreciate the complications which rendered such a conspiracy impossible. They only look at the sudden right-about-face movement of the English Press and public, which is most readily accounted for on the
1343:, in which many sources of reliable information are available, and government sources are known to be credible rather than propaganda. Additionally, independent nongovernmental organizations are able to correct misinformation without requiring people to trust the government. The absence of
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concluded that "Evidence suggests that the aversive feelings that people experience when in crisis—fear, uncertainty, and the feeling of being out of control—stimulate a motivation to make sense of the situation, increasing the likelihood of perceiving conspiracies in social situations."
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The malevolent intent assumed by most conspiracy theories goes far beyond everyday plots borne out of self-interest, corruption, cruelty, and criminality. The postulated conspirators are not merely people with selfish agendas or differing values. Rather, conspiracy theories postulate a
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Sociologist Theodore Sasson has remarked, "Conspiracy theories explain disturbing events or social phenomena in terms of the actions of specific, powerful individuals. By providing simple explanations of distressing events—the conspiracy theory in the Arab world, for example, that the
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magazine argues that Wall Street traders are among the most conspiracy-minded group of people, and ascribes this to the reality of some financial market conspiracies, and to the ability of conspiracy theories to provide necessary orientation in the market's day-to-day movements.
1409:(Obamacare) in the United States. Another successful strategy is to require people to watch a short video when they fulfil requirements such as registration for school or a drivers' license, which has been demonstrated to improve vaccination rates and signups for organ donation.
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Conspiracy theories are often commonly believed, some even being held by the majority of the population. A broad cross-section of Americans today gives credence to at least some conspiracy theories. For instance, a study conducted in 2016 found that 10% of Americans think the
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There are psychological mechanisms by which backfire effects could potentially occur, but the evidence on this topic is mixed, and backfire effects are very rare in practice. A 2020 review of the scientific literature on backfire effects found that there have been widespread
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People with strong convictions will have a hard time changing their minds, given how embedded a lie becomes in the mind. In fact, there are scientists and scholars still studying the best tools and tricks to combat lies with some combination of brain training and linguistic
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was already dead before his compound in Pakistan was attacked makes the same person more likely to believe that he is still alive. One conclusion from this finding is that the content of a conspiracist belief is less important than the idea of a coverup by the authorities.
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As evidence that undermines an alleged conspiracy grows, the number of alleged conspirators also grows in the minds of conspiracy theorists. This is because of an assumption that the alleged conspirators often have competing interests. For example, if Republican President
1261:. From the perspective of people within these networks, disconnected from the information available to the rest of society, believing in conspiracy theories may appear to be justified. In these cases, the solution would be to break the group's informational isolation.
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Robertson, Lockhart; Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane (London, England); Medico-psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal Medico-psychological Association (April 1870). Maudsley, Henry; Sibbald, John (eds.).
1824:: "Maybe I am taking conspiracy theories too seriously, but I am worried to detect, in those mad mixtures of knee-jerk disbelief, punctilious demands for proofs, and free use of powerful explanation from the social neverland, many of the weapons of social critique."
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is "completely true" and 20–30% think it is "somewhat true". This puts "the equivalent of 120 million Americans in the 'chemtrails are real' camp". Belief in conspiracy theories has therefore become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists and experts in
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has suggested that the popularity of conspiracy theories in the Arab world is "the ultimate refuge of the powerless". Al-Mumin Said has noted the danger of such theories, for they "keep us not only from the truth but also from confronting our faults and problems".
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observed. Presenting people with factual corrections, or highlighting the logical contradictions in conspiracy theories, has been demonstrated to have a positive effect in many circumstances. For example, this has been studied in the case of informing believers in
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about statements by actual experts and witnesses. One possibility is that criticism is most likely to backfire if it challenges someone's worldview or identity. This suggests that an effective approach may be to provide criticism while avoiding such challenges.
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analyses. Robert Blaskiewicz comments that examples of the term were used as early as the nineteenth century and states that its usage has always been derogatory. According to a study by Andrew McKenzie-McHarg, in contrast, in the nineteenth century the term
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Harry G. West and others have noted that while conspiracy theorists may often be dismissed as a fringe minority, certain evidence suggests that a wide range of the U.S. maintains a belief in conspiracy theories. West also compares those theories to
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of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. They are widespread around the world and are often commonly believed, some even held by the majority of the population. Interventions to reduce the occurrence of conspiracy beliefs include maintaining an
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Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and
5426:"The Report of a Quarterly Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in London at the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, by permission of the President and Council, on the 27th January, 1870. [in Part IV. Psychological News.]"
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Real conspiracies, even very simple ones, are difficult to conceal and routinely experience unexpected problems. In contrast, conspiracy theories suggest that conspiracies are unrealistically successful and that groups of conspirators, such as
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A conspiracy theory may take any matter as its subject, but certain subjects attract greater interest than others. Favored subjects include famous deaths and assassinations, morally dubious government activities, suppressed technologies, and
1998:, he used the term "the conspiracy theory of society" to denote the idea that social phenomena such as "war, unemployment, poverty, shortages ... the result of direct design by some powerful individuals and groups". Popper argued that
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It is possible that conspiracy theories may also produce some compensatory benefits to society in certain situations. For example, they may help people identify governmental deceptions, particularly in repressive societies, and encourage
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attempting to discredit expert testimony, such as claiming that the experts have ulterior motives in testifying, or attempting to find someone who will provide statements to imply that expert opinion is more divided than it actually is.
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If a cabal can be implicated, there may be a hope of breaking its power or of joining it. Belief in the power of a cabal is an implicit assertion of human dignity—an unconscious affirmation that man is responsible for his own destiny.
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A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of
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is prevalent amongst conspiracy theorists. This projection, according to the argument, is manifested in the form of attribution of undesirable characteristics of the self to the conspirators. Historian Richard Hofstadter stated that:
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of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Exposure to conspiracy theories in news media and popular entertainment increases receptiveness to conspiratorial ideas, and has also increased the social acceptability of fringe beliefs.
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where every belief is supported by other conspiracist beliefs. In addition, conspiracy theories have a "self-sealing" nature, in which the types of arguments used to support them make them resistant to questioning from others.
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characteristics with conspiracy theories and result in both decreased productivity and increased stress. Subsequent effects on managers include reduced profits, reduced trust from employees, and damage to the company's image.
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Grimes's study did not consider exposure by sources outside of the alleged conspiracy. It only considered exposure from within the alleged conspiracy through whistleblowers or through incompetence. Subsequent comments on the
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product of various kinds and stages of thought disorder, such as paranoid disposition, ranging in severity to diagnosable mental illnesses. Some people prefer socio-political explanations over the insecurity of encountering
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reports. Conspiracy theory conversely posits the existence of secretive coalitions of individuals and speculates on their alleged activities. Belief in conspiracy theories is associated with biases in reasoning, such as the
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him in the apparatus of scholarship, even of pedantry. ... The Ku Klux Klan imitated Catholicism to the point of donning priestly vestments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy. The
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simply "suggests a plausible postulate of a conspiracy" and "did not, at this stage, carry any connotations, either negative or positive", though sometimes a postulate so-labeled was criticized. The author and activist
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Strategies to address conspiracy theories have been divided into two categories based on whether the target audience is the conspiracy theorists or the general public. These strategies have been described as reducing
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Barkun has adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in
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2003: "The essence of conspiracy beliefs lies in attempts to delineate and explain evil. At their broadest, conspiracy theories 'view history as controlled by massive, demonic forces.' ... For our purposes, a
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scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Barkun notes the occurrence of lone-wolf conflicts with law enforcement acting as proxy for threatening the established political powers.
1568:. Similarly, they depict the public as ignorant and powerless against the alleged conspirators, with important aspects of society determined by malevolent forces, a viewpoint which is likely to be disempowering.
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part of these strategies. Since conspiracy theories are based on intuitive thinking, and visual information processing relies on intuition, visual aids are able to compete directly for the public's attention.
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for conspiracy theories. Both approaches can be used at the same time, although there may be issues of limited resources, or if arguments are used which may appeal to one audience at the expense of the other.
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Conspiracy theories may be emotionally satisfying, by assigning blame to a group to which the theorist does not belong and so absolving the theorist of moral or political responsibility in society. Likewise,
1159:, and most of the effort spent by conspiracy theorists is inherently misdirected. The most dangerous conspiracy theories are likely to be those that incite violence, scapegoat disadvantaged groups, or spread
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has said that, "captive minds; ... resort to conspiracy theory because it is the ultimate refuge of the powerless. If you cannot change your own life, it must be that some greater force controls the world."
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1215:
Other approaches to reduce the appeal of conspiracy theories in general among the public may be based in the emotional and social nature of conspiratorial beliefs. For example, interventions that promote
75:; it refers to a hypothesized conspiracy with specific characteristics, including but not limited to opposition to the mainstream consensus among those who are qualified to evaluate its accuracy, such as
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4853:
Prematunge, Chatura; Corace, Kimberly; McCarthy, Anne; Nair, Rama C.; Pugsley, Renee; Garber, Gary (2012). "Factors influencing pandemic influenza vaccination of healthcare workers—A systematic review".
1552:, exposure to conspiracy theories immediately suppresses personal feelings of autonomy and control. Furthermore, they also make people less likely to take actions that could improve their circumstances.
459:. Conspiracy theorists see themselves as having privileged access to socially persecuted knowledge or a stigmatized mode of thought that separates them from the masses who believe the official account.
2021:
for the conspirators, in contrast to conspiracy theories which often posit grand, sinister organizations, or world-changing events, the evidence for which has been erased or obscured. As described by
737:, historically, traditional conspiracism has entailed a "theory", but over time, "conspiracy" and "theory" have become decoupled, as modern conspiracism is often without any kind of theory behind it.
451:
conspiracies that have specific characteristics. For example, conspiracist beliefs invariably oppose the mainstream consensus among those people who are qualified to evaluate their accuracy, such as
981:, which often claims that there is a conspiracy of scientists suppressing their views. If they successfully find a platform to present their views in a debate format, they focus on using rhetorical
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1920:
A vaccination conspiracy would require a minimum of 22,000 people (without drug companies) and would be exposed within at least 3.15 years and at most 34.78 years depending on the number involved;
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Each person may endorse conspiracy theories for one of many different reasons. The most consistently demonstrated characteristics of people who find conspiracy theories appealing are a feeling of
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people to think of situations where they are in control, and ensuring that decisions by society and government are seen to follow procedural fairness (the use of fair decision-making procedures).
12319:
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Enders, Adam M.; Smallpage, Steven M.; Lupton, Robert N. (9 July 2018). "Are All 'Birthers' Conspiracy Theorists? On the Relationship Between Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Orientations".
1917:
would require a minimum of 29,083 people (published climate scientists only) and would be exposed within 26.77 years, or up to 405,000 people, in which case it would be exposed within 3.70 years;
410:, the political scientist Lance deHaven-Smith wrote that the term entered everyday language in the United States after 1964, the year in which the Warren Commission published its findings on the
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6071:
Sweek, Joel (October 2006). "Michael Barkun. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xii+243 pp. $ 24.95 (cloth)".
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Precedent set by official government-sanctioned conspiracy theories for propaganda, such as claims of German infiltration of the U.S. during World War II or the debunked claim that
823:. For Barkun, such theories link multiple alleged conspiracies together hierarchically. At the summit is a distant but all-powerful evil force. His cited examples are the ideas of
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conspiracy theory tends be correlated with belief in other conspiracy theories. This even applies when the conspiracy theories directly contradict each other, e.g. believing that
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a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event". It cites a 1909 article in
11488:
7962:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs: Field Characteristics, Measurement Instruments, and Associations With Personality Traits"
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Lazić, Aleksandra; Žeželj, Iris (18 May 2021). "A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation".
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The claim that Atchison was the originator of the repeal may be termed a recrudescence of the conspiracy theory first asserted by Colonel John A. Parker of Virginia in 1880.
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rejection of authority. They state that among both the left-wing and right-wing, there remains a willingness to use real events, such as Soviet plots, inconsistencies in the
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A conspiracy theory can be local or international, focused on single events or covering multiple incidents and entire countries, regions and periods of history. According to
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Birchall 2006: "What we quickly discover ... is that it becomes impossible to map conspiracy theory and academic discourse onto a clear illegitimate/legitimate divide."
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movements on both the left and right, coined the term "fusion paranoia" to refer to a political convergence of left-wing and right-wing activists around anti-war issues and
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Inquiry into possible motives behind the accepting of irrational conspiracy theories has linked these beliefs to distress resulting from an event that occurred, such as the
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in the media. They may claim to be presenting a legitimate alternative viewpoint that deserves equal time to argue its case; for example, this strategy has been used by the
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website point out that these calculations must exclude successful conspiracies since, by definition, we don't know about them, and are wrong by an order of magnitude about
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Whether the CIA was responsible for popularising the term "conspiracy theory" was analyzed by Michael Butter, a Professor of American Literary and Cultural History at the
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The term 'conspiracy theory' did not exist as a phrase in everyday American conversation before 1964. ... In 1964, the year the Warren Commission issued its report,
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It is much more difficult to convince people who already believe in conspiracy theories. Conspiracist belief systems are not based on external evidence, but instead use
9260:"Extracts from "The Open Society and Its Enemies Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath" by Karl Raimund Popper (Originally published 1945)"
1992:, where every event is generally perceived as being intentional and planned, greatly underestimating the effects of randomness and unintended consequences. In his book
1948:
The term "truth seeker" is adopted by some conspiracy theorists when describing themselves on social media. Conspiracy theorists are often referred to derogatorily as "
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In 2013, 97% of peer-reviewed climate science papers that took a position on the cause of global warming said that humans are responsible, 3% said they were not. Among
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10024:(eds.). "The deliverance of the administrative state: Deep state conspiracism, charismatic demonology, and the post-truth politics of American Christian nationalism".
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Douglas, Karen; Sutton, Robbie (2008). "The hidden impact of conspiracy theories: Perceived and actual influence of theories surrounding the death of Princess Diana".
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described conspiracy theories as the "exhaust fumes of democracy": the unavoidable result of a large amount of information circulating among a large number of people.
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claimed to prove a conspiracy. Any minor errors in the response are heavily emphasized, while deficiencies in the arguments of other proponents are generally excused.
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results has been monitored and studied, showing significant variation across different topics, and a general absence of reputable, high-quality links in the results.
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grandeur", the humiliation of perceiving Turkey as part of "the malfunctioning half" of the world, and a "low level of media literacy among the Turkish population."
588:. Whether the Web has increased the prevalence of conspiracy theories or not is an open research question. The presence and representation of conspiracy theories in
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The widespread belief in conspiracy theories has become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists, and experts in folklore since at least the 1960s, when
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71:, implying that the appeal of a conspiracy theory is based in prejudice, emotional conviction, or insufficient evidence. A conspiracy theory is distinct from a
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argues in favor of a model that contrasts "deep" conspiracy theories to "shallow" ones. According to Rothbard, a "shallow" theorist observes an event and asks
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McKenzie-McHarg, Andrew (2019) "Conspiracy Theory: The Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of a Twentieth-Century Concept", pp. 78, 76. In Joseph E. Uscinski (ed)
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in the Arab world, and as rhetoric to distinguish themselves from similar groups, although they may not have believed the conspiratorial claims themselves.
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Darwin, Hannah; Neave, Nick; Holmes, Joni (1 June 2011). "Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy".
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argues that conspiracy theorists hold their beliefs due to flaws in their thinking and more precisely, their intellectual character. He cites philosopher
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guests the same year, this was presented as a false balance between the two viewpoints, with 31% of invited guests believing it was happening and 69% not.
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Connolly, Jennifer M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Klofstad, Casey A.; West, Jonathan P. (2019). "Communicating to the Public in the Era of Conspiracy Theory".
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2728:. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
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reforms that took place throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, have put forward many conspiracy theories to defame the
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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Jostmann, Nils B. (17 December 2012). "Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality".
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Conspiracy theories typically justify themselves by focusing on gaps or ambiguities in knowledge, and then arguing that the true explanation for this
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recent cases of mania with general paralysis—in which mental condition nearly all these cases under discussion were—seemed to him of practical value.
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addition, discussions with focus groups and observations of the group dynamics can indicate which anti-conspiracist ideas are most likely to spread.
934:. In contrast, any evidence that directly supports their claims is generally of low quality. For example, conspiracy theories are often dependent on
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were planned by the Israeli Mossad—they deflect responsibility or keep people from acknowledging that tragic events sometimes happen inexplicably."
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1790:, "Those events that are most important are hardest to understand because they attract the greatest attention from myth makers and charlatans."
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2588:"From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims"
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estimated the time it would take for a conspiracy to be exposed based on the number of people involved. His calculations used data from the
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Nefes, Turkay (2018). "Framing of a Conspiracy Theory: The Efendi Series". In Asprem, Egil; Dyrendal, Asbjørn; Robertson, David G. (eds.).
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self-defeating, acting to make the situation worse instead. For example, while conspiratorial beliefs can result from a perceived sense of
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which focuses mostly on the public, long-term behavior of publicly known institutions, as recorded in, for example, scholarly documents or
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1630:. The research suggests that the smaller the minority believing in a specific theory, the more attractive it is to conspiracy theorists.
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Douglas, Karen M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Nefes, Turkay; Ang, Chee Siang; Deravi, Farzin (2019).
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believers perceiving a governmental threat to individual rights and displaying a deep skepticism that who one votes for really matters.
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2199:. Conspiracism labels people's attitudes as well as the type of conspiracy theories that are more global and historical in proportion.
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6127:
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Simelela, Nono; Venter, W. D. Francois; Pillay, Yogan; Barron, Peter (2015). "A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa".
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2104:. Conspiracism is an important phenomenon in understanding Turkish politics. This is explained by a desire to "make up for our lost
67:
by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable. The term generally has a
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227:
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5599:"'You're going to call me a Holocaust denier now, are you?': George Monbiot comes face to face with his local conspiracy theorist"
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and attacking perceived flaws in the mainstream account, while avoiding any discussion of the shortcomings in their own position.
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In conspiracy theories, the conspirators are usually claimed to be acting with extreme malice. As described by Robert Brotherton:
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are "rational explanations subject to disproof". Instead, he proposed the terms "conspiracy fiction" and "conspiracy fantasist".
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A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.
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The term "conspiracy theory" is itself the subject of a conspiracy theory, which posits that the term was popularized by the
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in the 1980s. According to Mintz, conspiracism denotes "belief in the primacy of conspiracies in the unfolding of history":
511:, as well as numerous theories pertaining to alleged plots for world domination by various groups, both real and imaginary.
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is the belief that an organization made up of individuals or groups was or is acting covertly to achieve a malevolent end."
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Historian Kathryn S. Olmsted cites three reasons why Americans are prone to believing in government conspiracies theories:
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8675:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, and Van Vugt, Mark (2018) "Conspiracy theories: Evolved functions and psychological mechanisms"
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It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments.
1364:. Official representatives may be more effective if they share characteristics with the target groups, such as ethnicity.
783:. This refers to limited and well-defined events. Examples may include such conspiracies theories as those concerning the
86:
Conspiracy theories tend to be internally consistent and correlate with each other; they are generally designed to resist
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Cziesche, Dominik; JĂĽrgen Dahlkamp; Ulrich Fichtner; Ulrich Jaeger; Gunther Latsch; Gisela Leske; Max F. Ruppert (2003).
4261:(eds.). "Religion in the Mirror of the Other: The Discursive Value of Cult-Atrocity Stories in Mediterranean Antiquity".
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7030:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"
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3172:(October 2016). Campion-Vincent, VĂ©ronique; Renard, Jean-Bruno (eds.). "Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge".
2002:
was founded on conspiracy theories which drew on imaginary plots which were driven by paranoid scenarios predicated on
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Interventions that address medical conspiracy theories by reducing powerlessness include emphasizing the principle of
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Nefes, TĂĽrkay Salim (2013). "Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey".
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9612:"An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic"
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7468:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
3882:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
3377:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
595:
One conspiracy theory that propagated through former US President Barack Obama's time in office claimed that he was
447:, which refers to any covert plan involving two or more people. In contrast, the term "conspiracy theory" refers to
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argued that the terms "conspiracy theory" and "conspiracy theorist" are misleading, as conspiracies truly exist and
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their existence, even under conditions that would be theoretically favorable to observing them. Due to the lack of
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Psychologists usually attribute belief in conspiracy theories to a number of psychopathological conditions such as
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The "Benevolent Conspiracies" are angelic forces that work behind the scenes to improve the world and help people.
499:" terrorism. Among the longest-standing and most widely recognized conspiracy theories are notions concerning the
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Nefes, TĂĽrkay S (2013). "Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey".
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document purporting to be a Jewish plan for world domination, is commonly read and promoted in the Muslim world.
1953:
1617:, while the conspiracy theorists in the know can congratulate themselves on penetrating the plotters' deceptions.
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The "Enemy Outside" refers to theories based on figures alleged to be scheming against a community from without.
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describes a conspiracy theory as a "template imposed upon the world to give the appearance of order to events".
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those who are prone to believing in conspiracy theories possess certain vices while lacking necessary virtues.
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aids in reducing belief in conspiracy theories, in part because it emphasizes rational and critical cognition.
1313:
Authority-based corrections and fact-checking may backfire because personal worldviews cannot be proved wrong.
330:
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Bensley, D. Alan; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Rowan, Krystal A.; Masciocchi, Christopher M.; Grain, Florent (2020).
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Stojanov, Ana; Halberstadt, Jamin (2020). "Does lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta-analysis".
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1417:, such as perceptions of vaccine risk, lack of patient empowerment, and lack of trust in medical authorities.
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The "Enemy Within" finds the conspirators lurking inside the nation, indistinguishable from ordinary citizens.
111:—belief in conspiracy theories—may be psychologically harmful or pathological. Such belief is correlated with
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4400:"Conspiracy Theory in Turkey: Politics and Protest in the Age of "Post-Truth" by Julian de Medeiros (review)"
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2883:"Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy"
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1989:
1501:. The propensity to believe in conspiracy theories is strongly associated with the mental health disorder of
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1464:
1000:
629:"A group of Satan-worshipping elites who run a child sex ring are trying to control our politics and media" (
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120:
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8662:
3306:"What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication"
2482:
Birchall 2006: "e can appreciate conspiracy theory as a unique form of popular knowledge or interpretation,
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may reinforce the belief. In a context where a conspiracy theory has become embedded within a social group,
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are more resistant to conspiracy theories. Methods to promote empowerment include encouraging people to use
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3602:"Social Psychological Origins of Conspiracy Theories: The Case of the Jewish Conspiracy Theory in Malaysia"
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Barron, David; Furnham, Adrian; Weis, Laura; Morgan, Kevin D.; Towell, Tony; Swami, Viren (January 2018).
3999:"It's a conspiracy: Covid-19 conspiracies link to psychopathy, Machiavellianism and collective narcissism"
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as "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties;
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9579:"COMMON SENSE WANTED - Resilence to 'post-truth' and its predictors in the new media literacy index 2018"
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in the general public are likely to be effective. Another approach is to intervene in ways that decrease
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Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe: From the Waldensians to the French Revolution
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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Third Reich Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda poster entitled Das jĂĽdische Komplott ("The Jewish Conspiracy")
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2724:"the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties;
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Oliver, J. Eric, and Thomas J. Wood. "Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion".
7089:"Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories"
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Wood, Gordon S. "Conspiracy and the paranoid style: causality and deceit in the eighteenth century".
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2195:(1967) notes that a similar phenomenon could be found in North America during the time preceding the
1575:, unhappiness or dissatisfaction with their situation, an unconventional worldview, and a feeling of
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The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era
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Belief in conspiracy theories is generally based not on evidence, but in the faith of the believer.
422:
47:, as seen on the US $ 1 bill, has been perceived by some to be evidence of a conspiracy linking the
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13350:
12946:
12630:
12524:
12429:
12366:
12177:
12066:
12034:
11904:
11680:
11464:
11256:
11039:
11022:
9774:
9419:
5503:"'Things are not what they seem to be': A proposal for the spectrum approach to conspiracy beliefs"
3668:
2208:
1714:
1693:
1490:
1447:
891:
879:
706:
541:
508:
112:
9471:
9073:
8340:
8259:
6790:
5945:
5784:
4447:
3272:
2947:
2140:
1068:, motivated by conspiracy theories, caused an estimated 330,000 deaths from AIDS, while belief in
15953:
15910:
15792:
15782:
15270:
15134:
15073:
14875:
14759:
14704:
14622:
14374:
14056:
13995:
13766:
13494:
13488:
13188:
13064:
12665:
12660:
12640:
12554:
12223:
12167:
12133:
12022:
11594:
11470:
11118:
10971:
10896:
9926:
9448:
7121:
4749:"QAnon reshaped Trump's party and radicalized believers. The Capitol siege may just be the start"
3672:
3606:
2711:
2542:
2332:
1579:. While various aspects of personality affect susceptibility to conspiracy theories, none of the
1148:
1116:
1069:
931:
235:
104:
14021:
11524:
11428:
10509:
9259:
6540:
1764:
leaders tends to increase belief among followers who have higher levels of conspiracy thinking.
1390:
evaluated rationally, which may prevent the message from being linked to the desired behaviors.
1328:
Give believers of conspiracies an "exit ramp" to dis-invest themselves without facing ridicule.
1151:. However, real conspiracies are normally revealed by people working within the system, such as
16107:
15650:
15612:
15577:
15302:
15043:
14959:
14536:
14404:
14317:
14292:
14282:
14140:
13843:
13710:
13592:
13532:
13395:
12255:
12145:
12128:
11476:
11392:
11326:
11232:
11167:
10997:
10656:
9949:
5987:
5397:
4258:
2025:, history is instead "moved by the broad forces and large structures of human collectivities".
2018:
1832:
1662:
1653:
Some psychologists believe that a search for meaning is common in conspiracism. Once cognized,
1596:
863:
520:
itself being a form of sorcery, created with the goal of harming or controlling the people. In
347:
on January 11, 1863. He used it to refer to claims that British aristocrats were intentionally
12582:
10579:
8595:"Scientists find a link between low intelligence and acceptance of 'pseudo-profound bulls***'"
7668:"The Relationship Between Schizotypal Facets and Conspiracist Beliefs via Cognitive Processes"
7624:
Barron, David; Morgan, Kevin; Towell, Tony; Altemeyer, Boris; Swami, Viren (1 November 2014).
7533:"The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes"
6566:
6502:
Birchall, Clare (2006). "Cultural studies on/as conspiracy theory". In Birchall, Clare (ed.).
6353:
5425:
4386:
Conspiracy theories often function as popular conduits of ethno-religious hatred and conflict.
3512:
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Gignac, Gilles E.; Oberauer, Klaus (2 October 2013). Denson, Tom (ed.).
1786:
Sociological historian Holger Herwig found in studying German explanations for the origins of
334:
as the earliest usage example, although it also appeared in print for several decades before.
15995:
15800:
15589:
15385:
15307:
15292:
15187:
15119:
15111:
15048:
15004:
14974:
14939:
14865:
14541:
14531:
14526:
14419:
14051:
13990:
13985:
13878:
13004:
12850:
12513:
12218:
12213:
12152:
12118:
11934:
11776:
11630:
11600:
11440:
11220:
11214:
8788:
Forging the Collective Memory: Government and International Historians through Two World Wars
8786:
7288:
5708:"There's a conspiracy theory that the CIA invented the term 'conspiracy theory' – here's why"
2719:
2700:
2687:
explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups
2212:
2151:
of 1920, a popular belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies, especially
1817:
1631:
1489:—belief in conspiracy theories—can be harmful or pathological, and is highly correlated with
1245:
relationship between conspiracy theories and political extremism, the academic literature on
974:
828:
411:
338:
11874:
10212:
10074:
9876:
7029:
6107:
5982:
5872:
3846:
Barron, David; Morgan, Kevin; Towell, Tony; Altemeyer, Boris; Swami, Viren (November 2014).
15714:
15282:
14491:
14162:
14073:
13968:
13761:
13690:
13446:
13441:
13331:
13069:
12913:
12855:
12822:
12607:
12245:
12208:
11985:
11838:
10992:
9320:
9006:
8772:
8493:
Dagnall, Neil; Drinkwater, Kenneth; Parker, Andrew; Denovan, Andrew; Parton, Megan (2015).
8307:
7899:
7716:
Dagnall, Neil; Drinkwater, Kenneth; Parker, Andrew; Denovan, Andrew; Parton, Megan (2015).
7324:
5983:"Google chemtrails: A methodology to analyze topic representation in search engine results"
3729:
3525:
2894:
2645:
2486:
address what this might mean for any knowledge we produce about it or how we interpret it."
2289:
2232:
1977:
1900:
1765:
1669:
1658:
1205:
1096:
946:
935:
912:
8570:
8553:
7411:
Nefes, Türkay S. (2012). "The History of the Social Constructions of Dönmes (Converts)*".
7073:
7068:
2288:
Distrust fostered by the government's spying on and harassment of dissenters, such as the
1376:
Successful methods for dispelling conspiracy theories have been studied in the context of
8:
16042:
15777:
15607:
15395:
15312:
15249:
14999:
14627:
14461:
13771:
13405:
12446:
12123:
11980:
11975:
11692:
11530:
11268:
10907:
10035:
9436:
8990:
8375:
4753:
3680:
2196:
1888:
1837:
1821:
1524:
1510:
1406:
1290:
Expose sources that insert and circulate conspiracy theories on social media (flagging).
1217:
1201:
895:
872:
612:
Belief in conspiracy theories in the United States, December 2020 – NPR/Ipsos poll, ±3.3%
552:
303:
294:
267:
139:
103:
Studies have linked belief in conspiracy theories to distrust of authority and political
99:
10647:
Pigden, Charles (1995). "Popper Revisited, or What Is Wrong with Conspiracy Theories?".
10586:
9324:
9010:
7328:
7178:
7143:
7072: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
4547:"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in South Africa: an ever-changing landscape"
3733:
3529:
3328:
3305:
2898:
2148:
1728:
for the dedication, discipline, and strategic ingenuity the Communist cause calls forth.
1323:
Rebuttals must spring from an epistemology that participants are already familiar with.
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14016:
13903:
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13500:
13341:
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11083:
10776:
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10563:
10271:
10233:
10184:
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10081:
10055:
10026:
9998:
9985:
9944:
9930:
9631:
9332:
9130:
9029:
8994:
8839:
8722:
8717:
8638:
8613:
8529:
8494:
8255:
8232:
8177:
8043:
7996:
7961:
7937:
7849:
7800:
7752:
7717:
7698:
7571:
7498:
7390:
7347:
7312:
7271:
7246:
7057:
6813:
6694:
6689:
6243:
6235:
6053:
5776:
5532:
5402:
5258:
5179:
5146:
5060:
4952:
4919:
4730:
4657:
4579:
4546:
4524:
4470:
4377:
4320:
4296:
4234:
4201:
4080:
4047:
4023:
3998:
3912:
3820:
3787:
3760:
3725:
3711:
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3601:
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3513:
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3219:
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3127:
3114:
3012:
2978:
2925:
2882:
2787:
2774:
2739:
2678:
2374:
2239:
2170:
2136:
2017:
Historically, real conspiracies have usually had little effect on history and have had
1911:
would require the involvement of 411,000 people and would be exposed within 3.68 years;
1778:
1724:
1602:
Second, they do so in an appealingly simple way, by dividing the world sharply between
1435:
1112:
978:
950:
365:
343:
259:
91:
90:
either by evidence against them or a lack of evidence for them. They are reinforced by
14036:
12963:
12670:
6657:
4820:
2235:
attacks, to support the existence of unverified and ongoing large-scale conspiracies.
2144:
524:, one widely published conspiracy theory claims that a number of events including the
15920:
15602:
15083:
15063:
15031:
14912:
14890:
14813:
14659:
14632:
14561:
14229:
14217:
14169:
14125:
13673:
13663:
13044:
13014:
12592:
12450:
12381:
12113:
11002:
10758:
10694:
10678:
10633:
10612:
10567:
10538:
10486:
10467:
10448:
10442:
10408:
10398:
10395:
UFO: The Inside Story of the US Government's Search for Alien Life Here—and Out There
10377:
10362:
10304:
10275:
10252:
10246:
10237:
10188:
10165:
10153:
10075:
10059:
10047:
10017:
10002:
9990:
9972:
9856:
9778:
9749:
9635:
9492:
9361:
9034:
8880:
8843:
8792:
8643:
8575:
8534:
8516:
8475:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8382:
8311:
8265:
8224:
8157:
8109:
8001:
7983:
7941:
7929:
7878:
7853:
7841:
7820:"Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology"
7804:
7792:
7757:
7739:
7690:
7648:
7606:
7563:
7555:
7490:
7486:
7446:
7424:
7394:
7352:
7313:"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions"
7276:
7183:
7165:
7061:
7049:
7005:
6969:
6961:
6919:
6869:
6817:
6764:
6760:
6572:
6507:
6481:
6423:
6384:
6357:
6346:
6247:
6225:
6192:
6150:"Even If It's 'Bonkers,' Poll Finds Many Believe QAnon And Other Conspiracy Theories"
6119:
6088:
6057:
6045:
5878:
5838:
5780:
5667:
5640:
5608:
5536:
5524:
5449:
5441:
5366:
5286:
5250:
5246:
5233:
Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian (2009). "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures".
5184:
5166:
5108:
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5036:
4989:
4957:
4939:
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4871:
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4824:
4778:
4734:
4722:
4708:
4661:
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4633:
4584:
4566:
4516:
4508:
4474:
4411:
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4312:
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4239:
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4149:
4085:
4067:
4028:
3976:
3904:
3900:
3825:
3807:
3765:
3747:
3684:
3661:
Radnitz, Scott (2021), "Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy",
3643:
3625:
3561:
3543:
3514:"The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science"
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3361:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3268:
3223:
3211:
3203:
3187:
3131:
3119:
3101:
3026:
3016:
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2970:
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2912:
2865:
2818:
2779:
2761:
2670:
2654:
2625:
2601:
2563:
2415:
2398:
2244:
2228:
2075:
2052:
1654:
1623:
1572:
1557:
1414:
1184:
1091:. People who believe in health-related conspiracy theories are less likely to follow
995:
924:
920:
887:
537:
403:
159:
44:
14751:
10890:
7702:
7575:
6687:
Bigliardi, Stefano (July–August 2020). "Who's Afraid Of Conspiracy Theory Theory?".
5262:
4528:
2791:
2560:
Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs
938:, despite its unreliability, while disregarding objective analyses of the evidence.
886:
Theories involving multiple conspirators that are proven to be correct, such as the
15202:
15177:
15026:
14994:
14919:
14601:
14302:
14261:
14223:
14145:
14115:
14110:
13913:
13515:
13133:
12994:
12918:
12655:
12650:
12441:
12424:
12404:
12299:
12049:
11076:
11012:
10903:
10666:
10555:
10534:
10322:
10225:
10123:
10039:
9980:
9962:
9666:
9623:
9328:
9024:
9014:
8831:
8633:
8625:
8565:
8524:
8506:
8467:
8424:
8236:
8216:
8169:
7991:
7973:
7919:
7911:
7831:
7784:
7747:
7729:
7686:
7682:
7640:
7598:
7551:
7547:
7502:
7482:
7420:
7382:
7342:
7332:
7266:
7258:
7173:
7155:
7100:
7041:
6997:
6953:
6911:
6805:
6756:
6747:
DiFonzo, Nicholas; Bordia, Prashant; Rosnow, Ralph L. (1994). "Reining in rumors".
6625:
6617:
6471:
6217:
6182:
6080:
6037:
5996:
5768:
5514:
5392:
5384:
5242:
5174:
5158:
4947:
4931:
4863:
4816:
4712:
4623:
4614:
4574:
4558:
4500:
4462:
4351:
4347:
4280:
4229:
4213:
4139:
4075:
4059:
4018:
4010:
3916:
3896:
3862:
3815:
3799:
3755:
3737:
3676:
3633:
3615:
3551:
3533:
3486:
3445:
3401:
3323:
3256:
3195:
3109:
3091:
2962:
2920:
2902:
2855:
2769:
2751:
2662:
2615:
2605:
2426:
2204:
2048:
1674:
1402:
1246:
1221:
1100:
957:
916:
867:
730:
10043:
9670:
6915:
4867:
1505:. Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
761:
The "Enemy Below" features the lower classes working to overturn the social order.
758:
The "Enemy Above" involves powerful people manipulating events for their own gain.
218:, motivated by conspiracy theories, caused an estimated 330,000 deaths from AIDS.
15810:
15597:
15361:
15197:
15009:
14617:
14585:
14471:
14446:
14135:
14100:
14095:
14011:
13943:
13863:
13836:
13826:
13821:
13756:
13505:
13436:
13415:
13203:
13183:
12903:
12802:
12617:
11686:
11606:
11494:
11126:
11071:
10750:
10718:
Sunstein, Cass R., and Adrian Vermeule. "Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures".
10525:
Nefes, Türkay Salim (2012). "The history of the social constructions of Dönmes".
10384:
9958:
9885:
9838:
9812:
9486:
9443:
9019:
8708:
8301:
8139:
7868:
7836:
7819:
7262:
7001:
6991:
6863:
6809:
6417:
6378:
6275:
5832:
5661:
5634:
5326:
5280:
4983:
4772:
4619:
3742:
3538:
3393:
2907:
2812:
2740:"Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale"
2392:
2324:
2307:
referenced numerous conspiracy theories for convincing his supporters to endorse
2271:
2071:
1999:
1846:
1813:
1796:
1606:. They trace all evil back to a single source, the conspirators and their agents.
1519:
1468:
1439:
1348:
1049:
1041:
840:
734:
191:
11758:
9831:
Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil: The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism
8817:"Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern."
8692:"What Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orbán Understand About Your Brain"
7666:
D, Barron; A, Furnham; L, Weis; Kd, Morgan; T, Towell; V, Swami (January 2018).
6300:
5772:
5147:"Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain"
4770:
4466:
4048:"Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations"
3260:
2966:
1816:
have been appropriated by those he describes as conspiracy theorists, including
547:
Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
281:
Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
15890:
15772:
15400:
15053:
14833:
14823:
14786:
14782:
14591:
14566:
14556:
14551:
14516:
14511:
14486:
14179:
14120:
13953:
13918:
13716:
13658:
13648:
13559:
13527:
13522:
12908:
12493:
12341:
12027:
12005:
11554:
10966:
10946:
10670:
9715:"Lozan Antlaşması'nın 100. Yılında Komplo Teorileri ve Gizli Maddelerin İzinde"
9520:
8220:
7644:
7602:
7212:"People Drawn to Conspiracy Theories Share a Cluster of Psychological Features"
7160:
6115:
5594:
4628:
4014:
3866:
3582:
3169:
3096:
2538:
2504:
2368:
2252:
2186:
2105:
1949:
1937:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1689:
1613:
unknown or unappreciated by others. For conspiracy theorists, the masses are a
1587:
1576:
1565:
1426:
1233:
1160:
1107:, can result in reduced vaccination rates and have been linked to outbreaks of
1092:
1061:
1045:
942:
908:
773:
573:
533:
525:
460:
435:], for example, by falsely alleging that Lee Harvey Oswald worked for us."
375:
211:
195:
143:
87:
10412:
9800:
Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order
9290:
The Origins of the Korean War, Vol. II, The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950
8612:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra (7 December 2017).
7866:
7045:
6957:
6171:"Will Reality Bite Back: Conspiratorial Fictions and the Assault on Democracy"
6041:
5874:
Transparency and conspiracy: ethnographies of suspicion in the new world order
5519:
5502:
5453:
4918:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra (1 December 2017).
4717:
4694:
4504:
4355:
3803:
1964:
1705:
complex society and thus "misfire", perceiving conspiracies where none exist.
16091:
16032:
15990:
15380:
14984:
14924:
14680:
14476:
14307:
14251:
14130:
14078:
14026:
13873:
13811:
13806:
13668:
13653:
13615:
13451:
12812:
12577:
12080:
11306:
10956:
10951:
10390:
10308:
10229:
10160:
Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History
10086:
10051:
10021:
9976:
9967:
9878:
Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11
8884:
8629:
8579:
8520:
8511:
8479:
8436:
7987:
7978:
7933:
7845:
7796:
7743:
7734:
7652:
7610:
7559:
7169:
7053:
6965:
6923:
6768:
6621:
6485:
6460:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy"
6213:
A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy
6196:
6123:
6092:
6049:
5612:
5445:
5331:. John Cook, Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University
5254:
5170:
4943:
4935:
4875:
4828:
4726:
4637:
4570:
4562:
4512:
4415:
4373:
4316:
4292:
4225:
4153:
4071:
4063:
3811:
3751:
3629:
3620:
3547:
3429:
3413:
3345:
3337:
3207:
3199:
3105:
3030:
2974:
2916:
2869:
2844:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy"
2814:
Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History
2765:
2756:
2674:
2629:
2610:
2587:
2450:
2444:
2386:
2248:
2152:
2079:
2022:
1741:
1682:
1599:
cannot. They appear to make sense out of a world that is otherwise confusing.
1532:
1386:
1377:
1258:
1152:
1123:
even among groups that would otherwise be fundamentally opposed, such as the
1088:
970:
600:
589:
251:
14667:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
12456:
10559:
10213:"Bridging the Great Divide: Conspiracy Theory Research for the 21st Century"
9685:"In Turkey, conspiracy theories about the Peace Treaty of Lausanne run riot"
8103:
7386:
7337:
6990:
Hardin, Russell (7 January 2002). "The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism".
6723:"Fox News defends global warming false balance by denying the 97% consensus"
3067:"Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics"
2215:
attribute the enduring popularity of conspiracy theories in the U.S. to the
1861:, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for
1849:, which he said were motivated by a shared belief in conspiracism or shared
402:
in order to discredit conspiratorial believers, particularly critics of the
63:
is an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a
15632:
15526:
15418:
15078:
14546:
14466:
14424:
14364:
14256:
14207:
14090:
13908:
13853:
13801:
13791:
13781:
13751:
13680:
13569:
13213:
12787:
12762:
12742:
12569:
12498:
12488:
12414:
12389:
12336:
12187:
11709:
11177:
11159:
11098:
10921:
9994:
9904:
9551:
9095:
9038:
8812:
8647:
8538:
8444:
8228:
8005:
7761:
7694:
7567:
7494:
7356:
7280:
7187:
7105:
7088:
6973:
6260:
6239:
6211:
5603:
5528:
5188:
4961:
4883:
4836:
4653:
4588:
4520:
4243:
4089:
4032:
3973:"Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists"
3947:"Conspiracy Theorists Really Do See The World Differently, New Study Shows"
3908:
3829:
3769:
3712:"The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions"
3647:
3565:
3437:
3353:
3123:
2934:
2783:
2456:
2362:
2320:
2247:
has also been used to bestow legitimacy to other conspiracy theories, with
2043:
culture and politics. Variants include conspiracies involving colonialism,
1850:
1809:
1344:
1340:
1274:
Interventions to counter the spread of conspiracy theories on social media
1254:
1124:
1065:
1057:
1053:
859:
745:
667:
649:
585:
299:
290:
215:
203:
199:
12075:
9627:
7247:"Searching for the Backfire Effect: Measurement and Design Considerations"
6187:
6170:
6001:
4217:
1940:, which remained a secret far longer than Grimes' calculations predicted.
1295:
Diminish the source's capacity to monetize conspiracies (demonetization).
15925:
15405:
15390:
15234:
14949:
14900:
14870:
14451:
14212:
13938:
13928:
13796:
13746:
13552:
12542:
12394:
11798:
11172:
11103:
11027:
10874:
10444:
Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in American Politics
10329:
9241:
9163:
9125:"'Rabbit hole of a conspiracy cult': 'Cooker' watching a new ACT pursuit"
8370:
8336:
8061:
almost superhuman power and cunning that conspiracists attribute to them.
8039:
4607:"Tracking QAnon: how Trump turned conspiracy-theory research upside down"
3301:
2312:
2220:
2066:
1985:
1787:
1773:
1622:
This third point is supported by research of Roland Imhoff, professor of
1610:
1603:
1549:
1472:
1394:
1224:, and specifically to improve feelings of personal hope and empowerment.
1197:
468:
255:
246:, at a time when three million people in the country were suffering from
68:
10733:
7924:
7144:"Investigating conspiracy theories in the light of narrative persuasion"
6221:
4300:
3587:
Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11
2459: – Belief or behavior that is considered irrational or supernatural
2139:, an important peace treaty for the country, and the republic's founder
98:
absence of evidence for it are misinterpreted as evidence of its truth.
16052:
15502:
15478:
15209:
15068:
15058:
15021:
14954:
14929:
14691:
14521:
14501:
14496:
14384:
14379:
14354:
14349:
14239:
14174:
14105:
13980:
13948:
13888:
13685:
13542:
13370:
13365:
12827:
12399:
12000:
11995:
11817:
11154:
10916:
10884:
10780:
10686:
8181:
7443:
The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture
6529:"Just because you're paranoid, doesn't mean they're not out to get you"
6268:
5406:
5040:
4144:
4127:
3498:
2738:
Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C.; Pickering, Alan D. (2013).
2682:
2438:
2304:
2293:
2132:
2100:
Conspiracy theories are a prevalent feature of culture and politics in
2007:
1858:
1791:
1640:
1536:
1506:
1502:
1156:
1025:
983:
824:
671:
548:
496:
456:
444:
282:
175:
171:
151:
135:
131:
80:
72:
64:
52:
39:
15538:
10805:
8471:
7788:
5162:
4399:
2262:
Genuine government overreach and secrecy during the Cold War, such as
1952:" in Australia. The term "cooker" is also loosely associated with the
390:
16047:
16037:
15756:
15447:
14969:
14885:
14860:
14855:
14576:
14394:
14344:
14312:
14287:
14152:
13958:
13933:
13898:
13700:
13643:
13547:
13387:
13280:
12880:
12732:
11182:
11007:
10936:
10926:
10629:
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
7915:
7874:
7626:"Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation"
6476:
6459:
5915:"There's a Damn Good Chance Your Neighbor Thinks Chemtrails Are Real"
3848:"Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation"
2860:
2843:
2380:
2297:
2263:
2128:
2003:
1128:
1080:, at a time when 3 million people in the country were suffering from
1037:
1021:
810:
452:
271:
187:
167:
76:
8173:
7244:
5857:
Adam M. Enders, "Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Constraint".
5388:
3490:
2666:
2544:
A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America
2447: – Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record
1927:
would require 714,000 people and would be exposed within 3.17 years.
250:. Conspiracy theories are a significant obstacle to improvements in
16072:
16062:
15958:
15787:
14334:
13893:
13868:
13816:
13776:
13695:
12986:
11034:
10931:
10590:
9853:
Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology
8835:
8695:
6084:
4284:
3716:
2308:
2216:
2174:
2124:
2083:
2014:. He also noted that conspirators very rarely achieved their goal.
1973:
1842:
1678:
1494:
1361:
1132:
1033:
962:
845:
566:
379:
306:, and reducing feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, or powerlessness.
286:
183:
127:
116:
8097:
7867:
Michal Bilewicz; Aleksandra Cichocka; Wiktor Soral (15 May 2015).
1988:
described the central problem of conspiracy theories as a form of
1339:
The primary defense against conspiracy theories is to maintain an
1318:
Enlist spokespeople that can be perceived as allies and insiders.
1087:
Conspiracy theories are a significant obstacle to improvements in
15752:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
15617:
15488:
14907:
14880:
14818:
14481:
14414:
14324:
14277:
14244:
12085:
12071:
11311:
11131:
10961:
10248:
Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist
10118:
2389: – Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
2356:
2044:
1933:
1614:
1127:
conspiracy theories found among political extremists on both the
1111:. Health-related conspiracy theories often inspire resistance to
581:
275:
155:
14581:
13584:
10794:
10483:
Empire of Conspiracy: The Culture of Paranoia in Postwar America
10204:
Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories
8915:
7897:
5369:
The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship
4807:
Glick, Michael; Booth, H. Austin (2014). "Conspiracy ideation".
4645:
4308:
3421:
3215:
2643:
Goertzel, Ted (December 1994). "Belief in conspiracy theories".
2365: – Concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled
2155:, are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the Turkish Republic".
266:. Other effects of conspiracy theories include reduced trust in
16057:
14389:
13336:
12250:
8034:
8032:
8030:
6383:. State University of New York Press, Albany. pp. 98–100.
4343:
2101:
2011:
1561:
1081:
1077:
1073:
883:
is closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory contend.
247:
243:
239:
10461:
8492:
7715:
3589:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10.
2111:
There are a wide variety of conspiracy theories including the
1972:
found that majorities in only 9 of 17 countries believed that
1020:
Historically, conspiracy theories have been closely linked to
607:
leadership, continued to question Obama's citizenship status.
599:. Former governor of Arkansas and political opponent of Obama
166:
Historically, conspiracy theories have been closely linked to
15851:
13963:
13510:
13208:
10879:
9427:
Report by Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House. 2006
5694:
published five stories in which 'conspiracy theory' appeared.
4771:
Dominique Brossard; James Shanahan; T. Clint Nesbitt (2007).
4125:
2339:
2238:
In his studies of "American political demonology", historian
1300:
Slow down the circulation of conspiracy theories (algorithm)
648:"Several mass shootings in recent years were staged hoaxes" (
630:
521:
219:
8027:
6901:
6380:
Conspiracy Panics: Political Rationality and Popular Culture
4852:
2881:
Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019).
14964:
10749:
9488:
Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World: Sources and Politics
8927:
8413:
7623:
5062:
Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America
4695:"The Apocalypse and Political Discourse in an Age of COVID"
3845:
3192:
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
2698:
2453: – Unscientific claims wrongly presented as scientific
2062:
2040:
1609:
Third, conspiracy theories are often presented as special,
788:
776:
has identified three classifications of conspiracy theory:
597:
born in Kenya, instead of Hawaii where he was actually born
577:
254:, encouraging opposition to such public health measures as
10346:"Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century"
8961:"How many people does it take to keep a conspiracy alive?"
6169:
Muirhead, Russell; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (1 February 2021).
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5105:
Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture
4490:
4342:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 17.
3088:
European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare
2255:" which invited others to fill in the underlying pattern.
1385:
and could increase belief in conspiracy theories instead.
1036:. They are often strongly believed by the perpetrators of
186:. They are often strongly believed by the perpetrators of
9383:"Anti-Semitic 'Elders of Zion' Gets New Life on Egypt TV"
9212:"International Poll: No Consensus On Who Was Behind 9/11"
8104:
Baigent, Michael; Leigh, Richard; Lincoln, Henry (1987).
6154:
3511:
3477:
Keeley, Brian L. (March 1999). "Of Conspiracy Theories".
2737:
2547:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4.
2383: – False or misleading information presented as real
1029:
748:(2013) has identified five kinds of conspiracy theories:
431:
399:
349:
weakening the United States during the American Civil War
179:
10691:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
9927:"He Calls Hillary Clinton a 'Demon.' Who Is Alex Jones?"
9611:
8261:
The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays
7768:
6568:
Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia
5953:
Psychology Postgraduate Affairs Group (PsyPAG) Quarterly
5501:
Starcevic, Vladan; Brakoulias, Vlasios (14 April 2021).
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5033:
Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories and End-Times Paranoia
406:, by making them a target of ridicule. In his 2013 book
10076:"What Is QAnon, the Viral Pro-Trump Conspiracy Theory?"
8369:
8017:
8015:
7530:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6453:
6451:
5946:"Has the Internet been good for conspiracy theorising?"
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5121:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4848:
4846:
4766:
4764:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4340:
Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion
4121:
4119:
1004:
amount of the public discussion away from the science.
603:
made headlines in 2011 when he, among other members of
8903:
8303:
Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies
8299:
8149:
8133:"Wall Streeters like conspiracy theories. Always have"
7466:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
6533:
Culture Machine, Deconstruction Is/In Cultural Studies
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5279:
Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Introduction".
4545:
Burton, Rosie; Giddy, Janet; Stinson, Kathryn (2015).
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
3880:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
3786:
Freeman, Daniel; Bentall, Richard P. (29 March 2017).
3710:
Jolley, Daniel; Douglas, Karen M. (20 February 2014).
3375:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
2581:
2579:
907:
Conspiracy theory rhetoric exploits several important
15149:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
14781:
9945:"Gender, Populism, and the QAnon Conspiracy Movement"
8611:
8377:
Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort
8200:
8127:
8125:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7860:
6027:
5582:
Conspiracy Theories & the People Who Believe Them
5058:
4917:
4486:
4484:
3300:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (January 2023).
540:, which may have led to effects on discussions about
16018:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
15346:
8495:"Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview"
8457:
8012:
7900:"The generality of belief in unsubstantiated claims"
7718:"Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview"
6882:
6865:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
6448:
6337:
5636:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
5282:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
5195:
5145:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Douglas, Karen M. (2018).
5002:
4985:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
4843:
4774:
The Media, the Public and Agricultural Biotechnology
4761:
4422:
2880:
1812:
notes that the language and intellectual tactics of
1070:
conspiracy theories about genetically modified foods
337:
The earliest known usage was by the American author
236:
conspiracy theories about genetically modified foods
12284:
10359:
Modern Conspiracy: The Importance of Being Paranoid
10181:
Conspiracy Theory in Film, Television, and Politics
9771:'The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
8254:
7774:
7229:
6746:
6504:
Knowledge goes pop from conspiracy theory to gossip
6458:Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014).
6325:
6280:
5633:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Chapter 4".
5500:
5299:
5274:
5272:
5144:
4982:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Chapter 2".
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4913:
4096:
4046:van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Douglas, Karen M (2017).
4045:
3235:
3233:
2842:Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014).
2731:
2576:
154:personality types, whose common feature is lack of
15121:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
10740:"The 5 Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theories of 2016"
10211:
10209:
10157:
9802:. Duke University Press Books. pp. 4, 207–08.
9655:and the appeal of antisemitism in interwar Turkey"
9262:. Lachlan Cranswick, quoting Karl Raimund Popper.
9123:
9088:
8374:
8122:
7948:
7811:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6862:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Epilogue".
6606:"Conspiracy Theory: Truth Claim or Language Game?"
6345:
6265:The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory
5350:Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4481:
3781:
3779:
3009:Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction
2699:
2192:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
1673:with low intelligence, lower analytical thinking,
1105:conspiracy theories about pharmaceutical companies
270:, radicalization and ideological reinforcement of
15673:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
15225:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
10178:
7588:
6861:
6740:
6348:Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
6209:
6168:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5632:
5278:
4981:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
3841:
3839:
2051:, which is often referred to in Arab media as a "
1595:First, conspiracy theories claim to explain what
1497:, which is predicted by the degree of a person's
1393:A particularly important technique is the use of
1308:Issue authoritative corrections (fact-checking).
158:. However, a 2020 review article found that most
16089:
15568:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
10608:The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy
10372:Goertzel, Ted. "Belief in conspiracy theories".
10344:De Graaf, Beatrice and Zwierlein, Cornel (eds.)
9584:. Open Society Institute – Sofia. Archived from
9461:
8983:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8075:"Conspiracy Theorists Just Want to Feel Special"
7368:
7366:
7027:
6855:
6457:
5626:
5269:
5232:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5030:
4968:
4688:
4686:
4445:
4257:Frankfurter, David (February 2021). Copp, Paul;
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3230:
2945:
2841:
2283:Saddam Hussein played a role in the 9/11 attacks
10480:
10440:
10210:Butter, Michael; Peter Knight (November 2015).
9609:
9576:
9413:"2006 Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance"
9283:
9281:
8552:Bullock, John G.; Lenz, Gabriel (11 May 2019).
8295:
8293:
6930:
6791:"The detrimental nature of conspiracy theories"
6497:
6495:
6376:
6210:Muirhead, Russell; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (2019).
5324:
5098:
5096:
5094:
4890:
4535:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
3776:
2441: – Communication used to influence opinion
2429: – Philosophical problem-solving principle
2039:Conspiracy theories are a prevalent feature of
1804:
1604:the forces of light, and the forces of darkness
1425:It has been suggested that directly countering
1173:Misinformation § Countering misinformation
418:running five stories that year using the term.
351:in order to advance their financial interests.
10485:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
9900:"Ron Paul, Conspiracy Theories, and the Right"
9055:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. pp. 209–210.
8949:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. pp. 206–207.
8805:
8300:Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008).
7135:
6985:
6983:
6560:
6558:
5726:
5352:(v. 4.0), Oxford University Press, 2009, s.v.
5107:. University of Minnesota Press; 2nd edition.
4809:The Journal of the American Dental Association
4791:
4600:
4598:
4448:"An introduction into the world of conspiracy"
3836:
3792:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
3785:
3060:
2948:"An introduction into the world of conspiracy"
2585:
572:Conspiracy theories are widely present on the
150:". It has also been linked with the so-called
15881:Election denial movement in the United States
14767:
13625:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
13600:
11295:
11061:
10821:
10625:
10604:
10265:
10244:
10015:
9855:. University of California Press. p. 7.
9828:Jewett, Robert; John Shelton Lawrence (2004)
9819:. Altadena, CA: Skeptics Society, n.d. Print.
9514:
9300:
8952:
8264:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 32–33.
8243:
8206:
7959:
7817:
7465:
7436:
7434:
7363:
7306:
7304:
7245:Swire-Thompson B, DeGutis J, Lazer D (2020).
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6655:
5980:
5754:"Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory'"
5659:
5476:"English Insincerity on the Slavery Question"
5102:
5047:
4683:
3879:
3709:
3577:
3575:
3472:
3470:
3374:
3299:
3286:
3242:"Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory'"
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2659:International Society of Political Psychology
2586:Harambam, Jaron; Aupers, Stef (August 2021).
2422:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2401: – Adage to assume stupidity over malice
2165:Conspiracy theories in United States politics
1485:Research suggests, on a psychological level,
1253:misleading information. These people may be "
994:In science, conspiracists may suggest that a
969:Conspiracy theorists often take advantage of
835:
551:, contributing to conspiracism emerging as a
438:
425:. Butter wrote in 2020 that the CIA document
13271:
9897:
9484:
9478:
9355:
9278:
9186:"'Cookers' are a product of the modern Left"
9066:"On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs"
8995:"On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs"
8290:
8038:
7293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6831:
6829:
6827:
6564:
6492:
6419:Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction
6415:
5834:Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction
5091:
5026:
5024:
5022:
4160:
3996:
2621:11245.1/7716b88d-4e3f-49ee-8093-253ccb344090
2533:
2531:
2529:
2317:2012 Republican Party presidential primaries
364:The term is also used as a way to discredit
15101:
10685:
10152:
9510:
9508:
8618:Current Directions in Psychological Science
8551:
7818:Sutton, Robbie M; Douglas, Karen M (2020).
7122:"There and Back Again: Joseph Pierre, M.D."
6980:
6943:
6838:"Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories"
6555:
5908:
5906:
5870:
5549:
4924:Current Directions in Psychological Science
4595:
4256:
2810:
2342:of child sex-abusing and Satan-worshipping
2211:. Theologian Robert Jewett and philosopher
1040:attacks, and were used as justification by
15553:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
14774:
14760:
13607:
13593:
11816:
10828:
10814:
10728:Uscinski, Joseph E. and Joseph M. Parent,
9721:(in Turkish). 25 July 2023. Archived from
9545:
8750:"Born With the Desire to Know the Unknown"
7431:
7301:
7194:
7028:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023).
6996:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
6775:
6720:
6631:10398/815ad149-79b0-4000-9d07-327893a24ee6
5824:
5751:
4806:
4700:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
3572:
3467:
3281:legitimate judges of the claim's veracity.
3239:
3153:
3037:
2801:
2557:
1481:not typify a particular epoch or ideology.
1371:
274:groups, and negative consequences for the
14733:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
14674:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
10660:
10462:McConnachie, James; Tudge, Robin (2005).
10361:. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
10224:(3–4: Conspiracy Theories Today): 17–29.
9984:
9966:
9942:
9797:
9224:Program on International Policy Attitudes
9028:
9018:
8637:
8569:
8528:
8510:
8331:
8329:
8327:
7995:
7977:
7960:Goreis, Andreas; Voracek, Martin (2019).
7923:
7835:
7751:
7733:
7406:
7404:
7346:
7336:
7270:
7177:
7159:
7141:
7104:
6824:
6711:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. p. 208.
6686:
6629:
6475:
6186:
6108:"Republicans Ride Theories of the Fringe"
6000:
5830:
5518:
5416:
5396:
5178:
5019:
4951:
4716:
4627:
4604:
4578:
4233:
4143:
4079:
4022:
3819:
3788:"The concomitants of conspiracy concerns"
3759:
3741:
3637:
3619:
3555:
3537:
3327:
3113:
3095:
2924:
2906:
2859:
2773:
2755:
2619:
2609:
2526:
2335:alleges that Trump is fighting against a
427:Concerning Criticism of the Warren Report
341:, in a letter to the editor published in
27:Attributing events to less-probable plots
15906:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
11965:
10755:The 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time
10585:Parsons, Charlotte (24 September 2001).
9505:
9351:
9349:
8747:
8707:
8155:
7034:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
6836:Linden, Sander van der (30 April 2013).
6526:
6501:
5943:
5903:
5802:"History's greatest conspiracy theories"
5666:. University of Texas Press. p. 3.
4692:
4199:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2642:
2329:2016 United States presidential election
2251:himself commenting that it served as a "
1963:
1583:are associated with conspiracy beliefs.
1270:of conspiracy theories on social media.
1264:
1011:
956:
389:
262:. They have been linked to outbreaks of
228:2020 United States presidential election
38:
15705:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
14638:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
11746:
10835:
10584:
10432:The Paranoid Style in American Politics
9898:Friedersdorf, Conor (29 October 2011).
9648:
9306:
9287:
9252:
9156:
9086:
8958:
8614:"The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories"
7310:
5593:
5473:
5364:
4920:"The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories"
3660:
3064:
2183:The Paranoid Style in American Politics
1227:
1115:, and contributed to the impact of the
941:Conspiracy theories are not able to be
768:
94:: both evidence against the conspiracy
14:
16090:
15832:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
15623:Soviet influence on the peace movement
15220:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
10646:
10464:The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories
10421:"The Trouble with Conspiracy Theories"
10111:
10093:from the original on 19 September 2021
10016:O'Donnell, Jonathon (September 2020).
9768:
9240:
8989:
8933:
8921:
8909:
8853:from the original on 16 September 2012
8811:
8784:
8660:
8592:
8324:
8072:
8021:
7824:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
7633:Personality and Individual Differences
7591:Personality and Individual Differences
7401:
7210:Moyer, Melinda Wenner (1 March 2019).
7086:
7023:
7021:
6989:
6835:
6788:
6597:
6422:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 25–27.
6343:
6331:
6298:
6286:
6009:from the original on 24 September 2015
5871:West, Harry G.; Sanders, Todd (2003).
5705:
5660:deHaven-Smith, Lance (15 April 2013).
5543:
5469:
5467:
5438:Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts
5013:
4446:Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013).
4397:
4003:Personality and Individual Differences
3855:Personality and Individual Differences
3581:
3476:
3168:
3011:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
3006:
2946:Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013).
2537:
2407: – 1919 article in psychoanalysis
2371: – Fallacy of incomplete evidence
2276:assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
2117:international Jewish conspiracy theory
1334:
740:
385:
232:January 6 United States Capitol attack
15979:
15557:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
15345:
15258:
15166:
15100:
14797:
14755:
13588:
13477:
13320:
12696:
12283:
12102:
11964:
11815:
11745:
11294:
11205:
11060:
10856:
10809:
10576:American Journal of Political Science
10545:
10524:
10499:
10389:
10129:from the original on 5 September 2021
10072:
9850:
9743:
9517:"The Tin-Foil Hats Are Out in Turkey"
9380:
9358:Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World
9346:
9266:from the original on 3 September 2006
9246:Open Society and Its Enemies, Book II
9121:
8967:. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
8870:
8678:Perspectives on Psychological Science
8571:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-050904
8460:European Journal of Social Psychology
8395:from the original on 16 December 2019
8335:
7777:European Journal of Social Psychology
7665:
7440:
7410:
7372:
7209:
7119:
6603:
6585:from the original on 6 September 2016
6070:
5714:. The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited
5680:from the original on 6 September 2016
5562:from the original on 12 December 2015
5550:Blaskiewicz, Robert (8 August 2013).
5151:European Journal of Social Psychology
5079:from the original on 17 December 2019
4337:
4277:University of Chicago Divinity School
3970:
3599:
2995:
2418: – List of faulty argument types
2035:Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
949:. In particular, the logical fallacy
49:Founding Fathers of the United States
10318:from the original on 9 October 2022.
9943:Bracewell, Lorna (21 January 2021).
9381:Wakin, Daniel J. (26 October 2002).
9220:University of Maryland, College Park
9157:Withers, Rachel (17 November 2022).
9138:from the original on 14 January 2023
9103:from the original on 24 January 2023
8971:from the original on 13 October 2017
8959:Barajas, Joshua (15 February 2016).
7512:from the original on 3 November 2018
7475:British Journal of Social Psychology
6721:Nuccitelli, Dana (23 October 2013).
6436:from the original on 25 January 2014
6105:
6030:British Journal of Political Science
5912:
5891:from the original on 22 January 2017
5877:. Duke University Press. p. 4.
5584:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3997:Hughes, Sara; Machan, Laura (2021).
3944:
3926:from the original on 3 November 2018
3889:British Journal of Social Psychology
3455:from the original on 3 November 2018
3385:British Journal of Social Psychology
3075:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
2720:participating institution membership
2593:European Journal of Cultural Studies
2558:Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014).
2395: – Informal fallacy of emphasis
2377: – Subgenre of thriller fiction
1052:, as well as by governments such as
443:A conspiracy theory is not simply a
198:, as well as by governments such as
190:, and were used as justification by
15827:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
15037:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
12471:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
11117:
10800:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9748:. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 105.
9527:from the original on 9 January 2017
9515:Mustafa Akyol (12 September 2016).
9393:from the original on 16 August 2014
9248:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
9226:. 10 September 2008. Archived from
8188:from the original on 31 August 2006
7142:Adornetti, Ines (8 November 2023).
7018:
6993:Political Extremism and Rationality
6377:Jack Z. Bratich (7 February 2008).
5962:from the original on 13 August 2015
5558:. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
5552:"Nope, It Was Always Already Wrong"
5464:
4605:Tollefson, Jeff (4 February 2021).
4128:"Understanding Conspiracy Theories"
3329:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329
2121:war against Islam conspiracy theory
2078:used conspiracy theories about the
2058:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
1628:Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
1531:unsubstantiated claims – including
1420:
853:
670:was not born in the United States (
309:
24:
15298:Misinformation related to abortion
14687:James Randi Educational Foundation
13239:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax
10447:. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
10145:
10073:Roose, Kevin (3 September 2021) .
9841:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing p. 206.
9333:10.1038/scientificamerican1210-102
9087:Tiffany, Kaitlyn (17 March 2021).
8558:Annual Review of Political Science
8278:from the original on 18 April 2019
8085:from the original on 28 April 2019
6668:from the original on 6 August 2016
6397:from the original on 18 April 2019
5812:from the original on 12 March 2018
5474:Bristed, C. A. (11 January 1863).
5325:Lewandowsky, S.; Cook, J. (2020).
4693:Crossley, James (September 2021).
4671:from the original on 27 April 2021
4250:
3681:10.1093/oso/9780197573532.003.0009
1827:
1177:
32:Conspiracy theory (disambiguation)
25:
16124:
15515:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
15128:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
13614:
12871:Western-backed Iranian Revolution
12603:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
10788:
10649:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
10587:"Why we need conspiracy theories"
10357:Fleming, Chris and Emma A. Jane.
9558:from the original on 21 June 2018
8891:from the original on 9 April 2018
8785:Wilson, Keith (1 November 1996).
8748:Vedantam, Shankar (5 June 2006).
8729:from the original on 2 April 2020
8661:Cassam, Quassim (13 March 2015).
8351:from the original on 25 June 2017
8050:from the original on 2 April 2009
6952:(6). SAGE Publications: 644–670.
6130:from the original on 8 April 2011
5925:from the original on 7 March 2019
5706:Butter, Michael (16 March 2020).
2433:Philosophy of conspiracy theories
1713:Some historians have argued that
1191:
1163:about important societal issues.
610:
16068:United States Information Agency
15347:Operations and events by country
14084:Strauss–Howe generational theory
14062:Moon landing conspiracy theories
13859:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
12330:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw
12267:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
11625:South African Airways Flight 295
10611:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
10539:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x
10303:(37): 885–908. 23 October 2009.
10114:"Why QAnon Survives After Trump"
10112:Bowman, Emma (4 February 2021).
10105:
10066:
10009:
9936:
9919:
9891:
9888:. Oxford University Press, p. 8.
9869:
9844:
9822:
9806:
9791:
9762:
9737:
9707:
9677:
9642:
9603:
9570:
9539:
9455:
9430:
9405:
9374:
9309:"The Conspiracy Theory Detector"
9234:
9204:
9178:
9150:
9115:
9080:
9058:
9045:
8939:
8864:
8778:
8741:
8713:"Conspiring for the Common Good"
8701:
8684:
8669:
8654:
8605:
8593:Bolton, Doug (2 December 2015).
8586:
8545:
8486:
8451:
8429:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x
8407:
8363:
8073:Imhoff, Roland (17 April 2018).
8066:
7891:
7709:
7659:
7617:
7582:
7524:
7487:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
7459:
7425:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x
7113:
7080:
7067:
6416:Jovan Byford (12 October 2011).
6352:. Black Rose Books Ltd. p.
6106:Hunt, Albert R. (3 April 2011).
5247:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x
4202:"Conspiracy theories in science"
3971:Sloat, Sarah (17 October 2017).
3901:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
3406:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
2498:
2435: – Branch of academic study
2158:
1995:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1166:
690:Moon landing conspiracy theories
501:assassination of John F. Kennedy
107:. Some researchers suggest that
15668:Information war against Ukraine
15215:International Jewish conspiracy
15183:Congo Free State propaganda war
14712:The Natural History of Quackery
14654:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
12914:Petrograd Military Organization
12437:International Jewish conspiracy
12285:Race, religion and/or ethnicity
11947:Denial of the 7 October attacks
11771:California drought manipulation
10720:Journal of Political Philosophy
10709:"The 'Conspiracy' Superstition"
10527:Journal of Historical Sociology
10397:. New York: Avid Reader Press.
10179:Arnold, Gordon B., ed. (2008).
9925:Stack, Liam (October 3, 2016).
9691:. 29 March 2023. Archived from
9548:"How Nietzsche Explains Turkey"
9491:. Routledge. pp. 158–159.
9462:Steven Stalinsky (6 May 2004).
8871:Kelly, Michael (12 June 1995).
8760:from the original on 1 May 2011
8690:Danesi, Marcel (July 30, 2023)
8158:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories"
7413:Journal of Historical Sociology
6946:Public Understanding of Science
6714:
6701:
6680:
6649:
6565:Peter Knight (1 January 2003).
6520:
6409:
6370:
6292:
6254:
6203:
6162:
6142:
6099:
6064:
6021:
5974:
5937:
5913:Kahn, Brian (2 November 2017).
5864:
5851:
5794:
5699:
5653:
5587:
5574:
5494:
5358:
5343:
5235:Journal of Political Philosophy
4741:
4391:
4331:
4039:
3990:
3964:
3945:Dean, Signe (23 October 2017).
3938:
3873:
3703:
3654:
3593:
3505:
3368:
3141:from the original on 8 May 2020
3065:Andrade, Gabriel (April 2020).
2489:
2476:
2278:in collaboration with mobsters.
2113:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
1461:a number of conspiracy theories
1185:either the supply or the demand
1007:
862:contrasts conspiracy theory to
15980:
15896:Information Operations Roadmap
15806:Psychological Warfare Division
15376:Chinese information operations
15325:Water fluoridation controversy
12863:Israel-related animal theories
10693:. New York: The Random House.
9577:Marin Lessenski (March 2018).
9090:"The truth seekers are coming"
7687:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001
7552:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001
6306:Journal of Libertarian Studies
6216:. Princeton University Press.
5376:The American Historical Review
5328:The Conspiracy Theory Handbook
5059:Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001).
3600:Swami, Viren (6 August 2012).
2817:. Jonathan Cape. p. 253.
2692:
2636:
2551:
1943:
1542:
331:The American Historical Review
13:
1:
16103:Barriers to critical thinking
16003:Active Measures Working Group
15661:during the Russo-Georgian War
15628:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
13035:First Catilinarian conspiracy
12067:Ideology in incel communities
10044:10.1080/0048721X.2020.1810817
9671:10.1080/00263206.2021.1950691
9485:Matthew Gray (12 July 2010).
8417:British Journal of Psychology
6916:10.1080/10999922.2019.1603045
6610:Theory, Culture & Society
5831:J. Byford (12 October 2011).
5430:The Journal of Mental Science
5398:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t27948c87
4868:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.018
4821:10.1016/S0002-8177(14)60181-1
3398:British Psychological Society
2464:
2096:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
2028:
1990:fundamental attribution error
1736:
1708:
1454:
1001:IPCC Second Assessment Report
890:, are usually referred to as
514:
15886:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
15563:Fake news in the Philippines
15167:
14935:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
14719:The Psychology of the Occult
13974:Traditional Chinese medicine
13849:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
13706:Superseded scientific theory
13478:
13401:Freeman on the land movement
13291:Maricopa County ballot audit
13249:"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
12697:
11658:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
10942:Global catastrophe scenarios
10857:
10730:American Conspiracy Theories
10632:. New York: The Free Press.
9875:Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2011).
9851:Rogin, Michael Paul (1988).
9649:Lamprou, Alexandros (2022).
9122:Evans, Steve (16 May 2022).
9020:10.1371/journal.pone.0147905
8381:. New York: Guilford Press.
8373:; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000).
8209:Journal of Social Psychology
7904:Applied Cognitive Psychology
7870:The Psychology of Conspiracy
7837:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015
7263:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
7002:10.1017/cbo9780511550478.002
6810:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.35
6761:10.1016/0090-2616(94)90087-6
6464:Applied Cognitive Psychology
5663:Conspiracy Theory in America
5365:Johnson, Allen (July 1909).
3743:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
3539:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637
2908:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964
2848:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2359: – Propaganda technique
2268:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
2177:and conspiracism throughout
2047:, superpowers, oil, and the
1897:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
1873:
1805:Influence of critical theory
1758:
1109:vaccine-preventable diseases
1076:to reject food aid during a
799:Systemic conspiracy theories
408:Conspiracy Theory in America
302:, encouraging people to use
264:vaccine-preventable diseases
242:to reject food aid during a
7:
16013:Counter Misinformation Team
16008:Counter disinformation unit
15458:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
14945:Forgery as covert operation
14330:Electronic voice phenomenon
14187:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
14047:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
13565:Science by press conference
13538:Online youth radicalization
13457:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme
13144:CIA assistance to bin Laden
12777:(outside the United States)
11941:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
11887:Mozambican presidential jet
11619:United Air Lines Flight 553
11150:Interdimensional hypothesis
10846:List of conspiracy theories
10757:. New York: Citadel Press.
10266:Coward, Barry, ed. (2004).
9798:Harry G. West; et al.
9546:Selim Koru (21 June 2018).
9437:"The Booksellers of Tehran"
8044:"Interview: Michael Barkun"
7445:. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
6571:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 730–.
5773:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.9
5752:Brotherton, Robert (2013).
4777:. CABI. pp. 343, 353.
4467:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5
4273:University of Chicago Press
3311:Annual Review of Psychology
3261:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.9
3240:Brotherton, Robert (2013).
2967:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5
2811:Aaronovitch, David (2009).
2411:List of conspiracy theories
2349:
1959:
1581:Big Five personality traits
902:
562:chemtrail conspiracy theory
530:1997 Asian financial crisis
490:List of conspiracy theories
483:
148:illusory pattern perception
10:
16129:
16023:The Disinformation Project
15453:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
14809:Algorithmic radicalization
14726:The Ragged Edge of Science
14457:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
14400:Pseudoscientific metrology
13924:Miracle Mineral Supplement
12839:Middle East / North Africa
12239:oral polio AIDS hypothesis
12103:
10773:William and Mary Quarterly
10671:10.1177/004839319502500101
10351:Historical Social Research
10251:. New York: W. W. Norton.
9744:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011).
9294:Princeton University Press
8554:"Partisan Bias in Surveys"
8221:10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222
7645:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040
7603:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027
7161:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288125
6506:. Oxford, New York: Berg.
6344:Achbar, Mark, ed. (1994).
5837:. Springer. pp. 7–8.
4629:10.1038/d41586-021-00257-y
4015:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110559
3867:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040
3097:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6
2162:
2093:
2032:
1925:suppress a cure for cancer
1893:PRISM surveillance program
1170:
836:Rothbard: shallow vs. deep
487:
439:Difference from conspiracy
29:
15986:
15975:
15946:
15940:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
15934:
15916:Tobacco industry playbook
15847:CIA Kennedy assassination
15819:
15765:
15739:
15727:
15641:
15588:
15576:
15545:
15533:
15521:
15509:
15497:
15466:
15440:
15428:
15368:
15356:
15352:
15341:
15173:
15162:
15107:
15096:
14980:Manipulation (psychology)
14804:
14798:
14793:
14646:
14610:
14437:
14340:Facilitated communication
14270:
14200:
14004:
13739:
13726:
13631:
13622:
13484:
13473:
13429:
13386:
13327:
13321:
13316:
13090:
12979:
12932:
12891:
12838:
12773:
12707:
12703:
12692:
12616:
12568:
12522:
12380:
12290:
12279:
12109:
12098:
11971:
11960:
11825:
11811:
11754:
11741:
11702:
11667:
11564:
11305:
11301:
11296:Deaths and disappearances
11290:
11161:Estimate of the Situation
11067:
11062:Astronomy and outer space
11056:
10980:
10867:
10863:
10852:
10843:
10715:, Vol. VII, No. 14, 1917.
10502:"The Conspiracy Industry"
9769:Bailyn, Bernard (1992) .
9638:– via Project MUSE.
9307:Shermer, Michael (2010).
8924:, pp. 207, 210, 211.
7046:10.1177/07439156221103852
6958:10.1177/09636625211011881
6868:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6042:10.1017/s0007123417000837
5639:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5520:10.1177/10398562211008182
5285:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5065:. Yale University Press.
5031:Camp, Gregory S. (1997).
4988:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4718:10.1177/0142064X211025464
4505:10.1007/s11904-015-0259-7
4356:10.1163/9789004382022_020
3804:10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4
3479:The Journal of Philosophy
3184:Conspiracy Theories Today
2707:Oxford English Dictionary
2296:, and as part of various
2143:. Another example is the
2089:
1903:. Grimes estimated that:
1841:journalist and critic of
1818:climate-change denialists
1646:
1304:
1286:
1095:, and more likely to use
781:Event conspiracy theories
505:1969 Apollo Moon landings
317:Oxford English Dictionary
16028:East StratCom Task Force
15842:9/11 conspiracy theories
14839:List of cognitive biases
14740:The Skeptic's Dictionary
14298:Biological transmutation
14218:Faster-than-light travel
14192:Enneagram of Personality
14158:Recovered-memory therapy
14042:9/11 conspiracy theories
13378:Shakespearean authorship
13356:Shadow government claims
13159:Election denial movement
13055:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
11489:Diana, Princess of Wales
11040:Psychological projection
11023:Mass psychogenic illness
10500:Meigs, James B. (2006).
10481:Melley, Timothy (1999).
10441:Johnson, George (1983).
10230:10.1177/0392192116669289
9968:10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727
9775:Harvard University Press
9610:Marc David Baer (2013).
9051:Novella, Steven, et al.
8945:Novella, Steven, et al.
8630:10.1177/0963721417718261
8512:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206
8138:26 February 2016 at the
7979:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00205
7735:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206
7441:Mintz, Frank P. (1985).
7317:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
6707:Novella, Steven, et al.
6622:10.1177/0263276416657880
6527:Birchall, Clare (2004).
5859:Public Opinion Quarterly
4936:10.1177/0963721417718261
4563:10.1177/1753495X15570994
4493:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
4064:10.1177/1750698017701615
3669:University of Washington
3621:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
3200:10.1177/0392192116669288
2757:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
2611:10.1177/1367549419886045
2209:religious fundamentalism
2127:, dissatisfied with the
1715:psychological projection
1694:Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
1632:Humanistic psychologists
1586:The political scientist
1491:psychological projection
1448:9/11 conspiracy theories
1099:instead. Conspiratorial
892:investigative journalism
821:Superconspiracy theories
724:
707:9/11 conspiracy theories
113:psychological projection
15954:Public opinion brigades
15911:Niger uranium forgeries
15901:Litter boxes in schools
15271:COVID-19 misinformation
15193:Free energy suppression
15102:Books and documentaries
14876:Euphemistic misspeaking
14705:The Demon-Haunted World
14623:Bourgeois pseudoscience
14057:COVID-19 misinformation
13996:Young blood transfusion
13767:Anthroposophic medicine
13495:Conspiracy Encyclopedia
13489:Argument from ignorance
13189:Philadelphia Experiment
12798:Avro Arrow cancellation
12623:Denial of mass killings
12305:COVID-19 and xenophobia
11789:Free energy suppression
10972:Urban legends and myths
10897:power behind the throne
10560:10.1111/1467-954X.12016
10548:The Sociological Review
10354:38, Special Issue, 2013
10325:"Panoply of the Absurd"
9616:Jewish Quarterly Review
9449:The Wall Street Journal
9288:Cumings, Bruce (1999).
9190:The Spectator Australia
8499:Frontiers in Psychology
8341:"The Captive Arab Mind"
8108:. Henry Holt & Co.
7966:Frontiers in Psychology
7722:Frontiers in Psychology
7387:10.1111/1467-954X.12016
7375:The Sociological Review
7338:10.1073/pnas.1912440117
7148:Frontiers in Psychology
6789:Jolley, Daniel (2013).
6749:Organizational Dynamics
6269:excerpt and text search
6073:The Journal of Religion
5507:Australasian Psychiatry
4404:The Middle East Journal
4259:Wedemeyer, Christian K.
3673:Oxford University Press
3607:Frontiers in Psychology
2744:Frontiers in Psychology
2712:Oxford University Press
2333:QAnon conspiracy theory
2019:unforeseen consequences
1372:Public health campaigns
1149:government transparency
1117:Lancet MMR autism fraud
542:China's currency policy
15700:2016 Brexit referendum
15049:Scientific fabrication
14960:Historical negationism
14537:Corentin Louis Kervran
14405:Rapid prompting method
14293:Biodynamic agriculture
14283:Aquatic ape hypothesis
14141:Historical negationism
13844:Doctrine of signatures
13711:True-believer syndrome
13533:Historical negationism
12952:Operation Sledgehammer
12718:Cow vigilante violence
12410:during the Black Death
11589:Great KantĹŤ earthquake
11459:GEC-Marconi scientists
11405:Martin Luther King Jr.
11168:Lake Michigan Triangle
11137:Black Knight satellite
10998:Communal reinforcement
10912:Political conspiracies
10753:; John Whalen (2004).
10722:17.2 (2009): 202–227.
10626:Pipes, Daniel (1997).
10605:Pipes, Daniel (1998).
10383:31 August 2006 at the
10245:Chase, Alston (2003).
9950:Frontiers in Sociology
9659:Middle Eastern Studies
9216:WorldPublicOpinion.org
8873:"THE ROAD TO PARANOIA"
8415:conspiracy theories".
7154:. Frontiers Media SA.
7106:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362
6656:Ron Rosenbaum (2012).
5981:Ballatore, A. (2015).
5556:The Skeptical Inquirer
5103:Fenster, Mark (2008).
4398:Göknar, Erdağ (2019).
4200:Goertzel, Ted (2010).
3007:Byford, Jovan (2011).
2331:. Into the 2020s, the
2173:addressed the role of
1981:
1756:
1730:
1665:may also play a part.
1663:communal reinforcement
1620:
1597:institutional analysis
1483:
1259:self-enclosed networks
1072:led the government of
1017:
966:
945:and are reinforced by
864:institutional analysis
584:videos, as well as on
509:9/11 terrorist attacks
481:
423:University of TĂĽbingen
395:
362:
238:led the government of
56:
15996:Fact-checking website
15801:Operation Mass Appeal
15783:Clockwork Orange plot
15293:Mental illness denial
15188:Climate change denial
15005:Psychological warfare
14975:Internet manipulation
14940:Firehose of falsehood
14866:Disinformation attack
14542:The Light (newspaper)
14532:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
14527:William Donald Kelley
14420:Voice stress analysis
14052:Climate change denial
13991:Wind turbine syndrome
13986:Vertebral subluxation
13879:Germ theory denialism
13261:Stab-in-the-back myth
13065:Clockwork Orange plot
12583:Bihar human sacrifice
12514:Stab-in-the-back myth
12337:German POWs post-WWII
12219:Germ theory denialism
12214:Electronic harassment
11935:Smolensk air disaster
11899:Oklahoma City bombing
11777:Climate change denial
11565:Accidents / disasters
11501:Nepalese royal family
10988:Attitude polarization
10578:58.4 (2014): 952–966.
10430:Hofstadter, Richard.
10290:"Conspiracy Theories"
9884:18 April 2019 at the
9837:18 April 2019 at the
9628:10.1353/jqr.2013.0033
9442:10 April 2017 at the
9356:Matthew Gray (2010).
8681:v.13, n.6, pp.770–788
8308:John Wiley & Sons
7120:Aftab, Awais (2021).
6693:. Amherst, New York:
6301:"Radio Free Rothbard"
6299:Marcus, B.K. (2006).
6188:10.1515/for-2020-2016
6002:10.5210/fm.v20i7.5597
5861:83.3 (2019): 510–533.
4218:10.1038/embor.2010.84
2213:John Shelton Lawrence
2147:, a reference to the
1967:
1747:
1720:
1592:
1487:conspiracist ideation
1478:
1436:failures to replicate
1279:Type of intervention
1265:Reducing transmission
1064:by the government of
1015:
975:Teach the Controversy
960:
880:King's College London
829:Milton William Cooper
785:Kennedy assassination
488:Further information:
476:
412:Kennedy assassination
393:
353:
339:Charles Astor Bristed
214:by the government of
109:conspiracist ideation
42:
15135:Who's Who in the CIA
14492:Ignatius L. Donnelly
14163:Past life regression
14022:Arabian Judah theory
13969:Traditional medicine
13762:Alternative medicine
13691:Pathological science
13332:Dead Internet theory
12823:Daktari Ranch affair
12608:Trojan Horse scandal
11986:anti-gender movement
11966:Gender and sexuality
11923:Madrid train bombing
11869:Lufthansa Flight 615
11549:Sushant Singh Rajput
11089:Apollo Moon landings
10993:Cognitive dissonance
10738:Uscinski, Joseph E.
10713:The Unpopular Review
10374:Political Psychology
10036:Taylor & Francis
9159:"Cooking up a storm"
8936:, pp. 193, 197.
8773:11 September attacks
8339:(20 December 2010).
8162:Political Psychology
8106:The Messianic Legacy
8079:motherboard.vice.com
6543:on 23 September 2015
5808:. 12 November 2008.
4622:. pp. 192–193.
4350:. pp. 407–422.
4264:History of Religions
4132:Political Psychology
3675:, pp. 153–172,
2807:Additional sources:
2646:Political Psychology
2290:Sedition Act of 1918
2082:to gain support for
1915:Climate-change fraud
1901:FBI forensic scandal
1766:Christopher Hitchens
1659:cognitive dissonance
1228:Conspiracy theorists
1097:alternative medicine
977:campaign to promote
947:fallacious arguments
936:eyewitness testimony
932:must be a conspiracy
913:proportionality bias
769:Barkun's three types
536:were planned by the
160:cognitive scientists
69:negative connotation
30:For other uses, see
16098:Conspiracy theories
15837:Conspiracy theories
15778:Double-Cross System
15747:Conspiracy theories
15608:Operation INFEKTION
15396:Internet Water Army
15250:Strategy of tension
15115:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
15000:Post-truth politics
14628:Demarcation problem
14462:Brigitte Boisselier
14091:Hollow Earth theory
14074:Generational theory
13772:Applied kinesiology
13406:Redemption movement
13174:Georgia Guidestones
12447:Cultural Bolshevism
12086:Soy and masculinity
11748:Energy, environment
11652:EgyptAir Flight 990
11393:Lal Bahadur Shastri
11363:Subhas Chandra Bose
10837:Conspiracy theories
10795:Conspiracy Theories
9817:Conspiracy Theories
9787:. ASIN: B000NUF6FQ.
9464:"A Vast Conspiracy"
9325:2010SciAm.303f.102S
9313:Scientific American
9011:2016PLoSO..1147905G
8993:(26 January 2016).
8754:The Washington Post
8709:Uscinski, Joseph E.
8256:Hofstadter, Richard
7675:Psychiatry Research
7540:Psychiatry Research
7329:2021PNAS..11812440N
7251:J Appl Res Mem Cogn
7216:Scientific American
7093:J Soc Polit Psychol
7087:Pierre, JM (2020).
6842:Scientific American
6604:Bjerg, Ole (2016).
6274:12 May 2019 at the
6222:10.2307/j.ctv941trn
5806:The Daily Telegraph
4754:The Washington Post
3734:2014PLoSO...989177J
3614:. London, UK: 280.
3530:2013PLoSO...875637L
3278:on 7 October 2013.
2899:2019PLoSO..1425964M
2710:(Online ed.).
2701:"conspiracy theory"
2470:Informational notes
2405:Influencing machine
2197:American Revolution
2181:in his 1964 essay "
1889:David Robert Grimes
1822:9/11 Truth movement
1698:Virtues of the Mind
1525:Analytical thinking
1511:cultural phenomenon
1407:Affordable Care Act
1352:relevant strategy.
1335:Government policies
1275:
1249:is also important.
1218:analytical thinking
1202:analytical thinking
896:historical analysis
873:conjunction fallacy
741:Walker's five kinds
614:
553:cultural phenomenon
386:Alleged CIA origins
304:analytical thinking
295:cultural phenomenon
268:scientific evidence
230:results led to the
140:insecure attachment
100:Stephan Lewandowsky
18:Conspiracy theorist
15733:HIV/AIDS denialism
15710:Trolls from Olgino
15484:Paid news in India
15474:Fake news in India
15288:HIV/AIDS denialism
15142:Merchants of Doubt
15015:Military deception
14990:Media manipulation
14829:Circular reporting
14698:Skeptical Inquirer
14597:Paul Joseph Watson
14572:Hans Alfred Nieper
14410:Statement analysis
14360:Intelligent design
14235:Reactionless drive
14069:Conversion therapy
14017:Ancient astronauts
13904:Leaky gut syndrome
13884:HIV/AIDS denialism
13639:Cargo cult science
13501:Conspiracy fiction
13411:Sovereign citizens
13164:FBI secret society
13149:Clinton body count
12959:Gezi Park protests
12924:Ukraine bioweapons
12723:Greater Bangladesh
12465:Judeo-Masonic plot
12262:Water fluoridation
12229:HIV/AIDS denialism
11976:Alpha / beta males
11875:Widerøe Flight 933
11345:Władysław Sikorski
11084:Ancient astronauts
10512:on 24 October 2006
10427:, 12 January 2013.
10272:Ashgate Publishing
10185:Praeger Publishers
10154:Aaronovitch, David
10082:The New York Times
10018:Stausberg, Michael
9931:The New York Times
9474:on 4 October 2013.
9425:on 23 August 2006.
9387:The New York Times
9192:. 16 December 2022
9131:The Canberra Times
8791:. Berghahn Books.
8723:Center for Inquiry
8718:Skeptical Inquirer
8345:The New York Times
8042:(September 2004).
6695:Center for Inquiry
6690:Skeptical Inquirer
6112:The New York Times
5790:on 7 October 2013.
5692:The New York Times
5480:The New York Times
4757:. 13 January 2021.
4551:Obstetric Medicine
4145:10.1111/pops.12568
3726:University of Kent
3013:Palgrave Macmillan
2375:Conspiracy fiction
2253:Rorschach ink blot
2240:Michael Paul Rogin
2171:Richard Hofstadter
2137:Treaty of Lausanne
1982:
1779:The New York Times
1725:John Birch Society
1493:, as well as with
1467:of U.S. President
1273:
1113:water fluoridation
1018:
979:intelligent design
967:
951:circular reasoning
878:Clare Birchall at
618:Conspiracy theory
416:The New York Times
396:
344:The New York Times
260:water fluoridation
142:, or to a form of
92:circular reasoning
57:
16085:
16084:
16081:
16080:
15971:
15970:
15967:
15966:
15921:Operation Shocker
15723:
15722:
15603:K-1000 battleship
15434:Operation Neptune
15337:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15158:
15157:
15092:
15091:
15084:Yellow journalism
15032:counterpropaganda
14913:List of fallacies
14846:Conspiracy theory
14814:Alternative facts
14749:
14748:
14660:Cults of Unreason
14633:Scientific method
14562:Ministry of Ayush
14507:Nicholas Gonzalez
14433:
14432:
14370:Law of attraction
14350:Flat Earth theory
14230:Quantum mysticism
14170:Scientific racism
14126:Pseudoarchaeology
14032:Conspiracy theory
13730:characterized as
13674:Pseudomathematics
13664:Pseudoarchaeology
13582:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13469:
13468:
13465:
13464:
13447:Birds Aren't Real
13312:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13134:Black helicopters
13045:Mano Negra affair
13015:Itavia Flight 870
12942:2016 coup attempt
12846:In the Arab world
12778:
12688:
12687:
12684:
12683:
12676:Serbs during WWII
12593:Great Replacement
12451:Jewish Bolshevism
12367:War against Islam
12346:Product labeling
12315:French Revolution
12275:
12274:
12114:5G misinformation
12094:
12093:
11956:
11955:
11911:advance knowledge
11893:Pan Am Flight 103
11807:
11806:
11737:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11681:Yemenite children
11411:Robert F. Kennedy
11387:Lee Harvey Oswald
11369:Johnny Stompanato
11286:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11239:Aztec, New Mexico
11142:Cryptoterrestrial
11052:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11003:Confirmation bias
10775:(1982): 402–441.
10764:978-0-8065-2531-0
10744:Politico Magazine
10700:978-0-394-53512-8
10639:978-0-684-87111-0
10618:978-0-312-17688-4
10506:Popular Mechanics
10492:978-0-8014-8606-7
10473:978-1-84353-445-7
10454:978-0-87477-275-3
10376:(1994): 731–742.
10367:978-1-62356-091-1
10281:978-0-7546-3564-2
10258:978-0-393-02002-1
10194:978-0-275-99462-4
10171:978-1-59448-895-5
9862:978-0-520-06469-0
9815:, and Pat Linse.
9784:978-0-674-44302-0
9498:978-1-136-96751-1
9452:, 28 October 2005
9367:978-0-415-57518-8
9292:. Princeton, NJ:
9076:on 22 March 2024.
8798:978-1-78238-828-9
8472:10.1002/ejsp.1922
8388:978-1-57230-562-5
8317:978-0-470-18408-0
8271:978-0-674-65461-7
8156:Goertzel (1994).
8146:, 1 October 2009.
8115:978-0-8050-0568-4
7884:978-1-317-59952-4
7789:10.1002/ejsp.2690
7452:978-0-313-24393-6
7125:Psychiatric Times
7011:978-0-521-80441-7
6875:978-1-4729-1564-1
6578:978-1-57607-812-9
6513:978-1-84520-143-2
6363:978-1-55164-002-0
6231:978-0-691-18883-6
5944:Wood, M. (2015).
5884:978-0-8223-3024-0
5844:978-0-230-34921-6
5646:978-1-4729-1564-1
5292:978-1-4729-1564-1
5163:10.1002/ejsp.2530
5114:978-0-8166-5494-9
5072:978-0-300-09000-0
5035:. Commish Walsh.
4995:978-1-4729-1564-1
4862:(32): 4733–4743.
4784:978-1-84593-204-6
4709:SAGE Publications
4618:. Vol. 590.
4365:978-90-04-38150-6
3690:978-0-19-757353-2
3664:Revealing Schemes
3396:on behalf of the
3190:on behalf of the
3188:SAGE Publications
3086:on behalf of the
2718:(Subscription or
2657:on behalf of the
2602:SAGE Publications
2569:978-1-61069-478-0
2510:conspiracy belief
2416:List of fallacies
2245:Watergate scandal
2076:Ayman al-Zawahiri
2053:war against Islam
1909:Moon landing hoax
1675:anxiety disorders
1657:and avoidance of
1655:confirmation bias
1624:social psychology
1465:the assassination
1415:vaccine hesitancy
1332:
1331:
1255:epistemologically
1222:negative emotions
1103:beliefs, such as
996:scientific theory
925:appeal to emotion
921:confirmation bias
888:Watergate scandal
722:
721:
538:Rothschild family
404:Warren Commission
394:The Warren Report
371:conspiracy theory
358:conspiracy theory
322:conspiracy theory
188:terrorist attacks
61:conspiracy theory
45:Eye of Providence
16:(Redirected from
16120:
16113:Pejorative terms
15977:
15976:
15796:MMR autism fraud
15679:On US elections
15613:Operation Toucan
15586:
15585:
15354:
15353:
15343:
15342:
15308:anti-vaccination
15256:
15255:
15203:Holocaust denial
15178:Bermuda Triangle
15164:
15163:
15098:
15097:
15027:black propaganda
14995:Potemkin village
14920:False accusation
14896:list of websites
14795:
14794:
14776:
14769:
14762:
14753:
14752:
14602:Andrew Wakefield
14303:Creation science
14262:Water-fueled car
14224:Perpetual motion
14146:Holocaust denial
14116:Nibiru cataclysm
14111:Nazi archaeology
13914:Macrobiotic diet
13737:
13736:
13609:
13602:
13595:
13586:
13585:
13516:pseudoskepticism
13475:
13474:
13384:
13383:
13318:
13317:
13269:
13268:
13154:Cultural Marxism
12995:Global War Party
12776:
12705:
12704:
12694:
12693:
12494:Killing of Jesus
12442:Committee of 300
12425:Holocaust denial
12378:
12377:
12362:Tartarian Empire
12332:
12323:
12300:CERN ritual hoax
12295:Bhagwa Love Trap
12281:
12280:
12234:origins theories
12119:Anti-vaccination
12100:
12099:
12050:Transvestigation
11962:
11961:
11813:
11812:
11743:
11742:
11703:Body double hoax
11537:Alejandro Castro
11435:Pope John Paul I
11417:Salvador Allende
11351:Benito Mussolini
11303:
11302:
11292:
11291:
11245:Southern England
11203:
11202:
11146:Extraterrestrial
11115:
11114:
11077:Nibiru cataclysm
11058:
11057:
11013:Locus of control
10967:Secret societies
10865:
10864:
10854:
10853:
10830:
10823:
10816:
10807:
10806:
10768:
10751:Vankin, Jonathan
10704:
10682:
10664:
10643:
10622:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10571:
10542:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10508:. Archived from
10496:
10477:
10466:. Rough Guides.
10458:
10416:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10319:
10317:
10294:
10285:
10262:
10241:
10215:
10198:
10175:
10163:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10124:Washington, D.C.
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10078:
10070:
10064:
10063:
10013:
10007:
10006:
9988:
9970:
9940:
9934:
9923:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9895:
9889:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9848:
9842:
9826:
9820:
9813:Shermer, Michael
9810:
9804:
9803:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9725:on 6 August 2023
9711:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9590:
9583:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9512:
9503:
9502:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9470:. Archived from
9459:
9453:
9434:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9418:. Archived from
9417:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9353:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9285:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9256:
9250:
9249:
9238:
9232:
9231:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9127:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9092:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9072:. Archived from
9062:
9056:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9032:
9022:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8956:
8950:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8852:
8824:Critical Inquiry
8821:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8782:
8776:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8705:
8699:
8688:
8682:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8641:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8573:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8532:
8514:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8380:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8333:
8322:
8321:
8297:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8252:
8241:
8240:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8153:
8147:
8129:
8120:
8119:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8036:
8025:
8019:
8010:
8009:
7999:
7981:
7957:
7946:
7945:
7927:
7916:10.1002/acp.3581
7895:
7889:
7888:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7839:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7755:
7737:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7672:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7630:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7597:(8): 1289–1293.
7586:
7580:
7579:
7537:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7511:
7472:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7408:
7399:
7398:
7370:
7361:
7360:
7350:
7340:
7311:Nyhan B (2021).
7308:
7299:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7274:
7242:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7192:
7191:
7181:
7163:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7084:
7078:
7071:
7065:
7025:
7016:
7015:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6941:
6928:
6927:
6904:Public Integrity
6899:
6880:
6879:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6833:
6822:
6821:
6798:PsyPAG Quarterly
6795:
6786:
6773:
6772:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6718:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6633:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6539:. Archived from
6524:
6518:
6517:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6477:10.1002/acp.2995
6455:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6351:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6004:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5868:
5862:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5783:. Archived from
5761:PsyPAG Quarterly
5758:
5749:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5712:The Conversation
5703:
5697:
5696:
5687:
5685:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5522:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5400:
5371:by P. Orman Ray"
5367:"Reviewed Work:
5362:
5356:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5322:
5297:
5296:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5230:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5142:
5119:
5118:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5056:
5045:
5044:
5028:
5017:
5011:
5000:
4999:
4979:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4915:
4888:
4887:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4804:
4789:
4788:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4631:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4455:PsyPAG Quarterly
4452:
4443:
4420:
4419:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4348:Brill Publishers
4335:
4329:
4328:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4197:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4123:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4026:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3745:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3623:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3541:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3331:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3271:. Archived from
3249:PsyPAG Quarterly
3246:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3166:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3117:
3099:
3071:
3062:
3035:
3034:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2955:PsyPAG Quarterly
2952:
2942:
2928:
2910:
2893:(12): e0225964.
2877:
2863:
2861:10.1002/acp.2995
2838:
2833:
2831:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2777:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2274:, and the CIA's
2205:hypernationalism
2149:Treaty of Sèvres
2055:". For example,
2049:war on terrorism
1984:The philosopher
1976:carried out the
1923:A conspiracy to
1615:brainwashed herd
1611:secret knowledge
1509:, emerging as a
1499:Machiavellianism
1463:arose regarding
1421:Backfire effects
1403:informed consent
1276:
1272:
1247:deradicalization
1196:People who feel
1101:anti-vaccination
917:attribution bias
909:cognitive biases
868:mainstream media
854:Lack of evidence
731:Russell Muirhead
615:
609:
310:Origin and usage
293:, emerging as a
234:, and belief in
121:Machiavellianism
21:
16128:
16127:
16123:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16118:
16117:
16088:
16087:
16086:
16077:
15982:
15963:
15942:
15930:
15815:
15811:Zinoviev letter
15761:
15735:
15719:
15643:Post-Soviet era
15637:
15598:Active Measures
15581:
15572:
15541:
15529:
15517:
15505:
15493:
15462:
15436:
15424:
15364:
15362:Jihadunspun.com
15348:
15329:
15254:
15230:New World Order
15198:Genocide denial
15169:
15154:
15103:
15088:
15010:Memetic warfare
14800:
14789:
14780:
14750:
14745:
14642:
14618:Bogdanov affair
14606:
14586:Claude Vorilhon
14472:Robert Charroux
14447:Sucharit Bhakdi
14439:
14429:
14266:
14196:
14136:Genocide denial
14101:Japhetic theory
14096:Indigo children
14012:2012 phenomenon
14000:
13944:Patent medicine
13864:Energy medicine
13837:Colon cleansing
13822:Crystal healing
13757:Adrenal fatigue
13731:
13729:
13722:
13627:
13618:
13613:
13583:
13574:
13506:Conspirituality
13480:
13461:
13425:
13416:Strawman theory
13382:
13323:
13300:
13267:
13228:Saddam–al-Qaeda
13204:Project Azorian
13184:Montauk Project
13086:
13070:Elm Guest House
13031:Roman Republic
12975:
12964:Sèvres syndrome
12928:
12887:
12834:
12803:Leuchter report
12775:
12769:
12753:Finger-pinching
12699:
12680:
12621:
12618:Genocide denial
12612:
12564:
12518:
12504:New World Order
12376:
12328:
12317:
12286:
12271:
12141:in chiropractic
12105:
12090:
12057:Finger pinching
12045:litter box hoax
12011:HIV/AIDS stigma
11967:
11952:
11929:London bombings
11821:
11803:
11750:
11749:
11729:
11698:
11663:
11607:Lost Cosmonauts
11560:
11543:Jeffrey Epstein
11519:Osama bin Laden
11495:Alois Estermann
11381:John F. Kennedy
11327:Louis Le Prince
11310:
11297:
11274:
11201:
11127:Alien abduction
11113:
11072:2012 phenomenon
11063:
11044:
10976:
10859:
10848:
10839:
10834:
10791:
10786:
10765:
10701:
10662:10.1.1.964.4190
10640:
10619:
10595:
10593:
10515:
10513:
10493:
10474:
10455:
10405:
10385:Wayback Machine
10335:
10333:
10315:
10292:
10288:
10282:
10259:
10201:Burnett, Thom.
10195:
10187:. p. 200.
10172:
10148:
10146:Further reading
10143:
10142:
10132:
10130:
10110:
10106:
10096:
10094:
10071:
10067:
10014:
10010:
9959:Frontiers Media
9941:
9937:
9924:
9920:
9910:
9908:
9896:
9892:
9886:Wayback Machine
9874:
9870:
9863:
9849:
9845:
9839:Wayback Machine
9827:
9823:
9811:
9807:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9742:
9738:
9728:
9726:
9713:
9712:
9708:
9698:
9696:
9683:
9682:
9678:
9647:
9643:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9592:
9591:on 3 April 2018
9588:
9581:
9575:
9571:
9561:
9559:
9544:
9540:
9530:
9528:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9483:
9479:
9468:National Review
9460:
9456:
9444:Wayback Machine
9435:
9431:
9422:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9406:
9396:
9394:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9354:
9347:
9337:
9335:
9305:
9301:
9286:
9279:
9269:
9267:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9239:
9235:
9230:on 5 July 2011.
9210:
9209:
9205:
9195:
9193:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9169:
9167:
9155:
9151:
9141:
9139:
9120:
9116:
9106:
9104:
9085:
9081:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9050:
9046:
9005:(1): e0147905.
8991:Grimes, David R
8988:
8984:
8974:
8972:
8957:
8953:
8944:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8908:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8869:
8865:
8856:
8854:
8850:
8819:
8815:(Winter 2004),
8810:
8806:
8799:
8783:
8779:
8763:
8761:
8756:. p. A02.
8746:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8711:(2 July 2019).
8706:
8702:
8689:
8685:
8674:
8670:
8659:
8655:
8610:
8606:
8599:The Independent
8591:
8587:
8550:
8546:
8491:
8487:
8456:
8452:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8396:
8389:
8368:
8364:
8354:
8352:
8334:
8325:
8318:
8298:
8291:
8281:
8279:
8272:
8253:
8244:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8174:10.2307/3791630
8154:
8150:
8140:Wayback Machine
8130:
8123:
8116:
8102:
8098:
8088:
8086:
8071:
8067:
8053:
8051:
8037:
8028:
8020:
8013:
7958:
7949:
7896:
7892:
7885:
7865:
7861:
7816:
7812:
7773:
7769:
7714:
7710:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7587:
7583:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7439:
7432:
7409:
7402:
7371:
7364:
7309:
7302:
7286:
7285:
7243:
7230:
7220:
7218:
7208:
7195:
7140:
7136:
7118:
7114:
7085:
7081:
7026:
7019:
7012:
6988:
6981:
6942:
6931:
6900:
6883:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6825:
6793:
6787:
6776:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6719:
6715:
6706:
6702:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6658:"Ah, Watergate"
6654:
6650:
6636:
6634:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6579:
6563:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6500:
6493:
6456:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6430:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6276:Wayback Machine
6259:
6255:
6232:
6208:
6204:
6167:
6163:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6104:
6100:
6069:
6065:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5919:Gizmodo Earther
5911:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5756:
5750:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5683:
5681:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5595:Monbiot, George
5592:
5588:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5548:
5544:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5465:
5421:
5417:
5389:10.2307/1837085
5363:
5359:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5300:
5293:
5277:
5270:
5231:
5196:
5143:
5122:
5115:
5101:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5057:
5048:
5029:
5020:
5012:
5003:
4996:
4980:
4969:
4916:
4891:
4851:
4844:
4805:
4792:
4785:
4769:
4762:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4691:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4620:Nature Research
4609:
4603:
4596:
4543:
4536:
4489:
4482:
4450:
4444:
4423:
4396:
4392:
4366:
4336:
4332:
4255:
4251:
4198:
4161:
4124:
4097:
4044:
4040:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3850:
3844:
3837:
3784:
3777:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3659:
3655:
3598:
3594:
3583:Barkun, Michael
3580:
3573:
3510:
3506:
3491:10.2307/2564659
3475:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3394:Wiley-Blackwell
3379:
3373:
3369:
3302:Fiske, Susan T.
3298:
3287:
3275:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3170:Barkun, Michael
3167:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3069:
3063:
3038:
3023:
3005:
2996:
2950:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2806:
2802:
2736:
2732:
2717:
2697:
2693:
2667:10.2307/3791630
2641:
2637:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2552:
2539:Barkun, Michael
2536:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2393:Furtive fallacy
2352:
2325:Hillary Clinton
2272:Project MKUltra
2167:
2161:
2145:Sèvres syndrome
2123:. For example,
2098:
2092:
2072:Osama bin Laden
2037:
2031:
2000:totalitarianism
1962:
1946:
1876:
1851:anti-government
1847:civil liberties
1838:Washington Post
1830:
1828:Fusion paranoia
1814:critical theory
1807:
1761:
1739:
1711:
1670:events of 9/11.
1649:
1545:
1520:Osama bin Laden
1469:John F. Kennedy
1457:
1440:reproducibility
1423:
1374:
1349:civil liberties
1337:
1267:
1230:
1194:
1180:
1178:Target audience
1175:
1169:
1050:Brenton Tarrant
1042:Timothy McVeigh
1010:
905:
856:
841:Murray Rothbard
838:
815:Catholic Church
771:
743:
735:Nancy Rosenblum
727:
718:
713:
701:
696:
684:
679:
662:
657:
643:
638:
576:in the form of
517:
492:
486:
441:
388:
312:
192:Timothy McVeigh
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16126:
16116:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16083:
16082:
16079:
16078:
16076:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15999:
15998:
15987:
15984:
15983:
15973:
15972:
15969:
15968:
15965:
15964:
15962:
15961:
15956:
15950:
15948:
15944:
15943:
15938:
15936:
15932:
15931:
15929:
15928:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15891:Habbush letter
15888:
15883:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15866:
15861:
15860:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15834:
15829:
15823:
15821:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15773:Bell Pottinger
15769:
15767:
15766:United Kingdom
15763:
15762:
15760:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15743:
15741:
15737:
15736:
15731:
15729:
15725:
15724:
15721:
15720:
15718:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15696:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15677:
15676:
15675:
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15664:
15663:
15658:
15647:
15645:
15639:
15638:
15636:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15594:
15592:
15583:
15574:
15573:
15571:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15549:
15547:
15543:
15542:
15537:
15535:
15531:
15530:
15525:
15523:
15519:
15518:
15513:
15511:
15507:
15506:
15501:
15499:
15495:
15494:
15492:
15491:
15486:
15481:
15476:
15470:
15468:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15444:
15442:
15438:
15437:
15432:
15430:
15429:Czechoslovakia
15426:
15425:
15423:
15422:
15415:
15410:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15401:PLA Unit 61398
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15365:
15360:
15358:
15350:
15349:
15339:
15338:
15335:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15327:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15279:
15278:
15276:by governments
15268:
15262:
15260:
15253:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15206:
15205:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15174:
15171:
15170:
15160:
15159:
15156:
15155:
15153:
15152:
15145:
15138:
15131:
15124:
15117:
15113:Disinformation
15108:
15105:
15104:
15094:
15093:
15090:
15089:
15087:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15040:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15019:
15018:
15017:
15012:
15002:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14916:
14915:
14905:
14904:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14843:
14842:
14841:
14834:Cognitive bias
14831:
14826:
14824:Cherry picking
14821:
14816:
14811:
14805:
14802:
14801:
14791:
14790:
14787:misinformation
14783:Disinformation
14779:
14778:
14771:
14764:
14756:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14743:
14736:
14729:
14722:
14715:
14708:
14701:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14677:
14670:
14663:
14656:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14614:
14612:
14611:Related topics
14608:
14607:
14605:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14592:Randolph Stone
14589:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14567:Theodor Morell
14564:
14559:
14557:Joseph Mercola
14554:
14552:Jenny McCarthy
14549:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14517:Graham Hancock
14514:
14512:Goop (company)
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14487:Vernon Coleman
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14443:
14441:
14435:
14434:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14321:
14320:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14274:
14272:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14252:Teleportation‎
14249:
14248:
14247:
14242:
14232:
14227:
14221:
14215:
14210:
14204:
14202:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14180:Melanin theory
14177:
14167:
14166:
14165:
14155:
14150:
14149:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14128:
14123:
14121:Parapsychology
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14087:
14086:
14081:
14071:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14008:
14006:
14005:Social science
14002:
14001:
13999:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13954:Primal therapy
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13919:Magnet therapy
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13840:
13839:
13832:Detoxification
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13743:
13741:
13734:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13720:
13717:Voodoo Science
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13677:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13659:Fringe science
13651:
13646:
13641:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13628:
13623:
13620:
13619:
13612:
13611:
13604:
13597:
13589:
13580:
13579:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13560:Radicalization
13557:
13556:
13555:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13528:Fringe science
13525:
13523:Falsifiability
13520:
13519:
13518:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13491:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13471:
13470:
13467:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13460:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13433:
13431:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13423:
13421:Tax protesters
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13374:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13353:
13351:New chronology
13344:
13339:
13334:
13328:
13325:
13324:
13314:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13301:
13299:
13298:
13296:Stop the Steal
13293:
13288:
13283:
13277:
13275:
13266:
13265:
13264:
13263:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13230:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13216:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13096:
13094:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13049:
13048:
13047:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13029:
13028:
13027:
13019:
13018:
13017:
13009:
13008:
13007:
12999:
12998:
12997:
12989:
12983:
12981:
12980:Other European
12977:
12976:
12974:
12973:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12955:
12954:
12949:
12938:
12936:
12930:
12929:
12927:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12909:Golden billion
12906:
12901:
12899:Alaska payment
12895:
12893:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12884:
12883:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12865:
12860:
12859:
12858:
12853:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12835:
12833:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12825:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12807:
12806:
12805:
12800:
12792:
12791:
12790:
12781:
12779:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12766:
12765:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12720:
12711:
12709:
12701:
12700:
12690:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12627:
12625:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12574:
12572:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12551:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12529:
12527:
12525:Anti-Christian
12520:
12519:
12517:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12467:
12462:
12461:
12460:
12444:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12430:Trivialization
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12386:
12384:
12375:
12374:
12372:White genocide
12369:
12364:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12352:
12344:
12342:Priory of Sion
12339:
12334:
12326:
12325:
12324:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12291:
12288:
12287:
12277:
12276:
12273:
12272:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12242:
12241:
12236:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12205:
12204:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12149:
12148:
12146:misinformation
12143:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12131:
12116:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12096:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12053:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12031:
12030:
12028:Lavender scare
12020:
12019:
12018:
12008:
12006:gay Nazis myth
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11978:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11958:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11944:
11938:
11932:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11902:
11896:
11890:
11884:
11881:KAL Flight 007
11878:
11872:
11866:
11857:
11851:
11848:Reichstag fire
11845:
11836:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11809:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11785:
11784:
11782:false theories
11766:
11765:
11761:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11747:
11739:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11720:Vladimir Putin
11717:
11712:
11710:Paul McCartney
11706:
11704:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11696:
11690:
11684:
11678:
11671:
11669:
11665:
11664:
11662:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11646:TWA Flight 800
11643:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11613:JAT Flight 367
11610:
11604:
11598:
11595:Lynmouth Flood
11592:
11586:
11577:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11552:
11546:
11540:
11534:
11528:
11522:
11516:
11513:Benazir Bhutto
11510:
11504:
11498:
11492:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11429:Renny Ottolina
11426:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11375:Marilyn Monroe
11372:
11366:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11333:Lord Kitchener
11330:
11324:
11321:Zachary Taylor
11317:
11315:
11299:
11298:
11288:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11266:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11236:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11211:
11209:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11193:
11192:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11157:
11152:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11123:
11121:
11112:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11068:
11065:
11064:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10947:Hidden message
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10891:Ă©minence grise
10887:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10861:
10860:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10833:
10832:
10825:
10818:
10810:
10804:
10803:
10790:
10789:External links
10787:
10785:
10784:
10769:
10763:
10747:
10746:(Aug 22, 2016)
10736:
10726:
10716:
10705:
10699:
10683:
10644:
10638:
10623:
10617:
10602:
10582:
10572:
10543:
10522:
10497:
10491:
10478:
10472:
10459:
10453:
10438:
10428:
10417:
10403:
10391:Graff, Garrett
10387:
10370:
10355:
10342:
10320:
10286:
10280:
10263:
10257:
10242:
10207:
10199:
10193:
10176:
10170:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10104:
10065:
10022:Engler, Steven
10008:
9935:
9918:
9890:
9868:
9861:
9843:
9821:
9805:
9790:
9783:
9761:
9754:
9736:
9706:
9695:on 2 July 2023
9676:
9641:
9622:(4): 523–555.
9602:
9569:
9538:
9521:Foreign Policy
9504:
9497:
9477:
9454:
9429:
9404:
9373:
9366:
9345:
9299:
9277:
9251:
9244:(1945). "14".
9233:
9203:
9177:
9149:
9114:
9079:
9057:
9044:
8982:
8951:
8938:
8926:
8914:
8912:, p. 230.
8902:
8877:The New Yorker
8863:
8836:10.1086/421123
8804:
8797:
8777:
8740:
8700:
8683:
8668:
8663:"Bad Thinkers"
8653:
8624:(6): 538–542.
8604:
8585:
8564:(1): 325–342.
8544:
8485:
8466:(1): 109–115.
8450:
8423:(3): 443–463.
8406:
8387:
8362:
8323:
8316:
8289:
8270:
8242:
8199:
8168:(4): 731–742.
8148:
8121:
8114:
8096:
8065:
8026:
8011:
7947:
7890:
7883:
7859:
7810:
7783:(5): 955–968.
7767:
7708:
7658:
7616:
7581:
7523:
7481:(3): 544–552.
7458:
7451:
7430:
7419:(3): 413–439.
7400:
7381:(2): 247–264.
7362:
7300:
7257:(3): 286–299.
7228:
7193:
7134:
7112:
7099:(2): 617–641.
7079:
7017:
7010:
6979:
6929:
6910:(5): 469–476.
6881:
6874:
6854:
6823:
6774:
6739:
6713:
6700:
6679:
6648:
6596:
6577:
6554:
6519:
6512:
6491:
6470:(2): 238–248.
6447:
6428:
6408:
6389:
6369:
6362:
6336:
6324:
6291:
6279:
6253:
6230:
6202:
6181:(3): 415–433.
6161:
6141:
6116:Bloomberg News
6098:
6085:10.1086/509680
6079:(4): 691–692.
6063:
6036:(3): 849–866.
6020:
5973:
5936:
5902:
5883:
5863:
5850:
5843:
5823:
5793:
5725:
5698:
5672:
5652:
5645:
5625:
5597:(4 May 2024).
5586:
5573:
5542:
5513:(5): 535–539.
5493:
5463:
5436:(73). London:
5415:
5383:(4): 835–836.
5357:
5342:
5298:
5291:
5268:
5241:(2): 202–227.
5194:
5157:(7): 897–908.
5120:
5113:
5090:
5071:
5046:
5018:
5001:
4994:
4967:
4930:(6): 538–542.
4889:
4842:
4815:(8): 798–799.
4790:
4783:
4760:
4740:
4682:
4594:
4534:
4499:(2): 256–261.
4480:
4421:
4410:(2): 336–337.
4390:
4364:
4330:
4285:10.1086/711943
4249:
4212:(7): 493–499.
4159:
4095:
4058:(3): 323–333.
4052:Memory Studies
4038:
3989:
3963:
3937:
3895:(3): 544–552.
3872:
3835:
3798:(5): 595–604.
3775:
3702:
3689:
3653:
3592:
3571:
3524:(10): e75637.
3504:
3485:(3): 109–126.
3466:
3367:
3320:Annual Reviews
3285:
3229:
3152:
3036:
3021:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2943:
2940:sinister goal.
2878:
2854:(2): 238–248.
2839:
2823:
2800:
2730:
2691:
2635:
2575:
2568:
2550:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2497:
2488:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:Hanlon's razor
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:Cherry picking
2366:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2302:
2301:
2286:
2279:
2225:counterculture
2187:Bernard Bailyn
2169:The historian
2163:Main article:
2160:
2157:
2094:Main article:
2091:
2088:
2061:, an infamous
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1942:
1938:Bletchley Park
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1887:The physicist
1881:George W. Bush
1875:
1872:
1829:
1826:
1806:
1803:
1760:
1757:
1738:
1735:
1733:punishments".
1710:
1707:
1690:Quassim Cassam
1648:
1645:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1600:
1588:Michael Barkun
1577:disempowerment
1566:social capital
1564:, and reduced
1544:
1541:
1456:
1453:
1427:misinformation
1422:
1419:
1373:
1370:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1266:
1263:
1234:circular logic
1229:
1226:
1193:
1192:General public
1190:
1179:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1161:misinformation
1153:whistleblowers
1093:medical advice
1062:AIDS denialism
1046:Anders Breivik
1009:
1006:
904:
901:
855:
852:
837:
834:
833:
832:
818:
796:
793:spread of AIDS
774:Michael Barkun
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
742:
739:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
686:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
664:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
626:
625:
622:
619:
534:climate change
526:rise of Hitler
516:
513:
485:
482:
461:Michael Barkun
440:
437:
387:
384:
376:George Monbiot
311:
308:
212:AIDS denialism
196:Anders Breivik
144:cognitive bias
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16125:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16108:Fringe theory
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16095:
16093:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16033:FactCheck.org
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15992:
15991:Fact-checking
15989:
15988:
15985:
15978:
15974:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15951:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15937:
15933:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15871:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15820:United States
15818:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15795:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15770:
15768:
15764:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15744:
15742:
15738:
15734:
15730:
15726:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15680:
15678:
15674:
15671:
15670:
15669:
15666:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15653:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15644:
15640:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15593:
15591:
15587:
15584:
15579:
15575:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15558:
15554:
15551:
15550:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15532:
15528:
15524:
15520:
15516:
15512:
15508:
15504:
15500:
15496:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15471:
15469:
15465:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15445:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15431:
15427:
15421:
15420:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15381:50 Cent Party
15379:
15378:
15377:
15374:
15373:
15371:
15367:
15363:
15359:
15355:
15351:
15344:
15340:
15326:
15323:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15305:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15277:
15274:
15273:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15263:
15261:
15257:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15204:
15201:
15200:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15175:
15172:
15165:
15161:
15151:
15150:
15146:
15144:
15143:
15139:
15137:
15136:
15132:
15130:
15129:
15125:
15123:
15122:
15118:
15116:
15114:
15110:
15109:
15106:
15099:
15095:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15024:
15023:
15020:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15007:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14985:Media culture
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14925:False dilemma
14923:
14921:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14909:
14906:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14851:
14847:
14844:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14806:
14803:
14796:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14777:
14772:
14770:
14765:
14763:
14758:
14757:
14754:
14742:
14741:
14737:
14735:
14734:
14730:
14728:
14727:
14723:
14721:
14720:
14716:
14714:
14713:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14682:
14681:Fortean Times
14678:
14676:
14675:
14671:
14669:
14668:
14664:
14662:
14661:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14609:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14587:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14477:Deepak Chopra
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14440:pseudoscience
14436:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14308:Cryptozoology
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14275:
14273:
14269:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14225:
14222:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14208:Anti-gravity‎
14206:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14172:
14171:
14168:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14131:Pseudohistory
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14079:Generationism
14077:
14076:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14037:5G conspiracy
14035:
14034:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14027:Catastrophism
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14003:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13874:FasciaBlaster
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13838:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13812:Correactology
13810:
13808:
13807:Chromotherapy
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13732:pseudoscience
13725:
13719:
13718:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13669:Pseudohistory
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13654:Fringe theory
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13636:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13621:
13617:
13616:Pseudoscience
13610:
13605:
13603:
13598:
13596:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13514:
13513:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13496:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13486:
13483:
13476:
13472:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13396:Admiralty law
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13379:
13376:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13358:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13337:NESARA/GESARA
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13319:
13315:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13273:2020 election
13270:
13262:
13258:
13257:POW/MIA issue
13255:
13254:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13244:Trump–Ukraine
13242:
13240:
13237:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13222:
13221:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13211:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13129:Biden–Ukraine
13127:
13123:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13099:Barack Obama
13098:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13092:United States
13089:
13081:
13080:Voting pencil
13078:
13076:
13075:Harold Wilson
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13052:
13050:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13036:
13033:
13032:
13030:
13026:
13023:
13022:
13020:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13010:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12978:
12972:
12971:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12944:
12943:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12931:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12894:
12890:
12882:
12879:
12878:
12876:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12837:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12814:
12813:Casa Matusita
12811:
12810:
12808:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12793:
12789:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12772:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12754:
12751:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12734:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12712:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12695:
12691:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12651:The Holocaust
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12624:
12619:
12615:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12578:Counter-jihad
12576:
12575:
12573:
12571:
12567:
12561:
12560:Giuseppe Siri
12558:
12556:
12553:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12534:
12533:Anti-Catholic
12531:
12530:
12528:
12526:
12521:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12472:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12458:
12454:
12453:
12452:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12438:
12435:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12405:Doctors' plot
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12383:
12379:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12321:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12282:
12278:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12203:
12202:United States
12199:
12195:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12111:
12108:
12101:
12097:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12081:Satanic panic
12079:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12024:
12021:
12017:
12016:United States
12014:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11970:
11963:
11959:
11948:
11945:
11942:
11939:
11936:
11933:
11930:
11927:
11924:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11900:
11897:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11876:
11873:
11870:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11858:
11855:
11852:
11849:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11828:
11827:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11810:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11744:
11740:
11726:
11725:Melania Trump
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11715:Avril Lavigne
11713:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11694:
11691:
11688:
11687:Elvis Presley
11685:
11682:
11679:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11666:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11650:
11647:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11632:
11629:
11626:
11623:
11620:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11605:
11602:
11599:
11596:
11593:
11590:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11556:
11553:
11550:
11547:
11544:
11541:
11538:
11535:
11532:
11529:
11526:
11523:
11520:
11517:
11514:
11511:
11508:
11507:Yasser Arafat
11505:
11502:
11499:
11496:
11493:
11490:
11487:
11484:
11483:Yitzhak Rabin
11481:
11478:
11475:
11472:
11469:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11448:
11445:
11442:
11439:
11436:
11433:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11421:
11418:
11415:
11412:
11409:
11406:
11403:
11400:
11397:
11394:
11391:
11388:
11385:
11382:
11379:
11376:
11373:
11370:
11367:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11352:
11349:
11346:
11343:
11340:
11337:
11334:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11308:
11307:Assassination
11304:
11300:
11293:
11289:
11270:
11267:
11264:
11263:Alien autopsy
11261:
11258:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11240:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11222:
11219:
11216:
11213:
11212:
11210:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11197:Project Serpo
11195:
11191:
11190:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11059:
11055:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10957:Pseudoscience
10955:
10953:
10952:Pseudohistory
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10922:Crisis actors
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10831:
10826:
10824:
10819:
10817:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10645:
10641:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10624:
10620:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10603:
10592:
10588:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10554:(2): 247–64.
10553:
10549:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10533:(3): 413–39.
10532:
10528:
10523:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10475:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10439:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10422:
10419:Harris, Lee.
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10404:9781982196776
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10347:
10343:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10297:CQ Researcher
10291:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10264:
10260:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10214:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10177:
10173:
10167:
10164:. Riverhead.
10162:
10161:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10092:
10088:
10087:New York City
10084:
10083:
10077:
10069:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10019:
10012:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9951:
9946:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9894:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9825:
9818:
9814:
9809:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9773:. Cambridge:
9772:
9765:
9757:
9755:9781848856110
9751:
9747:
9740:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9654:
9651:"The journal
9645:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9587:
9580:
9573:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9509:
9500:
9494:
9490:
9489:
9481:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9450:
9445:
9441:
9438:
9433:
9421:
9414:
9408:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9377:
9369:
9363:
9360:. Routledge.
9359:
9352:
9350:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9295:
9291:
9284:
9282:
9265:
9261:
9255:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9153:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9126:
9118:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9091:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9054:
9048:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8955:
8948:
8942:
8935:
8930:
8923:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8867:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8830:(2): 225–48,
8829:
8825:
8818:
8814:
8813:Latour, Bruno
8808:
8800:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8781:
8774:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8680:
8679:
8672:
8664:
8657:
8649:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8608:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8454:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8394:
8390:
8384:
8379:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8319:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8296:
8294:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8215:(2): 210–22.
8214:
8210:
8203:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8128:
8126:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8023:
8018:
8016:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7894:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7763:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7712:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7437:
7435:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7116:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7022:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6984:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6858:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6804:(88): 35–39.
6803:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6683:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6561:
6559:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6496:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6452:
6435:
6431:
6429:9780230349216
6425:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6396:
6392:
6390:9780791473344
6386:
6382:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5958:
5955:(88): 31–33.
5954:
5947:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5907:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5867:
5860:
5854:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5679:
5675:
5673:9780292743793
5669:
5665:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5583:
5577:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5016:, p. 58.
5015:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4687:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3952:
3951:Science Alert
3948:
3941:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3022:9780230349216
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2826:
2824:9780224074704
2820:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:Pseudoscience
2449:
2446:
2445:Pseudohistory
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:Occam's razor
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:Fringe theory
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:Richard Nixon
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:Warren Report
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2159:United States
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:Kemal AtatĂĽrk
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:United States
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2023:Bruce Cumings
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:Michael Kelly
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1742:Marcel Danesi
1734:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:and her book
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:authoritarian
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1550:powerlessness
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:pseudoscience
1528:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1387:Scare tactics
1382:
1379:
1378:public health
1369:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:Intervention
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1257:isolated" in
1256:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1167:Interventions
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:public health
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1005:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
971:false balance
964:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
876:
874:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
847:
842:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
775:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
747:
738:
736:
732:
715:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
693:
691:
688:
687:
681:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
659:
654:
651:
647:
646:
640:
635:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
616:
613:
608:
606:
602:
601:Mike Huckabee
598:
593:
591:
590:search engine
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
557:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
480:
475:
472:
470:
469:bureaucracies
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:
383:
381:
377:
372:
367:
361:
359:
352:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
318:
307:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:public health
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:falsification
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
15793:
15728:South Africa
15715:Web brigades
15651:Cyberwarfare
15633:Useful idiot
15582:Soviet Union
15527:Fintas Group
15419:Global Times
15417:
15386:cyberwarfare
15147:
15140:
15133:
15126:
15120:
15112:
15079:Whataboutism
15074:Urban legend
15044:Quote mining
14845:
14738:
14731:
14724:
14717:
14710:
14703:
14696:
14679:
14672:
14665:
14658:
14547:Mike Lindell
14467:Rhonda Byrne
14438:Promoters of
14425:Water memory
14365:Laundry ball
14257:Tractor beam
14213:Cold fusion‎
14031:
13909:Lunar effect
13854:Ear candling
13802:Chiropractic
13792:Bloodletting
13782:Bates method
13752:Aromatherapy
13715:
13681:Junk science
13570:Superstition
13493:
13349: /
13347:Phantom time
13286:"Pence Card"
13259: /
13253:Vietnam War
13218:
13179:Jade Helm 15
13120: /
12968:
12904:Dulles' Plan
12788:Andinia Plan
12763:Finland Plot
12749:South Korea
12743:Tallano gold
12739:Philippines
12570:Islamophobic
12523:Christian /
12499:Kalergi Plan
12489:Judeopolonia
12477:World War II
12469:
12455:
12449: /
12420:George Soros
12415:Epsilon Team
12390:Andinia Plan
12246:Lepers' plot
12200: /
12196: /
12188:turbo cancer
12074: /
11916:WTC collapse
11905:9/11 attacks
11861:
11854:Pearl Harbor
11840:
11831:
11769:
11638:
11631:Khamar-Daban
11601:Dyatlov Pass
11581:
11573:Mary Celeste
11572:
11471:Vince Foster
11357:Adolf Hitler
11221:Maury Island
11215:Dundy County
11187:
11178:Men in black
11160:
11148: /
11144: /
11099:Hollow Earth
11028:moral panics
11018:Manipulation
10910: /
10906: /
10889:
10836:
10798:
10772:
10754:
10743:
10729:
10719:
10712:
10707:Slosson, W.
10690:
10652:
10648:
10628:
10607:
10594:. Retrieved
10589:. Americas.
10575:
10551:
10547:
10530:
10526:
10514:. Retrieved
10510:the original
10505:
10482:
10463:
10443:
10431:
10425:The American
10424:
10394:
10373:
10358:
10349:
10334:. Retrieved
10328:
10300:
10296:
10267:
10247:
10221:
10217:
10202:
10180:
10159:
10133:25 September
10131:. Retrieved
10117:
10107:
10097:25 September
10095:. Retrieved
10080:
10068:
10031:
10025:
10011:
9954:
9948:
9938:
9929:
9921:
9909:. Retrieved
9905:The Atlantic
9903:
9893:
9877:
9871:
9852:
9846:
9830:
9824:
9816:
9808:
9799:
9793:
9770:
9764:
9745:
9739:
9727:. Retrieved
9723:the original
9718:
9709:
9697:. Retrieved
9693:the original
9688:
9679:
9662:
9658:
9652:
9644:
9619:
9615:
9605:
9593:. Retrieved
9586:the original
9572:
9560:. Retrieved
9552:The Atlantic
9541:
9529:. Retrieved
9487:
9480:
9472:the original
9467:
9457:
9447:
9432:
9420:the original
9407:
9395:. Retrieved
9386:
9376:
9357:
9336:. Retrieved
9316:
9312:
9302:
9289:
9268:. Retrieved
9254:
9245:
9242:Popper, Karl
9236:
9228:the original
9215:
9206:
9194:. Retrieved
9189:
9180:
9168:. Retrieved
9162:
9152:
9140:. Retrieved
9129:
9117:
9105:. Retrieved
9096:The Atlantic
9094:
9082:
9074:the original
9069:
9060:
9052:
9047:
9002:
8998:
8985:
8973:. Retrieved
8965:PBS NEWSHOUR
8964:
8954:
8946:
8941:
8929:
8917:
8905:
8893:. Retrieved
8876:
8866:
8857:16 September
8855:, retrieved
8827:
8823:
8807:
8787:
8780:
8762:. Retrieved
8753:
8743:
8731:. Retrieved
8716:
8703:
8694:
8686:
8676:
8671:
8656:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8598:
8588:
8561:
8557:
8547:
8502:
8498:
8488:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8397:. Retrieved
8376:
8371:Berlet, Chip
8365:
8353:. Retrieved
8344:
8337:Cohen, Roger
8302:
8280:. Retrieved
8260:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8190:. Retrieved
8165:
8161:
8151:
8143:
8131:Justin Fox:
8105:
8099:
8087:. Retrieved
8078:
8068:
8059:
8052:. Retrieved
8040:Berlet, Chip
8024:, p. 3.
7969:
7965:
7925:11343/286891
7910:(1): 16–28.
7907:
7903:
7893:
7869:
7862:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7780:
7776:
7770:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7678:
7674:
7661:
7636:
7632:
7619:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7543:
7539:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7478:
7474:
7461:
7442:
7416:
7412:
7378:
7374:
7320:
7316:
7289:cite journal
7254:
7250:
7219:. Retrieved
7215:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7128:
7124:
7115:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7066:
7040:(1): 18–35.
7037:
7033:
6992:
6949:
6945:
6907:
6903:
6864:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6841:
6801:
6797:
6755:(1): 47–62.
6752:
6748:
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6727:The Guardian
6726:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6688:
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6662:New Republic
6661:
6651:
6642:
6635:. Retrieved
6613:
6609:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6567:
6545:. Retrieved
6541:the original
6536:
6532:
6522:
6503:
6467:
6463:
6438:. Retrieved
6418:
6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6379:
6372:
6347:
6339:
6334:, p. 7.
6327:
6315:. Retrieved
6310:
6304:
6294:
6289:, p. 6.
6282:
6264:
6261:Jesse Walker
6256:
6212:
6205:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6153:
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6111:
6101:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6013:12 September
6011:. Retrieved
5992:
5988:First Monday
5986:
5976:
5966:12 September
5964:. Retrieved
5952:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5918:
5893:. Retrieved
5873:
5866:
5858:
5853:
5833:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5805:
5796:
5785:the original
5767:(88): 9–14.
5764:
5760:
5716:. Retrieved
5711:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5682:. Retrieved
5662:
5655:
5635:
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5604:The Guardian
5602:
5589:
5581:
5576:
5564:. Retrieved
5555:
5545:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5479:
5457:
5433:
5429:
5418:
5410:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5360:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5327:
5281:
5238:
5234:
5154:
5150:
5104:
5081:. Retrieved
5061:
5032:
4984:
4927:
4923:
4859:
4855:
4812:
4808:
4773:
4752:
4743:
4704:
4698:
4673:. Retrieved
4613:
4554:
4550:
4496:
4492:
4458:
4454:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4385:
4339:
4333:
4268:
4262:
4252:
4209:
4206:EMBO Reports
4205:
4138:(S1): 3–35.
4135:
4131:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3892:
3888:
3875:
3858:
3854:
3795:
3791:
3721:
3715:
3705:
3694:, retrieved
3663:
3656:
3611:
3605:
3595:
3586:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3482:
3478:
3457:. Retrieved
3389:
3383:
3370:
3315:
3309:
3279:
3273:the original
3255:(88): 9–14.
3252:
3248:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3143:. Retrieved
3079:
3073:
3008:
2986:
2958:
2954:
2938:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2851:
2847:
2835:
2828:. Retrieved
2813:
2803:
2795:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2725:
2705:
2694:
2686:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2604:: 990–1008.
2597:
2591:
2562:. ABC-CLIO.
2559:
2553:
2543:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2457:Superstition
2363:Brainwashing
2321:Donald Trump
2303:
2257:
2237:
2201:
2190:
2179:U.S. history
2168:
2110:
2099:
2056:
2038:
2016:
1993:
1983:
1978:9/11 attacks
1947:
1930:
1886:
1877:
1855:
1836:
1831:
1810:Bruno Latour
1808:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1776:writing for
1770:
1762:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1667:
1652:
1650:
1637:
1621:
1585:
1570:
1554:
1546:
1529:
1516:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1458:
1444:
1432:
1424:
1411:
1400:
1395:focus groups
1392:
1383:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1345:civil rights
1341:open society
1338:
1268:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1181:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1121:
1086:
1066:South Africa
1058:Soviet Union
1054:Nazi Germany
1019:
1008:Consequences
993:
989:
982:
968:
940:
929:
911:, including
906:
885:
877:
860:Noam Chomsky
857:
844:
839:
820:
798:
780:
772:
746:Jesse Walker
744:
728:
668:Barack Obama
650:crisis actor
611:
594:
586:social media
571:
558:
546:
518:
493:
477:
473:
465:
449:hypothesized
448:
442:
430:
426:
420:
415:
407:
397:
370:
363:
357:
354:
342:
336:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
300:open society
291:social media
280:
216:South Africa
204:Soviet Union
200:Nazi Germany
165:
125:
108:
95:
85:
60:
58:
36:
15926:Yellow rain
15546:Philippines
15406:Spamouflage
15391:Little Pink
15245:Rothschilds
15235:Red mercury
14950:Gaslighting
14901:Lying press
14871:Doublespeak
14452:Del Bigtree
13939:Panchagavya
13929:Naturopathy
13797:Body memory
13747:Acupuncture
13632:Terminology
13553:hate speech
13139:CIA and JFK
13118:"Obamagate"
13103:citizenship
13005:German Plot
12543:Popish Plot
12509:Rothschilds
12395:Blood libel
12382:Antisemitic
12318: [
12198:Philippines
12035:Recruitment
11820:allegations
11799:Red mercury
11675:Joan of Arc
11668:Other cases
11609:(1950s–60s)
11555:John McAfee
11525:Hugo Chávez
11477:Kurt Cobain
11465:Turgut Ă–zal
11461:(1980s–90s)
11441:Airey Neave
11399:Harold Holt
11339:Tom Thomson
11257:Gulf Breeze
11251:Ilkley Moor
11104:Hollow Moon
10875:Antiscience
10868:Core topics
10687:Sagan, Carl
10655:(1): 3–34.
10336:28 November
10330:Der Spiegel
10038:: 696–719.
9689:The Skeptic
9270:5 September
9164:The Monthly
8934:Barkun 2003
8922:Barkun 2003
8910:Barkun 2003
8355:18 February
8022:Barkun 2003
7830:: 118–122.
7639:: 156–159.
7516:28 December
6332:Barkun 2003
6287:Barkun 2003
6240:j.ctv941trn
5718:23 November
5566:11 December
5482:. p. 3
5335:17 November
5014:Barkun 2003
4557:(1): 5–12.
4461:(88): 5–8.
4279:: 188–208.
3930:28 December
3861:: 156–159.
3400:: 544–552.
3322:: 271–298.
3194:: 114–120.
3090:: 505–518.
2961:(88): 5–8.
2661:: 731–742.
2313:Mitt Romney
2221:McCarthyism
2189:'s classic
2067:Roger Cohen
1986:Karl Popper
1944:Terminology
1867:millenarian
1863:apocalyptic
1788:World War I
1774:Roger Cohen
1543:Attractions
1539:phenomena.
1473:Sociologist
1305:Rhetorical
1157:journalists
1125:antisemitic
1026:witch hunts
984:ad hominems
256:vaccination
176:witch hunts
16092:Categories
16053:PolitiFact
15981:Opposition
15857:Sandy Hook
15656:on Estonia
15590:Soviet era
15503:Team Jorge
15479:Godi-media
15240:Reptilians
15210:Illuminati
15069:Truthiness
15059:Social bot
15022:Propaganda
14955:Half-truth
14930:False flag
14692:Quackwatch
14522:David Icke
14502:Max Gerson
14497:Gaia, Inc.
14385:Numerology
14380:Lysenkoism
14375:Levitation
14355:Graphology
14240:Dean drive
14175:Aryan race
14106:Mediumship
13981:Trepanning
13949:Phrenology
13889:Homeopathy
13787:Biorhythms
13686:Paranormal
13543:Paranormal
13452:Li's field
13371:synarchism
13366:Illuminati
13361:Bilderberg
13233:Sandy Hook
13169:FEMA camps
13021:Lithuania
12856:Cairo fire
12828:Golpe Azul
12819:Venezuela
12784:Argentina
12636:Bangladesh
12598:Love jihad
12457:Żydokomuna
12400:Cohen Plan
12310:Freemasons
12173:Ivermectin
12163:Chemtrails
12158:Big Pharma
12134:Thiomersal
12001:gay agenda
11996:drag panic
11981:Anti-LGBTQ
11818:False flag
11453:Zia-ul-Haq
11447:Olof Palme
11269:Morristown
11233:Twin Falls
11189:Die Glocke
11155:Dulce Base
11109:Reptilians
11094:Flat Earth
10981:Psychology
10917:Conspiracy
10885:deep state
10516:13 October
10413:1407420009
9961:: 615727.
9719:Yalansavar
9531:10 January
9319:(6): 102.
9196:24 January
9170:24 January
9142:24 January
9107:24 January
8733:9 February
8399:9 November
8282:27 October
7221:16 October
6847:16 October
6616:(1): 7–8.
6589:27 January
6313:(1): 17–51
5684:27 January
5454:4642826321
5041:B000J0N8NC
4711:: 93–111.
4009:: 110559.
3728:: e89177.
2988:arguments.
2722:required.)
2465:References
2439:Propaganda
2337:deep-state
2305:Alex Jones
2298:Red Scares
2294:COINTELPRO
2231:, and the
2133:secularist
2119:, and the
2029:Arab world
2008:chauvinism
1899:, and the
1859:mass media
1792:Justin Fox
1754:awareness.
1737:Physiology
1709:Projection
1688:Professor
1573:alienation
1558:alienation
1556:increased
1537:paranormal
1507:mass media
1503:schizotypy
1455:Psychology
1287:Technical
1171:See also:
825:David Icke
807:Freemasons
791:, and the
672:birtherism
605:Republican
549:mass media
515:Popularity
507:, and the
497:false flag
457:historians
453:scientists
445:conspiracy
366:dissenting
283:mass media
226:about the
172:propaganda
152:Dark triad
136:narcissism
132:schizotypy
81:historians
77:scientists
73:conspiracy
65:conspiracy
53:Illuminati
16048:NewsGuard
16043:Logically
16038:Full Fact
15935:Venezuela
15869:Fake news
15757:AK Trolls
15448:Funkspiel
14970:Infodemic
14886:Fake news
14861:Denialism
14856:Deception
14647:Resources
14577:Mehmet Oz
14395:Polygraph
14345:Feng shui
14313:Dianetics
14288:Astrology
14153:Pseudolaw
13959:Radionics
13934:Palmistry
13899:Iridology
13701:Snake oil
13644:Charlatan
13548:Prejudice
13442:Bielefeld
13430:Satirical
13388:Pseudolaw
13281:Italygate
13220:incidents
13194:Pizzagate
13113:parentage
13025:Statesmen
12947:Ergenekon
12881:Pallywood
12851:10 agorot
12759:Thailand
12733:Jinnahpur
12729:Pakistan
12656:Holodomor
12646:Cambodian
12153:Aspartame
12062:GamerGate
12023:Homintern
11991:Chemicals
11841:Lusitania
11759:Agenda 21
11693:Jonestown
11683:(1948–54)
11531:Seth Rich
11423:Aldo Moro
11259:(1987–88)
11183:Nazi UFOs
11008:Denialism
10937:Espionage
10927:Deception
10679:143602969
10657:CiteSeerX
10568:145632390
10309:1056-2036
10238:152067265
10060:222094116
10052:1096-1151
10003:231654586
9977:2297-7775
9911:30 August
9665:: 32–47.
9636:159483845
9397:26 August
8885:0028-792X
8844:159523434
8580:1094-2939
8521:1664-1078
8480:0046-2772
8437:2044-8295
8054:1 October
7988:1664-1078
7942:197707663
7934:1099-0720
7875:Routledge
7854:214735855
7846:2352-1546
7805:219744361
7797:0046-2772
7744:1664-1078
7681:: 15–20.
7653:0191-8869
7611:0191-8869
7560:1872-7123
7546:: 15–20.
7395:145632390
7170:1664-1078
7074:CC BY 4.0
7062:248934562
7054:0743-9156
6966:0963-6625
6924:1099-9922
6818:255910928
6769:0090-2616
6732:5 October
6486:0888-4080
6317:24 August
6248:159357706
6197:1540-8884
6175:The Forum
6124:0362-4331
6093:0022-4189
6058:149762298
6050:0007-1234
5895:18 August
5781:141788005
5613:0261-3077
5537:233242206
5446:0368-315X
5255:0963-8016
5171:0046-2772
4944:0963-7214
4876:0264-410X
4829:0002-8177
4735:237329082
4727:1745-5294
4675:7 October
4662:231818589
4638:1476-4687
4571:1753-495X
4513:1548-3568
4475:255932379
4416:1940-3461
4382:158560266
4374:1874-6691
4325:233429880
4317:299661763
4293:0018-2710
4226:1469-221X
4154:0162-895X
4072:1750-6980
3812:0933-7954
3752:1932-6203
3630:1664-1078
3548:1932-6203
3430:475047529
3414:2044-8309
3362:252597317
3346:909903176
3338:1545-2085
3269:141788005
3224:152217672
3208:0392-1921
3145:7 October
3132:215787658
3106:1572-8633
3031:802867724
2983:255932379
2975:1746-6016
2917:1932-6203
2870:0888-4080
2830:17 August
2766:1664-1078
2675:1467-9221
2630:1460-3551
2520:Citations
2381:Fake news
2344:Democrats
2264:Watergate
2129:modernist
2125:Islamists
2004:tribalism
1970:2008 poll
1954:far right
1874:Viability
1759:Sociology
1685:beliefs.
1198:empowered
1129:far right
1038:terrorist
1034:genocides
1022:prejudice
943:falsified
813:, or the
811:Communism
624:Not sure
272:extremist
224:denialism
184:genocides
168:prejudice
16073:USAFacts
16063:StopFake
15959:Force 47
15864:COVID-19
15788:Euromyth
15539:Peñabots
15413:COVID-19
15318:COVID-19
15303:Vaccines
15168:Examples
15054:Smearing
14335:Eugenics
14318:Auditing
13894:Humorism
13869:Fad diet
13817:Cryonics
13777:Ayurveda
13740:Medicine
13696:Quackery
13479:See also
13342:New Coke
13199:The Plan
13108:religion
13001:Ireland
12991:Georgia
12987:Euromyth
12970:Üst akıl
12919:Rasputin
12774:Americas
12698:Regional
12631:Armenian
12183:vaccines
12178:lab leak
12168:COVID-19
12040:Grooming
11314:theories
11035:Paranoia
10932:Dystopia
10908:Criminal
10858:Overview
10689:(1996).
10591:BBC News
10434:(1954).
10393:(2023).
10381:Archived
10313:Archived
10218:Diogenes
10156:(2010).
10127:Archived
10091:Archived
10027:Religion
9995:33869533
9882:Archived
9835:Archived
9556:Archived
9525:Archived
9440:Archived
9391:Archived
9264:Archived
9136:Archived
9101:Archived
9039:26812482
8999:PLOS ONE
8969:Archived
8889:Archived
8848:archived
8758:Archived
8727:Archived
8696:Politico
8648:29276345
8539:25762969
8445:21751999
8393:Archived
8349:Archived
8276:Archived
8258:(1965).
8229:18512419
8192:7 August
8186:Archived
8136:Archived
8083:Archived
8048:Archived
8006:30853921
7762:25762969
7703:43823184
7695:29024855
7576:43823184
7568:29024855
7507:Archived
7495:21486312
7357:33837144
7281:32905023
7188:38022962
7179:10663292
7076:license.
6974:34006153
6666:Archived
6637:24 April
6583:Archived
6547:11 March
6434:Archived
6395:Archived
6272:Archived
6134:23 April
6128:Archived
6007:Archived
5957:Archived
5923:Archived
5889:Archived
5810:Archived
5678:Archived
5560:Archived
5529:33852369
5263:48880069
5189:30555188
5083:6 August
5077:Archived
4962:29276345
4884:22643216
4837:25082925
4666:Archived
4654:33542489
4646:12037118
4589:27512452
4529:23483038
4521:25929959
4309:64001081
4301:00182710
4275:for the
4244:20539311
4090:29081831
4033:33867616
3921:Archived
3909:21486312
3830:28352955
3770:24586574
3717:PLOS ONE
3648:22888323
3585:(2011).
3566:24098391
3518:PLOS ONE
3450:Archived
3438:21486312
3422:81642357
3354:36170672
3216:55003452
3175:Diogenes
3136:Archived
3124:32301040
3084:Springer
2935:31794581
2887:PLOS ONE
2792:16685781
2784:23734136
2541:(2003).
2350:See also
2309:Ron Paul
2217:Cold War
2175:paranoia
2153:the West
2084:al-Qaeda
1974:al-Qaeda
1960:Politics
1843:anti-war
1820:and the
1679:paranoia
1495:paranoia
1362:in-group
1133:far left
1056:and the
963:Fox News
903:Rhetoric
846:Cui bono
652:theory)
621:Believe
567:folklore
484:Examples
380:theories
320:defines
287:internet
146:called "
128:paranoia
117:paranoia
105:cynicism
15947:Vietnam
15618:Seat 12
15489:OpIndia
15441:Germany
14908:Fallacy
14881:Factoid
14819:Big lie
14482:Clonaid
14415:Ufology
14325:Dowsing
14278:Alchemy
14245:EMDrive
14201:Physics
13827:Cupping
13728:Topics
13122:Spygate
13051:Sweden
12877:Israel
12794:Canada
12666:Rwandan
12661:Nanjing
12641:Bosnian
12588:Eurabia
12548:Vatican
12538:Jesuits
12333:(1940s)
12251:Medbeds
12076:Gaylors
12072:Larries
11907:(2001)
11862:Liberty
11639:Estonia
11582:Titanic
11312:suicide
11227:Roswell
11132:Area 51
10962:Secrecy
10781:1919580
10734:excerpt
10732:(2014)
10596:26 June
10119:NPR.org
9986:8022489
9653:İnkılâp
9595:6 April
9562:21 June
9338:14 July
9321:Bibcode
9070:PubPeer
9030:4728076
9007:Bibcode
8975:22 July
8895:9 April
8665:. Aeon.
8639:5724570
8530:4340140
8505:: 206.
8237:8717161
8182:3791630
7997:6396711
7972:: 205.
7753:4340140
7728:: 206.
7503:7318352
7348:8053951
7325:Bibcode
7272:7462781
6672:29 June
6440:16 June
6401:16 June
6267:(2013)
5929:5 March
5816:5 April
5486:2 March
5407:1837085
5180:6282974
4953:5724570
4856:Vaccine
4580:4934997
4235:2897118
4081:5646574
4024:8035125
3982:17 June
3977:Inverse
3956:17 June
3917:7318352
3821:5423964
3761:3930676
3730:Bibcode
3639:3412387
3557:3788812
3526:Bibcode
3499:2564659
3446:7318352
3304:(ed.).
3115:7161434
2926:6890261
2895:Bibcode
2875:people.
2775:3659314
2750:: 279.
2683:3791630
2357:Big lie
2327:in the
2315:in the
2106:Ottoman
2045:Zionism
1950:cookers
1934:PubPeer
1853:views.
1626:at the
1206:priming
582:YouTube
414:, with
276:economy
156:empathy
51:to the
16058:Snopes
15874:online
15794:Lancet
15740:Turkey
15578:Russia
15534:Mexico
15522:Kuwait
15498:Israel
15357:Canada
15313:autism
15259:Health
14891:online
14390:Orgone
13235:(2012)
13214:Pastel
13041:Spain
13011:Italy
12934:Turkey
12892:Russia
12714:India
12482:Z.O.G.
12355:Kosher
12258:(2003)
12194:Canada
12124:autism
12104:Health
11949:(2023)
11943:(2014)
11937:(2010)
11931:(2005)
11925:(2004)
11901:(1995)
11895:(1988)
11889:(1986)
11883:(1983)
11877:(1982)
11871:(1972)
11865:(1967)
11856:(1941)
11850:(1933)
11844:(1915)
11835:(1898)
11695:(1978)
11689:(1977)
11677:(1431)
11660:(2014)
11654:(1999)
11648:(1996)
11642:(1994)
11633:(1993)
11627:(1987)
11621:(1972)
11615:(1972)
11603:(1959)
11597:(1952)
11591:(1923)
11585:(1912)
11576:(1872)
11557:(2021)
11551:(2020)
11545:(2019)
11539:(2018)
11533:(2016)
11527:(2013)
11521:(2011)
11515:(2007)
11509:(2004)
11503:(2001)
11497:(1998)
11491:(1997)
11485:(1995)
11479:(1994)
11473:(1993)
11467:(1993)
11455:(1988)
11449:(1986)
11443:(1979)
11437:(1978)
11431:(1978)
11425:(1978)
11419:(1973)
11413:(1968)
11407:(1968)
11401:(1967)
11395:(1966)
11389:(1963)
11383:(1963)
11377:(1962)
11371:(1958)
11365:(1945)
11359:(1945)
11353:(1945)
11347:(1943)
11341:(1917)
11335:(1916)
11329:(1890)
11323:(1850)
11271:(2009)
11265:(1995)
11253:(1987)
11247:(1967)
11241:(1949)
11235:(1947)
11229:(1947)
11223:(1947)
11217:(1884)
11207:Hoaxes
11164:(1948)
10880:Cabals
10779:
10761:
10724:online
10697:
10677:
10659:
10636:
10615:
10580:online
10566:
10489:
10470:
10451:
10436:online
10411:
10401:
10378:online
10365:
10307:
10278:
10255:
10236:
10191:
10168:
10058:
10050:
10001:
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9781:
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9729:17 May
9699:17 May
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8764:7 June
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3182:(3–4:
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2505:Barkun
2266:, the
2223:, and
2115:, the
2102:Turkey
2090:Turkey
2012:racism
1895:, the
1681:, and
1647:Causes
1641:random
1562:anomie
1082:hunger
1078:famine
1074:Zambia
1032:, and
919:, and
532:, and
528:, the
503:, the
289:, and
285:, the
248:hunger
244:famine
240:Zambia
208:Turkey
206:, and
202:, the
182:, and
138:, and
119:, and
15852:QAnon
15510:Korea
15467:India
15369:China
15283:Ebola
14799:Types
14271:Other
13964:Reiki
13649:Crank
13511:Dogma
13322:Other
13209:QAnon
12867:Iran
12809:Peru
12671:Sayfo
12555:Bible
12350:Halal
12322:]
12209:Ebola
11832:Maine
11794:HAARP
11173:MJ-12
10904:Civil
10777:JSTOR
10675:S2CID
10564:S2CID
10316:(PDF)
10293:(PDF)
10234:S2CID
10056:S2CID
10034:(4).
9999:S2CID
9632:S2CID
9589:(PDF)
9582:(PDF)
9423:(PDF)
9416:(PDF)
8851:(PDF)
8840:S2CID
8820:(PDF)
8233:S2CID
8178:JSTOR
7938:S2CID
7850:S2CID
7801:S2CID
7699:S2CID
7671:(PDF)
7629:(PDF)
7572:S2CID
7536:(PDF)
7510:(PDF)
7499:S2CID
7471:(PDF)
7391:S2CID
7058:S2CID
6814:S2CID
6794:(PDF)
6244:S2CID
6236:JSTOR
6054:S2CID
5995:(7).
5960:(PDF)
5949:(PDF)
5788:(PDF)
5777:S2CID
5757:(PDF)
5618:4 May
5533:S2CID
5403:JSTOR
5259:S2CID
4731:S2CID
4707:(1).
4669:(PDF)
4658:S2CID
4610:(PDF)
4525:S2CID
4471:S2CID
4451:(PDF)
4378:S2CID
4321:S2CID
4297:JSTOR
4271:(3).
3924:(PDF)
3913:S2CID
3885:(PDF)
3851:(PDF)
3724:(2).
3495:JSTOR
3459:8 May
3453:(PDF)
3442:S2CID
3392:(3).
3380:(PDF)
3358:S2CID
3276:(PDF)
3265:S2CID
3245:(PDF)
3220:S2CID
3139:(PDF)
3128:S2CID
3082:(3).
3070:(PDF)
2979:S2CID
2951:(PDF)
2788:S2CID
2716:
2679:JSTOR
2655:Wiley
2653:(4).
2600:(4).
2340:cabal
2323:over
2311:over
2010:, or
725:Types
631:QAnon
578:blogs
522:China
326:spec.
220:QAnon
15693:2020
15688:2018
15683:2016
15064:Spin
14965:Hoax
14850:list
14785:and
14582:Raël
13437:Acre
12708:Asia
12256:SARS
12224:GMOs
11860:USS
11839:RMS
11830:USS
11580:RMS
11119:UFOs
10759:ISBN
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10634:ISBN
10613:ISBN
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10518:2006
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10468:ISBN
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10189:ISBN
10166:ISBN
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10048:ISSN
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9973:ISSN
9913:2020
9857:ISBN
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9750:ISBN
9731:2024
9701:2024
9597:2018
9564:2018
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9399:2014
9362:ISBN
9340:2021
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9035:PMID
8977:2016
8897:2018
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8859:2012
8793:ISBN
8766:2006
8735:2020
8644:PMID
8576:ISSN
8535:PMID
8517:ISSN
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8441:PMID
8433:ISSN
8401:2019
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8312:ISBN
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8225:PMID
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8110:ISBN
8091:2018
8056:2009
8002:PMID
7984:ISSN
7930:ISSN
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7842:ISSN
7793:ISSN
7758:PMID
7740:ISSN
7691:PMID
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7607:ISSN
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7556:ISSN
7518:2018
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7295:link
7277:PMID
7223:2020
7184:PMID
7166:ISSN
7131:(1).
7050:ISSN
7006:ISBN
6970:PMID
6962:ISSN
6920:ISSN
6870:ISBN
6849:2020
6765:ISSN
6734:2023
6674:2016
6639:2024
6591:2016
6573:ISBN
6549:2015
6508:ISBN
6482:ISSN
6442:2015
6424:ISBN
6403:2015
6385:ISBN
6358:ISBN
6319:2023
6226:ISBN
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6136:2020
6120:ISSN
6089:ISSN
6046:ISSN
6015:2015
5968:2015
5931:2019
5897:2016
5879:ISBN
5839:ISBN
5818:2018
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5668:ISBN
5641:ISBN
5620:2024
5609:ISSN
5568:2015
5525:PMID
5488:2022
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5337:2021
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5037:ASIN
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4958:PMID
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4880:PMID
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4723:ISSN
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4509:ISSN
4412:ISSN
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4360:ISBN
4313:OCLC
4305:LCCN
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4086:PMID
4068:ISSN
4029:PMID
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3932:2018
3905:PMID
3826:PMID
3808:ISSN
3766:PMID
3748:ISSN
3698:2022
3685:ISBN
3644:PMID
3626:ISSN
3562:PMID
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3461:2024
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3350:PMID
3342:OCLC
3334:ISSN
3212:LCCN
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3147:2021
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3027:OCLC
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2866:ISSN
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