368:
resides essentially in the nation and, therefore, it possesses the exclusive right to adopt the form of government that seems most convenient for its conservation and prosperity". Article 3 of the
Mexican Acta Constitutiva read: "Sovereignty resides radically and essentially in the nation and, therefore, it possesses the exclusive right to adopt by means of its representatives the form of government and other fundamental laws that seem most convenient for its conservation and greater prosperity". Although the deputies relied on their first constitutional experience, the Constitution of 1812, they did not slavishly copy the Hispanic model. Guridi y Alcocer, for example, explained that ever since he had served on the constitutional commission in the Hispanic Cortes he had maintained that sovereignty resided radically in the nation, by which he meant that the nation, as the institutional representative of el Pueblo, could not lose its sovereignty. His principal critics were radical federalists like Juan de Dios Cañedo, deputy from Jalisco, who challenged the need for an article declaring national sovereignty. He asked: that the article be deleted because in a republican federal government each state is sovereign. (...) Therefore, it is impossible to conceive how sovereignty, which is the origin and source of authority and power, can be divided among the many states. hat is why the first constitution of the United States (...) does not mention national sovereignty. And, therefore, (...) Article 1 which discusses the nation should not be approved because it is not appropriate in the system we now have.
418:
was sovereign, the states should control their internal affairs. The group saw no conflict between
Article 3, which declared that sovereignty resided in the nation, and Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states on internal matters. The moderates were able to forge shifting coalitions to pass both articles. First, they brought Article 3 to a vote. A coalition of the proponents of national sovereignty, the advocates of shared sovereignty, and a few centralists passed the article by a wide margin. To secure passage of Article 6, those favouring approval succeeded in having the question brought to the floor in two parts. The first vote, on the section of Article 6 which indicated that the states were independent and free to manage their own affairs, passed by a wide margin, since the wording pleased all the confederalist/federalist groups, including the one led by Father Mier. Only seven centralist deputies opposed the measure. Then Congress examined the section of Article 6 which declared that the states were sovereign. The coalition divided on this issue: Father Mier and his supporters joined the centralists in voting against the measure. Nevertheless, the proponents of states' rights and those who believed in shared sovereignty possessed enough strength to pass the measure by a margin of 41 to 28 votes.
351:(draft of a constitution) on 20 November. The group completed the draft of the charter in a few days. This was possible because the document was based on the shared Hispanic political theory and practice that Mexicans, the former novohispanos, knew well, since they had played a significant role in shaping it. In the years since Napoleon had invaded Spain in 1808, the political entities that formed the Mexican nation in 1821 had undergone a series of rapid political changes that politicized the majority of the population and led to a vibrant political discourse. The Directioners Constitution of 1812 and its institutions of government were well known; seven proposals for a Mexican constitution had been debated throughout the country in the previous months. The constituent congress, therefore, was filled with educated men with diverse ideas and extensive political experience at the local, state, national, and international levels. A few, like Ramos Arizpe and
440:. Since that body was perceived as subservient to the legislature, neither the provinces nor the Second Constituent Congress bothered to appoint a new executive. The authors of the Acta Constitutiva, however, proposed in Article 16 that executive power be conferred "on an individual with the title of president of the Mexican Federation, who must be a citizen by birth of said federation and have attained at least thirty-five years of age". The proposal led to a heated debate that transcended the former division between states' righters and strong nationalist coalitions. While Cañedo supported Ramos Arizpe in favouring a single executive, others, including Rejón and Guridi y Alcocer, insisted on the need to weaken executive power by establishing a plural executive.
444:
president, a vice-president and an alternate, called designee, should govern. Each would have a vote, but the president would cast the deciding one. Rejón, instead, recommended that three individuals form the
Supreme Executive Power; their terms would be staggered so that one member would always possess seniority, but no individual would serve more than three years. Guridi y Alcocer proposed that the executive power be conferred on two persons. He argued that the best solution was to merge the experiences of ancient Rome, Spain, and the United States. Therefore, he urged that the two members of the executive power be backed by two alternates, who might resolve any differences that arose between the two members of the executive.
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497:, become the capital, and that the territory around it become the federal district. After a heated debate, Congress rejected the proposal to move the capital from Mexico City. Thereafter, the discussion centred on whether or not a federal district should be created. The ayuntamiento and the provincial deputation of Mexico were vehemently against such action. Indeed, the provincial legislature threatened secession and civil war if Mexico City were federalised. Nevertheless, on 30 October Congress voted fifty-two to thirty-one to make Mexico City the nation's capital and to create a federal district.
255:. It established a system of 'provincial deputations' which granted more autonomy to local governments in the colonies while also providing for freedom of speech. The newly liberated Mexican press however simply inflamed anti-Spanish sentiment, Morelos' rebellion continued, and on the pretext of necessity for subduing the rebels, the constitution was suspended in New Spain the same year it was proclaimed, making Mexican liberals lose hope of attaining reform within the colonial system, while not forgetting the local provincial autonomy that they had temporarily been granted 3 wishes.
506:
635:, the Constitution of 1824 was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812, not, as is often asserted, on the US Constitution of 1787. Although superficially similar to the latter although it adopted a few practical applications from the U.S. Constitution, such as the executive, the Mexican document was based primarily on Hispanic constitutional and legal precedents. For example, although the Constitution of 1824 created a president, in Mexico the office was subordinate to the legislature.
145:
36:
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divided. During 1823, while discussing the importance of local control, they also emphasised the need to maintain a "centre of unity", that is, a capital. However, a significant number pointedly refused to bestow that honour upon Mexico City. The special committee on the nation's capital recommended to the
Constituent Congress on 31 May 1824 that another city,
267:
failure to do so was one of the accusations
Iturbide levelled at congress when he controversially dissolved it. The lack of clearly defined powers for congress and the emperor also contributed to the clashes which ultimately produced a successful rebellion against Emperor Iturbide in early 1823. The Empire was abolished and congress established the
296:. Through the minister of justice, the executive announced to the congress on November 14, that they must now set to work on answering the popular call to establish the government most suited for the nation. A constitutional committee headed by Arizpe, was commissioned with writing a constitutional draft, and on November 22, 1823, delivered the
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supremacy. The
Mexican charter, like the Hispanic constitution, severely restricted the power of the chief executive. The Constitution of 1824 created a quasi-parliamentary system in which the ministers of state answered to the congress. Consequently, the minister of interior and foreign relations acted as a quasi-prime minister.
457:
movements were also anti-European
Spaniards. The revolt of 12 December in Querétaro, for example, demanded the expulsion of gachupines (Spaniards who had come to Mexico) from the country. A similar uprising occurred later in Cuernavaca. In both instances, the national government sent forces to restore order.
488:
As a result of the crisis, the majority in
Congress eventually decided to establish an executive branch composed of a president and a vice-president. The creation of a single executive, however, did not mean that Congress had accepted a strong presidency. Most Mexicans continued to favour legislative
380:
The proponents of state sovereignty—the confederalists—were challenged by some less radical federalist delegates who argued that only the nation could be sovereign. Because these men stressed the need to endow the national government with sufficient power to sustain national interests, they are often
279:
On the May 21, 1823, elections were announced for a new congress whose term was scheduled to begin on
October 31. Rules for the new election were published on June 17. Congressional seats were allocated on a basis of one representative per 50,000 inhabitants, elected by manhood suffrage available to
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and had helped write the 1812 Constitution. Both the 1812 Constitution and the
Mexican Constitution of 1824 established powerful legislatures and weak executives. However, the 1824 constitution was not a mere copy of that of 1812. Events in Mexico, particularly the assertion of states' rights by the
447:
Article 16 of the Acta Constitutiva was put to a vote on 2 January 1824 at an extraordinary session. It was defeated by a vote of 42 to 25. As a result, the congress did not address Article 17, which dealt with the vice-president. The proposal to establish a president and a vice-president was one of
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served as a model. The majority did not agree with the proposal because it feared the possibility of one individual dominating Congress through military or popular forces, as Iturbide had done. The commission on the constitution revised the articles on the executive a number of times, but could not
417:
Neither the advocates of states' rights, like Cañedo, nor the proponents of national sovereignty, like Mier, triumphed. Instead, a compromise emerged: shared sovereignty, as advocated by moderate federalists such as Ramos Arizpe. Throughout the debates, he and others argued that although the nation
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or with a member of the royal family travelling to Mexico to establish a new throne. The Spanish government refused the offer and a popular demonstration led to Iturbide himself assuming the throne. The ill-fated Empire which lasted less than a year, never managed to produce a constitution, and the
492:
The creation of a national government did not end the tensions between the provinces and Mexico City. The debate over the location of the country's capital sparked a new conflict. The national elite favoured making the "Imperial City of Mexico" the capital of the republic. The regional elites were
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on 20 January 1824 demonstrated that the plural executive could not act with the unity of purpose and the speed necessary to quell a large scale uprising in the capital. The rebels demanded the dismissal of Spaniards from government jobs and their expulsion from the country. Lobato managed to win
443:
Ramos Arizpe proposed that the president govern with the aid of a council of government. But that was not sufficient to mollify the opposition, which had the majority in congress. The opponents of a single executive presented several counter-proposals. Demetrio Castillo of Oaxaca suggested that a
367:
The Acta Constitutiva submitted by the committee was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812. Most of its articles were based on the Peninsular document; a few were adopted verbatim from that charter. For example, on the question of sovereignty the Hispanic Constitution stated: "Sovereignty
456:
The fear of provincial disorder also influenced the debate. After Articles 5 and 6 of the Acta Constitutiva had been approved, several provinces decided to implement their right to form their own government. The national administration viewed their actions with concern, particularly because some
401:
were federations, yet each was different. Mier advocated the establishment of a unique brand of federalism suited to Mexico. He believed that local realities precluded the adoption of the extreme form of federalism—confederalism—championed by states' righters. He declared: "I have always been in
371:
The Acta, unlike the Hispanic constitution, did not grant exclusive or even preponderant sovereignty to the nation, because the states also claimed sovereignty. Accordingly, Article 6 stated: "Its integral parts are independent, free, and sovereign States in that which exclusively concerns their
674:
The constitutions of the states of the Mexican federation varied, but they generally followed the precedents of the Constitution of Cádiz. Most state constitutions explicitly defined the people in their territory as being citizens of the state; they were chiapanecos, sonorenses, chihuahuenses,
658:
and Agustín I had failed as rulers, not because Mexicans imitated the U.S. Constitution. Federalism arose naturally from Mexico's earlier political experience. The provincial deputations created by the Constitution of Cádiz simply converted themselves into states. Unlike the 1812 document, the
476:
to restore order. The forces of the national government approached the capital city of Puebla at the end of December 1823. After lengthy negotiations, General Gómez Pedraza proposed that, since Congress was about to issue the convocatoria for national and state elections, the leaders of Puebla
662:
Although modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812, the new charter did not address a number of issues included in the earlier document because the new Mexican federation shared sovereignty between the national government and the states. Thus, unlike the Constitution of Cádiz, which defined
421:
The states did not just share sovereignty with the national government; they obtained the financial means to enforce their authority. They gained considerable taxing power at the expense of the federal government, which lost approximately half the revenue formerly collected by the viceregal
435:
among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, most congressmen believed that the legislature should be dominant. Recent Hispanic and Mexican experience had fostered a distrust of executive power. Therefore, the earlier Mexican Cortes had established a plural executive, the
422:
administration. To compensate for that loss, the states were to pay the national government a contingente assessed for each state according to its means. As a result, the nation would have to depend upon the goodwill of the states to finance or fulfil its responsibilities.
410:." In his view, Mexico needed a strong federal system because the country required an energetic and decisive national government to lead it during the crucial early years of nationhood, particularly since Spain refused to recognise Mexico's independence and the
646:, than to the U.S. Constitution of 1787. Entire sections of the Cádiz Charter were repeated verbatim in the Mexican document because Mexicans did not reject their Hispanic heritage, and because men who drafted the new republican constitution had served in the
1474:. The way to manage church property was the point that most polarized the opinions of the political class. Members of the Yorkist Lodge intended to use church property to clean up the finances, the members of the Scottish Lodge considered the alternative
867:
At the time of the promulgation of the Constitution, the nation was composed of 19 free states and 3 territories. That same year, two changes were made in the structure, resulting finally in 19 free states, 5 territories and the federal district.
485:
support of the garrisons in the capital and the government seemed on the verge of capitulation when the Supreme Executive Power convinced Congress to declare Lobato an outlaw and to grant the executive sufficient power to quell the rebellion.
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renounce their earlier action and hold new elections. The Poblanos agreed. The convocatoria was received in Puebla on 12 January 1824. Elections were held throughout the province and a new state government was inaugurated on 22 March 1824.
402:
favour of a federation, but a reasonable and moderate federation. (...) I have always believed in a medium between the lax federation of the United States, whose defects many writers have indicated, (…) and the dangerous concentration in
372:
administration and interior government". The issue of sovereignty remained at heart a question of the division of power between the national and the state governments. It was an issue that would be debated at length in the months to come.
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as official religion. The 1824 constitution does not expressly state the rights of citizens. The right to equality of citizens was restricted by the continuation of military and ecclesiastical courts. The most relevant articles were:
385:, their outstanding spokesman, argued that people wrongly considered him a centralist, an error that arose from an unnecessarily restrictive definition of federalism. He indicated that federalism existed in many forms: the
1533:
In 1835, there was a drastic shift to the new Mexican Nation. The triumph of conservative forces in the elections unleashed a series of events that culminated on 23 October 1835, during the interim presidency of
287:
The new congress elected in late October was mainly federalist in composition. It first met on November 7, 1823, and soon divided itself into two main factions: the federalists, whose most prominent voice was
1430:
Without the existence of established political parties, three political tendencies are distinguished. The first still supported the empire of Iturbide, but was a minority. The second was influenced by the
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duranguenses, guanajuatenses, etc. Some states, such as Mexico and Puebla, simply referred to "the natives and citizens of the estate." The constitution is silent on the explicit status of Mexican women.
430:
The constituent congress's decision to share sovereignty, moreover, did not settle the question of the division of power within the national government. Although all agreed on the traditional concept of
297:
1359:, the size of the territory—almost 4,600,000 km (1,776,069 sq mi)—and lack of easy communication across distances, there resulted a federal system with regional characteristics. The central states—
284:, by which voters in each parish chose electors, who then met at the district level and chose electors for the province level, whom in turn finally voted for representatives to be sent to Congress.
1649:
was published, which officially incorporated, with some changes, the Federal Constitution of 1824, to operate while the next constitution was drafted. This federalist phase culminated in 1853.
1569:. This created an era of political instability, unleashing conflicts between the central government and the former states. Rebellions arose in various places, the most important of which were:
355:, had served in the Cortes in Spain and had participated in the discussions of the Constitution of 1812. In addition, Ramos Arizpe had been working on a federal constitution for some time.
414:
threatened to intervene. For these reasons, Mier voted in favour of Article 5, which established a federal republic, while opposing Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states.
625:
Article 74. The supreme executive power of the federation is deposited in only one individual who shall be called President of the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).
465:
678:
Following the Cádiz model, all states established indirect elections. A few, however, introduced property qualifications. Many also followed the constitution of 1812 in allowing
344:
311:), with the fifth article declaring that Mexico adopts the republican, federal, popular, representative form of government, and debate on the matter began on December 3.
340:
1576:
declared its independence following the change from the federalist system, and refused to participate in the centralized system. American settlers held a convention in
671:(town councils), two significant factors in determining the popular nature of the Hispanic constitutional system. Those decisions were the prerogatives of the states.
177:
628:
Article 75. There will also be a vice president who, in case of the physical or moral incapacity of the president, will receive all his authority and prerogatives.
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75. It provides the figure of vice president, who in case of physical or moral impossibility of the president, exercise the powers and prerogatives of the latter.
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had included representatives from the colonies, and taken into account many of the colonial grievances which were leading to independence. The consequent liberal
654:
The principal innovations (republicanism, federalism, and the presidency) were adopted to address Mexico's new reality. The monarchy was abolished because both
481:
1991:
328:
352:
336:
302:
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and declared the people of Texas to be at war against Mexico's central government, therefore ignoring the authorities and laws. Thus arose the
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1796:
1678:
1660:, interim President of the Republic, issued the call for the Constituent Congress, which began its work on 17 February 1856 to produce the
53:
100:
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in towns with more than 1,000 persons, but some raised the population requirements to 2,000, 3,000 or 4,000. Tabasco permitted only the
72:
79:
187:
1813:
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for American issues, on the United States Constitution for the formula for federal representation and organization, and on the
1975:
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citizenship, the Mexican Constitution of 1824 remained silent on the subject. Similarly, it did not define who possessed the
86:
1838:
1517:
gave the local legislature the power to regulate the enforcement of fees and discipline of clergy, and the constitution of
17:
262:
promulgated by Agustín de Iturbide, which planned for Mexico to be ruled by a member of the Spanish Bourbons, in either a
1482:. The federal budget was insufficient to pay debt, defense, and surveillance of borders, and states resisted meeting the
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of 1824, which abolished the monarchy. It introduced the system of federalism in a popular representative republic with
68:
1949:
1923:
1846:
1821:
449:
119:
1542:, but he was out of office), when the "Basis of Reorganization of the Mexican Nation" was approved, which ended the
2037:
2017:
1562:
862:
513:
After months of debate, Congress ratified the constitution, on 4 October 1824. The new charter established that:
851:
When circumstances of the treasury permit it, it will compensate slave owners in the terms that are held by law.
2032:
1693:
1629:
decreed its separation from Mexico in February 1841, in protest against centralism, rejoining in December 1842.
1347:
Due to the influence of Spanish liberal thought, the fragmentation that had been gradually consolidated by the
468:, was responsible for the "revolt". Therefore, the government dispatched an army under the command of Generals
57:
1539:
2057:
1698:
885:
772:
711:
248:
1383:—which were the most populated, worked as an administrative decentralization. The states of the periphery—
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former provinces, forced Congress to frame a constitution to meet the unique circumstances of the nation.
460:
Then, on 23 December, Puebla declared itself a sovereign, free, and independent state. The authorities in
1683:
1661:
1478:. According to the federal commitment, states should provide an amount of money and men for the army, or
240:
93:
1327:
615:
520:, Apostolic . The nation protects her with wise and just laws and prohibits the exercise of any other .
1620:
642:, rather than federalist, the Mexican Charter was closer in spirit to the first U.S. Constitution, the
1941:
1309:
643:
607:
523:
Article 4. The Mexican nation adopts for its government a representative, popular, federal republic.
1638:
1793:
563:
2052:
2047:
2027:
1673:
1561:
The Seven Constitutional Laws, among other things, replaced the "free states" with French-style "
810:
803:
741:
4. The Mexican nation adopts as its form of government a popular federal representative republic.
382:
293:
268:
252:
46:
1967:
1959:
526:
Article 5. The parts of this federation are the following states and territories: the states of
469:
2042:
1547:
1452:
1439:
and also encouraged an anti-Spanish sentiment largely promoted by the American plenipotentiary
1356:
749:
480:
Although the national government had maintained order in the nation, the revolt led by General
228:
136:
1934:
Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
1595:
820:
Although this was not stipulated in the constitution, slavery was prohibited in the Republic.
324:
1440:
825:
727:
1. The Mexican nation is sovereign and free from the Spanish government and any other nation.
191:
1718:
1642:
2022:
1467:
505:
432:
281:
1768:
8:
1936:, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture,
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289:
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1996:
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never consolidated, because independence forces were defeated by the centralist forces.
1321:
829:
735:
619:
575:
535:
227:) was the first constitution of Mexico, enacted on October 4 of 1824, inaugurating the
1535:
1404:
1020:
710:
The 1824 Constitution was composed of 7 titles and 171 articles, and was based on the
647:
571:
244:
1971:
1945:
1919:
1842:
1817:
1752:
1735:
1581:
1577:
1396:
1260:
531:
356:
516:
Article 3: The religion of the Mexican nation is and will permanently be the Roman,
1862:
1634:
1416:
1388:
1315:
1220:
1140:
833:
473:
220:
1800:
1506:
1424:
1360:
1348:
1303:
920:
776:
731:
603:
547:
280:
any man over the age of 18, and using the three-tiered system established by the
1657:
1558:, which replaced the Constitution. Secondary laws were approved on 24 May 1837.
1966:, Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Históricos de El Colegio de México, pp.
1656:, which had a federalist orientation, was proclaimed on 1 March 1854. In 1855,
1653:
1463:
1448:
821:
517:
263:
259:
816:
157. The individual state governments will be formed by the same three powers.
782:
50. Political freedom of press in the federation and the states (paragraph 1).
375:
2011:
2001:
1573:
1444:
411:
398:
1602:
1408:
1200:
555:
1471:
768:
655:
464:
immediately concluded that the military commander of the province, General
163:
1641:. As a result, the Constitution of 1824 was restored by interim President
1514:
1493:
locally, under the banner of "freedom and progress". The constitutions of
1380:
1368:
1120:
1000:
567:
551:
494:
1566:
1555:
1489:
Some state constitutions were more radical and took supplies to practice
1335:
760:
745:
719:
461:
394:
386:
1411:—acquired a moderate confederalism. The states furthest from the center—
1937:
1606:
1543:
1498:
1436:
1420:
1372:
1180:
940:
583:
543:
1587:
1518:
1412:
1060:
848:
Therefore are free those who until this day were considered as slaves.
595:
1915:
1455:, and yearned for the recognition of the new nation by Spain and the
1432:
1384:
1352:
1100:
813:
consists of eleven members divided into three rooms and a prosecutor.
799:
795:
95. The term of the president and vice president shall be four years.
753:
599:
144:
35:
1615:
1610:
1475:
1456:
1376:
1040:
764:
664:
587:
403:
1757:(in Spanish). Mexico: Victoriano Agueros Y Comp. pp. 588–589.
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1502:
1494:
1400:
1392:
1280:
1240:
1160:
1080:
591:
579:
539:
527:
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1470:
and state governments now considered these rights to belong to
1364:
980:
960:
698:
of the department "will arrange the number and function of the
611:
559:
359:
was president of the congress that approved the constitution.
1740:(in Spanish). Mexico: Victoriano Agueros Y Comp. p. 580.
1501:
decreed government funding of religion, the constitutions of
1594:
declared its independence in 1840 (officially in 1841). The
225:
Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824
1684:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917
1447:
of freemasonry, which had been introduced to Mexico by the
407:
376:
Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
659:
Mexican charter gave the states significant taxing power.
1662:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
217:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824
178:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
1794:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)
1637:
and the border conflict after the annexation led to the
716:
Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America
694:. Article 78 of Veracruz's constitution stated that the
744:
6. The supreme power of the federation is divided into
1619:
independent from Mexico (in just under 250 days). The
292:, and the centralists, whose most prominent voice was
1769:"The Constitution of the Mexican United States, 1824"
832:
declared slavery abolished too, but it was President
785:
74. Executive power is vested in a person called the
1814:"La Diputación Provincial y el Federalismo Mexicano"
667:
or the size of the population required to establish
618:. A constitutional law will determine the status of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1912:The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts
258:Mexico finally gained its independence under the
2009:
1962:, in Daniel Cosío Villegas; et al. (eds.),
1334:The Federal District was established around the
2004:From the Collections at the Library of Congress
1723:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 7–8.
251:, was promulgated during the insurgency led by
1863:"Manuel Gomez Pedraza (Cancilleres de Mexico)"
1486:, sometimes meeting that debt with criminals.
1435:of freemasonry, whose philosophy was radical
874:Map of Mexico under the Constitution of 1824
806:, the Circuit Courts and the District Courts.
362:
1997:1824 Map of State and Territorial Boundaries
1679:Constitutionalists in the Mexican Revolution
1462:With the consummation of independence, the
27:Fundamental law of Mexico from 1824 to 1857
1528:
314:
274:
143:
1909:
1787:
1550:. On 30 December 1836, interim president
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1964:Historia general de México, versión 2000
1931:
1716:
504:
425:
1957:
1893:
1881:
844:#Slavery is abolished in the Republic.
500:
149:Original front of the 1824 Constitution
14:
2010:
1811:
1750:
1733:
1443:. And the third was influenced by the
787:President of the United Mexican States
448:the few instances in which the second
271:to serve as a provisional government.
1836:
1761:
1509:allowed the governor the practice of
730:3. The religion of the nation is the
1598:finally rejoined the nation in 1848.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1877:
1875:
1837:Ayala, Clara Rivera (30 May 2009).
1427:—acquired a radical confederalism.
1301:The five Federal Territories were:
381:mistakenly considered centralists.
24:
1958:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida (2009),
1565:", centralizing national power in
1538:(the constitutional president was
884:
616:Santa Fe de Nuevo México Territory
453:obtain support for its proposals.
25:
2069:
1985:
450:constitution of the United States
1872:
1841:(in Spanish). Person Educación.
1521:, in a vanguardist way, decreed
243:, the liberal dominated Spanish
34:
1887:
863:Territorial evolution of Mexico
45:needs additional citations for
1992:1824 Constitution (in Spanish)
1855:
1839:"Historia de Mexico Volumen 2"
1830:
1805:
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1694:History of democracy in Mexico
1546:and established a provisional
828:on 6 December 1810. President
13:
1:
1704:
856:
824:promulgated the abolition in
638:Since Mexico was essentially
234:
188:General Archive of the Nation
69:"1824 Constitution of Mexico"
1699:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1645:on 22 August 1846. In 1847,
1342:
878:The 19 founding states were:
734:and is protected by law and
209:General Constituent Congress
201:General Constituent Congress
135:Federal Constitution of the
7:
2002:Constitución Federal (1824)
1918:: Republic of Texas Press,
1812:Benson, Nettie Lee (1994).
1667:
1540:Antonio López de Santa Anna
893:
870:
241:Mexican War of Independence
10:
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1754:Historia de México: Tomo 5
1737:Historia de México: Tomo 5
1621:Republic of the Rio Grande
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705:
602:; and the territories of:
363:Nature of the constitution
319:A committee consisting of
1942:University of Texas Press
1932:Manchaca, Martha (2001),
1717:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1556:Seven Constitutional Laws
644:Articles of Confederation
466:José Antonio de Echávarri
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1960:"Los primeros tropiezos"
1910:Edmondson, J.R. (2000),
1720:History of Mexico Vol. 5
1328:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
2038:Legal history of Mexico
2018:Constitutions of Mexico
1674:Constitutions of Mexico
1590:under its condition of
1529:Repeal and resettlement
836:who made the decree of
438:Supreme Executive Power
383:Servando Teresa de Mier
345:Manuel Crescencio Rejón
315:Drafting a constitution
294:Servando Teresa de Mier
275:Supreme Executive Power
269:Supreme Executive Power
1751:Alamán, Lucas (1885).
1734:Alamán, Lucas (1885).
1513:, the constitution of
1357:Independence of Mexico
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840:on 15 September 1829.
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1775:. Wallace L. McKeehan
1441:Joel Roberts Poinsett
1338:on November 18, 1824.
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712:Constitution of Cádiz
564:Puebla de los Ángeles
509:Constitution of 1824.
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426:Weak executive branch
137:United Mexican States
1639:Mexican–American War
1578:San Felipe de Austin
1451:themselves, favored
838:Abolition of Slavery
686:(head towns) of the
501:Constitution of 1824
470:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
433:separation of powers
341:José de Jesús Huerta
282:Constitution of 1812
249:Constitution of 1812
54:improve this article
18:Constitution of 1824
2058:October 1824 events
1596:Republic of Yucatán
1523:freedom of religion
777:Chamber of Senators
773:Chamber of Deputies
736:prohibits any other
690:(district) to have
325:Juan de Dios Cañedo
321:Miguel Ramos Arizpe
309:Acta Constitutativa
290:Miguel Ramos Arizpe
1884:, pp. 534–535
1799:2012-03-18 at the
1688:currently in force
1643:José Mariano Salas
1592:Federated Republic
1468:federal government
905:to the Federation
890:
830:Guadalupe Victoria
763:is deposited in a
576:Sonora and Sinaloa
536:Coahuila and Texas
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253:José María Morelos
1977:978-968-12-0969-8
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1777:. Retrieved
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1658:Juan Álvarez
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110:October 2015
107:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2023:1824 in law
1567:Mexico City
1563:departments
1554:issued the
1484:blood quota
1480:blood quota
1290:05-01-1825
1287:14-09-1824
1270:08-09-1824
1267:06-07-1824
1250:08-09-1824
1247:22-05-1824
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1227:07-05-1824
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1007:22-12-1823
990:19-03-1824
987:21-12-1823
970:01-07-1823
967:21-12-1823
950:25-03-1825
947:20-12-1823
930:02-03-1824
927:20-12-1823
826:Guadalajara
720:Catholicism
462:Mexico City
395:Switzerland
387:Netherlands
301: [
239:During the
206:Signatories
2012:Categories
1938:Austin, TX
1779:4 February
1705:References
1607:Tamaulipas
1603:Nuevo León
1499:Tamaulipas
1453:Centralism
1437:Federalism
1421:Tamaulipas
1409:Nuevo León
1373:Guanajuato
1201:Nuevo León
1181:Tamaulipas
941:Guanajuato
857:Federation
802:lies in a
584:Tamaulipas
556:Nuevo León
544:Guanajuato
307:(Spanish:
235:Background
173:Superseded
80:newspapers
1916:Plano, TX
1515:Michoacán
1511:patronage
1491:patronage
1472:the State
1449:Spaniards
1397:Chihuahua
1385:Zacatecas
1381:Michoacán
1369:Querétaro
1353:New Spain
1343:Reactions
1261:Chihuahua
1121:Querétaro
1101:Zacatecas
1001:Michoacán
809:124. The
684:cabeceras
631:Like the
600:Zacatecas
568:Querétaro
552:Michoacán
532:Chihuahua
495:Querétaro
198:Author(s)
1797:Archived
1773:tamu.edu
1668:See also
1616:de facto
1611:Coahuila
1505:and the
1476:anathema
1457:Holy See
1377:Veracruz
1322:Tlaxcala
1041:Veracruz
765:Congress
665:suffrage
620:Tlaxcala
588:Veracruz
518:Catholic
404:Colombia
397:and the
184:Location
164:Ratified
1968:525–582
1903:Sources
1627:Tabasco
1613:became
1588:Yucatán
1519:Yucatán
1503:Durango
1495:Jalisco
1413:Yucatán
1401:Jalisco
1393:Durango
1281:Chiapas
1241:Durango
1161:Tabasco
1081:Jalisco
1061:Yucatán
706:Content
688:partido
596:Yucatán
592:Xalisco
580:Tabasco
540:Durango
528:Chiapas
391:Germany
221:Spanish
190:in the
176:by the
155:Created
94:scholar
1974:
1948:
1922:
1845:
1820:
1609:, and
1365:Puebla
1361:Mexico
1325:, and
1316:Colima
981:Puebla
961:Oaxaca
921:México
897:Order
775:and a
560:Oaxaca
548:México
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