30:
46:
554:. The Charter stated that "the legislature will consist of two chambers, namely one that is constituted through free, direct elections whose mandate will be to enact laws, and a second one that would have people with experience and expertise who would give advice as necessary." The opposition groups argued this statement to be too ambiguous, and remained opposed to the Charter. Also as part of the new Constitution the country was raised in status from an Emirate to a Kingdom.
1903:
274:
1913:
415:
500:
providing for the election of a
Constituent Assembly to draft and ratify a constitution. The electorate of the constituent assembly was native-born male citizens aged twenty years or older. The Constituent Assembly consisted of twenty-two elected delegates, plus the twelve members of the Council of
557:
Emir Hamad responded by holding a highly publicised meeting with the spiritual leaders of the Shia
Islamist opposition. He signed a document clarifying that only the elected lower house of the parliament would have legislative power, while the appointed upper house would have a strictly advisory
561:
However, in 2002 Emir (now King) Hamad promulgated the 2002 Constitution, without any public consultation, in which both the elected and the royally-appointed chambers of parliament were given equal legislative powers, going back on his public promise of 2001. As a result, the
803:
or non-Bahrainis (mainly
Egyptians) with 2-year renewable contracts. To secure renewal of these contracts, judges may be prone to consider it necessary to take decisions not unfavourable to the wishes or interests of the Government.
558:
role. Upon this assurance, the main opposition groups accepted the
Charter and called for a 'Yes' vote in the national referendum. The Charter was accepted in the 2001 referendum with 98.4% voting 'Yes' for it.
780:
The
Judiciary of Bahrain is divided into two branches: the Civil Law Courts and the Shari'a Law Courts. The Civil Law Courts deal with all commercial, civil, and criminal cases, as well disputes related to the
699:
597:
546:
which would return the country to constitutional rule. However the opposition was opposed to the
Charter's call for an amendment to the 1973 Constitution, changing the legislature from
189:
523:
was the only election held under the 1973 Constitution, before it was abrogated by Shaikh Isa in 1975. The country was governed under emergency laws from 1975 to 2002.
512:) consisting of 44 members, 30 elected by "universal suffrage" (though franchise was restricted to males), plus 14 royally-appointed government ministers who were
177:
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631:, including the Minister of Defence, Minister of Interior, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs.
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All legislation must be passed by a majority in both the
Chamber of Deputies and the Shura Council, and must be ratified by the King.
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1016:
943:
1817:
347:
1837:
329:
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425:
309:
132:
1544:
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725:, having 40 members elected in single-seat constituencies by universal suffrage for a four-year term. The upper house, the
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184:
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951:
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543:
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1947:
1627:
445:
785:
of non-Muslims. The Shari’a Law Courts have jurisdiction over all issues related to the personal status of
Muslims.
766:
Political parties are illegal in
Bahrain, de facto political parties operate and are known as 'political societies'
1873:
531:
After the death of the Amir Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al
Khalifa in 1999, his throne was taken over by his son Shaikh
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Judges of the middle and lower courts are nominated by the Ministry of Justice and appointed by decree by the
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570:, a Shia Islamist group, thought to be the most popular political society in the country,
474:
in its modern history. The first one was promulgated in 1973, and the second one in 2002.
8:
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733:. Among the members of the current Shura Council are representatives of Bahrain's
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together with the Council of Ministers and Ministers". The Council of Ministers (
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89:
627:. As of 2010, roughly half of the cabinet ministers have been selected from the
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The constitution of 1973 was written shortly after Bahrain's independence from
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due to be held later that year were boycotted by four political societies;
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The speaker of the National Assembly is from the appointed Shura Council.
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50:
45:
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Bahrain is divided into four governorates for administrative purposes:
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Many of the high-ranking judges in Bahrain are either members of the
718:
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994:
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759:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
734:
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Ministers and eight members directly appointed by Shaikh Isa.
921:-Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from
516:. The constitution was enacted by decree in December 1973.
837:
Each governorate has an appointed governor and an elected
796:, appoints the members of the Constitutional Court.
750:
612:) is appointed directly by the King (Article 33d).
741:communities as well as several women legislators.
1929:
792:. The Supreme Judicial Council, chaired by the
1538:
1010:
446:
578:, a marginal Shia Islamist society, and the
807:
1545:
1531:
1017:
1003:
706:, "legislative authority is vested in the
619:since the country's independence in 1971,
453:
439:
1552:
703:
601:
574:, the largest Leftist political society,
604:, "executive authority is vested in the
492:in 1971. In 1972, the then ruler Shaikh
909:
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582:, a marginal Arab Nationalist society.
1930:
504:The draft constitution provided for a
1526:
998:
870:
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866:
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1024:
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757:List of political parties in Bahrain
580:Nationalist Democratic Rally Society
526:
477:
1076:Administrative reforms of the 1920s
952:International Commission of Jurists
944:"Attacks on Justice 2002 - Bahrain"
915:"Country Theme: Judiciary: Bahrain"
585:
542:In 2001 Emir Hamad put forward the
13:
990:Full text of the 2002 constitution
985:Full text of the 1973 constitution
895:Bahrain Shia demand cabinet change
863:
851:National Action Charter of Bahrain
769:
729:, has 40 members appointed by the
14:
1959:
978:
755:For other political parties, see
751:Political societies and elections
623:, the uncle of the reigning King
535:. Seeking to bring an end to the
1911:
1902:
1901:
955:. 22 August 2003. Archived from
413:
273:
272:
44:
28:
675:Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah
621:Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah
51:Member State of the Arab League
1869:British Indian Ocean Territory
1066:History of Bahrain (1783–1971)
936:
888:
521:1973 Bahraini general election
1:
856:
694:National Assembly of Bahrain
484:1973 Constitution of Bahrain
7:
844:
316:Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
310:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
133:Minister of Foreign Affairs
125:Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
10:
1964:
773:
754:
721:with the lower house, the
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572:National Democratic Action
481:
185:Council of Representatives
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879:Federal Research Division
717:The National Assembly is
658:Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah
648:
645:
642:
639:
625:Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah
615:Bahrain has had only one
537:1990s uprising in Bahrain
494:Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
289:Administrative divisions
257:(National Action Charter)
1948:Constitutions by country
1618:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1130:Administrative divisions
1086:National Union Committee
808:Administrative divisions
533:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
96:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
1879:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
629:Al Khalifa royal family
564:parliamentary elections
544:National Action Charter
576:Islamic Action Society
326:Diplomatic missions of
1553:Constitutions of Asia
1793:United Arab Emirates
883:Kessinger Publishing
832:Southern Governorate
827:Northern Governorate
822:Muharraq Governorate
776:Judiciary of Bahrain
761:Elections in Bahrain
635:Main office-holders
173:Consultative Council
138:Minister of Interior
1938:Politics of Bahrain
1820:limited recognition
1470:Freedom of religion
1071:Bani Utbah invasion
1061:1717 Omani invasion
1051:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
817:Capital Governorate
723:Chamber of Deputies
636:
153:Minister of Housing
148:Minister of Finance
143:Minister of Justice
21:Politics of Bahrain
688:Legislative branch
634:
592:Cabinet of Bahrain
514:ex officio members
420:Bahrain portal
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1862:other territories
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1335:
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1253:Political parties
1206:Foreign relations
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839:municipal council
712:National Assembly
704:2002 Constitution
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684:
602:2002 Constitution
527:2002 Constitution
510:National Assembly
508:legislature (the
478:1973 Constitution
463:
462:
370:National symbols
348:Visa requirements
303:Foreign relations
268:Political parties
218:Recent elections
166:National Assembly
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1874:Christmas Island
1560:Sovereign states
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586:Executive branch
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1373:Public holidays
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1294:Bahraini dinar
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1238:Law enforcement
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1056:Antonio Correia
1032:
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962:on 3 April 2012
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770:Judicial branch
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731:King of Bahrain
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426:Other countries
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338:Nationality law
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1943:Law of Bahrain
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1150:Extreme points
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1120:
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1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:1990s uprising
1095:
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1091:March Intifada
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1081:First Oil Well
1078:
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979:External links
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901:, 5 March 2010
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692:Main article:
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670:Prime Minister
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664:March 6, 1999
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1228:LGBT history
1211:Human rights
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1818:States with
1738:Philippines
1678:South Korea
1673:North Korea
1568:Afghanistan
1289:Agriculture
1263:Visa policy
353:Visa policy
278:Politicians
1932:Categories
1798:Uzbekistan
1773:Tajikistan
1688:Kyrgyzstan
1668:Kazakhstan
1588:Bangladesh
1578:Azerbaijan
1437:Television
1408:Literature
1296:(currency)
1248:Opposition
929:2011-10-02
857:References
590:See also:
548:unicameral
506:unicameral
330:in Bahrain
314:Minister:
1884:Hong Kong
1838:Palestine
1763:Sri Lanka
1758:Singapore
1638:Indonesia
1460:Languages
1413:Newspaper
1358:Education
1317:Transport
1307:Companies
1201:Elections
1135:Buildings
1118:Geography
739:Christian
719:bicameral
552:bicameral
496:issued a
224:General:
212:Elections
203:Judiciary
1907:Category
1828:Abkhazia
1778:Thailand
1733:Pakistan
1713:Mongolia
1708:Maldives
1703:Malaysia
1603:Cambodia
1507:Category
1465:Religion
1383:Internet
1368:Polygamy
1243:Military
1179:Politics
1165:Wildlife
1030:articles
881:, 2004,
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568:Al Wefaq
397:Military
343:Passport
178:Chairman
83:Monarchy
1803:Vietnam
1718:Myanmar
1698:Lebanon
1628:Georgia
1583:Bahrain
1573:Armenia
1491:Outline
1403:Theatre
1353:Cuisine
1341:Culture
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1277:Economy
1191:Cabinet
1160:Islands
1140:Climate
1038:History
1026:Bahrain
875:Bahrain
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610:Cabinet
600:of the
490:Britain
466:Bahrain
402:History
190:Speaker
112:Cabinet
1848:Taiwan
1783:Turkey
1748:Russia
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1663:Jordan
1653:Israel
1613:Cyprus
1598:Brunei
1593:Bhutan
1512:Portal
1398:Cinema
1145:Cities
1046:Dilmun
1028:
966:26 May
735:Jewish
649:Since
646:Party
498:decree
387:Anthem
1889:Macau
1808:Yemen
1768:Syria
1743:Qatar
1723:Nepal
1658:Japan
1633:India
1623:Egypt
1608:China
1498:Index
1432:Radio
1420:Music
1388:Media
1378:Sport
1221:Women
1103:2000s
960:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
681:1971
654:King
643:Name
255:2001
1728:Oman
1693:Laos
1648:Iraq
1643:Iran
1363:Flag
1233:King
1216:LGBT
968:2019
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519:The
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