1343:
36:
3500:
354:
1790:
1587:
1908:
1689:
1278:. Since its ratification in 1982, the current constitution has overseen many important events and changes in the Republic of Turkey, and it has been modified many times to keep up with global and regional geopolitical conjunctures. Major amendments were made in 2010. A minor amendment to Article 59, on the permissible means for challenging "decisions of sport federations relating to administration and discipline of sportive activities," was made in March 2011. Following the
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332:
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2010:
A revision of the
Constitution was approved on September 13, 2010, by a 58 percent approval given by the 39 million people who voted. The change would allow the National Assembly to appoint a number of high-court judges, would reduce the power of the military court system over the civilian population
1709:
parliament as the sole organ of expression of sovereign people. Article Six of the
Constitution affirms that "sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the nation" and that "the Turkish Nation shall exercise its sovereignty through the authorised organs as prescribed by the principles laid
2359:
languages can be chosen as lessons in some public schools. Since 2003, private courses teaching minority languages can be offered, but the curriculum, appointment of teachers, and criteria for enrollment are subject to significant restrictions. All private
Kurdish courses were closed down in 2005
2394:'s remark "One million Armenians and 30,000 Kurds were killed in these lands, and nobody but me dares talk about it" was considered by some to be a violation of Article 10 of the Constitution and led to his trial in 2005. The complaint against Orhan Pamuk was made by a group of lawyers led by
2320:’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) published its third report on Turkey in February 2005. The commission has taken the position that the parliament should revise Article 42 of the Constitution, which prohibits the teaching of any language other than Turkish as a
1710:
down in the
Constitution". The same article also rules out the delegation of sovereignty "to any individual, group or class" and affirms that "no person or agency shall exercise any state authority which does not emanate from the Constitution". Article 80 (A80) affirms the principle of
1474:
1740:(A83) and general legislative procedures to be followed. Per Articles 87 and 88, both the government and the parliament can propose laws, however it is only the parliament that has the power to enact laws (A87) and ratify
2690:
1536:
1633:. Borrowing from the French Revolutionary ideals of the nation and the Republic, Article 3 affirms that "The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is
2373:
1977:
of the TAF is responsible to the
President in the exercise of his functions, and the latter is responsible, along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, before the parliament (A117).
1524:
2312:, which also have certain privileges not recognized to other ethnic communities, per the treaty. According to the European Union, the constitution denies the fundamental rights of the
1672:"without obtaining permission" and "to possess the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership" (A51). Articles 53 and 54 affirm the right of workers to
1518:
1542:
1530:
1490:
2828:
1506:
1484:
1759:, "representing the Republic of Turkey and the unity of the Turkish Nation" (A104). The President was elected by the parliament until 2007, and had a ceremonial role until 2017.
1512:
2515:
1602:
1500:
2007:
vote of 2/3 in the
National Assembly. It does not recognize the right to popular initiatives: Only the members of Parliament can propose modifications to the Constitution.
2720:
1548:
2388:, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and three years" and also that "Expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime".
2364:
language as a selective course. Also, neither private nor public schools are still allowed to use
Kurdish language or other languages than Turkish as a first language.
2698:
1987:, the four main Commanders of the TAF, the President and select members of the Council of Ministers, to develop the "national security policy of the state" (A118).
3556:
2402:
on a technicality. The same group of lawyers have also filed complaints against other lesser-known authors on the same grounds. Kerinçsiz was indicted in the 2008
1189:
and responsibilities of the latter while setting the guidelines for the delegation and exercise that sovereignty belongs entirely and without doubt to the people.
864:
2599:
4685:
2893:
2490:
851:
3064:
2011:
and would improve human rights. The changes also remove the immunity from prosecution the former leaders of the early 1980s military coup gave themselves.
1354:
declares the immovability of the founding principles of the
Republic defined in the first three Articles and bans any proposals for their modification. The
2922:
596:
5818:
5203:
2999:
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1894:
review (respectively, before and after enactment), and can invalidate whole laws or decrees and ban their application for all future cases (A153).
4879:
3811:
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2398:
and charges filed by a district prosecutor under the
Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code. Pamuk was later released and charges annulled by the
1927:(Articles 109–116) lays out the rules for the confirmation and functioning of the executive, consisting of the President of the Republic and the
338:
615:
5693:
2973:
1820:
provides the rules relating to their functioning and guarantees their full independence (A137-140). The judiciary conforms to the principle of
803:
2360:
because of bureaucratic barriers and the reluctance of Kurds to have to "pay to learn their mother tongue." In 2015, only 28 schools provided
1355:
319:
5396:
4348:
3316:
2340:, who comprise between 10 and 20% of the Turkish population are not allowed to get education in their mother tongue because of this article.
602:
458:
1567:
of the
Turkish state, namely "to provide the conditions required for the development of the individual's material and spiritual existence".
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1429:
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1467:
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3885:
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1413:
1391:
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1235:
1335:) from the people. The sovereignty rests with the Turkish Nation, who delegates its exercise to an elected unicameral parliament, the
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877:
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4282:
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2802:
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272:
5152:
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and functioning of the Turkish Grand National Assembly as the legislative organ, as well as the conditions of eligibility (A76),
1637:". Article 66 defines a Turkish civic identity: "everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk".
887:
5346:
5172:
4774:
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Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, art. 59, official English translation (Turkish Grand National Assembly ), available at
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91:
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1957:(A117-118). Article 123 stipulates that "the organisation and functions of the administration are based on the principles of
1610:
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814:
3794:
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3454:
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reforms, the 1982 constitution is also criticised for giving the military too much influence in political affairs via the
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3321:
3137:
2104:
882:
770:
674:
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Turkey Between the Ottoman Empire and the European Union: Shifting Political Authority Through the Constitutional Reform
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5366:
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4272:
4262:
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1984:
1980:
1974:
1941:
organizes the functioning of the central administration and certain important institutions of the Republic such as its
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Per Article Eight, the executive power is vested in the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers.
1649:
and Articles 27 and 28 the freedom of the press, while Articles 33 and 34 affirm the freedom of association and
5660:
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4532:
4229:
4184:
4098:
4076:
3989:
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3552:
3367:
3304:
3179:
3130:
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2918:
2511:
Ergun Ozbudun, Turkey's Constitutional Reform and the 2010 Constitutional Referendum, IEMed 2011, available at
1928:
1902:
1859:
1779:
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570:
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1260:
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1193:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1051:
1033:
1007:
730:
725:
720:
497:
302:
2969:
1290:. The executive, legislative and judiciary power under control by the president may cause less democracy.
431:
5874:
5012:
5007:
4902:
4660:
4287:
4267:
4189:
4113:
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783:
712:
583:
20:
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goes further with regards to equality of its citizens by prohibiting any discrimination based on their "
486:
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5508:
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5428:
5331:
5132:
5107:
5022:
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4236:
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638:
526:
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to the Constitution. It may hear cases referred by the President of the Republic, the government, the
35:
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5443:
5218:
5097:
5092:
4972:
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4199:
4179:
3826:
3326:
3256:
3240:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3201:
3189:
3174:
3153:
1946:
1911:
1061:
643:
609:
562:
242:
232:
181:
1696:
is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice in Turkey.
1362:, defined as the "material and spiritual well-being of the Republic". The basic nature of Turkey is
5843:
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1932:
1775:
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249:
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1177:. It establishes the organization of the government, and sets out the principles and rules of the
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5341:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5137:
5052:
5032:
4917:
4907:
4821:
4108:
4081:
4026:
4021:
3873:
1996:
1793:
1563:
827:
5781:
5716:
3868:
2772:
2742:
2513:
http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf
2427:
2414:
Although modified several times in the last three decades, specifically within the framework of
503:
5869:
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5581:
5533:
5513:
5503:
5488:
5483:
5463:
5433:
5401:
5386:
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5182:
5082:
5017:
4997:
4987:
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4932:
4927:
4616:
4556:
4544:
4437:
3787:
3710:
3657:
3398:
1825:
1737:
1457:
1441:
410:
4611:
1212:. As of April 2016, 113 of the 177 articles of the Constitution of 1982 were amended overall.
5761:
5751:
5528:
5453:
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5223:
5142:
5102:
5077:
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4992:
4967:
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4942:
4764:
4549:
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2426:
see themselves as the guardians of the secular and unitary nature of the Republic along with
1673:
1646:
842:
740:
415:
116:
5806:
3679:
5889:
5702:
5062:
5027:
4982:
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4695:
4680:
4626:
4571:
4455:
4314:
4299:
4147:
4064:
3878:
3393:
3388:
2423:
2288:
The Constitution of 1982 has been criticized as limiting individual cultural and political
1970:
1871:
1843:
1821:
1711:
1630:
1417:
1379:
1283:
923:
539:
405:
164:
2316:
population because some articles, especially article 42, are against minority rights. The
532:
8:
5756:
5192:
4576:
4527:
4460:
4410:
4309:
4219:
4167:
3980:
3961:
3747:
3352:
2344:
2205:
Parliamentary term is lowered from 5 to 4, President would be elected with popular vote,
1771:
1748:
1733:
1650:
1287:
1023:
631:
493:
150:
143:
3357:
1028:
4747:
4690:
4670:
4583:
4472:
4415:
4211:
4133:
3799:
3720:
3715:
2591:
2297:
2004:
1833:
1763:
1622:
1494:
369:
3025:
2554:"A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017"
2532:
2395:
1664:
are considered irrelevant in legal terms (A10). The Constitution affirms the right of
465:
449:
5776:
5247:
4845:
4792:
4754:
4717:
4603:
4588:
4405:
4343:
4330:
4304:
4172:
4103:
4047:
3966:
3759:
3734:
3695:
3309:
3116:
3041:
2640:
2595:
2583:
2403:
2333:
2328:
of not allowing the teaching of other languages as first languages in schools to its
2317:
1954:
1552:
1406:
1241:
Since its founding, the modern Turkish state has been governed under four documents:
911:
576:
549:
522:
353:
212:
202:
169:
128:
2381:
2074:
Appointment of civilian judges to State Security Courts in place of military judges
5786:
4675:
4643:
4465:
4420:
4363:
4016:
3939:
3754:
2668:
2573:
2565:
2348:
1973:(TAF) are subordinate to the President, in the capacity of Commander-in-Chief. The
1634:
1614:
1444:
is a loose one, whereas the one between the executive and the legislative with the
1158:
832:
2569:
2336:
is criticized by the EU, human rights organizations and minorities of Turkey. The
1719:
1714:: "members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly represent, not merely their own
1470:
guarantees "fundamental rights and freedoms", which are defined as including the:
515:
4809:
4742:
4722:
4653:
4648:
4593:
4566:
4477:
4450:
4128:
4093:
3637:
3418:
3068:
2539:
2519:
2337:
2313:
2305:
1950:
1752:
1586:
1433:
1371:
1688:
4665:
4445:
4368:
4001:
3769:
3730:
2415:
2321:
2309:
2140:
2100:
2034:
Voting age lowered from 21 to 19, Number of MPs raised from 400 to 450, Lifted
1958:
1571:
1463:
1227:
1178:
98:
1789:
5858:
5771:
5241:
4797:
4737:
4638:
4378:
4373:
4006:
3951:
3742:
3625:
2587:
2352:
2086:
1838:
1756:
1706:
1677:
1478:
1399:
1196:. The constitution was amended 21 times, three of them through a referendum:
942:
589:
138:
113:
5801:
2855:"Turkish parliament nears approval of presidential system sought by Erdogan"
1907:
5791:
5293:
4769:
4727:
4353:
3804:
2356:
2301:
2272:, introducing a presidential system and abolished the parliamentary system
1715:
1661:
1477:: Personal Inviolability, Material and Spiritual Entity of the Individual (
1402:
1363:
1174:
86:
5262:
2944:"ÇERKES-FED, Seçmeli Anadili Dersleri İçin Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'ndaydı…"
1192:
The constitution was ratified on 7 November 1982. It replaced the earlier
1001:
5812:
5741:
5251:
4633:
3944:
3439:
2829:"Turkish parliament strips MPs of immunity in blow to Kurdish opposition"
2391:
2329:
2300:
which established the Turkish Republic, legally, the only minorities are
1829:
1669:
1437:
1359:
1328:
799:
227:
4857:
3122:
3108:
1848:
1578:, which Turkey was one of the first nations to ratify in December 1948.
5838:
5766:
5671:
3112:
2578:
2063:
Voting age lowered from 19 to 18, Number of MPs raised from 450 to 550
2000:
1942:
1797:
1271:
345:
323:
192:
108:
2325:
1883:
1879:
1809:
1445:
1312:
176:
4489:
3816:
2667:. Collège universitaire Henry Dunant. 11 March 2008. Archived from
2361:
1801:
1626:
1606:
1387:
1320:
378:
358:
4499:
3486:
2622:
1570:
Many of these entrenched rights have their basis in international
1394:), the indivisibility of the Republic and of the Turkish Nation (
2803:"Turkish parliament votes to lift MPs' immunity from prosecution"
2289:
1863:
1665:
1304:
1182:
1852:(High Court of Appeals) the highest court for the latter (154).
5297:
4494:
3687:
3682:
3473:
2430:
and have intervened by taking over the government three times:
1867:
1832:
branches of government but by being divided into two entities,
1741:
1723:
1601:
Besides the provisions establishing Turkey as a secular state,
1594:
1186:
1170:
63:
2372:
The constitution grants freedom of expression, as declared in
2691:"Turkey's Erdogan ready to make changes after referendum win"
1875:
1813:
1282:, fundamental changes were introduced including changing the
1181:'s conduct along with its responsibilities in regards to its
2219:
Changes for public office holders' usage of public services
19:"Turkish constitution" redirects here. For another use, see
2773:"Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü"
2743:"Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü"
1995:
In Article 175, it also sets out the procedure of its own
1618:
1878:
before whom a constitutional issue has been raised by a
1451:
1886:(A152). The Constitutional Court has the right to both
1412:
Fundamental Aims and Duties of the State is defined in
2713:"82 Anayasası'nda bugüne kadar yapılan değişiklikler"
2258:, especially for opposition and pro-Kurdish parties
1539:: Freedom of Expression and Dissemination of Thought
2661:"Adoption of the Universal Declaration, 1948 PARIS"
2533:
https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf
1744:of the Republic with other sovereign states (A90).
5819:Association for the Support of Contemporary Living
1705:Article Seven provides for the establishment of a
1683:
1270:The current constitution was ratified by popular
5856:
1298:
3109:Turkish Constitutional Law Materials in English
5687:
5278:
4873:
3665:
3455:
3138:
2191:Temporary law on independent politicians for
969:
336:
51:
3075:. Volume 35, Issue 1, 2016 p. 282, 297, 298
2409:
1983:is an advisory organization, comprising the
5292:
2645:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2620:
2552:Esen, Berk; Gümüşçü, Şebnem (3 July 2017).
2551:
1931:(A109). Executive power was shared between
1824:not only through its independence from the
5694:
5680:
5285:
5271:
4880:
4866:
3672:
3658:
3469:
3462:
3448:
3145:
3131:
2996:"Lazca Ders Müfredatı Hazır - Beyza Kural"
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2367:
1990:
1303:The Constitution asserts that Turkey is a
976:
962:
34:
4887:
3152:
2665:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2577:
2117:Changes for rights and retirement of MPs
1935:and the Council of Ministers until 2017.
1732:(Articles 75–100) sets the rules for the
1208:, one of them partly through referendum:
5701:
2384:the Turkish Nation, the Republic or the
1906:
1788:
1687:
1640:
1585:
1341:
1185:. The constitution also establishes the
352:
133:Three (executive, legislative, judicial)
2872:
2324:in schools. The Turkish constitutional
2180:Age of candidacy lowered from 30 to 25
2139:Second changes made in accordance with
1581:
1436:. The separation of powers between the
1155:Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye
5857:
4602:
3491:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey
3046:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2783:from the original on 20 September 2019
2467:2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
2462:2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
2457:2007 Turkish constitutional referendum
2452:1982 Turkish constitutional referendum
2270:2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
2231:2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
2207:2007 Turkish constitutional referendum
2040:1987 Turkish constitutional referendum
1899:Legal system of the Republic of Turkey
320:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey
5675:
5266:
4861:
3653:
3443:
3251:Military High Court of Administration
3126:
2899:from the original on 23 November 2016
2753:from the original on 11 February 2021
2723:from the original on 28 November 2021
2487:"1982 ANAYASASI'NDA DEĞİŞEN MADDELER"
2378:Article 301 of the Turkish penal code
2052:Public radio and televisions allowed
1939:Part Three, Chapter Two, Section Four
1631:their equality in the eyes of the law
1576:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1452:Part Two: Individual and Group Rights
357:Court of Justice building in Kartal,
16:Supreme law of the Republic of Turkey
4828:
4816:
3225:Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
2970:"Siverek'te 'Anadil' günü kutlaması"
2156:Radio and Television Supreme Council
1964:
1925:Part Three, Chapter One, Section Two
1700:
1527:: Freedom of Religion and Conscience
1462:Part Two of the constitution is the
3115:, Professor of Constitutional Law,
2887:"COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT"
2602:from the original on 9 October 2021
2558:South European Society and Politics
2380:states that "A person who publicly
2105:European Convention on Human Rights
1521:: Freedom of Residence and Movement
13:
3082:
3002:from the original on 18 April 2016
2950:from the original on 19 April 2016
1816:on behalf of the Turkish Nation".
1812:shall be exercised by independent
1398:)." Thus, it sets out to found a
29:Constitution of Republic of Turkey
14:
5906:
3300:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3102:
3073:Fordham International Law Journal
2623:"A referendum for less democracy"
2493:from the original on 6 March 2016
2386:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2243:Arbitration on sports activities
1768:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
1755:and has an executive role as the
1561:of the Constitution sets out the
1545:: Freedom of Science and the Arts
1493:: Personal Liberty and Security (
1388:the Republican form of government
1266:The current Constitution of 1982.
5246:
5237:
5236:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4195:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3681:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3589:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3498:
3485:
3280:
3195:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
2292:in comparison with the previous
2283:
1862:that rules on the conformity of
1533:: Freedom of Thought and Opinion
1222:Constitutional History of Turkey
1006:First Ottoman Parliament at the
1000:
936:
377:
330:
314:
4840:
3096:Turkish Grand National Assembly
3054:
3014:
2988:
2976:from the original on 2014-05-28
2962:
2936:
2925:from the original on 2021-02-25
2911:
2847:
2821:
2809:. Associated Press. 20 May 2016
2795:
2765:
1836:and Judicial Justice, with the
1808:Article Nine affirms that the "
1656:
1625:, philosophical convictions or
1509:: Inviolability of the Domicile
1420:between the Legislative Power (
1358:also invokes the principles of
1337:Turkish Grand National Assembly
5829:Atatürkist Thought Association
5204:British Indian Ocean Territory
3305:Constitutional Court of Turkey
2735:
2705:
2683:
2653:
2614:
2545:
2525:
2505:
2479:
1903:Constitutional Court of Turkey
1780:Council of Ministers of Turkey
1684:Part three: Fundamental organs
1591:Constitutional Court of Turkey
1487:: Prohibition of Forced Labour
1280:2017 constitutional referendum
1226:The first constitution of the
1:
2749:(in Turkish). 29 March 2011.
2570:10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341
2472:
2128:Introduced interim elections
1416:. Constitution establishes a
1299:Part one: Founding principles
1163:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası
860:Turkey and the United Nations
820:Diplomatic missions in Turkey
815:Diplomatic missions of Turkey
459:Leader of the Main Opposition
339:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası
283:Advisory Parliament of Turkey
53:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası
4686:Intangible cultural heritage
4032:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3864:Proclamation of the republic
1918:
1784:
1503:: Privacy of Individual Life
7:
3957:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3248:Military Court of Cassation
2779:(in Turkish). 8 June 2016.
2445:
2278:
2099:Changes in accordance with
1961:and local administration".
1842:(The Council of State) the
1405:based on the principles of
1293:
1276:military junta of 1980-1983
852:Membership of international
791:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
21:1838 Constitution of Serbia
10:
5911:
3788:Conquest of Constantinople
2719:(in Turkish). 7 May 2010.
2621:M@Rt1n@Sl@n (2023-01-09).
2406:, along with many others.
1896:
1846:for the former (A155) and
1761:
1515:: Freedom of Communication
1455:
1219:
1215:
18:
5834:Republican People's Party
5730:
5709:
5653:
5605:
5567:
5304:
5232:
5191:
5151:
4893:
4787:
4520:
4436:
4329:
4295:The constitutional system
4255:
4210:
4155:
4146:
4040:
3988:
3979:
3932:
3899:
3849:
3827:Second Constitutional Era
3812:Decline and modernization
3768:
3729:
3703:
3694:
3613:
3597:
3566:
3540:
3507:
3496:
3480:
3376:
3340:
3290:
3277:
3233:
3167:
3160:
2972:. Odatv.com. 2014-02-22.
2697:. Toronto. Archived from
2420:National Security Council
2410:Influence of the military
1981:National Security Council
1749:President of the Republic
1062:Second Constitutional Era
992:Constitutional history of
545:National Security Council
329:
313:
308:
298:
288:
278:
273:National Security Council
268:
258:
248:
238:
226:
221:
211:
201:
191:
182:Judicial system of Turkey
175:
163:
149:
137:
127:
122:
107:
97:
85:
77:
69:
59:
47:
42:
33:
28:
4953:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4278:Ministry of the Interior
4263:Administrative divisions
3822:First Constitutional Era
3092:The current constitution
2542:(accessed Mar. 3, 2016).
2522:(accessed Mar. 3, 2016).
1999:and amendment by either
1776:Prime Minister of Turkey
1153:, formally known as the
1057:First Constitutional Era
1015:Constitutional documents
865:Permanent Representative
649:Supreme Election Council
5885:Legal history of Turkey
5865:Constitutions of Turkey
5214:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4225:Parliamentary elections
4027:Eastern Anatolia Region
4022:Central Anatolia Region
3704:Ancient and Middle Ages
2404:Ergenekon investigation
2169:Changes on budget laws
2154:Changes on election of
1991:Revision and amendments
1796:is a courthouse in the
1794:Istanbul Justice Palace
1730:Part Three, Chapter One
1645:Article 26 establishes
1428:), and Judicial Power (
1008:Old Darülfünun building
917:History of the Republic
439:Grand National Assembly
157:Grand National Assembly
5347:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4396:Science and technology
4230:Presidential elections
3711:Prehistory of Anatolia
3317:Main Opposition Leader
2777:www.resmigazete.gov.tr
2747:www.resmigazete.gov.tr
2256:parliamentary immunity
1985:Chief of General Staff
1975:Chief of General Staff
1915:
1856:Part Four, Section Two
1834:Administrative Justice
1805:
1738:parliamentary immunity
1697:
1598:
1458:Human rights in Turkey
1347:
1162:
1151:Constitution of Turkey
533:Current cabinet (67th)
362:
337:
52:
5747:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
4888:Constitutions of Asia
4391:Free trade agreements
4273:Intelligence Services
4070:North Anatolian Fault
3265:Independence Tribunal
3261:State Security Courts
3215:Administrative courts
3154:Judiciaries of Turkey
2717:www.cumhuriyet.com.tr
2701:on 16 September 2010.
2368:Freedom of expression
1947:local administrations
1910:
1872:members of Parliament
1792:
1691:
1647:freedom of expression
1641:Freedom of expression
1589:
1456:Further information:
1345:
1165:), also known as the
356:
293:83% of the electorate
117:presidential republic
5880:Government of Turkey
5782:Cavit Orhan Tütengil
5703:Secularism in Turkey
5128:United Arab Emirates
4775:World heritage sites
4300:Turkish Armed Forces
4185:Constitutional Court
4099:Flora and vegetation
4077:Environmental issues
4065:East Anatolian Fault
4012:Mediterranean Region
3574:Constitutional Court
3553:Constitutional Court
3368:Constitutional Court
3180:Constitutional Court
2424:Turkish Armed Forces
2294:constitution of 1961
2038:ban on politicians,
1971:Turkish Armed Forces
1949:(A127), fundamental
1929:Council of Ministers
1868:governmental decrees
1860:Constitutional Court
1822:separation of powers
1712:national sovereignty
1674:bargain collectively
1582:Equality of citizens
1424:), Executive Power (
1418:separation of powers
1346:Seal of the Assembly
1284:parliamentary system
1261:Constitution of 1961
1254:Constitution of 1924
1247:Constitution of 1921
1194:Constitution of 1961
1167:Constitution of 1982
1142:Constitutional Court
571:Constitutional Court
504:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
303:Constitution of 1961
269:Commissioned by
170:Presidential Cabinet
123:Government structure
5824:Atheism Association
5797:Ahmet Taner Kışlalı
5757:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
5568:States with limited
5155:limited recognition
4344:Banking and Finance
3962:History of Anatolia
3859:War of Independence
3851:Republic of Türkiye
3748:Battle of Manzikert
3353:Charter of Alliance
2946:. Ozgurcerkes.com.
2921:. europa.eu. 2005.
2671:on 15 December 2008
1772:President of Turkey
1651:freedom of assembly
1629:" and guaranteeing
1380:equality before law
1327:) that derives its
1288:presidential system
1024:Charter of Alliance
99:Date effective
64:Republic of Türkiye
5875:Politics of Turkey
5807:Necip Hablemitoğlu
4401:Telecommunications
4190:Court of Cassation
3891:Multi-party period
3800:Ottoman Old Regime
3721:Byzantine Anatolia
3716:Classical Anatolia
3579:Court of Cassation
3409:Sexual orientation
3384:Capital punishment
3185:Court of Cassation
3067:2021-12-09 at the
2695:The Globe and Mail
2538:2020-02-09 at the
2518:2021-03-23 at the
2298:Treaty of Lausanne
2005:qualified majority
1933:the Prime Minister
1916:
1806:
1764:Politics of Turkey
1698:
1694:Court of Cassation
1599:
1495:security of person
1348:
584:Court of Cassation
370:Politics of Turkey
363:
5852:
5851:
5717:Atatürk's reforms
5669:
5668:
5260:
5259:
5197:other territories
4855:
4854:
4783:
4782:
4325:
4324:
4268:Foreign relations
4242:Political parties
4142:
4141:
3975:
3974:
3967:History of Thrace
3869:Atatürk's reforms
3760:Anatolian beyliks
3647:
3646:
3626:Turkey portal
3605:Court of Accounts
3598:Court of Accounts
3437:
3436:
3332:Court of accounts
3322:Political parties
3275:
3274:
3220:Court of Accounts
3117:Uludag University
3060:Serra Cremer, A.
3028:on April 29, 2009
2919:"Progress report"
2428:Atatürk's reforms
2332:, other than the
2318:Council of Europe
2276:
2275:
1965:National security
1955:national security
1701:Legislative power
1627:religious beliefs
1623:political opinion
1553:Right to property
1448:is a strict one.
1407:secular democracy
1147:
1146:
986:
985:
943:Turkey portal
838:Visa requirements
784:Foreign relations
771:Political parties
653:Recent elections
597:Court of Accounts
474:Political parties
351:
350:
228:First legislature
203:Electoral college
5902:
5762:Falih Rıfkı Atay
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5606:Dependencies and
5305:Sovereign states
5287:
5280:
5273:
5264:
5263:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5209:Christmas Island
4895:Sovereign states
4882:
4875:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4843:
4842:
4831:
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4819:
4818:
4807:
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4795:
4600:
4599:
4485:Cities and towns
4466:Turkish language
4421:Turkish Airlines
4237:Electoral system
4200:Council of State
4153:
4152:
4087:Waste management
4017:Black Sea Region
3995:
3986:
3985:
3940:Turkic migration
3886:One-party period
3755:Sultanate of Rum
3701:
3700:
3686:
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3634:
3624:
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3584:Council of State
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3464:
3457:
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3358:Edict of Gülhane
3327:Council of State
3285:
3284:
3283:
3257:Civilian justice
3241:Military justice
3190:Council of State
3165:
3164:
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3124:
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3090:
3076:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:. Archived from
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
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2609:
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2581:
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2523:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2400:justice ministry
2125:27 December 2002
2114:21 November 2001
2014:
2013:
1912:Council of State
1680:, respectively.
1653:, respectively.
1029:Edict of Gülhane
1004:
988:
987:
978:
971:
964:
941:
940:
939:
639:Electoral system
610:Council of State
381:
365:
364:
342:
334:
333:
318:
317:
243:13 December 1983
186:4 supreme courts
55:
38:
26:
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5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5855:
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5853:
5848:
5844:Nation Alliance
5735:
5733:
5726:
5705:
5700:
5670:
5665:
5649:
5607:
5601:
5587:Northern Cyprus
5569:
5563:
5479:North Macedonia
5300:
5291:
5261:
5256:
5228:
5196:
5187:
5168:Northern Cyprus
5154:
5147:
4889:
4886:
4856:
4851:
4779:
4598:
4594:Women in Turkey
4562:Law enforcement
4516:
4512:Life expectancy
4478:Islam in Turkey
4432:
4321:
4283:National Police
4251:
4206:
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4129:Turkish Riviera
4036:
3993:
3992:
3971:
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3874:Language reform
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3764:
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3690:
3680:
3678:
3648:
3643:
3620:
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3609:
3593:
3562:
3536:
3503:
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3468:
3438:
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3292:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3245:Military courts
3229:
3209:Criminal courts
3202:Judicial courts
3156:
3151:
3105:
3088:
3085:
3083:Further reading
3080:
3079:
3069:Wayback Machine
3059:
3055:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3022:"Archived copy"
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
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2540:Wayback Machine
2530:
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2520:Wayback Machine
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2448:
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2396:Kemal Kerinçsiz
2370:
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2266:21 January 2017
2216:9 February 2008
2177:13 October 2006
2166:29 October 2005
1993:
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1951:public services
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1905:
1787:
1782:
1753:direct election
1703:
1686:
1659:
1643:
1584:
1572:bills of rights
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1454:
1372:social equality
1301:
1296:
1286:in Turkey to a
1234:and revised in
1230:was adopted in
1224:
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1175:fundamental law
1136:
1088:
1038:
1010:
993:
982:
953:
949:Other countries
937:
935:
930:
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871:European Union
856:
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828:Nationality law
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644:Electoral cycle
634:
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468:
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450:Numan Kurtulmuş
434:
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239:First executive
233:6 November 1983
184:
103:9 November 1982
92:7 November 1982
81:20 October 1982
73:18 October 1982
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5898:
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5895:1982 in Turkey
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5661:European Union
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5651:
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4423:
4418:
4411:Transportation
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4119:National parks
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4089:
4084:
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4053:Climate change
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
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4009:
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4002:Marmara Region
3998:
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3994:(west to east)
3983:
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3907:Constitutional
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3797:
3795:Transformation
3792:
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3774:
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3770:Ottoman Empire
3766:
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3567:Supreme Courts
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3414:Child marriage
3411:
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3404:Kurdish rights
3401:
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3103:External links
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2193:2007 elections
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2101:European Union
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2096:3 October 2001
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2082:13 August 1999
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2018:
1992:
1989:
1966:
1963:
1959:centralization
1920:
1917:
1874:(A150) or any
1810:judicial power
1786:
1783:
1751:is elected by
1716:constituencies
1702:
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1468:Article Twelve
1464:bill of rights
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1228:Ottoman Empire
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511:Vice President
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48:Original title
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3:
2:
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5870:Law of Turkey
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5772:Muammer Aksoy
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5734:organisations
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5620:Faroe Islands
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5592:South Ossetia
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5294:Constitutions
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5178:South Ossetia
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4082:Air pollution
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4007:Aegean Region
4005:
4003:
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3999:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3984:
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3952:Turkification
3950:
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3783:Classical Age
3781:
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3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
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3753:
3749:
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3744:
3743:Seljuk Empire
3741:
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3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
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3709:
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2835:. 20 May 2016
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2489:. Odatv.com.
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2284:Ethnic rights
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2240:17 March 2011
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2019:
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2015:
2012:
2008:
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1757:Head of State
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1042:
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1034:Edict of 1856
1032:
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1021:
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886:
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854:organizations
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655:
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628:
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613:
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590:Mehmet Akarca
587:
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559:
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541:
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516:Cevdet Yılmaz
514:
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441:(Parliament)
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263:16 April 2017
261:
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213:Entrenchments
210:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5792:Turan Dursun
5777:Bahriye Üçok
5722:Constitution
5721:
5597:Transnistria
5559:Vatican City
5543:
5193:Dependencies
5123:Turkmenistan
5117:
5088:Saudi Arabia
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4681:Illumination
4617:Architecture
4545:Human rights
4533:Universities
4451:Ethnic Kurds
4438:Demographics
4349:Construction
4294:
3636:
3617:
3548:Legal system
3470:
3419:Women rights
3399:Human rights
3348:Constitution
3347:
3310:Zühtü Arslan
3293:and agencies
3291:Institutions
3206:Civil courts
3113:Kemal Gözler
3089:(in Turkish)
3072:
3056:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2863:. Retrieved
2861:. 2017-01-19
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:The Guardian
2806:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2776:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2746:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2699:the original
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2664:
2655:
2630:. Retrieved
2627:Ost Konflikt
2626:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2561:
2557:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2481:
2413:
2390:
2371:
2342:
2334:official one
2287:
2151:21 June 2005
2071:18 June 1999
2060:23 July 1995
2009:
1994:
1979:
1968:
1945:(A130-132),
1943:universities
1938:
1937:
1924:
1922:
1892:a posteriori
1891:
1887:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1837:
1817:
1807:
1800:district of
1746:
1729:
1728:
1720:constituents
1704:
1670:labor unions
1660:
1657:Group rights
1644:
1600:
1569:
1562:
1559:Article Five
1558:
1557:
1461:
1411:
1403:nation-state
1349:
1302:
1269:
1240:
1225:
1191:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1083:
924:Armed Forces
685:Presidential
577:Zühtü Arslan
411:Human rights
393:Constitution
392:
335:
259:Last amended
60:Jurisdiction
5890:1982 in law
5813:White Turks
5787:Abdi İpekçi
5752:İsmet İnönü
5742:Young Turks
5635:Isle of Man
5570:recognition
5539:Switzerland
5474:Netherlands
5252:Asia portal
5153:States with
5073:Philippines
5013:South Korea
5008:North Korea
4903:Afghanistan
4834:WikiProject
4765:Video games
4557:Individuals
4550:LGBT rights
4540:Health care
4507:Immigration
4288:Gendarmerie
4247:Referendums
4163:Legislative
4060:Earthquakes
3945:Oghuz Turks
3834:Dissolution
3541:Legislation
3424:Article 301
3168:Main courts
3119:Law School.
2675:3 September
2579:11693/38208
2392:Orhan Pamuk
2251:20 May 2016
2202:31 May 2007
2188:10 May 2007
2103:acquis and
2085:Introduced
2049:8 July 1993
2031:17 May 1987
1953:(A128) and
1830:legislative
1438:legislative
1360:nationalism
1329:sovereignty
1274:during the
1093:Referendums
843:Visa policy
800:Hakan Fidan
614:President:
603:Metin Yener
601:President:
588:President:
575:President:
432:Legislature
416:LGBT rights
344:at Turkish
289:Signatories
5859:Categories
5839:Good Party
5802:Uğur Mumcu
5767:Aziz Nesin
5732:People and
5509:San Marino
5469:Montenegro
5449:Luxembourg
5429:Kazakhstan
5332:Azerbaijan
5133:Uzbekistan
5108:Tajikistan
5023:Kyrgyzstan
5003:Kazakhstan
4923:Bangladesh
4913:Azerbaijan
4706:Newspapers
4691:Literature
4671:Folk dance
4572:Corruption
4456:Minorities
4384:Renewables
4339:Automotive
4148:Government
3879:Secularism
3557:Presidents
3394:Secularism
3389:Censorship
2998:. bianet.
2929:2019-11-10
2865:2023-03-19
2632:2023-05-10
2473:References
2382:denigrates
2374:Article 26
2345:Circassian
2343:Currently
2296:. Per the
2227:7 May 2010
2136:7 May 2004
2001:referendum
1897:See also:
1762:See also:
1722:, but the
1707:unicameral
1603:Article 10
1549:Article 35
1543:Article 27
1537:Article 26
1531:Article 25
1525:Article 24
1519:Article 23
1513:Article 22
1507:Article 21
1501:Article 20
1491:Article 19
1485:Article 18
1475:Article 17
1313:democratic
1272:referendum
741:Referendum
616:Zeki Yiğit
540:Ministries
466:Özgür Özel
406:Secularism
346:Wikisource
324:Wikisource
299:Supersedes
250:Amendments
193:Federalism
5625:Gibraltar
5444:Lithuania
5219:Hong Kong
5173:Palestine
5098:Sri Lanka
5093:Singapore
4973:Indonesia
4760:TV series
4718:Miniature
4661:Festivals
4577:Terrorism
4528:Education
4461:Languages
4305:Air Force
4220:Elections
4168:Executive
4114:Mountains
3981:Geography
3900:Overviews
3839:Partition
3805:Tulip era
3094:from the
2596:158346672
2588:1360-8746
2326:principle
2306:Armenians
2290:liberties
2254:Reducing
1919:Executive
1914:in Ankara
1884:plaintiff
1880:defendant
1826:executive
1818:Part Four
1785:Judiciary
1446:judiciary
1442:executive
1432:) of the
1414:Article 5
1352:Article 4
883:relations
878:Accession
632:Elections
563:Judiciary
550:Governors
494:President
487:Executive
309:Full text
279:Author(s)
177:Judiciary
165:Executive
144:President
78:Presented
5645:Svalbard
5630:Guernsey
5577:Abkhazia
5524:Slovenia
5519:Slovakia
5494:Portugal
5352:Bulgaria
5242:Category
5163:Abkhazia
5113:Thailand
5068:Pakistan
5048:Mongolia
5043:Maldives
5038:Malaysia
4938:Cambodia
4810:Category
4748:Football
4733:Painting
4676:Folklore
4584:Marriage
4490:Istanbul
4473:Religion
4426:Railways
4416:Aviation
4354:Currency
4212:Politics
4180:Judicial
4156:Branches
4134:Wildlife
3924:Military
3912:Economic
3817:Tanzimat
3638:Category
3065:Archived
3042:cite web
3032:June 17,
3000:Archived
2974:Archived
2948:Archived
2923:Archived
2894:Archived
2781:Archived
2751:Archived
2727:10 March
2721:Archived
2641:cite web
2600:Archived
2536:Archived
2516:Archived
2491:Archived
2446:See also
2330:citizens
2279:Critique
2158:members
1997:revision
1888:a priori
1849:Yargıtay
1839:Danıştay
1802:Istanbul
1742:treaties
1734:election
1668:to form
1607:language
1440:and the
1356:preamble
1321:republic
1294:Overview
1183:citizens
905:See also
833:Passport
796:Minister
359:Istanbul
151:Chambers
129:Branches
87:Ratified
43:Overview
5549:Ukraine
5499:Romania
5459:Moldova
5417:Ireland
5412:Iceland
5407:Hungary
5397:Germany
5392:Georgia
5382:Finland
5377:Estonia
5372:Denmark
5357:Croatia
5342:Belgium
5337:Belarus
5327:Austria
5322:Armenia
5317:Andorra
5312:Albania
5138:Vietnam
5053:Myanmar
5033:Lebanon
4963:Georgia
4918:Bahrain
4908:Armenia
4846:Outline
4822:Commons
4755:Theater
4738:Pottery
4654:Ottoman
4649:Cuisine
4627:Ottoman
4604:Culture
4589:Poverty
4521:Society
4406:Tourism
4359:Defense
4331:Economy
4173:Cabinet
4104:Geology
4048:Climate
3990:Regions
3917:Ottoman
3735:Beyliks
3731:Seljuks
3696:History
3509:History
3341:Sources
3006:6 April
2980:6 April
2954:6 April
2903:9 April
2859:Reuters
2839:1 April
2833:Reuters
2813:1 April
2787:1 April
2757:1 April
2497:6 April
2440:in 1980
2436:in 1971
2432:in 1960
2362:Kurdish
2349:Kurdish
2314:Kurdish
2143:acquis
2023:Notes
1676:and to
1666:workers
1662:Classes
1635:Turkish
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4958:Egypt
4943:China
4728:Names
4723:Music
4696:Media
4567:Crime
4500:İzmir
4109:Lakes
4094:Fauna
2897:(PDF)
2890:(PDF)
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2003:or a
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