Consumerism - Knowledge

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as part of a larger transformation in Western societies, which began in the sixteenth century. The social changes brought about by that transformation resulted in the modification of Western concepts of time, space, society, the individual, the family and the state. This provided the base on which the consumer revolution could thrive and develop into a mass phenomenon. McCracken (1988) was one of the first scholars offering a comprehensive review of the history of consumption. He approached the subject by dividing the course of events into three moments. The first moment falls within the last quarter of the sixteenth century in Elizabethan England where profound changes in consumption pattern occurred in a small section of the population. This was the moment where some of the established concepts, notably the concepts of space, the individual and the family began to falter. The circumstances bringing about these changes served as a primer for the consumer movement that would come a century later. McCracken describes this as the second moment. It was characterized by a heightened propensity to spend, by a greatly extended choice of goods, and an increased frequency of purchases. Fashion started to play an important role too, and, for the first time, the individual as a consumer became the target of manipulative attempts. The origins of modern marketing instruments can be traced back to this time. With the rise of the third moment, the consumer movement was already a structural feature of life(McCracken, 1988). However, the development was not yet completed. The 19th century added new qualities to the movement and turned it into a 'dream world of consumption' (Williams, 1982).

1366:, noticed the way that aristocratic fashions, themselves subject to periodic changes in direction, slowly filtered down through different classes of society. He pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the movement of prevailing tastes and preferences to cause the aristocracy to accept his goods; it was only a matter of time before the middle classes also rapidly bought up his goods. Other producers of a wide range of other products followed his example, and the spread and importance of consumption fashions became steadily more important. Since then, advertising has played a major role in fostering a consumerist society, marketing goods through various platforms in nearly all aspects of 1348: 1626:

developing, such as Twitter, websites, news and social media, with sharing and participation as the core, consumers share product information and opinions through social media. At the same time, by understanding the reputation of the brand on social media, consumers can easily change their original attitude towards the brand. The information provided by social media helps consumers shorten the time of thinking about products and decision-making, so as to improve consumers' initiative in purchase decision-making and improve consumers' shopping and decision-making quality to a certain extent.

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and make people in contact with it. The image of television advertising is realistic, and it is easy to have an interest and desire to buy advertising goods, At the same time, the audience intentionally or unintentionally compares and comments on the advertised goods while appreciating the TV advertisements, arouses the interest of the audience by attracting attention, and forms a buying idea, which is conducive to enhancing the buying confidence. Therefore, TV can be used as a media way to accelerate and affect people's desire to buy products.

2869:, human society is in a "global overshoot", consuming 30% more material than is sustainable from the world's resources. Rees went on to state that at present, 85 countries are exceeding their domestic "bio-capacities", and compensate for their lack of local material by depleting the stocks of other countries, which have a material surplus due to their lower consumption. Not only that, but McCraken indicates that how consumer goods and services are bought, created and used should be taken under consideration when studying consumption. 2678: 2818:. He critiques the harm consumerism does to the environment and states, "The analysis of environmental problems cannot be separated from the analysis of human, family, work-related and urban contexts, nor from how individuals relate to themselves, which leads in turn to how they relate to others and to the environment." Pope Francis believes the obsession with consumerism leads individuals further away from their humanity and obscures the interrelated nature between humans and the environment. 2722:, examines how the culture of consumerism and materialism affects our happiness and well-being. The book argues that people who value wealth and possessions more than other things tend to have lower levels of satisfaction, self-esteem, and intimacy, and higher levels of anxiety, depression, and insecurity. The book also explores how materialistic values harm our relationships, our communities, and our environment, and suggests ways to reduce materialism and increase our quality of life. 33: 2496: 2787:

identical tastes of Coke and Pepsi. By owning a product from a certain brand, one's ownership becomes a vehicle of presenting an identity that is associated with the attitude of the brand. The idea of individual choice is exploited by corporations that claim to sell "uniqueness" and the building blocks of an identity. The invention of the commodity self is a driving force of consumerist societies, preying upon the deep human need to build a sense of self.

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The widespread sale and marketing of Doc Martens brought the boots back into the mainstream. While corporate America reaped the ever-growing profits of the increasingly expensive boot and those modeled after its style, Doc Martens lost their original political association. Mainstream consumers used Doc Martens and similar items to create an "individualized" sense

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goods and services. Second, the technical and social relations that structured the mass media all over the world made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for the broadcasting of the culture-ideology of consumerism globally.

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their emphasis on the financial worth of luxury changed society's perceptions of luxury. They argue that a significant transformation occurred in the eighteenth century when the focus shifted from court-centered luxury spending to consumer-driven luxury consumption, which was fueled by middle-class purchases of new products.

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The origins of the consumer society as we know it today can be traced back a few hundred years. According to McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb (1982) the birthplace can be found in eighteenth century England. However, as McCracken (1988) has pointed out, the consumer revolution as a whole needs to be seen

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Today's society has entered the era of entertainment and the Internet. Most people spend more time browsing on mobile phones than face-to-face. The convenience of social media has a subtle impact on the public and unconsciously changes people's consumption habits. The socialized Internet is gradually

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Emulation is also a core component of 21st century consumerism. As a general trend, regular consumers seek to emulate those who are above them in the social hierarchy. The poor strive to imitate the wealthy and the wealthy imitate celebrities and other icons. The celebrity endorsement of products can

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commenced in the 18th century, more precisely from 1764 to 1776, as Witkowski's article "Colonial Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764-1776" discusses. He describes the evolving development of consumer culture in the context of "colonial America". An

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It is true of dress in even a higher degree than of most other items of consumption, that people will undergo a very considerable degree of privation in the comforts or the necessaries of life to afford what is considered a decent amount of wasteful consumption; so that it is by no means an uncommon

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that the aristocracy and affluent merchants imported from nations like Italy and the Low Countries. This expansion of luxury consumption in England was facilitated by state policies that encouraged cultural borrowing and import substitution, hence enabling the purchase of luxury items. Luxury goods

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saying that human beings, despite considering themselves civilized thinkers, are "subconsciously still driven by an impulse for survival, domination and expansion ... an impulse which now finds expression in the idea that inexorable economic growth is the answer to everything, and, given time, will

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The advent of the television in the late 1940s proved to be an attractive opportunity for advertisers, who could reach potential consumers in the home using lifelike images and sound. The introduction of mass commercial television positively impacted retail sales. The television motivated consumers

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The consumer society developed throughout the late 17th century and the 18th century. Peck addresses the assertion made by consumption scholars about writers such as "Nicholas Barbon and Bernard Mandeville" in "Luxury and War: Reconsidering Luxury Consumption in Seventeenth-Century England" and how

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First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s. As the electronic revolution got underway, significant changes began to occur in the productivity of capitalist factories, systems of extraction, processing of raw materials, product design, marketing and distribution of

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For example, people often identify as PC or Mac users, or define themselves as a Coke drinker rather than a Pepsi drinker. The ability to choose one product out of a great number of others allows a person to build a sense of "unique" individuality, despite the prevalence of Mac users or the nearly

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as workers boots, gained popularity with the punk movement and AIDs activism groups and became symbols of an individual's place in that social group. When corporate America recognized the growing popularity of Doc Martens they underwent another change in cultural meaning through counter-bricolage.

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According to Woojin, the attraction of television advertising has brought an improvement in Americans' social status. Watching television programs has become an important part of people's cultural life. Television advertising can enrich and change the content of advertising from hearing and vision

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In the 21st century's globalized economy, consumerism has become a noticeable part of the culture. Critics of the phenomenon not only criticized it against what is environmentally sustainable, but also the spread of consumerism in cultural aspects. However, several scholars have written about the

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Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction and our ego satisfaction in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an

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Businesses have realized that wealthy consumers are the most attractive targets of marketing. The upper class's tastes, lifestyles, and preferences trickle down to become the standard for all consumers. The not-so-wealthy consumers can "purchase something new that will speak of their place in the

2712:"consumerism succeeded where other ideologies failed because it concretely expressed the cardinal political ideals of the century – liberty and democracy – and with relatively little self-destructive behavior or personal humiliation." He discusses how consumerism won in its forms of expression. 1388:

dramatically increased the availability of consumer goods, although it was still primarily focused on the capital goods sector and industrial infrastructure (i.e., mining, steel, oil, transportation networks, communications networks, industrial cities, financial centers, etc.). The advent of the

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With the development of the economy, consumers' awareness of protecting their rights and interests is growing, and consumer demand is growing. Online commerce has expanded the consumer market and enhanced consumer information and market transparency. Digital fields not only bring advantages and

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what Havel identifies as 'the general unwillingness of consumption-oriented people to sacrifice some material certainties for the sake of their own spiritual and moral integrity' is a phenomenon that is hardly unique to communist societies. In the West, consumerism induces people to make moral

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For example, in 1993, Goss wrote that the shopping center designers "strive to present an alternative rationale for the shopping center's existence, manipulate shoppers' behavior through the configuration of space, and consciously design a symbolic landscape that provokes associative moods and

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Under the virtual network environment, on the one hand, consumers' privacy protection is vulnerable to infringement, driven by the development of hacker technology and the Internet, on the other hand, consumers' right to know is the basic right of consumers. When purchasing goods and receiving

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in the media or even in their daily lives. The line between information, entertainment, and promotion of products has been blurred, thus explaining how people have become more reformulated into consumerist behaviours. Shopping centers are a representative example of a place where people are

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Consumerism can take extreme forms, to the extent that consumers will sacrifice significant time and income not only to make purchases, but also to actively support a certain firm or brand. As stated by Gary Cross in his book "All Consuming Century: Why Consumerism Won in Modern America",

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dispositions in the shopper". On the prevalence of consumerism in daily life, historian Gary Cross says that "The endless variation of clothing, travel, and entertainment provided opportunity for practically everyone to find a personal niche, no matter their race, age, gender or class."

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services, we need the real situation of institutional services. Finally, in the Internet era, consumers' demand is increasing, and we also need to protect consumers' rights and interests to improve consumers' rights and interests and promote the operation of the economic market.

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The English evonomy expanded significantly in the 17th century due to new methods of agriculture that rendered it feasible to cultivate a larger area. A time of heightened demand for luxury goods and increased cultural interaction was reflected in the wide range of

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Opponents of consumerism argue that many luxuries and unnecessary consumer-products may act as a social mechanism allowing people to identify like-minded individuals through the display of similar products, again utilizing aspects of status-symbolism to judge

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emphasis on efficiency and economical consumption gave way to a preference for comfort, convenience, and importing products. During this time of transformation, colonial consumers had to choose between rising material desires and conventional values.

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be seen as evidence of the desire of modern consumers to purchase products partly or solely to emulate people of higher social status. This purchasing behavior may co-exist in the mind of a consumer with an image of oneself as being an individualist.

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represented a paradigm shift in the experience of shopping. Customers could now buy an astonishing variety of goods, all in one place, and shopping became a popular leisure activity. While previously the norm had been the scarcity of resources, the

1459:. The term describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of economic behaviour. Veblen's scathing proposal that this unnecessary consumption is a form of status display is made in darkly humorous observations like the following: 1313:

and prosperous merchants took up residence and promoted a culture of luxury and consumption that slowly extended across socio-economic boundaries. Marketplaces expanded as shopping centres, such as the New Exchange, opened in 1609 by

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Conservation scientists Lian Pin Koh and Tien Ming Lee, discuss that in the 21st century, the damage to forests and biodiversity cannot be dealt with only by the shift towards "Green" initiatives such as "sustainable production,

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By the turn of the 20th century, the average worker in Western Europe or the United States still spent approximately 80–90% of their income on food and other necessities. What was needed to propel consumerism, was a system of

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created an unprecedented economic situation. For the first time in history products were available in outstanding quantities, at outstandingly low prices, therefore available to virtually everyone in the industrialized West.

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would pin the tag where it actually belongs – on Mr. Consumer, the real boss and beneficiary of the American system. It would pull the rug right out from under our unfriendly critics who have blasted away so long and loud at

1602:'s Dave Tilford, "With less than 5 percent of world population, the U.S. uses one-third of the world's paper, a quarter of the world's oil, 23 percent of the coal, 27 percent of the aluminum, and 19 percent of the copper." 2884:

writes that consumers are often unaware of the negative environmental impacts of producing many modern goods and services, and that the extensive advertising industry only serves to reinforce increasing consumption.

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Jon Goss(1993), The "Magic of the Mall": An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No. 1. (Mar. 1993), pp.

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Consumerism is the concept that consumers should be informed decision makers in the marketplace. In this sense consumerism is the study and practice of matching consumers with trustworthy information, such as

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he notes, "Basically, the economic system does not work when it comes to protecting environmental resources, and the political system does not work when it comes to correcting the economic system".

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to the organization of the assembly line in other industries; this unleashed incredible productivity and reduced the costs of commodities produced on assembly lines around the world.

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Arguably, the success of the consumerist cultural ideology can be witnessed all around the world. People who rush to the mall to buy products and end up spending money with their

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When consumerism is considered as a movement to improve rights and powers of buyers in relation to sellers, there are certain traditional rights and powers of sellers and buyers.

2893:, and improved production practices". They argue that consumption in developing and emerging countries needs to be less excessive. Likewise, other ecological economists such as 1179:

One sense of the term relates to efforts to support consumers' interests. By the early 1970s it had become the accepted term for the field and began to be used in these ways:

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Leslie Sklair, from Chapter 5 of Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, 2002. Reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press

2734:. Some people believe relationships with a product or brand name are substitutes for healthy human relationships lacking in societies, and along with consumerism, create a 1444:

noted to fellow advertising executives in 1932 that "consumer engineering must see to it that we use up the kind of goods we now merely use", while the domestic theorist

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introduced what he referred to as the "commodification of consciousness", and coined the term "commodity self" to describe an identity built by the goods we consume.

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to purchase more products and upgrade whatever they currently had. In the United States, a new consumer culture developed centered around buying products, especially

2917:, and consumer cultural historian Gary Cross. Leslie Sklair proposes the criticism through the idea of culture-ideology of consumerism in his works. He says that, 2696:

is used to describe the tendency of people to identify strongly with products or services they consume, especially those with commercial brand-names and perceived

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of consumers should strongly inform the choice by manufacturers of what is produced and how, and therefore influence the economic organization of a society.

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Since consumerism began, various individuals and groups have consciously sought an alternative lifestyle. These movements range on a spectrum from moderate "

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says that "Trying to reduce environmental pollution without reducing consumerism is like combatting drug trafficking without reducing the drug addiction."

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Andreas Eisingerich discusses in his article "Vision statement: Behold the extreme consumers...and learn to embrace them" that "In many critical contexts,

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is a social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for

1322:. Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to meet and socialize and became popular destinations alongside the theatre. From 1660, 4041: 3742:"Do Consumers Acculturated to Global Consumer Culture Buy More Impulsively? The Moderating Role of Attitudes towards and Beliefs about Advertising" 3711: 1106:

The term "consumerism" has several definitions. These definitions may not be related to each other and confusingly, they conflict with each other.

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and became widespread around 1900. In economics, consumerism refers to policies that emphasize consumption. It is the consideration that the

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The term "conspicuous consumption" spread to describe consumerism in the United States in the 1960s, but was soon linked to debates about

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observed in 1929 that "the way to break the vicious deadlock of a low standard of living is to spend freely, and even waste creatively".

4718:"Exploring relationship between environmentalism and consumerism in a market economy society: A structured systematic literature review" 5305: 4380: 4296: 4220: 1082:) and environmentalists concerned about its impact on the planet. Experts often assert that consumerism has physical limits, such as 3416: 1206:

is the social movement which refers to all actions and all entities within the marketplace which give consideration to the consumer.

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compromises with themselves daily, and they lie to themselves in the name of ideas like 'self-realization' or 'personal growth.'

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Moreover, some critics have expressed concern about the role commodities play in the definition of one's self. In his 1976 book

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to mean "high levels of consumption". This definition has gained popularity since the 1970s and began to be used in these ways:

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Panizzut, Nina; Rafi-ul-Shan, Piyya Muhammad; Amar, Hassan; Sher, Farooq; Mazhar, Muhammad Usman; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír (2021).

2636: 1148:, whereby consumer preferences, valuations, and choices control the economy entirely. This view stood in direct opposition to 5127: 4004: 3582: 3365: 2035: 5958: 2762:(1884–1966), who held American materialism up as "a beacon of mediocrity that threatened to eclipse French civilization". 5854: 4894:

Cross, Gary S. An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America. Columbia University Press, 2002. pp.233

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Consumerism has been criticized by both individuals who choose other ways of participating in the economy (i.e. choosing

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Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture". Oxford UP, 2001, p. 279

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Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture". Oxford UP, 2001, p. 79

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Discussions of the environmental implications of consumerist ideologies in works by economists James Gustave Speth and

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London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position, with speculative architects like

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Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture". Oxford UP, 2001, p.78

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operating. This then-scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of the influential work

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Critics of consumerism point out that consumerist societies are more prone to damage the environment, contribute to

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The bridge at the edge of the world : capitalism, the environment, and crossing from crisis to sustainability

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Consumerism has long had intentional underpinnings, rather than just developing out of capitalism. As an example,

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included sugar, tobacco, tea, and coffee; these were increasingly grown on vast plantations (historically by

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Consumerism is a force from the marketplace which destroys individuality and harms society. It is related to

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recognize the inherent conflict between consumer-driven consumption and planet-wide ecological degradation.

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The pattern of intensified consumption became particularly visible in the 17th century in London, where the

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addresses the macro-economic, social and ecological implications of a primarily consumer-driven economy.

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convenience but also cause many problems and increase the opportunities for consumers to suffer damage.

1367: 1238: 1025: 544: 481: 414: 392: 2774: 6651: 6303: 5042: 4520:: on Care for Our Common Home: Encyclical Letter, by Pope Francis, Our Sunday Visitor, 2015, pp. 27–27. 3866: 3626:"Colonial Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764-1776" 3444:"On self-service democracy: Configurations of individualizing governance and self-directed citizenship" 2843: 2564: 2499: 2404: 2181: 2055: 1806: 1736: 853: 369: 4644: 4539: 3900: 3327: 6431: 6243: 6106: 5596: 5246: 5195: 5120: 5058: 2419: 2204: 2116: 1711: 1638: 1572:. Subcultures also manipulate the value and prevalence of certain commodities through the process of 627: 314: 3575:

Empire of things: how we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to the twenty-first

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Sklair, L. 2012. Culture-Ideology of Consumerism. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization

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Consumerism refers to the field of studying, regulating, or interacting with the marketplace. The

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of natural resources or large amounts of waste from disposable goods and significant effects like

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Swagler, R. (1994). "Evolution and Applications of the Term Consumerism: Theme and Variations".

3202: – Cultural production made through social interactions of different communities and groups 3149: – Refers to highly mobile individuals who take frequent trips, often over great distances. 1347: 6546: 6541: 6456: 6426: 5467: 5339: 5310: 5100:

The Human Being Lost in Consumerism: A Polish Perspective and Challenges in Religious Education

3205: 3146: 3061: 3017: – attempts to expand on the traditional theories of value used by economists or ethicists 2111: 2060: 2030: 1609:, "If everyone consumed resources at the US level, you will need another four or five Earths." 1558: 1153: 946: 823: 617: 476: 407: 294: 252: 3994: 3504: 3371: 1426: 6725: 6644: 6606: 6581: 6566: 6497: 6482: 6317: 6283: 6206: 6191: 6076: 5991: 5816: 5293: 4666: 4274: 3289: 3199: 3023: 2731: 2544: 2374: 2349: 2123: 2099: 2011: 1731: 1420: 1412: 1395: 1385: 1370:, and pushing the message that the potential customer's personal life requires some product. 1064: 926: 911: 833: 813: 768: 665: 524: 514: 486: 359: 349: 277: 6201: 5079:

Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy,"

4042:"The meteoric rise of Chinese consumerism will reshape the world, and maybe even destroy it" 272: 6766: 6735: 6713: 6223: 6186: 6061: 6026: 5765: 5113: 4682: 3255: 3216: 3210: 3102: 2993: 2727: 2569: 2489: 2484: 1941: 1891: 1861: 1791: 1550: 1441: 1219: 1167: 976: 931: 906: 873: 577: 572: 509: 504: 262: 99: 16:

Socio-economic order that encourages the purchase of goods/services in ever-greater amounts

6086: 3219: – Policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life 1455:" originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writings of sociologist and economist 8: 6536: 6531: 6416: 6248: 6218: 6031: 6011: 5944: 5900: 5586: 5500: 5200: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5146: 4064: 3965:

Miller, Eric. Attracting the Affluent. Naperville, Illinois: Financial Sourcebooks, 1990.

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The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit – Updated Edition

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in itself, but they argue against increasing the consumption of resources beyond what is

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While the above definitions were becoming established, other people began using the term

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argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.

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occurrence, in an inclement climate, for people to go ill clad to appear well dressed.

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Today, people are universally and continuously being exposed to mass consumerism and

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labor) in the Caribbean as demand steadily rose. In particular, sugar consumption in

1203: 1083: 1068: 1001: 868: 735: 725: 670: 592: 466: 451: 329: 299: 229: 219: 154: 4702: 4275:"Where the Green Is: Examining the Paradox of Environmentally Conscious Consumption" 1222:. In this sense consumerism is negative and in opposition to positive lifestyles of 6683: 6616: 6591: 6586: 6492: 6382: 6344: 6339: 6298: 6288: 6278: 6238: 6056: 6041: 5905: 5874: 5827: 5770: 5735: 5707: 5682: 5626: 5560: 5406: 5391: 5180: 5170: 4919: 4729: 4690: 4422: 4255: 4244:"SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IS CHANGING CULTURAL PERCEPTION TOWARD ENVIRONMENT" 4183: 4144: 3912: 3756: 3455: 3397: 3222: 3140: 3055: 2985: 2910:

relationship between environmentalism and consumerism in a market economy society.

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Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture

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Cultural capital, the intangible social value of goods, is not solely generated by

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Consumerism is the concept that the marketplace itself is responsible for ensuring

1172: 1160: 1091: 803: 778: 730: 710: 655: 632: 582: 461: 364: 354: 344: 309: 199: 149: 139: 134: 5520: 4188: 4171: 3992: 3916: 3760: 3213: – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem 1090:, which have larger impacts on the environment. This includes direct effects like 6730: 6611: 6601: 6571: 6477: 6111: 6021: 5915: 5780: 5750: 5702: 5479: 5320: 4694: 4478: 4426: 3954: 3671: 3648: 3600:"Luxury and War: Reconsidering Luxury Consumption in Seventeenth-Century England" 3361: 3243: 3190: 3007: 2931:

explicitly exposed to an environment that welcomes and encourages consumption.

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Figures who arguably do not wholly buy into consumerism include German historian

2670: 2554: 2539: 2399: 2354: 2304: 2234: 1977: 1936: 1866: 1856: 1846: 1766: 1721: 1706: 1696: 1676: 1606: 1473: 1469: 1404: 1379: 1363: 1351: 1327: 1185: 1087: 1013: 858: 763: 720: 700: 695: 685: 680: 602: 397: 20: 4259: 3052: – Condition in which consumer demand is manipulated through mass-marketing 2677: 6329: 6273: 6253: 6091: 6046: 6001: 5996: 5740: 5722: 5687: 5642: 5621: 5505: 5277: 4734: 4717: 4517: 4060:"Use It and Lose It: The Outsize Effect of U.S. Consumption on the Environment" 3176: 3082: 2877: 2814: 2796: 2599: 2479: 2474: 2364: 2344: 2229: 2189: 2141: 2105: 2040: 1851: 1771: 1595: 1319: 1289: 1192: 1095: 966: 951: 921: 843: 339: 184: 174: 104: 89: 84: 705: 6760: 6708: 6703: 6561: 6436: 6354: 6258: 6126: 6096: 6066: 5811: 5790: 5386: 5362: 5267: 4803: 4770: 4197: 4156: 4110: 3924: 3768: 3536: 3459: 3134: 3032: 2973: 2838: 2697: 2509: 2394: 2334: 2129: 1881: 1605:

China is the world's fastest-growing consumer market. According to biologist

1526: 1310: 1270: 1234: 1227: 1163: 1075: 1060: 956: 828: 788: 660: 324: 224: 204: 4850: 3076: – Global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage 2219: 6693: 6507: 6461: 6441: 6372: 6233: 6181: 6016: 5920: 5910: 5692: 5601: 5591: 5457: 5431: 5064: 3649:"The Plantation Hoe: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Commodity, 1650–1850" 3231: 3167: 3073: 2939: 2851: 2806: 2800: 2584: 2574: 2299: 2239: 2214: 2194: 1896: 1836: 1821: 1781: 1756: 1716: 1542: 1499: 1484:

By 1920 most Americans had experimented with occasional installment buying.

1477: 1261: 878: 818: 745: 529: 304: 214: 5054: 4924: 4905: 4295:

Eisingerich, Andreas B.; Bhardwaj, Gunjan; Miyamoto, Yoshio (April 2010).

4219:

Eisingerich, Andreas B.; Bhardwaj, Gunjan; Miyamoto, Yoshio (April 2010).

3443: 3179: – People who expend their entire salary before the end of each month 1411:, an American car manufacturer. After observing the assembly lines in the 6626: 6411: 6324: 6151: 6101: 6051: 5785: 5606: 5543: 5436: 5315: 3509:(Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 265. 3273: 2914: 2894: 2854: 2780: 2738:, and are part of a general process of social control in modern society. 2609: 2469: 2444: 2379: 2329: 2244: 2224: 2199: 2162: 2094: 1599: 1135: 961: 863: 539: 234: 189: 159: 114: 32: 4395:

http://hundredgoals.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/journal-of-retailing.pdf

4242:

Abun, Damianus; Magallenes, Theogenia; Tabur, Mirriam (September 2018).

4132: 3532:"Shrunken Sovereign: Consumerism, Globalization, and American Emptiness" 6446: 6421: 6359: 6146: 5967: 5864: 5697: 5548: 5421: 5401: 4833:

An all-consuming century : why commercialism won in modern America

4671:"Globalizing Consumption and the Deferral of a Politics of Consequence" 4320:

An all-consuming century : why commercialism won in modern America

4148: 3625: 3246: – Economic and social systems that enable shared access to assets 2989: 2981: 2955: 2943: 2810: 2715: 2701: 2614: 2359: 2284: 2004: 1841: 1816: 1796: 1661: 1495: 1408: 1110: 941: 650: 471: 402: 60: 3673:

Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England

6698: 6621: 6551: 6521: 6451: 6196: 6141: 6116: 6081: 5844: 5553: 5426: 5411: 5272: 4352: 3281: 3153: 2963: 2661: 2604: 2504: 2319: 2083: 1886: 1666: 1580: 1573: 1546: 1506:, argues that sitcoms of this era also helped to promote the idea of 1176:, the word "consumerism" was prominently featured in a negative way. 1149: 981: 971: 916: 740: 675: 519: 267: 74: 41: 4957:

How Much is Enough: The Consumer Society and the Future of the Earth

2865:

According to figures presented by Rees at the annual meeting of the

1218:

Consumerism is the selfish and frivolous collecting of products, or

6718: 5760: 5165: 5093: 4670: 3862:

Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit

3237: 2992:

on the extreme end. Building on these movements, the discipline of

2767: 2589: 2384: 1507: 1354:'s pottery, a status symbol of consumerism in the late 18th century 808: 715: 169: 79: 4080:"China to surpass US as world's biggest consumer market this year" 3599: 2829:

represents the main goal of capitalistic consumerism. In his book

6502: 6364: 5869: 5775: 5730: 4999:

Ryan, Michael T. (2007). "consumption"". In George Ritzer (ed.).

4788:(First Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York. 4532:"Laudato Si' – Chapter One: What is happening to our common home" 3993:

Gary Armstrong; Stewart Adam; Sara Denize; Philip Kotler (2014).

2666: 2167: 2016: 1359: 1266: 996: 109: 37: 5331: 1588:

by appropriating statement items from subcultures they admired.

6636: 6156: 5087: 4942:(NY: Broadway Books, 1997); Joe Dominquez, Vicki Robin et al., 2842:

magazine published in August 2009, reporter Andy Coghlan cited

2685: 2449: 2369: 1926: 1434: 1008: 5105: 4904:

Schmitt, Bernd; Brakus, J Joško; Biraglia, Alessandro (2021).

3105: – Excessive desire to acquire and consume material goods 6667: 5936: 5048: 5021:"Consumers may not realize the full impact of their choices" 3506:

Buying power : a history of consumer activism in America

3122: 2529: 2089: 1537:

Madeline Levine criticized what she saw as a large change in

1199:

policies and laws compel manufacturers to make products safe.

194: 4715: 4294: 4218: 3604:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

3125: – Insatiable longing for material or immaterial gain 1620: 1561:

of purchasing an expensive item to improve social status.

1522: 1170:

and wastefulness. In the advertisements for his 1960 book

4786:

This changes everything : capitalism vs. the climate

4024: 2799:

and use resources at a higher rate than other societies.

1530: 4297:"Behold the Extreme Consumers and Learn to Embrace Them" 4221:"Behold the Extreme Consumers and Learn to Embrace Them" 3058: – Lifestyle hyper-focused on buying material goods 2942:

can easily become entrenched in the financial system of

1598:

has long been associated with consumerism. According to

4645:"Sensible consumerism for environmental sustainability" 4454: 4452: 3260: