368:
1904:
120:
involved. Chemical decontamination of substance can be achieved through decomposition, neutralization, and physical processes, though a clear understanding of the underlying chemistry is required. Contamination of pharmaceutics and therapeutics is notoriously dangerous and creates both perceptual and
75:
or a liquid, as well as the variance of environment the contaminant is found to be in. A contaminant may even be more abstract, as in the case of an unwanted energy source that may interfere with a process. The following represent examples of different types of contamination based on these and other
233:
is a concern. Radioactive substances can appear on surfaces, or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, and processes can give rise to their presence in such places. Several examples of radioactive contamination include:
407:
The conventional food contaminant test methods may be limited by complicated/tedious sample preparing procedure, long testing time, sumptuous instrument, and professional operator. However, some rapid, novel, sensitive, and easy to use and affordable methods were developed including:
1745:
Imene, Boussouar; Cui, ZhiMin; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Gan, Bing; Yin, Yanchao; Tian, Yuanyuan; Deng, Hongtao; Li, Haibing (2014-08-01). "4-Amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, selective recognition and colorimetric detection of cyhalothrin".
137:, where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans, organisms, or environments. An environmental contaminant may be chemical in nature, though it may also be a biological (pathogenic bacteria, virus, invasive species) or physical (energy) agent.
1828:
Lu, Limin; Zhang, Ou; Xu, Jingkun; Wen, Yangping; Duan, Xuemin; Yu, Hongmei; Wu, Liping; Nie, Tao (2013-05-01). "A facile one-step redox route for the synthesis of graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite and their applications in biosensing".
163:. This sort of contamination can result in the decertification of a farm. This sort of contamination can at times be difficult to control, necessitating mechanisms for compensating farmers where there has been contamination by GMOs. A Parliamentary Inquiry in
104:." (This may be true even in physical chemistry, where, for example, the introduction of an impurity in an intrinsic semiconductor positively increases conductivity.) If the additional reactions are detrimental, other terms are often applied such as "
320:
occurs when a planetary body is biologically contaminated by a space probe or spacecraft, either deliberately or unintentionally. This can work both on arrival to the foreign planetary body and upon return to Earth.
88:, the term "contamination" usually describes a single constituent, but in specialized fields the term can also mean chemical mixtures, even up to the level of cellular materials. All chemicals contain some level of
853:
359:
or from sources not related to the ongoing investigation, such as family members or friends of the victim who are not suspects—can lead to wrongful convictions, mistrials, or dismissal of evidence.
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when mixed with other chemicals or mixtures. Chemical reactions resulting from the presence of an impurity may at times be beneficial, in which case the label "contaminant" may be replaced with "
1067:
1936:
1272:
1094:
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Pesticide detection and quantification by strip-based immunoassay, a test strip based on functionalized AuNPs, and test strip, surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS).
379:, accidental introduction of "foreign" material can seriously distort the results of experiments where small samples are used. In cases where the contaminant is a living
1929:
1864:
Parks, Sophie E.; Irving, Donald E.; Milham, Paul J. (2012-02-01). "A critical evaluation of on-farm rapid tests for measuring nitrate in leafy vegetables".
1124:
850:
1922:
150:
1051:
1783:"Fluorescent Ru(phen) 3 2+ -Doped Silica Nanoparticles-Based ICTS Sensor for Quantitative Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat"
1025:
1311:
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can be measured as a quantity in a given location or on a surface, or on a unit area of a surface, such as a square meter or centimeter.
557:
272:
ingested or absorbed radioactive material that contaminates a biological entity, whether unintentionally or intentionally (such as with
514:
1264:
294:
Note that the term "radioactive contamination" may have a connotation that is not intended. The term refers only to the presence of
2065:
188:
71:
Within the sciences, the word "contamination" can take on a variety of subtle differences in meaning, whether the contaminant is a
799:
1090:
989:
1655:
Blažková, Martina; Rauch, Pavel; Fukal, Ladislav (2010-05-15). "Strip-based immunoassay for rapid detection of thiabendazole".
985:
Ogbede, J.U., Giaever, G. & Nislow, C. A genome-wide portrait of pervasive drug contaminants. Sci Rep 11, 12487 (2021).
965:
887:
2099:
1378:"A phenothiazine-based colorimetric chemodosimeter for the rapid detection of cyanide anions in organic and aqueous media"
421:
Bacterial virulence genes detection reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA colony hybridization.
1987:
1019:
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is one mechanism available to scientists to detect contamination activities early before they become too detrimental.
1305:
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Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection and competitive immunoassays with ELISA configuration.
2040:
1781:
Huang, Xiaolin; Aguilar, Zoraida P.; Li, Huaiming; Lai, Weihua; Wei, Hua; Xu, Hengyi; Xiong, Yonghua (2013-05-21).
1700:"Development of colloidal carbon-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of carbaryl in fruit juices"
1117:
384:
2121:
1908:
156:
38:
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Lead quantification by modified immunoassay test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe.
317:
17:
829:
92:. Contamination may be recognized or not and may become an issue if the impure chemical causes additional
1972:
1053:
Programmes and
Systems for Source and Environmental Radiation Monitoring, Safety Reporsts Series No. 64
434:
Nitrite quantification by The PRhB-based electrochemical sensors and Ion selective electrodes (ISEs).
263:
230:
1377:
2131:
2004:
1425:"Rapid and Highly Sensitive Detection of Lead Ions in Drinking Water Based on a Strip Immunosensor"
1423:
Kuang, Hua; Xing, Changrui; Hao, Changlong; Liu, Liqiang; Wang, Libing; Xu, Chuanlai (April 2013).
138:
2060:
1006:
243:
130:
1596:
Zhu, Kui; Dietrich, Richard; Didier, Andrea; Doyscher, Dominik; Märtlbauer, Erwin (April 2014).
2014:
1491:
1008:
IAEA Safety
Glossary: Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, 2007 Edition
1295:
1226:
909:
747:
658:
617:
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Enrofloxacin (chickens antibiotic) quantification by a Ru(phen)3 2+- doped silica fluorescent
2136:
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330:
498:
51:, or some other undesirable element that renders something unsuitable, unfit or harmful for
1436:
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1199:
306:
299:
273:
255:
239:
226:
201:, the term "contamination" is used to describe harmful intrusions, such as the presence of
1914:
1698:
Holubová-Mičková, Barbora; Blažková, Martina; Fukal, Ladislav; Rauch, Pavel (2010-07-01).
1490:
Copetti, Marina V.; Iamanaka, Beatriz T.; Pitt, John I.; Taniwaki, Marta H. (2014-05-16).
399:, where even a few grains of a material can distort results of sophisticated experiments.
8:
1376:
Garg, Bhaskar; Yan, Linyin; Bisht, Tanuja; Zhu, Chaoyuan; Ling, Yong-Chien (2014-08-15).
851:
Contamination of Farms by
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Options for Compensation
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1598:"Recent Developments in Antibody-Based Assays for the Detection of Bacterial Toxins"
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431:(NP) based immunochromatographic test strip and a portable fluorescent strip reader.
60:
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1091:"Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation: IAEA Conference to Start on Monday"
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1335:
Chiou, Jiachi; Leung, Arthur Ho Hon; Lee, Hang Wai; Wong, Wing-tak (2015-11-01).
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and gives no indication itself of the magnitude of the hazard involved. However,
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Contamination-Free
Manufacturing for Semiconductors and Other Precision Products
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383:, it can often multiply to dominate the sample and render it useless, as in
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can be employed to catch contamination-causing activities before much harm.
2024:
1994:
1814:
1684:
1641:
1582:
1523:
1476:
1151:"Consequences of nuclear accidents for biodiversity and ecosystem services"
788:"Editorial: Organic Versus GMO Farming: Contamination, What Contamination?"
732:
713:
428:
392:
1614:
1555:
1190:
Cockell, C.S. (2005). "Planetary protection—A microbial ethics approach".
697:"Chemical Impurities: An Epistemological Riddle with Serious Side Effects"
660:
Pharmaceutical
Isolators: A Guide to Their Application, Design and Control
412:
Cyanidin quantification by naphthalimide-based azo dye colorimetric probe.
396:
340:
283:
251:
1228:
Introduction to
Forensic DNA Evidence for Criminal Justice Professionals
1115:
278:
escape of elements after nuclear accident, such as the contamination of
2032:
1449:
1401:
348:
279:
31:
1798:
155:
Another type of environmental contaminant can be found in the form of
134:
113:
85:
948:
Wilson, C.L., ed. (2008). "Preface: Food—A necessity and a threat".
133:, the term "contamination" is in some cases virtually equivalent to
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1999:
444:
206:
178:
117:
101:
97:
89:
48:
1697:
1049:
1004:
873:
Sources of
Contamination in Medicinal Products and Medical Devices
2009:
826:
International
Sustainable Development Research Society Newsletter
701:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
695:
Abdin, Ahmad Yaman; Yeboah, Prince; Jacob, Claus (January 2020).
497:
Donovan, R.P. (2001). "1. Introduction". In
Donovan, R.P. (ed.).
388:
376:
168:
1962:
1903:
1539:"Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Mycotoxins: A Review"
109:
821:
544:
Introduction to Contamination Control and Cleanroom Technology
202:
105:
72:
1944:
1489:
1337:"Rapid testing methods for food contaminants and toxicants"
344:
172:
916:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 497–501.
1595:
1116:
Stanford Environmental Health and Safety (29 June 2017).
352:
1492:"Fungi and mycotoxins in cocoa: From farm to chocolate"
339:, evidence can become contaminated. Contamination of
402:
159:(GMOs), specifically when they come in contact with
1109:
1056:. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 234.
1014:. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 227.
1654:
1330:
1328:
1183:
1118:"Radiation Protection Guidance for Hospital Staff"
752:Environmental Contaminants: Assessment and Control
175:but ultimately settled on recommending no action.
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492:
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2113:
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179:Food, beverage, and pharmaceutical contamination
151:Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms
1422:
1375:
1325:
1082:
863:
312:
167:considered a range of options for compensating
1265:"How DNA Contamination Can Affect Court Cases"
739:
647:
622:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 828.
485:
124:
30:For substances secretly mixed to another, see
1930:
1218:
1189:
941:
779:
745:
577:
528:
496:
144:
1827:
1224:
1179:– via Society of Conservation Biology.
998:
947:
748:"6. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry"
571:
537:
457:
242:remaining at a site after the completion of
220:
1293:
1256:
1148:
1088:
1050:International Atomic Energy Agency (2010).
1005:International Atomic Energy Agency (2007).
813:
656:
1937:
1923:
1496:International Journal of Food Microbiology
1262:
987:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91792-1
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615:
609:
1631:
1613:
1572:
1554:
1466:
1448:
1352:
1166:
819:
785:
722:
712:
546:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 20–26.
225:In environments where nuclear safety and
79:
66:
2066:List of medicine contamination incidents
1149:von Wehrden, Henrik (28 December 2011).
907:
663:. Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 88–89.
366:
324:
189:List of medicine contamination incidents
1945:Combined substance use and adulteration
1536:
362:
14:
2114:
1093:. International Atomic Energy Agency.
1918:
1704:European Food Research and Technology
1070:from the original on 24 December 2019
912:. In Dikeman, M.; Devine, C. (eds.).
171:whose farms had been contaminated by
2100:List of reagent testing color charts
1031:from the original on 18 January 2020
822:"Compensation for GMO contamination"
860:, Journal of Organics, 6(1):31–46.
24:
1988:List of polysubstance combinations
1341:Journal of Integrative Agriculture
1275:from the original on 12 April 2016
387:. A similar affect can be seen in
47:is the presence of a constituent,
25:
2148:
1896:
1831:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
1748:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
1508:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.023
1130:from the original on 5 March 2018
403:Food contaminant detection method
2041:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
1902:
1537:Maragos, Chris (December 2009).
1168:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00217.x
1097:from the original on 21 May 2016
1857:
1821:
1774:
1738:
1691:
1648:
1589:
1530:
1483:
1416:
1369:
1314:from the original on 2020-08-07
1245:from the original on 2020-02-08
1142:
979:
968:from the original on 2021-12-04
930:from the original on 2020-02-08
890:from the original on 2021-12-04
843:
832:from the original on 2020-01-19
802:from the original on 2018-04-21
768:from the original on 2020-02-08
677:from the original on 2020-02-08
636:from the original on 2020-02-08
598:from the original on 2020-02-08
560:from the original on 2020-02-08
517:from the original on 2020-02-08
385:contaminated cell culture lines
305:Like environmental monitoring,
27:Presence of an unwanted element
1263:Geddes, L. (11 January 2012).
1212:10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.08.003
954:. CRC Press. pp. xi–xvi.
870:Bohrer, D. (2012). "Preface".
754:. Elsevier. pp. 289–332.
688:
581:Textbook of Physical Chemistry
470:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
157:genetically modified organisms
39:Contamination (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1878:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.015
1657:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
1354:10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61119-4
1231:. CRC Press. pp. 134–8.
914:Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences
584:. PHI Learning. p. 278.
450:
288:nuclear disaster in Chernobyl
1089:Chatzis, I. (26 July 2017).
951:Microbial Food Contamination
910:"Environmental Contaminants"
318:Interplanetary contamination
313:Interplanetary contamination
246:of a site where there was a
7:
619:Biology: Understanding Life
503:. CRC Press. pp. 1–3.
438:
371:Contamination on agar plate
125:Environmental contamination
116:, depending on the type of
10:
2153:
1973:Combined drug intoxication
1669:10.1016/j.bios.2010.02.011
792:Journal of Organic Systems
328:
182:
148:
145:Agricultural contamination
36:
29:
2081:
2023:
1950:
1843:10.1016/j.snb.2013.02.024
1760:10.1016/j.snb.2014.03.097
1716:10.1007/s00217-010-1301-z
1300:. Springer. p. 387.
876:. John Wiley & Sons.
231:radioactive contamination
221:Radioactive contamination
2005:Polysubstance dependence
139:Environmental monitoring
2061:Counterfeit medications
131:environmental chemistry
1951:Combined substance use
1866:Scientia Horticulturae
1297:Applied Mining Geology
746:Vallero, D.A. (2010).
714:10.3390/ijerph17031030
578:Moudgil, H.K. (2014).
372:
121:technical challenges.
80:Chemical contamination
67:Types of contamination
2122:Environmental science
2046:Clandestine chemistry
1615:10.3390/toxins6041325
1556:10.3390/toxins1020196
1225:Taupin, J.M. (2013).
538:Ramstorp, M. (2008).
370:
331:Contaminated evidence
325:Contaminated evidence
1911:at Wikimedia Commons
1787:Analytical Chemistry
1294:Abzalov, M. (2016).
1155:Conservation Letters
849:Paull, John (2019)
657:Midcalf, B. (2004).
363:Contaminated samples
307:radiation monitoring
274:radiopharmaceuticals
264:nuclear powered ship
256:experimental reactor
240:radioactive material
227:radiation protection
215:pharmaceutical drugs
37:For other uses, see
1441:2013Senso..13.4214K
1394:2014RSCAd...436344G
1388:(68): 36344–36349.
1204:2005SpPol..21..287C
616:Alters, S. (2000).
377:biological sciences
199:medicinal chemistry
161:organic agriculture
57:natural environment
1450:10.3390/s130404214
1402:10.1039/C4RA06440B
992:2021-12-04 at the
856:2019-09-21 at the
820:Paull, J. (2018).
786:Paull, J. (2014).
373:
94:chemical reactions
2109:
2108:
1983:Polysubstance use
1958:Active metabolite
1907:Media related to
1799:10.1021/ac400502v
1793:(10): 5120–5128.
1347:(11): 2243–2264.
908:Rose, M. (2014).
540:"2. Contaminants"
473:. Merriam-Webster
165:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
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1978:Drug interaction
1968:Combination drug
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