793:
460:
815:
1024:
936:
834:
977:
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29:
556:
481:. He proposed that it would lend greater facility to the bass trombone, and described the idea of using two joined outer slides moving on four inner tubes, halving the distances between slide positions. Makers soon applied the double slide to bass trombones in F and E♠that would normally require a slide handle to reach the longest positions. Newly invented models of contrabass trombone in low 16′ C and 18′ B♠soon followed, and the first double-slide contrabass trombones were produced by Parisian maker
103:
2822:
3702:
1211:
more agile, since for much of its range it has a shorter air column and, like the bass trombone, has two valves which allow access to more alternate positions. Nonetheless, like the tuba, the instrument is better suited as the contrabass voice of harmonic material in an ensemble, rather than virtuoso or solo passages.
1214:
The use of a contrabass trombone in an orchestra is usually as an additional fourth player to the standard section of three trombones. In the past, the lack of good instruments, and players able to play them, meant that contrabass trombone parts were often played on a tuba or bass trombone (as can be
958:
can be conceived of as two regular trombone slides operating as one, i.e. two outer slide bows braced together, moving on four parallel inner slides. Although it eliminates the need for a long slide with a handle, it doubles the weight, the friction of movement, and the length of the air column that
932:
one valve that lowers the instrument a fourth (i.e. Bâ™/F or C/G), and the
Miraphone C model has a second independent valve tunable to A or Aâ™. The second valve can also be fitted with a smaller Bâ™ tuning slide, and has a reversible linkage to place the instrument in Bâ™, raising it to C when engaged.
931:
Double slide contrabass trombones are still made by German makers Thein and
Miraphone, in 18′ B♠(Miraphone also offer one built in 16′ C). The bore is large, varying from 0.587 inches (14.9 mm) up to 0.615 inches (15.6 mm) for the largest Miraphone models. They are all built with at least
1210:
The double-slide contrabass trombone in Bâ™ is taxing to play, even with modern instruments. It is unwieldy, being about twice as heavy as a tenor or bass trombone, and its cylindrical bore is less efficient than a similar-pitched tuba, requiring more air to produce a good sound. The F contrabass is
914:
to 11 inches (240 to 280 mm). The bore is typically at least as wide as the 0.562 inches (14.3 mm) version usually used in modern bass trombones, and is commonly around 0.576 to 0.605 inches (14.6 to 15.4 mm) in size. Some models employ a dual-bore slide, and many models are now made
763:
in sixth (slide fully extended, without using a handle). The valves also provide alternatives for other notes in long slide positions, thus neither a longer slide with a handle nor a cumbersome double slide are needed. Dehmel's bass-contrabass instrument is the prototype for all modern F contrabass
892:
into Aâ™. The "American" style commonly favoured by
American manufacturers and players has valves in C and Dâ™, combining to give A. This results in a contrabass with valves using the same intervals (F/C/Dâ™/A) as a two-valve bass trombone (Bâ™/F/Gâ™/D). Some instrument makers provide sets of tuning
593:
double-slide contrabass trombones in 16′ C. These were intended for use in
British orchestras performing Wagner's operas, and one surviving instrument built in 1898 was named "King Kong" by players. At the turn of the 20th century, American instrument manufacturer
772:
Since the 1990s, the contrabass trombone in F with two valve attachments has all but replaced the double slide Bâ™ instrument. The contrabass trombone is increasingly called for in large orchestral works by modern composers, and routinely since the late 1990s in
1321:
1549:
used throughout parts of
Renaissance Europe, tenor trombones were usually described as pitched in A, even though they are a similar size to modern Bâ™ tenor trombones. The first position A = 466 Hz in high pitch produces the Bâ™ in the modern
1317:
1215:
heard on many 20th century recordings of Wagner, Verdi and
Puccini). Nowadays however, it is considered unacceptable to use anything but a contrabass trombone to play them, at least in professional settings. Most
262:
1440:
527:
cycle, writing a fourth trombone part to double on bass and contrabass trombone. For the première in 1876, Wagner commissioned a contrabass in 18′ B♠from Berlin instrument maker
2038:
3540:
880:("in-line") valves. These valves are usually tuned two ways. A "traditional" configuration common with European manufacturers has a first valve lowering the instrument a
438:
Bâ™. Praetorius called this double-length instrument very rare. Canadian trombonist and early music specialist
Maximilien Brisson proposes the other type was a large-bore
337:
opera cycle in the 1870s, and contrabass trombone has since appeared occasionally in large orchestral works without becoming a permanent member of the modern orchestra.
2011:
531:, who built it with a double slide. The double slide and the pitch one octave lower means this instrument has the same seven positions as the tenor trombone, and a
1181:(2010) has made the contrabass trombone nearly ubiquitous, and bass trombonists are now routinely required to double on contrabass for soundtrack session work.
1488:
1297:
1263:
966:) had no valves and were built with narrower bores, and some instruments only have six usable slide positions, instead of the seven that would be expected.
1813:
2268:
1053:
pedal is unobtainable. These notes are not missing on the modern F contrabass, which can access the lowest useful range of the double slide contrabass.
1507:
2085:
1892:
1436:
2598:
1779:
1459:
1592:
1340:
2884:
2034:
1382:
1163:(1968), played by Phil Teele. The popularisation of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral music in films and video games like the remake of
2291:
680:
2123:
340:
Since the late 20th century, the double-slide contrabass has largely been supplanted by the less cumbersome bass-contrabass in F, a
962:
Older double slide instruments from the 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g. Conn, Boosey & Co., and French makers
Courtois and
1282:
3573:
1420:
1401:
2826:
2770:
2723:
2677:
2563:
2508:
2461:
2402:
2196:
2007:
1983:
1846:
2157:
2119:
792:
2847:
1546:
456:. These large instruments were seldom used and generally unsatisfactory with players, being unwieldy and taxing to play.
459:
2843:
706:
contrabass trombone in low Bâ™. This instrument blended with the usual
Italian trombone section of the time—three tenor
2359:
1588:
802:
46:
1484:
814:
3874:
3864:
2877:
2632:
1676:
1259:
465:
2241:
1801:
1301:
3458:
1165:
1159:
714:
both wrote for this instrument in their later operas, although confusingly they often referred to it as simply
877:
871:
3494:
3463:
2260:
1359:
1503:
1188:, the contrabass trombone can sometimes be employed to play the fourth (bass) trombone parts in big bands.
963:
1126:. Despite this, the contrabass trombone did not earn a permanent seat in the opera or symphony orchestra.
1145:. It has also enjoyed a revival particularly in film and video game soundtracks, due to the influence of
1023:
976:
756:
555:
102:
1239:
1237:
1235:
3566:
3525:
2870:
2547:
2445:
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2077:
1189:
282:
1884:
3504:
1671:
1232:
1171:
3309:
1746:
1455:
1010:
using both valves, but in practice very low pedal tones become increasingly difficult to produce on
3499:
1809:
1584:
833:
3484:
3422:
3392:
2762:
2669:
1759:
935:
825:
621:
575:
519:
431:
333:
306:
1336:
3345:
1861:
1378:
703:
229:
188:
986:
The range of a modern F contrabass trombone with two valves is fully chromatic from at least C
3869:
3828:
3559:
3091:
2500:
1551:
434:
and an extension handle to reach the lower positions. One such instrument survives, built in
3666:
2299:
1374:
3596:
3489:
3225:
3205:
3188:
3111:
2441:
2153:
1842:
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cycle, it has occasionally been used by other 20th century composers. In
Germany, composer
821:
617:
612:
149:
74:
482:
223:
8:
2107:
1198:
1130:
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in Bâ™â€”and became the prototype for the modern cimbasso. Verdi and Italian opera composer
528:
348:. In the 21st century the contrabass has enjoyed something of a revival, particularly in
1439:. Markneukirchen, Germany: JĂĽrgen Voigt Meisterwerkstatt fĂĽr Metallblasinstrumentenbau.
631:
as the bass voice of the brass section, a confusing term which over time referred to an
510:
3879:
3479:
3443:
3377:
3251:
3081:
2939:
2914:
2644:
1771:
1278:
1220:
1086:(1913) for a section of seven trombones including alto and contrabass. French composer
586:
394:
309:, the first practical contrabass trombones appeared in the mid-19th century built in 18
235:
111:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
897:
3601:
3143:
2966:
2784:
2776:
2766:
2729:
2719:
2683:
2673:
2636:
2623:
Meucci, Renato (1996). "The Cimbasso and Related Instruments in 19th-Century Italy".
2569:
2559:
2514:
2504:
2467:
2457:
2408:
2398:
2365:
2355:
2202:
2192:
1989:
1979:
1138:
1134:
1087:
1076:
1015:
1006:
with the six reachable open slide positions. In theory the range extends as far as F♯
393:
in D, a fourth or fifth below the "common" tenor trombone in A. German music scholar
375:
1416:
1397:
477:, first documented nearly two centuries later in 1816 by German writer and composer
3795:
3631:
3417:
3329:
3021:
2893:
2800:
2745:
2699:
2652:
2604:
2585:
2551:
2530:
2483:
2449:
2424:
2381:
2218:
2184:
1763:
1713:
1011:
916:
778:
435:
353:
298:
290:
274:
59:
39:
2145:
1835:
1153:, Bob Sanders and others. The contrabass trombone first appeared in film music in
1119:
1115:
28:
3509:
3362:
3193:
3163:
3158:
2934:
2924:
2792:
2737:
2691:
2577:
2522:
2475:
2416:
2373:
2210:
1667:
1281:[Contrabass trombones] (in German). Weinfelden, Switzerland: Haag Brass.
1154:
1142:
1129:
Since the late 1980s the contrabass trombone has appeared in orchestral works by
1071:
1066:
744:
711:
632:
478:
266:
54:
2761:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Peterson, Lennie (illustrator). Lanham:
1033:
The range of the original Bâ™ contrabass trombone demanded by Wagner extends to E
864:
3823:
3770:
3755:
3718:
3681:
3626:
3382:
3296:
2958:
2929:
1358:(in German). Herzogenrath, Germany: Metallblasinstrumentenbau Markus Leuchter.
1103:
707:
654:
571:
514:
341:
328:
318:
3314:
2834:
2788:
2573:
2518:
2453:
2206:
2188:
1993:
1767:
1627:
846:
by Sprinz, after the Dehmel design; St Cecilia's Hall, University of Edinburgh
505:
3858:
3760:
3671:
3646:
3636:
3606:
3530:
3453:
3402:
3367:
3173:
3131:
3045:
3016:
3011:
2759:
An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player
2733:
2640:
2471:
2412:
2369:
2250:, pp. 69–71, Appendix A: Orchestral works including contrabass trombone.
2183:. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Cham: ASA Press. pp. 192–193.
2111:
1123:
920:
885:
740:
663:" (referring to the tuba) as the bass of the trombone section, preferring a "
566:
561:
545:
540:
532:
494:
445:
384:
345:
294:
126:
94:
2804:
2796:
2749:
2741:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2656:
2589:
2581:
2534:
2526:
2487:
2479:
2428:
2420:
2385:
2377:
2222:
2214:
3805:
3765:
3728:
3691:
3582:
3535:
3448:
3355:
3350:
3281:
3148:
3138:
3126:
2919:
1111:
1099:
1081:
733:
368:
2555:
1094:
cycle, wrote for it in several of his later works, including his last two
1041:, although some instruments with a shorter slide cannot always reach the C
900:
diameter is similar to or slightly larger than a bass trombone, at around
3785:
3733:
3656:
3621:
3616:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2711:
1880:
1741:
1216:
1146:
1028:
Range of the Bâ™ contrabass trombone; notes marked "V" require an F valve.
947:
889:
881:
2608:
3775:
3438:
3387:
3372:
3324:
3319:
3304:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3121:
3055:
3050:
1107:
781:
774:
748:
685:
636:
595:
356:
349:
241:
2648:
1775:
3838:
3780:
3745:
3738:
3723:
3661:
3611:
3412:
3397:
3153:
3086:
3065:
3026:
1177:
806:
64:
2862:
3833:
3800:
3790:
3750:
3676:
3407:
3256:
3031:
3000:
1095:
644:
628:
607:
325:
286:
131:
121:
2780:
1355:
1223:
require the bass trombonist to double on the contrabass trombone.
1192:
has written for it in several of her works, featuring on her 2007
3641:
3246:
3215:
3183:
3168:
3116:
3060:
3039:
2944:
2908:
2716:
The One Hundred Essential Works for the Symphonic Bass Trombonist
1318:"F contrabass trombone with Eâ™/Bâ™ or C/D attachment axial-valves"
1061:
After Wagner's reinvention of the Bâ™ contrabass trombone for the
1002:. Pedal tones are distinct and resonant, and can be obtained to C
737:
598:
produced a small number of Bâ™ double-slide contrabass trombones.
453:
427:
3843:
3551:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3178:
2952:
2821:
1836:"Contrabass trombone in 16-ft C, case, Nominal pitch: 16-ft C."
1701:
732:
a new design of contrabass trombone that added two independent
729:
671:
509:, an unfinished opera by his father-in-law and French composer
314:
448:, resulting in an instrument in C capable of playing down to G
378:
in the late 16th century. Bass trombones of the time were the
3541:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3286:
3261:
2972:
2229:
2108:"Contrabass Slide Trombone (JĂ©rĂ´me Thibouville-Lamy, France)"
1870:, p. 69, Helleburg, Anders Christian August (August C.).
1433:
Can be built with a long, seven-position slide with a handle.
676:
627:
Italian composers for much of the 19th century specified the
322:
2542:
Herbert, Trevor; Myers, Arnold; Wallace, John, eds. (2019).
3686:
3075:
1185:
649:
640:
473:
The innovation that enabled a practical instrument was the
1607:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1300:. Anaheim, CA: Kanstul Musical Instruments. Archived from
1919:
888:
into Bâ™, which when used together lower the instrument a
3701:
1907:
893:
slides that allow changing between both configurations.
430:
built in A one octave below the tenor, with a very long
2179:
Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Jöel; Myers, Arnold (2021).
1557:
820:
Contrabass trombone in 16′ C by Boosey & Co, 1898.
564:
intended for contrabass in the fourth trombone part of
2668:. Early Music Series. Translated by David Z. Crookes.
2666:
Syntagma Musicum. II, De Organographia: Parts I and II
2600:
The Contrabass Trombone: Into the Twenty-First Century
2314:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1794:
1662:
1660:
1529:
1527:
1525:
994:, with a comfortable working range of approximately E
872:
Bass trombone § Dependent and independent valves
2178:
2026:
1931:
1645:
1603:– via MIMO: Musical Instrument Museums Online.
1339:(in German). Bremen, Germany: Lätzsch Custom Brass.
1246:, p. 483, Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones.
1098:. It has also been called for in works by composers
747:
by supplying missing low register notes between the
2541:
2138:
2053:
1943:
1657:
1522:
1243:
2326:
1745:
1479:
1477:
503:(1869), and in his completion in the same year of
1579:
1577:
1254:
1252:
616:Cimbasso in Bâ™ by Stowasser, early 20th century.
585:In Britain in the 1860s, London instrument maker
3856:
488:
16:Lowest-pitched instrument in the trombone family
2544:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments
2000:
1474:
1320:. Wilstedt, Germany: Kromat Brass Instruments.
657:expressed his displeasure about "that devilish
523:, a cycle of four operas commonly known as the
2435:
2235:
1965:
1963:
1574:
1249:
736:to the old bass trombone in F, still found in
3567:
2878:
2833:Crewe, Murray (bass trombone) (23 May 2007).
2499:. Yale Musical Instrument Series. New Haven:
2436:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997).
2283:
2146:"Contrabass trombone, nominal pitch 18-ft Bâ™"
1485:"Contrabass Trombone in Bb with Double Slide"
715:
697:
691:
664:
658:
2438:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
2008:"Slide trombones: Model 67 contrabass in CC"
1969:
939:A double slide from an early bass trombone,
728:In 1921, Ernst Dehmel, a Berlin trombonist,
720:to distinguish it from the tenor trombones.
517:notably employed contrabass trombone in his
498:
497:called for contrabass trombone in his opera
463:Gottfried Weber's trombone slide concept in
439:
405:
388:
379:
81:(Sliding aerophone sounded by lip vibration)
2846:, Pittsburgh. Interview at 1 min, 16 sec.
2354:(2nd ed.). Winchester: Piccolo Press.
1960:
1262:(in German). Vlotho, Germany: Finke Horns.
926:
411:
3574:
3560:
2885:
2871:
2663:
2172:
1978:]. Cocentaina, Spain: Javier Colomer.
1613:
1037:. With a valve in F the range extends to C
374:The contrabass trombone first appeared in
331:notably called for this instrument in his
1970:Colomer, Javier; Thein, Heinrich (2012).
1458:. Andover, United Kingdom: Wessex Tubas.
1419:. Markneukirchen, Germany: Helmut Voigt.
1734:
1731:, pp. 36–37, "contrabass trombone".
1014:brass instruments due to their inherent
934:
863:For broader coverage of this topic, see
743:of the time. The valves provide a fully
611:
458:
367:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2718:. Maple City: Encore Music Publishers.
2494:
2320:
2037:. Pasadena, California: The Horn Guys.
2010:. Waldkraiburg, Germany: Miraphone eG.
1506:. Waldkraiburg, Germany: Miraphone eG.
1090:, inspired by performances of Wagner's
3857:
2622:
2289:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2035:"Miraphone 670 CC Contrabass Trombone"
1925:
1504:"Slide trombones: Model 67 contrabass"
884:into D, and a second that lowers it a
3555:
2892:
2866:
2596:
2392:
2349:
2261:"Maria Schneider Orchestra: Sky Blue"
2247:
2150:Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh
2059:
1954:
1937:
1913:
1839:Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh
1707:
1695:
1666:
1651:
1568:
1533:
601:
2041:from the original on 11 October 2022
2032:
1976:The World of the Contrabass Trombone
1849:from the original on 11 October 2022
1740:
1539:
1487:. Bremen, Germany: Thein Brass oHG.
1456:"Professional F Contrabass Trombone"
1443:from the original on 11 October 2022
1400:. Bremen, Germany: Thein Brass oHG.
1298:"1690 F/C/Db/A Contra Bass Trombone"
876:Instruments in F are built with two
852:Contrabass trombones through history
723:
2756:
2710:
2332:
2065:
1879:
1867:
1728:
1625:
981:Range of the F contrabass trombone.
767:
13:
2850:from the original on 10 March 2016
2844:Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts
2603:(DMA thesis). University of Iowa.
2271:from the original on 28 March 2023
2126:from the original on 30 March 2023
1816:from the original on 15 April 2023
1782:from the original on 12 March 2022
1595:from the original on 28 March 2023
1462:from the original on 29 March 2023
1423:from the original on 29 March 2023
1362:from the original on 29 March 2023
1343:from the original on 15 April 2023
1324:from the original on 29 March 2023
1285:from the original on 7 August 2022
1266:from the original on 29 March 2023
14:
3891:
2814:
2635:(published March 1996): 143–179.
2088:from the original on 30 July 2021
2014:from the original on 2 March 2023
1895:from the original on 1 April 2023
1510:from the original on 2 March 2023
1491:from the original on 7 March 2022
1404:from the original on 7 March 2022
1385:from the original on 7 March 2022
1244:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
106:Range of the contrabass trombone.
3700:
3581:
2820:
2181:The Science of Brass Instruments
1806:Historical Instrument Collection
1377:. Huddersfield, United Kingdom:
839:Contrabass trombone in F, built
832:
813:
791:
653:in 1872, Italian opera composer
485:(known as Halary) in the 1830s.
452:, the lowest open string of the
27:
2597:Kifer, Shelby Alan (May 2020).
2341:
2290:Newton, Bret (4 October 2015).
2253:
2100:
1972:El Mundo del TrombĂłn Contrabajo
1873:
1828:
1677:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
858:
466:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
293:. While modern instruments are
75:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
3459:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
1747:"An Unfinished Opera by Bizet"
1619:
1205:
959:must be strictly cylindrical.
404:, also describes two types of
1:
3464:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2842:. Interviewed by Bob Lauver.
1356:"Kontrabassposaune in F/C/Db"
1226:
1056:
940:
840:
489:First use in orchestral music
398:
2664:Praetorius, Michael (1620).
2397:. Toronto: Scarecrow Press.
1628:"A new type of bass sackbut"
1149:session players Phil Teele,
865:Trombone § Construction
426:), one of which was a large
321:with a double slide. German
7:
2156:: University of Edinburgh.
1845:: University of Edinburgh.
1802:"Contra-Bass Trombone in C"
1437:"Contrabass-Trombone J-173"
1314:Ceased operations in 2020.
699:trombone contrabbasso Verdi
639:, or early variants of the
10:
3896:
3526:Pitch of brass instruments
2625:The Galpin Society Journal
2548:Cambridge University Press
2446:Cambridge University Press
2236:Herbert & Wallace 1997
2116:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1710:, pp. 62–63, 213–218.
1069:wrote for it in his opera
869:
862:
801:in 18′ B♠by Öller, 1639.
755:in first position and the
605:
366:
362:
3814:
3709:
3698:
3589:
3518:
3472:
3431:
3338:
3295:
3239:
3104:
2900:
2454:10.1017/CCOL9780521563437
2395:A History of the Trombone
2189:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0
643:. In preparation for the
500:La Coutes du Roi de Thulé
444:with an extra whole-tone
166:
161:
145:
140:
117:
110:
100:
93:
85:
73:
45:
38:
26:
2763:Rowman & Littlefield
2495:Herbert, Trevor (2006).
2393:Guion, David M. (2010).
2350:Bevan, Clifford (2000).
1885:"Trombone Photo Gallery"
1810:Birmingham Conservatoire
969:
927:Double slide instruments
589:built a small number of
33:Contrabass trombone in F
2670:Oxford University Press
1768:10.1093/ml/XXVIII.4.347
1760:Oxford University Press
964:JĂ©rĂ´me Thibouville-Lamy
826:University of Edinburgh
622:University of Edinburgh
520:Der Ring des Nibelungen
369:Trombone § History
344:below the Bâ™ tenor and
334:Der Ring des Nibelungen
3875:Orchestral instruments
3865:Contrabass instruments
3310:Marching baritone horn
1379:Michael Rath Trombones
1375:"Contrabass Trombones"
951:
716:
698:
692:
665:
659:
624:
499:
470:
440:
406:
389:
380:
278:
270:
3829:Low-frequency effects
3495:Classical trombonists
3092:Double bell euphonium
2757:Yeo, Douglas (2021).
2556:10.1017/9781316841273
2501:Yale University Press
2292:"Contrabass Trombone"
2078:"Contrabass Trombone"
1632:maximilienbrisson.com
1626:Brisson, Maximilien.
1552:440 Hz pitch standard
1337:"Kontrabass Posaunen"
1045:at full extent, and B
938:
615:
570:, the first opera in
462:
279:trombone contrabbasso
3597:Acoustic bass guitar
2858:– via YouTube.
2829:at Wikimedia Commons
2827:Contrabass trombones
2442:Cambridge Companions
1417:"Kontrabassposaunen"
1398:"Ben van Dijk Model"
1279:"Kontrabassposaunen"
1219:orchestras and some
693:trombone basso Verdi
493:In France, composer
3652:Contrabass trombone
2609:10.17077/etd.005304
1928:, pp. 158–159.
1916:, pp. 406–413.
1752:Music & Letters
1698:, pp. 213–218.
1670:(30 October 1816).
1591:. Accession: M242.
1571:, pp. 500–501.
1221:symphony orchestras
1199:The Thompson Fields
1131:Harrison Birtwistle
529:Carl Wilhelm Moritz
258:contrabass trombone
247:Kanstul (1981–2020)
112:Related instruments
23:
22:Contrabass trombone
3444:British brass band
3315:Marching euphonium
3082:Subcontrabass tuba
2672:(published 1986).
2633:William Waterhouse
2082:Roseville Big Band
1545:Due to the higher
1166:Planet of the Apes
1160:Planet of the Apes
952:
764:trombone designs.
625:
602:19th century Italy
471:
395:Michael Praetorius
305:) F with a single
285:instrument in the
21:
3852:
3851:
3602:Bass (voice type)
3549:
3548:
3505:Euphonium players
2894:Brass instruments
2825:Media related to
2772:978-1-538-15966-8
2725:978-1-5323-3145-9
2679:978-0-198-16260-5
2565:978-1-316-63185-0
2510:978-0-300235-75-3
2463:978-1-139-00203-5
2404:978-0-81087-445-9
2302:on 5 October 2015
2198:978-3-030-55684-6
2154:St Cecilia's Hall
2033:Ferguson, Steve.
1985:978-84-616-2483-6
1843:St Cecilia's Hall
1304:on 2 January 2023
1139:Hans Werner Henze
1135:Sofia Gubaidulina
1077:Arnold Schoenberg
822:St Cecilia's Hall
724:Later innovations
679:instrument maker
618:St Cecilia's Hall
483:Jean Hilaire Asté
376:Renaissance music
291:brass instruments
271:Kontrabassposaune
254:
253:
89:Late 19th century
3887:
3704:
3632:Bass synthesizer
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3500:Jazz trombonists
3480:(all) Trumpeters
3418:Axial flow valve
3330:Contrabass bugle
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2841:
2824:
2808:
2753:
2707:
2660:
2631:. Translated by
2619:
2617:
2615:
2593:
2538:
2491:
2432:
2389:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2158:Accession Number
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2120:Accession Number
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1749:
1744:(October 1947).
1738:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1668:Weber, Gottfried
1664:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:, p. 43–44.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:"Kontrabasbasun"
1581:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1498:
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1481:
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1471:
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1432:
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1371:
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1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1151:Bill Reichenbach
1012:cylindrical-bore
945:
944: 1800–1830
942:
913:
912:
908:
905:
845:
842:
836:
817:
803:Scenkonst Museet
795:
768:Contemporary use
719:
701:
695:
689:
668:
662:
591:"Basso Profundo"
587:Boosey & Co.
511:Fromental Halévy
502:
443:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
403:
400:
392:
383:
312:
304:
265:
236:Boosey & Co.
150:Bill Reichenbach
40:Brass instrument
31:
24:
20:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3816:
3810:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3585:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3514:
3485:Jazz trumpeters
3468:
3427:
3423:Harmonic series
3339:Parts/technique
3334:
3291:
3235:
3194:Soprano helicon
3164:Baroque trumpet
3159:Natural trumpet
3100:
3051:Alto/Tenor horn
2935:Fanfare trumpet
2896:
2891:
2853:
2851:
2839:
2832:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2773:
2726:
2680:
2613:
2611:
2566:
2511:
2464:
2405:
2362:
2352:The Tuba Family
2344:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2199:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1687:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1614:Praetorius 1620
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1589:Scenkonstmuseet
1583:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1454:
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1444:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1208:
1190:Maria Schneider
1155:Jerry Goldsmith
1143:Manfred Trojahn
1067:Richard Strauss
1059:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
983:
982:
979:
978:
972:
943:
929:
910:
906:
903:
901:
874:
868:
861:
856:
855:
854:
853:
849:
848:
847:
843:
837:
829:
828:
818:
810:
809:
796:
770:
762:
754:
745:chromatic range
726:
712:Giacomo Puccini
708:valve trombones
696:(or sometimes,
683:
669:". In 1887 for
633:upright serpent
610:
604:
583:
582:
581:
580:
558:
557:
539:in the "spear"
538:
491:
479:Gottfried Weber
451:
423:
421:octave trombone
420:
417:
414:
401:
372:
365:
310:
302:
261:
250:
218:
217:
206:
205:
157:
136:
105:
104:
80:
69:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Bass amplifier
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Unfigured bass
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Basso continuo
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3719:Alternate bass
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Pedal keyboard
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Bass saxophone
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:Soprano cornet
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2930:Pocket trumpet
2927:
2922:
2917:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2830:
2816:
2815:External links
2813:
2810:
2809:
2771:
2754:
2724:
2708:
2678:
2661:
2620:
2594:
2564:
2539:
2509:
2492:
2462:
2433:
2403:
2390:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2335:, p. 246.
2325:
2323:, p. 203.
2313:
2282:
2252:
2240:
2238:, p. 167.
2228:
2197:
2171:
2137:
2099:
2064:
2052:
2025:
1999:
1984:
1959:
1942:
1940:, p. 414.
1930:
1918:
1906:
1872:
1860:
1827:
1793:
1733:
1712:
1700:
1656:
1654:, p. 498.
1644:
1618:
1606:
1573:
1556:
1538:
1536:, p. 500.
1521:
1473:
1248:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1207:
1204:
1104:Havergal Brian
1088:Vincent D'Indy
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
975:
974:
973:
971:
968:
928:
925:
921:Hagmann valves
860:
857:
851:
850:
838:
831:
830:
819:
812:
811:
797:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
769:
766:
760:
757:second partial
752:
741:military bands
725:
722:
717:trombone basso
666:trombone basso
655:Giuseppe Verdi
603:
600:
559:
554:
553:
552:
551:
536:
513:. Soon after,
490:
487:
449:
364:
361:
346:bass trombones
329:Richard Wagner
319:tenor trombone
283:lowest-pitched
252:
251:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:(c. 1860–1910)
233:
227:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:Double slide:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
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97:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
68:
67:
62:
57:
51:
49:
47:Classification
43:
42:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Keyboard bass
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Contrabassoon
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Bass trombone
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Bass clarinet
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Brass section
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Brass quintet
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Hand-stopping
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Slide trumpet
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:Tenor cornett
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3093:
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3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Baritone horn
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
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2546:. Cambridge:
2545:
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2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
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2469:
2465:
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2444:. Cambridge:
2443:
2439:
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2426:
2422:
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2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
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2361:1-872203-30-2
2357:
2353:
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2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2296:Bandestration
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2249:
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2224:
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2204:
2200:
2194:
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2182:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2122:: 89.4.2071.
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2062:, p. 63.
2061:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1957:, p. 48.
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
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1737:
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1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1680:(in German).
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:"Bassposaune"
1669:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1587:. Stockholm:
1586:
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1570:
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1191:
1187:
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1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:'s score for
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1124:Pierre Boulez
1121:
1120:György Ligeti
1117:
1116:Edgard Varèse
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1019:
1018:limitations.
1017:
1013:
967:
965:
960:
957:
949:
937:
933:
924:
922:
918:
899:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
866:
835:
827:
823:
816:
808:
804:
800:
799:Octav-posaune
794:
785:
783:
780:
776:
765:
758:
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
734:rotary valves
731:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
700:
694:
690:produced the
687:
682:
678:
674:
673:
667:
661:
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642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
619:
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609:
599:
597:
592:
588:
578:
577:
573:
569:
568:
567:Das Rheingold
563:
550:
548:
547:
546:Das Rheingold
542:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
507:
501:
496:
495:Georges Bizet
486:
484:
480:
476:
468:
467:
461:
457:
455:
447:
442:
441:quint-posaune
437:
433:
429:
408:
407:octav-posaune
396:
391:
390:quint-posaune
387:in E, or the
386:
382:
381:quart-posaune
377:
370:
360:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
335:
330:
327:
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153:
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148:
147:
144:
139:
133:
130:
128:
127:Bass trombone
125:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
109:
99:
96:
95:Playing range
92:
88:
84:
78:
76:
72:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
50:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
3870:Bass (sound)
3817:reproduction
3806:Walking bass
3766:Figured bass
3729:Bass effects
3710:Performance/
3692:Washtub bass
3651:
3583:Bass (sound)
3536:Horn section
3490:Horn players
3449:Balkan brass
3356:Rotary valve
3351:Piston valve
3282:Tibetan horn
3149:Natural horn
3127:Mute cornett
3074:
3038:
3006:
2999:
2965:
2951:
2907:
2852:. Retrieved
2836:A Rare Beast
2835:
2758:
2715:
2712:Yeo, Douglas
2665:
2628:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2599:
2543:
2497:The Trombone
2496:
2437:
2394:
2351:
2342:Bibliography
2328:
2321:Herbert 2006
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2180:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2081:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2002:
1975:
1971:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1888:
1881:Yeo, Douglas
1875:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1838:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1755:
1751:
1742:Dean, Winton
1736:
1703:
1696:Guion (2010)
1686:. Retrieved
1684:(44): 749-53
1681:
1675:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1547:church pitch
1541:
1512:. Retrieved
1493:. Retrieved
1464:. Retrieved
1445:. Retrieved
1425:. Retrieved
1406:. Retrieved
1387:. Retrieved
1364:. Retrieved
1345:. Retrieved
1326:. Retrieved
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1287:. Retrieved
1268:. Retrieved
1213:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1172:Call of Duty
1170:
1164:
1158:
1128:
1112:Anton Webern
1100:Gustav Holst
1091:
1082:Gurre-Lieder
1080:
1075:(1908), and
1070:
1062:
1060:
1049:above the Bâ™
1032:
985:
961:
956:double slide
955:
953:
930:
895:
875:
859:Construction
798:
771:
727:
670:
648:
647:première of
626:
590:
584:
574:
565:
560:The “spear”
544:
535:to the low E
524:
518:
504:
492:
475:double slide
474:
472:
464:
373:
339:
332:
257:
255:
219:Historical:
199:JĂĽrgen Voigt
196:Helmut Voigt
18:
3786:Lament bass
3734:Bass chorus
3657:Double bass
3622:Bass pedals
3617:Bass guitar
3590:Instruments
2993:Wagner tuba
2988:Vienna horn
2983:German horn
2978:French horn
2306:13 November
2164:9 September
2092:13 November
1926:Meucci 1996
1889:yeodoug.com
1762:: 347–363.
1217:opera house
1206:Performance
1175:(2003) and
1147:Los Angeles
950:, Amsterdam
948:Rijksmuseum
890:major sixth
882:minor third
878:independent
844: 1930
782:soundtracks
684: [
402: 1620
357:soundtracks
3859:Categories
3776:Partimento
3439:Brass band
3388:Pedal tone
3378:Mouthpiece
3373:Embouchure
3325:Sousaphone
3320:Trombonium
3305:Mellophone
3240:Indigenous
3231:Jazzophone
3221:Saxotromba
3211:Sudrophone
3201:Ophicleide
3122:Cornettino
3105:Antiquated
3056:Flugelhorn
3007:Contrabass
2915:Contrabass
2805:Q111040546
2789:1249799159
2781:2021020757
2750:Q111957781
2704:Q126794034
2657:Q111077162
2590:Q114571908
2574:1038492212
2535:Q111039091
2519:1007305405
2488:Q112852613
2429:Q111039945
2386:Q111040769
2248:Kifer 2020
2223:Q117322059
2207:1261747556
2060:Guion 2010
2045:11 October
2018:11 October
1994:1001569788
1955:Kifer 2020
1938:Bevan 2000
1914:Bevan 2000
1853:11 October
1708:Guion 2010
1652:Bevan 2000
1569:Bevan 2000
1534:Bevan 2000
1447:11 October
1260:"Posaunen"
1227:References
1108:Alban Berg
1096:symphonies
1057:Repertoire
1016:acoustical
870:See also:
779:video game
660:bombardone
637:ophicleide
606:See also:
596:C. G. Conn
397:, writing
354:video game
317:below the
289:family of
154:Phil Teele
3880:Trombones
3839:Subwoofer
3796:Slap bass
3781:Jazz bass
3746:Bass note
3739:Fuzz bass
3724:Bass clef
3667:GuitarrĂłn
3662:Euphonium
3612:Bass drum
3432:Ensembles
3413:Water key
3398:Valve oil
3154:Post horn
3087:Euphonium
3066:Kuhlohorn
3027:Superbone
2797:34132790M
2742:47303018M
2734:982957903
2696:16702850M
2641:0072-0127
2582:34730943M
2527:30593699M
2480:34482695M
2472:460517551
2421:24019524M
2413:725775517
2378:19533420M
2370:993463927
2215:37312640M
2118:. 1989 .
1883:(2002) .
1694:Cited in
1196:and 2017
1178:Inception
807:Stockholm
454:G Violone
281:) is the
263:‹See Tfd›
244:(c. 1900)
211:Miraphone
185:Miraphone
141:Musicians
86:Developed
65:Aerophone
3834:Sub-bass
3801:Walkdown
3791:Ostinato
3751:Bassline
3712:notation
3677:Octobass
3408:Leadpipe
3297:Marching
3257:Vuvuzela
3032:Cimbasso
3001:Trombone
2940:Firebird
2848:Archived
2801:Wikidata
2746:Wikidata
2714:(2017).
2700:Wikidata
2688:24613416
2653:Wikidata
2614:21 April
2586:Wikidata
2531:Wikidata
2484:Wikidata
2425:Wikidata
2382:Wikidata
2333:Yeo 2017
2275:28 March
2269:Archived
2219:Wikidata
2130:31 March
2124:Archived
2112:New York
2086:Archived
2039:Archived
2012:Archived
1893:Archived
1868:Yeo 2021
1847:Archived
1820:3 August
1814:Archived
1786:12 March
1780:Archived
1729:Yeo 2021
1688:7 August
1599:29 March
1593:Archived
1508:Archived
1489:Archived
1466:29 March
1460:Archived
1441:Archived
1427:29 March
1421:Archived
1402:Archived
1383:Archived
1366:23 March
1360:Archived
1347:29 March
1341:Archived
1328:29 March
1322:Archived
1289:7 August
1283:Archived
1270:29 March
1264:Archived
1202:albums.
1194:Sky Blue
1169:(2001),
738:Prussian
730:patented
645:La Scala
629:cimbasso
608:Cimbasso
572:Wagner's
326:composer
287:trombone
182:Leuchter
162:Builders
132:Cimbasso
122:Trombone
3642:Bassoon
3510:Tubists
3473:Players
3247:Alphorn
3226:Bazooka
3216:Saxtuba
3206:Serpent
3189:Helicon
3184:Sackbut
3169:Buccina
3117:Cornett
3112:Clarion
3061:Fiscorn
3040:Saxhorn
3022:Soprano
2945:Flumpet
2925:Piccolo
2909:Trumpet
2840:(video)
2265:Discogs
1899:1 April
1637:26 June
1514:2 March
1495:7 March
1408:7 March
1389:7 March
1308:7 March
1079:scored
1072:Elektra
909:⁄
681:Pelitti
428:sackbut
415:
385:pitched
363:History
295:pitched
275:Italian
232:(1860s)
226:(1830s)
179:Lätzsch
3844:Woofer
3761:Burden
3383:Falset
3346:Valves
3277:Sringa
3272:Shofar
3267:Carnyx
3179:Buccin
2953:Cornet
2901:Modern
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2769:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2722:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2676:
2655:
2649:842397
2647:
2639:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2562:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2507:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2460:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2401:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2358:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2195:
2160:: 4215
1992:
1982:
1776:855071
1774:
1141:, and
1122:, and
915:using
704:valved
672:Otello
579:cycle.
515:Wagner
469:, 1816
342:fourth
315:octave
313:Bâ™ an
267:German
230:Besson
224:Halary
202:Wessex
176:Kromat
79:423.22
3815:Sound
3519:Other
3403:Crook
3363:Mutes
3287:Wazza
3262:Nyele
3252:Nabal
3139:Cornu
2973:Bugle
2854:9 May
2645:JSTOR
1974:[
1772:JSTOR
1758:(4).
970:Range
917:Axial
886:fifth
749:pedal
702:), a
688:]
677:Milan
562:motif
541:motif
533:range
446:crook
432:slide
323:opera
307:slide
299:12 ft
214:Thein
193:Thein
170:Finke
60:Brass
3687:Tuba
3393:Bore
3144:Dord
3076:Tuba
3017:Alto
3012:Bass
2967:Horn
2920:Bass
2856:2018
2785:OCLC
2777:LCCN
2767:ISBN
2730:OCLC
2720:ISBN
2684:OCLC
2674:ISBN
2637:ISSN
2616:2022
2570:OCLC
2560:ISBN
2515:OCLC
2505:ISBN
2468:OCLC
2458:ISBN
2409:OCLC
2399:ISBN
2366:OCLC
2356:ISBN
2308:2018
2277:2023
2203:OCLC
2193:ISBN
2166:2024
2132:2023
2094:2018
2047:2022
2020:2022
1990:OCLC
1980:ISBN
1901:2023
1855:2022
1822:2022
1788:2022
1690:2022
1639:2024
1601:2023
1516:2023
1497:2022
1468:2023
1449:2022
1429:2023
1410:2022
1391:2022
1368:2023
1349:2023
1330:2023
1310:2022
1291:2022
1272:2023
1186:jazz
1092:Ring
1063:Ring
998:to D
990:to F
954:The
898:bell
896:The
777:and
775:film
650:Aida
641:tuba
576:Ring
525:Ring
412:lit.
352:and
350:film
256:The
242:Conn
189:Rath
173:Haag
55:Wind
2605:doi
2552:doi
2450:doi
2185:doi
1764:doi
1184:In
919:or
543:in
506:Noé
436:18′
301:(12
297:in
3861::
2799:.
2793:OL
2791:.
2783:.
2775:.
2765:.
2744:.
2738:OL
2736:.
2728:.
2698:.
2692:OL
2690:.
2682:.
2651:.
2643:.
2629:49
2627:.
2584:.
2578:OL
2576:.
2568:.
2558:.
2550:.
2529:.
2523:OL
2521:.
2513:.
2503:.
2482:.
2476:OL
2474:.
2466:.
2456:.
2448:.
2440:.
2423:.
2417:OL
2415:.
2407:.
2380:.
2374:OL
2372:.
2364:.
2294:.
2267:.
2263:.
2217:.
2211:OL
2209:.
2201:.
2191:.
2152:.
2148:.
2114::
2110:.
2084:.
2080:.
2067:^
1988:.
1962:^
1945:^
1891:.
1887:.
1841:.
1812:.
1808:.
1804:.
1778:.
1770:.
1756:28
1754:.
1750:.
1715:^
1682:18
1674:.
1659:^
1630:.
1576:^
1559:^
1524:^
1476:^
1381:.
1251:^
1234:^
1137:,
1133:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
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