319:
285:. The vapor then condenses into tiny water droplets which freeze if the temperature is low enough. These millions of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals form the contrails. The time taken for the vapor to cool enough to condense accounts for the contrail forming some distance behind the aircraft. At high altitudes, supercooled water vapor requires a trigger to encourage deposition or condensation. The exhaust particles in the aircraft's exhaust act as this trigger, causing the trapped vapor to condense rapidly. Exhaust contrails usually form at high altitudes; usually above 8,000 m (26,000 ft), where the air temperature is below −36.5
237:
552:
400:
479:
2.8 °C (5 °F) in the US midwest. However, follow-up studies found that a natural change in cloud cover can more than explain these findings. The authors of a 2008 study wrote, "The variations in high cloud cover, including contrails and contrail-induced cirrus clouds, contribute weakly to the changes in the diurnal temperature range, which is governed primarily by lower altitude clouds, winds, and humidity."
438:
483:
52:
449:
accumulated from aviation, and could triple from a 2006 baseline to 160–180 mW/m by 2050 without intervention. For comparison, the total radiative forcing from human activities amounted to 2.72 W/m (with a range between 1.96 and 3.48W/m) in 2019, and the increase from 2011 to 2019 alone amounted
360:
The visible cores of wingtip vortices contrast with the other major type of contrails which are caused by the combustion of fuel. Contrails produced from jet engine exhaust are seen at high altitude, directly behind each engine. By contrast, the visible cores of wingtip vortices are usually seen only
185:
engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruising altitudes several kilometres/miles above the Earth's surface. They are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals. The combination of water vapor in aircraft engine exhaust and the low ambient temperatures at high
276:
and particles of soot have been observed at lower concentrations. The exact quality is a function of engine type and basic combustion engine function, with up to 30% of aircraft exhaust being unburned fuel. (Micron-sized metallic particles resulting from engine wear have also been detected.) At high
517:
led to a reduction in global air traffic of nearly 70% relative to 2019. Thus, it provided an extended opportunity to study the impact of contrails on regional and global temperature. Multiple studies found "no significant response of diurnal surface air temperature range" as the result of contrail
352:
persist in the atmosphere long after the aircraft has passed. The reduction in pressure and temperature across each vortex can cause water to condense and make the cores of the wingtip vortices visible; this effect is more common on humid days. Wingtip vortices can sometimes be seen behind the wing
593:
in solid phase). This may happen when air with a high proportion of gaseous water cools. A distrail forms when the heat of engine exhaust evaporates the liquid water droplets in a cloud, turning them back into invisible, gaseous water vapor. Distrails also may arise as a result of enhanced mixing
55:
478:
in the continental United States, this increase was the largest recorded in 30 years. Without contrails, the local diurnal temperature range was 1 °C (1.8 °F) higher than immediately before. In the southern US, the difference was diminished by about 3.3 °C (6 °F), and by
54:
559:
Where an aircraft passes through a cloud, it can disperse the cloud in its path. This is known as a distrail (short for "dissipation trail"). The plane's warm engine exhaust and enhanced vertical mixing in the aircraft's wake can cause existing cloud droplets to evaporate. If the cloud is
59:
58:
53:
60:
525:
An EU project launched in 2020 aims to assess the feasibility of minimising contrail effects by the operational choices in making flight plans. Other similar projects include
ContrailNet from Eurocontrol, Reviate, and the Ciconia project, as well as Google's 'project contrail'.
305:
at cruising altitude with a sample-gathering aircraft flying in trail. In these samples, the contrail-producing soot particle count was reduced by 50 to 70 percent, using a 50% blend of conventional Jet A1 fuel and HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) biofuel produced from
57:
386:
In firearms, a vapor trail is sometimes observed when firing under rare conditions, due to condensation induced by changes in air pressure around the bullet. A vapor trail from a bullet is observable from any direction. Vapor trail should not be confused with
542:
gained media attention as a "mystery missile" that could not be explained by U.S. military and aviation authorities, and its explanation as a contrail took more than 24 hours to become accepted by U.S. media and military institutions.
454:
contribute 60 to 80% of contrail radiative forcing while accounting for 25% of daily air traffic, and winter flights contribute half of the annual mean radiative forcing while accounting for 22% of annual air traffic.
300:
could reduce contrail generation. This reduction was explained by demonstrating that biofuels produce fewer soot particles, which are the nuclei around which the ice crystals form. The tests were performed by flying a
450:
to 0.34W/m. Contrail effects differ a lot depending on when they are formed, as they decrease the daytime temperature and increase the nighttime temperature, reducing their difference. In 2006, it was estimated that
211:
Depending on the temperature and humidity at the altitude where the contrails form, they may be visible for only a few seconds or minutes, or persist long enough to form near continuous layers of cirrus cloud.
361:
at low altitude where the aircraft is travelling slowly after takeoff or before landing, and where the ambient humidity is higher; they trail behind the wingtips and wing flaps rather than behind the engines.
819:
Ritchie, Glenn; Still, Kenneth; Rossi Iii, John; Bekkedal, Marni; Bobb, Andrew; Arfsten, Darryl (2003). "Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives".
252:
Engine exhaust is predominantly made up of water and carbon dioxide, the combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels. Many other chemical byproducts of incomplete hydrocarbon fuel combustion, including
198:
for water droplet growth in the exhaust. If water droplets form, they can freeze to form ice particles that compose a contrail. Their formation can also be triggered by changes in air pressure in
560:
sufficiently thin, such processes can yield a cloud-free corridor in an otherwise solid cloud layer. An early satellite observation of distrails that most likely were elongated, aircraft-induced
458:
Starting from the 1990s, it was suggested that contrails during daytime have a strong cooling effect, and when combined with the warming from night-time flights, this would lead to a substantial
738:
56:
2531:
391:, a refractive effect due to changes in air pressure as the bullet travels, which is a much more common phenomenon (and is usually only observable directly from behind the shooter).
513:
after they flew in a formation. However, its authors cautioned that this was a single event, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions from it. Then, the global response to the
491:
2122:
463:
683:
2152:
1120:
594:(entrainment) of drier air immediately above or below a thin cloud layer following passage of an aircraft through the cloud, as shown in the second image below:
1328:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2334:
910:
2006:
372:
speeds, causing a sudden drop in air pressure. This creates the condensation fog (inside the intake) which is often observed by air travelers during takeoff.
2561:
534:
A contrail from an airplane flying towards the observer can appear to be generated by an object moving vertically. On 8 November 2010 in the US state of
422:. In 1992, this warming effect was estimated between 3.5 mW/m and 17 mW/m. In 2009, its 2005 value was estimated at 12 mW/m, based on the
1121:"Aviation's dirty secret: Airplane contrails are a surprisingly potent cause of global warming Warming effect of thin, white clouds will triple by 2050"
1539:"Regional Variations in U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range for the 11–14 September 2001 Aircraft Groundings: Evidence of Jet Contrail Influence on Climate"
746:
1937:
Zhu, Jialei; Penner, Joyce E.; Garnier, Anne; Boucher, Olivier; Gao, Meng; Song, Lei; Deng, Junjun; Liu, Cong-qiang; Fu, Pingqing (18 March 2022).
1257:
2182:
1604:
388:
1006:
2427:
2232:
676:
296:
A 2013–2014 study jointly supported by NASA, the German aerospace center DLR, and Canada's
National Research Council NRC, determined that
410:
It is considered that the largest contribution of aviation to climate change comes from contrails. In general, aircraft contrails trap
2112:
989:
3154:
2288:
1538:
863:
1452:
2553:
2007:"EUROCONTROL launches ContrailNet - the new network to create a common repository of contrail observation data | EUROCONTROL"
794:
318:
431:
95:
2254:
2148:
202:, or in the air over the entire wing surface. Contrails, and other clouds caused directly by human activity, are called
2573:
1779:
539:
2319:
3442:
2420:
620:
277:
altitudes as this water vapor emerges into a cold environment, the localized increase in water vapor can raise the
261:
3265:
2397:
2362:
1980:
1753:
1562:
1239:
3529:
2371:
3514:
2917:
2174:
471:
459:
502:
identified one event where the temperature was 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) higher than the day's average near
3411:
1939:"Decreased Aviation Leads to Increased Ice Crystal Number and a Positive Radiative Effect in Cirrus Clouds"
1323:
1151:
71:
20:
3416:
3270:
2964:
2927:
2413:
604:
411:
27:
2058:
3401:
3280:
3275:
253:
886:
236:
3150:
2821:
2816:
2673:
2654:
2546:
1653:
514:
434:; with an uncertainty range of 5 to 26 mW/m, and with a low level of scientific understanding.
195:
34:
2569:
1855:"An Observational Constraint on Aviation-Induced Cirrus From the COVID-19-Induced Flight Disruption"
3534:
3176:
2937:
2806:
2734:
2453:
1014:
2205:
1349:
186:
altitudes causes the trails' formation. Impurities in the engine exhaust from the fuel, including
3285:
3146:
3140:
3042:
1576:
1350:"The impacts of long-lived jet contrail 'outbreaks' on surface station diurnal temperature range"
708:
376:
2228:
1853:
Digby, Ruth A. R.; Gillett, Nathan P.; Monahan, Adam H.; Cole, Jason N. S. (29 September 2021).
1672:"Impact of unusually clear weather on United States daily temperature range following 9/11/2001"
3396:
3391:
2857:
2749:
2468:
2388:
423:
1396:"The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing"
216:
are of particular interest to scientists. The resulting cloud forms are formally described as
3290:
3135:
2852:
2770:
2494:
445:
Contrail cirrus may be air traffic's largest radiative forcing component, larger than all CO
3519:
3340:
3228:
3058:
2811:
2754:
2539:
2473:
1817:
1724:
1683:
1621:
1550:
1493:
1409:
1361:
1295:
1205:
1160:
947:
932:
467:
2296:
1094:
8:
3482:
3248:
3086:
3037:
2942:
2922:
2565:
2439:
1330:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32,
348:
when deployed (wingtips and flap boundaries represent discontinuities in airflow). These
1821:
1728:
1687:
1625:
1554:
1497:
1413:
1365:
1299:
1209:
1164:
951:
933:"Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions"
871:
768:
3345:
3064:
3018:
2991:
2974:
2835:
2789:
2775:
2504:
1881:
1854:
1835:
1645:
1519:
1433:
1377:
1226:
981:
968:
845:
257:
3432:
3386:
3212:
2956:
2900:
2600:
2489:
1886:
1839:
1637:
1511:
1425:
1381:
1231:
973:
837:
519:
419:
278:
1905:
1283:
849:
194:
compounds (0.05% by weight in jet fuel) provide some of the particles that serve as
3356:
3092:
2932:
2262:
1960:
1950:
1917:
1876:
1866:
1825:
1732:
1691:
1671:
1649:
1629:
1612:
1558:
1523:
1501:
1437:
1417:
1400:
1369:
1331:
1303:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1168:
985:
963:
955:
829:
561:
510:
380:
349:
331:
220:, and may resemble cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus, and are sometimes called
199:
130:
551:
3524:
3437:
3406:
3331:
3171:
2739:
2499:
2458:
2375:
1197:
645:
625:
475:
415:
345:
365:
3447:
2744:
2463:
630:
451:
241:
225:
2266:
1395:
1335:
1067:
1041:
3508:
3452:
3257:
3207:
3199:
3190:
3130:
3122:
3111:
3029:
2909:
2844:
2798:
2726:
2636:
2117:
1922:
1581:
1308:
650:
614:
427:
354:
1711:
Hong, Gang; Yang, Ping; Minnis, Patrick; Hu, Yong X.; North, Gerald (2008).
3350:
3318:
2717:
2699:
2436:
2258:
2083:
1890:
1641:
1515:
1429:
1235:
977:
841:
833:
609:
499:
337:
323:
302:
293:). They can also form closer to the ground when the air is cold and moist.
2405:
1965:
1904:
Gettelman, Andrew; Chen, Chieh-Chieh; Bardeen, Charles G. (18 June 2021).
3312:
2582:
1955:
1938:
1871:
1737:
1712:
1173:
1146:
635:
113:
2599:
1421:
959:
487:
3069:
1479:
640:
535:
399:
290:
1327:
462:(the difference in the day's highs and lows at a fixed station). When
3097:
2392:
1830:
1806:"World War II contrails: A case study of aviation-induced cloudiness"
1805:
1696:
1373:
1189:
369:
282:
2368:
1633:
1506:
1481:
1258:"It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought"
494:(left) and with regular air traffic and the right conditions (right)
414:
emitted by the Earth and atmosphere more than they reflect incoming
231:
2084:"Project Contrails: Preventing Contrails with AI - Google Research"
1536:
307:
269:
182:
1603:
Travis, David J.; Carleton, Andrew M.; Lauritsen, Ryan G. (2002).
1453:"September's Science: Shutdown of airlines aided contrail studies"
2568:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
2088:
Project
Contrails: Preventing Contrails with AI - Google Research
1754:"World War II Bomber Contrails Show How Aviation Affects Climate"
503:
297:
286:
498:
In 2011, a study of
British meteorological records taken during
474:
was widened by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Measured across 4,000
437:
16:
Long, thin artificial clouds that sometimes form behind aircraft
518:
changes, and either "no net significant global ERF" (effective
341:
245:
191:
178:
2381:
1981:"A unique opportunity to accelerate development | EUROCONTROL"
3457:
3151:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
2562:
1537:
Travis, D. J.; A. M. Carleton; R. G. Lauritsen (March 2004).
818:
739:"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types"
569:
507:
273:
265:
2384:| Reference site for debunking weird stories about contrails
1713:"Do contrails significantly reduce daily temperature range?"
1347:
2683:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
1563:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1123:RVIUDT>2.0.CO;2
1480:
Travis, D. J.; A. Carleton; R. G. Lauritsen (August 2002).
482:
403:
187:
151:
1284:"Contrail cirrus radiative forcing for future air traffic"
911:"Biofuels Could Reduce Contrail Formation, Research Finds"
364:
At high-thrust settings the fan blades at the intake of a
353:
flaps of airliners during takeoff and landing, and during
313:
139:
3233:
2178:
2032:
1906:"The climate impact of COVID-19-induced contrail changes"
577:
in gas phase) condenses into microscopic water droplets (
1190:"Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century"
406:
photograph showing aircraft contrails and natural clouds
1936:
1852:
1602:
2644:
2113:"Mystery 'missile' likely a jet contrail, says expert"
822:
Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
157:
142:
136:
3157:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
2590:
2317:
2149:"A Problem of Perspective – New Year's Eve Contrail"
1903:
1669:
224:. Some persistent spreading contrails contribute to
154:
148:
145:
2255:"Pentagon: 'Mystery missile' was probably airplane"
617:– particle detector that works on similar principle
585:
in liquid phase) or into microscopic ice crystals (
133:
3478:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
3475:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
885:
19:"Vapor trail" redirects here. For other uses, see
2175:"Pentagon Can't Explain "Missile" off California"
232:Condensation trails as a result of engine exhaust
3506:
1710:
1475:
1473:
1348:Bernhardt, J.; Carleton, A. M. (14 March 2015),
1036:
1034:
1032:
930:
1255:
931:Richard H. Moore; et al. (15 March 2017).
795:"The fastest ways aviation could cut emissions"
2289:"Distrail on Earth Science Picture of the Day"
2033:"Reviate - Contrail avoidance for the climate"
908:
344:to form at the wingtip, and at the tip of the
2547:
2421:
1470:
1450:
1281:
1029:
769:"Cirrus Aviaticus – Cirrus – Names of Clouds"
441:USAAF 8th Air Force B-17s and their contrails
2318:Corfidi, Stephen; Brandli, Hank (May 1986).
1780:"WWII Bombing Raids Altered English Weather"
1394:Stuber, Nicola; et al. (15 June 2006).
1316:
1118:
1013:. April–May 2014. p. 39. Archived from
2435:
1577:"Jet contrails affect surface temperatures"
2554:
2540:
2428:
2414:
1605:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range"
1482:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range"
898:, Rich Moore & Hans Schlager, authors.
736:
50:
2655:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1964:
1954:
1921:
1880:
1870:
1829:
1736:
1695:
1596:
1505:
1307:
1225:
1172:
967:
732:
730:
671:
669:
667:
2984:
2576:Latin terminology except where indicated
2393:"Skeptoid #27: Chemtrails: Real or Not?"
2378:| Galleys of contrails and aviation smog
2369:Contrails.nl: Contrails and AviationSmog
2226:
1092:
567:Clouds form when invisible water vapor (
564:appeared in Corfidi and Brandli (1986).
555:A distrail is the opposite of a contrail
550:
481:
436:
398:
317:
235:
2879:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
2387:
2142:
2140:
2059:"Leading the Way in Contrail Avoidance"
2056:
1144:
894:. 20–24 March 2017. Paper published in
383:) sometimes produce visible contrails.
375:The tips of rotating surfaces (such as
314:Condensation from decreases in pressure
3507:
3256:
2908:
2843:
2797:
1393:
1282:Bock, Lisa; Burkhardt, Ulrike (2019).
727:
689:from the original on 28 September 2006
664:
326:with propeller tip vortex condensation
2535:
2409:
2235:from the original on 13 November 2010
2185:from the original on 10 November 2010
2155:from the original on 12 November 2010
2125:from the original on 10 November 2010
2110:
2106:
2104:
1777:
1751:
792:
394:
65:A jet forming contrails in a blue sky
2203:
2146:
2137:
1810:International Journal of Climatology
1803:
1758:scientificamerican.com (ClimateWire)
1354:Journal of International Climatology
892:Aviation Week & Space Technology
529:
3281:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
3276:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
1187:
1093:Norseman, Dave the (15 June 2017).
995:from the original on 27 April 2019.
909:Sean Broderick (24 December 2017).
737:Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017).
522:) or a very small warming effect.
13:
3266:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
2822:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
2817:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
2340:from the original on 21 April 2017
2265:. 10 November 2010. Archived from
2227:Bahneman, Liem (9 November 2010).
2101:
2057:Andrews, Siân (13 December 2023).
1245:from the original on 16 July 2016.
14:
3546:
2938:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
2933:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
2807:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
2356:
2111:McKee, Maggie (9 November 2010).
1910:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1804:Ryan, A. C.; et al. (2012).
1288:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1147:"On contrail climate sensitivity"
1145:Ponater, M.; et al. (2005).
418:, resulting in a net increase in
248:at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
3043:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
2918:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
2676:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1256:Michael Le Page (27 June 2019).
1188:Lee, D. S.; et al. (2009).
745:. Pelmorex Media. Archived from
621:Environmental impact of aviation
262:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
129:
80:), cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus
3222:St-only genitus cloud and other
2858:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
2320:"GOES views aircraft distrails"
2311:
2281:
2247:
2220:
2204:Pike, John E. (November 2010).
2197:
2167:
2147:West, Mick (10 November 2010).
2076:
2050:
2025:
1999:
1973:
1930:
1897:
1846:
1797:
1771:
1745:
1704:
1670:Kalkstein; Balling Jr. (2004).
1663:
1569:
1530:
1444:
1387:
1341:
1275:
1249:
1181:
1138:
1112:
1086:
1060:
999:
924:
3291:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
3271:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
3052:Cb-only supplementary features
2853:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
2229:"It was US Airways flight 808"
1218:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024
1042:"Vapor trail and Bullet trace"
902:
878:
856:
812:
786:
761:
701:
677:"Aircraft Contrails Factsheet"
1:
3229:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
3087:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
3080:Cb-only accessories and other
2928:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
2812:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1451:Perkins, Sid. (11 May 2002),
1119:KATIE CAMERO (28 June 2019).
1068:"Vapor Trail vs Bullet Trace"
715:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
657:
492:air travel disruption in 2010
472:diurnal temperature variation
466:across the USA following the
460:diurnal temperature variation
3038:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
2943:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
2923:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
2617:Noctilucent type III billows
1859:Geophysical Research Letters
1778:Parry, Wynne (7 July 2011).
1752:Irfan, Umair (7 July 2011).
1717:Geophysical Research Letters
1152:Geophysical Research Letters
546:
21:Vapor Trail (disambiguation)
7:
2992:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
2735:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
2454:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
605:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
597:
464:no commercial aircraft flew
412:outgoing longwave radiation
28:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
10:
3551:
3213:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
3147:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
3141:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
2776:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
2620:Noctilucent type IV whirls
2505:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
864:"Contrail Education – FAQ"
329:
254:volatile organic compounds
32:
25:
18:
3466:
3425:
3379:
3370:
3328:
3303:
3247:
3221:
3198:
3189:
3164:
3121:
3110:
3079:
3070:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
3059:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
3051:
3028:
3017:
3008:
2973:
2955:
2899:
2890:
2870:
2834:
2788:
2763:
2750:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2672:
2653:
2635:
2614:Noctilucent type II bands
2581:
2513:
2490:Cirrus duplicatus (Ci du)
2482:
2469:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
2446:
2206:"Mystery Missile Madness"
1336:10.1017/9781009157896.001
1095:"Language Lessons: TRACE"
515:2020 coronavirus pandemic
196:cloud condensation nuclei
112:
104:
94:
84:
70:
49:
44:
35:Contrail (disambiguation)
3208:Stratus fractus (St fra)
3136:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
3115:Variable vertical extent
3065:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
2740:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2611:Noctilucent type I veils
2605:Polar mesospheric clouds
2459:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2374:20 February 2011 at the
1923:10.5194/acp-21-9405-2021
1324:Summary for Policymakers
1309:10.5194/acp-19-8163-2019
887:"The Week in Technology"
490:without contrails after
432:radiative transfer codes
26:Not to be confused with
3286:Stratocumulus Undulatus
2771:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
2755:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
2745:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
2500:Cirrus radiatus (Ci ra)
2495:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
2474:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
2464:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
2327:National Weather Digest
1007:"Photos from the field"
713:Encyclopædia Britannica
3426:Supplementary features
3306:supplementary features
834:10.1080/10937400306473
556:
495:
442:
407:
327:
249:
3530:Cloud and fog physics
3469:and human-made clouds
2965:Altostratus undulatus
2674:Nitric acid and water
1949:(2): ee2020GL089788.
1865:(20): e2021GL095882.
1459:, Science News Online
554:
540:contrail of this type
485:
440:
402:
321:
239:
100:Family A (High-level)
90:(25,000 to 40,000 ft)
3515:Aviation meteorology
2391:(15 February 2007).
2208:. GlobalSecurity.org
1956:10.1029/2021AV000546
1872:10.1029/2021GL095882
1738:10.1029/2008GL036108
1174:10.1029/2005GL022580
793:Timperley, Jocelyn.
468:September 11 attacks
336:As a wing generates
214:Persistent contrails
33:For other uses, see
3487:Homomutatus (homut)
3483:Homogenitus (hogen)
3453:Praecipitatio (pra)
2665:Lenticular nacreous
2181:. 9 November 2010.
2011:www.eurocontrol.int
1985:www.eurocontrol.int
1822:2012IJCli..32.1745R
1729:2008GeoRL..3523815H
1688:2004ClRes..26....1K
1626:2002Natur.418..601T
1555:2004JCli...17.1123T
1498:2002Natur.418..601T
1422:10.1038/nature04877
1414:2006Natur.441..864S
1366:2015IJCli..35.4529B
1300:2019ACP....19.8163B
1210:2009AtmEn..43.3520L
1165:2005GeoRL..3210706P
960:10.1038/nature21420
952:2017Natur.543..411M
743:The Weather Network
3249:Stratocumulus (Sc)
3236:(Fg) Surface level
3177:Trade wind cumulus
2662:Cirriform nacreous
2363:Contrail Education
2299:on 16 October 2002
2269:on 12 January 2012
1987:. 16 November 2020
557:
496:
443:
408:
395:Impacts on climate
328:
250:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3412:Translucidus (tr)
3366:
3365:
3299:
3298:
3243:
3242:
3185:
3184:
3106:
3105:
3022:Towering vertical
3019:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2975:Nimbostratus (Ns)
2951:
2950:
2886:
2885:
2866:
2865:
2836:Cirrostratus (Cs)
2830:
2829:
2790:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
2784:
2783:
2764:Ci-only varieties
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2529:
2528:
2437:Cirrus cloud (Ci)
2365:(archived) | NASA
2013:. 7 November 2023
1916:(12): 9405–9416.
1816:(11): 1745–1753.
1360:(15): 4529–4538,
1204:(22): 3520–3537.
1099:Breach Bang Clear
1074:. 18 October 2017
1011:Vertical Magazine
946:(7645): 411–415.
773:namesofclouds.com
530:Head-on contrails
520:radiative forcing
511:strategic bombers
420:radiative forcing
279:relative humidity
122:
121:
88:7,500 to 12,000 m
61:
3542:
3377:
3376:
3357:Actinoform cloud
3254:
3253:
3196:
3195:
3119:
3118:
3093:Overshooting top
3026:
3025:
3015:
3014:
2982:
2981:
2957:Altostratus (As)
2906:
2905:
2901:Altocumulus (Ac)
2897:
2896:
2841:
2840:
2795:
2794:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2521:Cirrus aviaticus
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2295:. Archived from
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1831:10.1002/joc.2392
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:10.3354/cr026001
1676:Climate Research
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1652:. Archived from
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:10.1002/joc.4303
1345:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
971:
937:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
906:
900:
899:
889:
882:
876:
875:
874:on 8 April 2016.
870:. Archived from
860:
854:
853:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
734:
725:
724:
722:
720:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
688:
681:
673:
592:
584:
576:
562:fallstreak holes
476:weather stations
350:wingtip vortices
332:Wingtip vortices
283:saturation point
281:of the air past
222:cirrus aviaticus
200:wingtip vortices
177:are line-shaped
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
63:
62:
42:
41:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:Climate forcing
3505:
3504:
3503:
3490:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3433:Asperitas (asp)
3421:
3402:Perlucidus (pe)
3387:Duplicatus (du)
3372:
3362:
3359:(Stratocumulus)
3332:accessory cloud
3330:
3324:
3305:
3295:
3239:
3217:
3181:
3160:
3114:
3102:
3075:
3047:
3021:
3010:
2996:
2977:
2969:
2947:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2871:High-level-only
2862:
2826:
2780:
2759:
2709:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2646:
2645:Very high-level
2623:
2604:
2592:
2577:
2560:
2530:
2525:
2509:
2478:
2442:
2434:
2382:Contral Science
2376:Wayback Machine
2359:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1935:
1931:
1902:
1898:
1851:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1784:livescience.com
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1709:
1705:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1634:10.1038/418601a
1607:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1535:
1531:
1507:10.1038/418601a
1478:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1408:(7095): 864–7.
1392:
1388:
1346:
1342:
1321:
1317:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1198:Atmos. Environ.
1192:
1186:
1182:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:www.science.org
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1048:. 9 August 2018
1040:
1039:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1017:on 16 July 2014
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
935:
929:
925:
915:
913:
907:
903:
884:
883:
879:
862:
861:
857:
817:
813:
803:
801:
791:
787:
777:
775:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
735:
728:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
679:
675:
674:
665:
660:
655:
646:Space jellyfish
626:Fallstreak hole
600:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
568:
549:
532:
448:
416:solar radiation
397:
366:turbofan engine
334:
316:
240:Contrails of a
234:
132:
128:
89:
66:
51:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3467:Mother clouds
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3417:Undulatus (un)
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Lacunosus (la)
3389:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:Low-level-only
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3304:Low-level-only
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2389:Dunning, Brian
2385:
2379:
2366:
2358:
2357:External links
2355:
2352:
2351:
2310:
2280:
2246:
2219:
2196:
2166:
2136:
2100:
2075:
2049:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1966:2027.42/172020
1929:
1896:
1845:
1796:
1770:
1744:
1723:(23): L23815.
1703:
1662:
1659:on 3 May 2006.
1595:
1585:, 18 June 2015
1568:
1529:
1469:
1443:
1386:
1340:
1315:
1274:
1248:
1180:
1159:(10): L10706.
1137:
1111:
1085:
1059:
1046:Sniper Country
1028:
998:
923:
901:
877:
855:
828:(4): 357–451.
811:
785:
760:
749:on 31 May 2022
726:
709:"vapour trail"
700:
662:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
631:Global dimming
628:
623:
618:
612:
607:
601:
599:
596:
588:
580:
571:
548:
545:
531:
528:
486:The sky above
446:
428:climate models
396:
393:
340:, it causes a
330:Main article:
315:
312:
242:Boeing 747-438
233:
230:
226:climate change
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
96:Classification
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
64:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3547:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Fluctus (flu)
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Radiatus (ra)
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3321:Funnel cloud)
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:mutatus cloud
2869:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
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3346:Velum (vel)
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3061:Tail cloud)
2978:Multi-level
2718:Cirrus (Ci)
2601:Noctilucent
2583:Mesospheric
2273:11 November
2239:10 November
2212:11 November
2189:10 November
2159:10 November
2129:10 November
1549:(5): 1123.
799:www.bbc.com
682:. FAA.Gov.
636:Ship tracks
218:homomutatus
205:homogenitus
3509:Categories
3371:Non-height
2708:High-level
2344:13 October
2303:11 January
1789:13 October
1763:13 October
1589:13 October
1463:13 October
1267:13 October
1104:13 October
1078:13 October
1052:13 October
916:13 October
778:13 October
658:References
641:Skywriting
536:California
424:reanalysis
377:propellers
357:landings.
322:A vintage
289:(−34
268:organics,
266:oxygenated
169:densation
108:Long bands
105:Appearance
3380:Varieties
3334:and other
3172:Horseshoe
3098:Hot tower
3009:Low-level
2985:Varieties
2483:Varieties
2333:: 37–39.
2063:NATS Blog
1840:129296874
1382:128789946
547:Distrails
370:transonic
258:inorganic
125:Contrails
45:Contrails
3373:specific
2647:15–30 km
2593:80–85 km
2514:Variants
2398:Skeptoid
2372:Archived
2335:Archived
2233:Archived
2183:Archived
2153:Archived
2123:Archived
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850:30595016
842:12775519
753:24 March
719:17 April
684:Archived
598:See also
506:used by
504:airbases
488:Würzburg
308:camelina
298:biofuels
270:alcohols
183:aircraft
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2727:Species
2710:3–18 km
2447:Species
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1818:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1684:Bibcode
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1524:4425866
1494:Bibcode
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1161:Bibcode
1072:YouTube
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969:8025803
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2893:2–8 km
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179:clouds
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171:trails
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