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compared with the position of a bellows that receives the pneumatic control signal. When the input signal increases, the bellows expands and moves a beam. The beam pivots about an input axis, which moves a flapper closer to the nozzle. The nozzle pressure increases, which increases the output pressure to the actuator through a pneumatic amplifier relay. The increased output pressure to the actuator causes the valve stem to move.
63:
196:
feedback from the valve stem or shaft and delivers pneumatic pressure to the actuator to open and close the valve. The positioner must be mounted on or near the control valve assembly. There are three main categories of positioners, depending on the type of control signal, the diagnostic capability, and the communication protocol: pneumatic, analog, and digital.
235:
assembly. As the control signal increases, the drive signal to the I/P converter increases, increasing the output pressure from the I/P converter. This pressure is routed to a pneumatic amplifier relay and provides two output pressures to the actuator. With increasing control signal, one output pressure always increases and the other output pressure decreases
209:
the nozzle until equilibrium is reached. When the input signal decreases, the bellows contracts (aided by an internal range spring) and the beam pivots about the input axis to move the flapper away from the nozzle. Nozzle decreases and the relay permits the release of diaphragm casing pressure to the atmosphere, which allows the actuator stem to move upward.
222:
signal (current-to-pneumatic or I/P). In a typical analog I/P positioner, the converter receives a DC input signal and provides a proportional pneumatic output signal through a nozzle/flapper arrangement. The pneumatic output signal provides the input signal to the pneumatic positioner. Otherwise, the design is the same as the pneumatic positioner
208:
Stem movement is fed back to the beam by means of a cam. As the cam rotates, the beam pivots about the feedback axis to move the flapper slightly away from the nozzle. The nozzle pressure decreases and reduces the output pressure to the actuator. Stem movement continues, backing the flapper away from
195:
The fundamental function of a positioner is to deliver pressurized air to the valve actuator, such that the position of the valve stem or shaft corresponds to the set point from the control system. Positioners are typically used when a valve requires throttling action. A positioner requires position
86:
Air-actuated valves are commonly used because of their simplicity, as they only require a compressed air supply, whereas electrically operated valves require additional cabling and switch gear, and hydraulically actuated valves required high pressure supply and return lines for the hydraulic fluid.
238:
Double-acting actuators use both outputs, whereas single-acting actuators use only one output. The changing output pressure causes the actuator stem or shaft to move. Valve position is fed back to the microprocessor. The stem continues to move until the correct position is attained. At this point,
230:
While pneumatic positioners and analog I/P positioners provide basic valve position control, digital valve controllers add another dimension to positioner capabilities. This type of positioner is a microprocessor-based instrument. The microprocessor enables diagnostics and two-way communication to
221:
The second type of positioner is an analog I/P positioner. Most modern processing units use a 4 to 20 mA DC signal to modulate the control valves. This introduces electronics into the positioner design and requires that the positioner convert the electronic current signal into a pneumatic pressure
234:
In a typical digital valve controller, the control signal is read by the microprocessor, processed by a digital algorithm, and converted into a drive current signal to the I/P converter. The microprocessor performs the position control algorithm rather than a mechanical beam, cam, and flapper
204:
Processing units may use pneumatic pressure signaling as the control set point to the control valves. Pressure is typically modulated between 20.7 and 103 kPa (3 to 15 psig) to move the valve from 0 to 100% position. In a common pneumatic positioner, the position of the valve stem or shaft is
366:
The most common and versatile types of control valves are sliding-stem globe, V-notch ball, butterfly and angle types. Their popularity derives from rugged construction and the many options available that make them suitable for a variety of process applications. Control valve bodies may be
212:
Through the cam, stem movement is fed back to the beam to reposition the flapper closer to the nozzle. When equilibrium conditions are obtained, stem movement stops and the flapper is positioned to prevent any further decrease in actuator pressure.
98:
systems. Electrical control now often includes a "Smart" communication signal superimposed on the 4–20 mA control current, such that the health and verification of the valve position can be signalled back to the controller. The
304:
Low recovery valve: These valves typically regain little of the static pressure drop from the inlet to vena contracta at the outlet. They are characterised by a higher recovery coefficient. Examples: globe valve, angle
66:
Air-actuated control valves each with a 4–20 mA "I to P" converter integral to a valve positioner. In this example each positioner is comparing the valve stem travel against control signal, and applying any
83:. Normally with a modulating valve, which can be set to any position between fully open and fully closed, valve positioners are used to ensure the valve attains the desired degree of opening.
1964:
242:
In addition to the function of controlling the position of the valve, a digital valve controller has two additional capabilities: diagnostics and two-way digital communication.
3132:
337:
Steam conditioning valve: Regulates the pressure and temperature of inlet media to required parameters at outlet. Examples: Turbine bypass valve, process steam letdown station
331:
Shut-off / On-off valve: These valves are either completely open or closed. Examples: Gate valve, ball valve, globe valve, angle valve, pinch valve, diaphragm valve
353:
Pneumatic valve: Actuated using a compressible medium like air, hydrocarbon, or nitrogen, with a spring diaphragm, piston cylinder or piston-spring type actuator
187:
process control specification of the plant. In the case of cooling water it may be to fail open, and the case of delivering a chemical it may be to fail closed.
328:
Control valve: Controls flow parameters proportional to an input signal received from the central control system. Examples: Globe valve, angle valve, ball valve
1914:
1944:
395:
385:
176:"Air or control signal failure to close" – On failure of compressed air to the actuator, the valve closes under spring pressure or by backup power.
90:
The pneumatic control signals are traditionally based on a pressure range of 3–15 psi (0.2–1.0 bar), or more commonly now, an electrical signal of
153:
Globe control valve with pneumatic diaphragm actuator and "smart" positioner which will also feed back to the controller the actual valve position
479:
246:
100:
1959:
179:"Air or control signal failure to open" – On failure of compressed air to actuator, the valve opens under spring pressure or by backup power.
518:, also known as Supervisory control and data acquisition system – Control system architecture for supervision of machines and processes
363:
A wide variety of valve types and control operation exist. However, there are two main forms of action, the sliding stem and the rotary.
315:
Sliding stem: The valve stem / plug moves in a linear, or straight line motion. Examples: Globe valve, angle valve, wedge type gate valve
536:
Instrument
Society of America Standard S561.1, 1976. as reproduced in the "Fisher control valve handbook" fourth edition 1977. Current:
340:
Spring-loaded safety valve: Closed by the force of a spring, which retracts to open when the inlet pressure is equal to the spring force
1452:
701:
121:
Valve positioner – which ensures the valve has reached the desired degree of opening. This overcomes the problems of friction and wear.
301:
at the outlet. They are characterised by a lower recovery coefficient. Examples: butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, gate valve
1954:
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Example of current loops used for sensing and control transmission. Specific example of a smart valve positioner used.
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by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of
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An automatic control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs:
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Showing the evolution of analogue control loop signalling from the pneumatic era to the electronic era.
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the microprocessor stabilizes the drive signal to the I/P converter until equilibrium is obtained.
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High recovery valve: These valves typically regain most of static pressure drop from the inlet to
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164:"Air or current to close" – The flow restriction increases with increased control signal value.
161:"Air or current to open" – The flow restriction decreases with increased control signal value.
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Valve body – in which the modulating element, a plug, globe, ball or butterfly, is contained.
503: – Discipline that uses industrial control to achieve a production level of consistency
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Valve actuator – which moves the valve's modulating element, such as ball or butterfly.
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Taking the example of an air-operated valve, there are two control actions possible:
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Hydraulic valve: Actuated by a non-compressible medium such as water or oil
318:
Rotary valve: The valve disc rotates. Examples: Butterfly valve, ball valve
309:
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Reduced cost of loop commissioning, including installation and calibration.
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International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
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The opening or closing of automatic control valves is usually done by
3107:
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465: – Computerized control systems with distributed decision-making
184:
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482:, also known as HART Protocol – Industrial automation protocol
279:
Improved process control accuracy that reduces process variability.
254:
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108:
104:
36:
54:
terminology, a control valve is termed a "final control element".
3112:
3009:
2918:
2806:
2708:
2538:
2442:
2422:
2298:
1247:
919:
605:"What is Globe Valve? Working Principle & Function | Linquip"
488: – Measuring instruments which monitor and control a process
62:
35:
rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as
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2876:
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2355:
2212:
2202:
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453: – Engineering discipline that deals with control systems
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2773:
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1939:
1372:
650:
515:
259:
Advantages of placing a smart positioner on a control valve:
24:
578:
550:"What is Control Valve & How Does it Works | Aira Valve"
476: – Valve that regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid
2888:
2693:
2282:
2172:
2065:
1447:
1367:
95:
288:
Control valves are classified by attributes and features.
459: – System that manages the behavior of other systems
370:
310:
Based on the movement profile of the controlling element
505:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
496:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
183:
The modes of failure operation are requirements of the
263:
Automatic calibration and configuration of positioner.
291:
334:
Check valve: Allows flow only in a single direction
586:(5th ed.). Fischer Controls International LLC
3237:
344:
667:Machine learning based Valve Design Application
480:Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
2081:
686:
359:Electric valve: Actuated by an electric motor
322:
628:Hagen, S. (2003) "Control valve technology"
245:Widely used communication protocols include
2088:
2074:
1453:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
702:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
693:
679:
283:
1887:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
425: – Valve closed by squeezing a tube
199:
148:
140:
132:
61:
3143:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
662:New era of valve design and engineering
494: – Control loop feedback mechanism
3238:
225:
2069:
1760:Programmable communicating thermostat
674:
579:Emerson Automation Solutions (2017).
371:List of common types of control valve
216:
3093:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1882:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
350:Manual valve: Actuated by hand wheel
231:simplify setup and troubleshooting.
190:
13:
1743:Minimum efficiency reporting value
292:Based on the pressure drop profile
14:
3262:
2413:Push-to-pull compression fittings
1785:Standard temperature and pressure
1498:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1034:Passive daytime radiative cooling
763:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
639:
563:
128:
854:Absorption-compression heat pump
652:Fluid Control Research Institute
1749:Normal temperature and pressure
1129:Vapor-compression refrigeration
512: – Communications protocol
272:Use of diagnostics to maintain
111:are the most common protocols.
621:
597:
542:
530:
1:
1897:Testing, adjusting, balancing
1841:Building information modeling
1836:Building services engineering
1413:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
941:Demand controlled ventilation
889:Building insulation materials
523:
345:Based on the actuating medium
3153:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
2704:Reduced pressure zone device
2095:
1458:High-pressure cut-off switch
1009:Ice storage air conditioning
930:Dedicated outdoor air system
94:for industry, or 0–10 V for
57:
7:
3148:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
2867:Instant hot water dispenser
2669:Piping and plumbing fitting
1801:Thermostatic radiator valve
1603:Thermostatic radiator valve
1114:Underfloor air distribution
1049:Radiant heating and cooling
967:Energy recovery ventilation
879:Automobile air conditioning
743:Domestic energy consumption
447: – Flow control device
437:
431: – Flow control device
414: – Flow control device
408: – Flow control device
382: – Flow control device
10:
3267:
2494:Backflow prevention device
2479:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1950:Institute of Refrigeration
1831:Architectural technologist
1303:Electrostatic precipitator
463:Distributed control system
323:Based on the functionality
3187:
3161:
3121:
3066:
3028:
2947:
2792:
2754:Thermostatic mixing valve
2471:
2291:
2103:
2012:
2003:Volatile organic compound
1978:
1905:
1862:Environmental engineering
1826:Architectural engineering
1809:
1657:
1628:Ultra-low particulate air
1213:Automatic balancing valve
1160:
1141:Variable refrigerant flow
993:Heat recovery ventilation
936:Deep water source cooling
846:
708:
2484:Automatic bleeding valve
2123:Compatibility (chemical)
2050:Template:Home automation
1872:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1568:Solar-assisted heat pump
1168:Air conditioner inverter
947:Displacement ventilation
838:Vapour pressure of water
823:Thermal destratification
581:"Control Valve Handbook"
2689:Pressure-balanced valve
2684:Pressure vacuum breaker
2393:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
2335:Drain-waste-vent system
2315:Chemical drain cleaners
2045:World Refrigeration Day
1892:Refrigerant reclamation
1821:Architectural acoustics
1765:Programmable thermostat
1697:Clean air delivery rate
1593:Thermal expansion valve
1508:Pressurisation ductwork
1418:Ground source heat pump
859:Absorption refrigerator
391:Angle seat piston valve
3210:Template:Public health
2882:water recycling shower
2852:Hot water storage tank
2183:Onsite sewage facility
2035:Glossary of HVAC terms
1997:Sick building syndrome
1877:Mechanical engineering
1588:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1019:Mixed-mode ventilation
647:Control Valve Handbook
367:categorized as below:
284:Types of control valve
266:Real time diagnostics.
154:
146:
138:
68:
3195:Fire sprinkler system
2904:Tankless water heater
2847:Garbage disposal unit
2832:Electric water boiler
2304:British Standard Pipe
2055:Template:Solar energy
1733:Intelligent buildings
1692:Carbon dioxide sensor
1079:Room air distribution
899:Central solar heating
200:Pneumatic positioners
152:
144:
136:
65:
2894:Storage water heater
2463:Water heat recycling
2371:National Pipe Thread
2273:Water supply network
1857:Duct leakage testing
1847:Deep energy retrofit
1791:Thermographic camera
1728:Infrared thermometer
1203:Air source heat pump
1152:Water heat recycling
718:Air changes per hour
657:Valve World Magazine
3225:Template:Wastewater
3083:Hydrostatic testing
2724:Rooftop water tower
2320:Compression fitting
1723:HVAC control system
1713:Home energy monitor
1687:Building automation
1473:Inverter compressor
1135:Variable air volume
1044:Passive ventilation
1014:Kitchen ventilation
914:Constant air volume
884:Autonomous building
469:Fieldbus Foundation
451:Control engineering
251:FOUNDATION fieldbus
226:Digital positioners
81:pneumatic actuators
16:Flow control device
3179:Waterborne disease
3078:Hydronic balancing
2837:Evaporative cooler
2802:Accessible bathtub
2699:Radiator (heating)
2679:Pressure regulator
2574:Double check valve
2549:Concentric reducer
2350:Garden Hose Thread
2243:Thermal insulation
2113:Air gap (plumbing)
1986:Indoor air quality
1930:ASTM International
1867:Hydronic balancing
1644:Wood-burning stove
1523:Radiator reflector
1308:Evaporative cooler
1119:Underfloor heating
1104:Thermal insulation
474:Flow control valve
217:Analog positioners
168:There can also be
155:
147:
139:
69:
3233:
3232:
3215:Template:Sewerage
3162:Health and safety
3138:NSF International
2948:Specialized tools
2827:Drinking fountain
2794:Plumbing fixtures
2674:Plug (sanitation)
2659:Nipple (plumbing)
2579:Eccentric reducer
2559:Coupling (piping)
2524:Chemigation valve
2377:Nominal Pipe Size
2340:Ductile iron pipe
2238:Thermal expansion
2063:
2062:
1979:Health and safety
1558:Scroll compressor
1513:Process duct work
1268:Convection heater
1263:Condensing boiler
1193:Air-mixing plenum
1089:Solar combisystem
925:Cross ventilation
728:Building envelope
191:Valve positioners
185:failure to safety
170:failure to safety
52:automatic control
3258:
3220:Template:Toilets
2985:Flare-nut wrench
2744:Submersible pump
2569:Dielectric union
2489:Automatic faucet
2448:Thread seal tape
2408:Plastic pipework
2168:Hydrostatic loop
2133:Drain (plumbing)
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2025:Building science
1780:Smart thermostat
1775:Room temperature
1358:Fireplace insert
1064:Radon mitigation
962:Electric heating
957:District heating
952:District cooling
869:Air conditioning
695:
688:
681:
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396:Axial Flow valve
386:Angle body valve
274:loop performance
107:Foundation, and
27:used to control
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3246:Control devices
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3123:
3117:
3070:
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3062:
3048:Pressure sensor
3030:
3024:
3000:Plumber's snake
2943:
2924:Water dispenser
2914:Washing machine
2788:
2614:Flushing trough
2564:Diaphragm valve
2554:Condensate pump
2534:Circulator pump
2514:Butterfly valve
2467:
2438:Solvent welding
2330:Crimp (joining)
2287:
2253:Trap (plumbing)
2228:Surface tension
2105:
2099:
2094:
2064:
2059:
2020:ASHRAE Handbook
2008:
1992:Passive smoking
1974:
1907:
1901:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1659:
1653:
1634:Whole-house fan
1548:Run-around coil
1543:Reversing valve
1488:Mechanical room
1478:Kerosene heater
1468:Infrared heater
1398:Gasoline heater
1338:Fan filter unit
1253:Condensate pump
1238:Centrifugal fan
1156:
1059:Radiant heating
1054:Radiant cooling
1029:Passive cooling
1024:Microgeneration
894:Central heating
842:
818:Thermal comfort
710:
704:
699:
642:
637:
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609:www.linquip.com
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553:
548:
547:
543:
535:
531:
526:
521:
504:
501:Process control
495:
486:Instrumentation
440:
429:Diaphragm valve
406:Butterfly valve
373:
347:
325:
312:
294:
286:
228:
219:
202:
193:
131:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3124:organizations
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Leak detection
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:Water metering
3055:
3053:Water detector
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Plumber wrench
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2939:Water softener
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Vacuum ejector
2766:
2764:Vacuum breaker
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Faucet aerator
2586:
2584:Expansion tank
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Sewage pumping
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2366:Leak detection
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Cast iron pipe
2307:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Venturi effect
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Sanitary sewer
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Drinking water
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
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1879:
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1869:
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1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Psychrometrics
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Air flow meter
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1615:
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1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Heating system
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Heat exchanger
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:Gas compressor
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Expansion tank
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Ceramic heater
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:Solar air heat
1081:
1076:
1074:Renewable heat
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
983:Forced-air gas
980:
975:
970:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
933:
927:
922:
917:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
848:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
833:Thermodynamics
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Psychrometrics
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Gas compressor
755:
753:Fluid dynamics
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
712:
706:
705:
698:
697:
690:
683:
675:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
641:
640:External links
638:
635:
634:
630:Plant Services
620:
596:
562:
541:
538:Fourth Edition
528:
527:
525:
522:
520:
519:
513:
507:
498:
492:PID controller
489:
483:
477:
471:
466:
460:
457:Control system
454:
448:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
426:
417:
416:
415:
409:
400:
399:
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393:
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369:
361:
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343:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
311:
308:
307:
306:
302:
299:vena contracta
293:
290:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
270:
267:
264:
227:
224:
218:
215:
201:
198:
192:
189:
181:
180:
177:
166:
165:
162:
130:
129:Control action
127:
126:
125:
122:
119:
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Template:HVAC
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Plumbing code
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:and standards
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Control valve
3036:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Drain cleaner
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Hose coupling
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Closet flange
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Threaded pipe
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
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2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2391:
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2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Flare fitting
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Copper tubing
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
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2284:
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2209:
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Grade (slope)
2151:
2149:
2148:Friction loss
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
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2110:
2108:
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2098:
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2038:
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2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:organizations
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Duct cleaning
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
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1729:
1726:
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1716:
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1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Control valve
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
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1650:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Turning vanes
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Thermal wheel
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Solar chimney
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
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1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Fan coil unit
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:Cooling tower
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
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1234:
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1199:
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1189:
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1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Vapor barrier
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Solar heating
1097:
1095:
1094:Solar cooling
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Refrigeration
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Passive house
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
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1002:
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989:
986:
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939:
937:
934:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
909:Chilled water
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Sensible heat
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Noise control
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Heat transfer
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
707:
703:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
676:
673:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:
632:
631:
624:
610:
606:
600:
582:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
551:
545:
539:
533:
529:
517:
514:
511:
508:
502:
499:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
418:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
376:Sliding stem
375:
374:
368:
364:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
317:
314:
313:
303:
300:
296:
295:
289:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
223:
214:
210:
206:
197:
188:
186:
178:
175:
174:
173:
171:
163:
160:
159:
158:
151:
143:
135:
123:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
64:
55:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:control valve
3098:Pipe marking
3071:and services
3067:Professions,
3037:
3015:Strap wrench
2955:Basin wrench
2934:Water heater
2929:Water filter
2842:Flush toilet
2817:Dehumidifier
2759:Trench drain
2739:Street elbow
2729:Safety valve
2714:Relief valve
2654:Needle valve
2639:Grinder pump
2609:Flow limiter
2594:Float switch
2529:Chopper pump
2509:Booster pump
2458:Tube bending
2403:Pipe support
2268:Water hammer
2248:Thermosiphon
2178:Neutral axis
2030:Fireproofing
1814:and services
1810:Professions,
1708:Gas detector
1702:
1608:Trickle vent
1583:Smoke damper
1578:Smoke canopy
1573:Space heater
1503:Plenum space
1438:Heating film
1318:Exhaust hood
1288:Dehumidifier
1228:Blast damper
1223:Barrier pipe
1198:Air purifier
1109:Thermosiphon
988:Free cooling
904:Chilled beam
828:Thermal mass
813:Stack effect
798:Particulates
778:Infiltration
709:Fundamental
629:
623:
612:. Retrieved
608:
599:
588:. Retrieved
554:. Retrieved
552:. 2020-10-07
544:
532:
365:
362:
287:
258:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
211:
207:
203:
194:
182:
167:
156:
113:
89:
85:
70:
49:
20:
18:
3043:Flow sensor
3031:and control
3029:Measurement
3020:Tap and die
2995:Pipe wrench
2980:Driving cap
2872:Laundry tub
2749:Tap (valve)
2734:Sewage pump
2719:Riser clamp
2664:Pinch valve
2634:Grease trap
2629:Globe valve
2619:Flushometer
2604:Floor drain
2599:Float valve
2519:Check valve
2504:Bleed screw
2278:Water table
2218:Storm sewer
2104:Fundamental
2040:Warm Spaces
1682:Blower door
1660:and control
1658:Measurement
1639:Windcatcher
1613:Trombe wall
1553:Sail switch
1533:Refrigerant
1528:Recuperator
1403:Grease duct
1363:Freeze stat
1348:Fire damper
1218:Back boiler
1188:Air ionizer
1183:Air handler
1147:Ventilation
999:Hybrid heat
864:Air barrier
783:Latent heat
445:Check valve
423:Pinch valve
380:Globe valve
67:correction.
41:temperature
3240:Categories
3103:Pipefitter
2990:Pipecutter
2970:Core drill
2857:Humidifier
2822:Dishwasher
2784:Zone valve
2779:Water tank
2624:Gate valve
2499:Ball valve
2472:Components
2292:Technology
2263:Wastewater
2223:Stormwater
1796:Thermostat
1718:Humidistat
1649:Zone valve
1618:TurboSwing
1493:Oil heater
1463:Humidifier
1393:Gas heater
1343:Fan heater
1313:Evaporator
1298:Economizer
1273:Compressor
1178:Air filter
1161:Components
978:Forced-air
874:Antifreeze
847:Technology
793:Outgassing
733:Convection
614:2021-11-25
590:2019-05-04
556:2022-12-17
524:References
412:Ball valve
73:electrical
29:fluid flow
3122:Industry
3108:Pipelayer
2965:Borescope
2960:Blowtorch
2899:Sump pump
2433:Soldering
2398:Pipe dope
2361:Hydronics
2233:Tap water
2198:Sewer gas
2163:Heat trap
2158:Greywater
2128:Corrosion
1906:Industry
1755:OpenTherm
1433:Heat pump
1428:Heat pipe
1378:Fume hood
1353:Fireplace
1258:Condenser
1208:Attic fan
1004:Hydronics
255:PROFIBUS.
77:hydraulic
58:Operation
3188:See also
3174:Scalding
2862:Icemaker
2649:Manifold
2208:Sewerage
2188:Pressure
2143:Fuel gas
2118:Backflow
2106:concepts
2097:Plumbing
2013:See also
1738:LonWorks
1672:Aquastat
1538:Register
1518:Radiator
1173:Air door
973:Firestop
773:Humidity
748:Enthalpy
738:Dilution
723:Bake-out
711:concepts
510:Profibus
438:See also
109:Profibus
105:Fieldbus
37:pressure
3113:Plumber
3069:trades,
3010:Plunger
2919:Washlet
2807:Bathtub
2709:Reducer
2539:Cistern
2443:Swaging
2423:Sealant
2299:Brazing
1812:trades,
1383:Furnace
1248:Chiller
920:Coolant
402:Rotary
276:levels.
172:modes:
47:level.
3251:Valves
3200:Piping
2909:Urinal
2877:Shower
2383:O-ring
2356:Gasket
2213:Siphon
2203:Sewage
1965:SMACNA
1925:ASHRAE
1745:(MERV)
1699:(CADR)
1677:BACnet
1630:(ULPA)
1483:Louver
1408:Grille
1283:Damper
1233:Boiler
1131:(VCRS)
932:(DOAS)
419:Other
253:, and
92:4-20mA
45:liquid
43:, and
2812:Bidet
2774:Valve
2418:Putty
2388:Oakum
2379:(NPS)
2373:(NPT)
2352:(GHT)
2306:(BSP)
2005:(VOC)
1999:(SBS)
1988:(IAQ)
1945:CIBSE
1940:BSRIA
1843:(BIM)
1787:(STP)
1751:(NTP)
1373:Freon
1143:(VRF)
1137:(VAV)
995:(HRV)
969:(ERV)
943:(DCV)
916:(CAV)
584:(PDF)
516:SCADA
305:valve
25:valve
23:is a
2889:Sink
2694:Pump
2283:Well
2173:Leak
1960:LEED
1920:AMCA
1915:AHRI
1448:HEPA
1368:Flue
1293:Duct
247:HART
101:HART
96:HVAC
33:flow
1970:UMC
1955:IIR
1935:BRE
1328:Fan
79:or
50:In
3242::
607:.
565:^
249:,
103:,
75:,
39:,
19:A
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
694:e
687:t
680:v
617:.
593:.
559:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
