Controlled burn - Knowledge

437: 471: 687: 4289: 98: 228: 73: 402: 393: 45: 270:, among other fire-adapted conifer species, depends on fire to reproduce. The cones are pyriscent so they will only open after exposed to a certain temperature. This reduces competition for the giant sequoia seedlings because the fire has cleared non fire-adapted, competing species. Pyriscent species benefit from moderate-intensity fires in older stands however, climate change is causing more frequent high intensity fires in North America. Controlled burns can manage the fire cycle and the intensity of regenerate fires in forests with pyriscent species like the boreal forest in Canada. 652:, getting out of control and merging. The conflict of controlled burn policy in the United States has roots in historical campaigns to combat wildfires and to the eventual acceptance of fire as a necessary ecological phenomenon. Following colonization of North America, the US used fire suppression laws to eradicate the indigenous practice of prescribed fire. This was done against scientific evidence that supported prescribed burns as a natural process. At the loss to the local environment, colonies utilized fire suppression in order to benefit the logging industry. 617:, there was an increase in the intensity and scale of wildfires after local bylaws restricted the use of controlled burns. In 2017, following one of the worst years for wildfire in the province's history, indigenous leadership and public service members wrote an independent report that suggested returning to the traditional use of prescribed burns to manage understory fuel from wildfires. The government of British Columbia responded by committing to using controlled burns as a wildfire management tool. 483:

Boss can determine how the direction of both flames and smoke and plan their lines of fire accordingly. Once the ignition phase has ended in a section, the suppression team "mops up" by using suppression packs to suppress smoldering material. Other tools used for suppression are RTVs equipped with a water tank and a pump and hose that is installed in a nearby body of water. Finally, once the mop up has finished, the Burn Boss declares the controlled burn over and local fire authorities are notified.

4317: 301: 5285: 4357: 4275: 533: 5333: 4367: 87: 4345: 4303: 5321: 5309: 4261: 331:, as a part of field preparation for planting. Often called field burning, this technique is used to clear the land of any existing crop residue as well as kill weeds and weed seeds. Field burning is less expensive than most other methods such as herbicides or tillage, but because it produces smoke and other fire-related pollutants, its use is not popular in agricultural areas bounded by residential housing. 5297: 4331: 279:

consumes the eucalypt adults, but most of the seeds survive using the ash as a source of nutrients. At their rate of growth, they quickly dominate the land and a new, like-aged eucalyptus forest grows. Other tree species like poplar can easily regenerate after a fire into a like-aged stand from a vast root system that is protected from fires because it is underground.

590:, fire is a living being that has the power to change landscapes through both destruction and the regrowth and return of life following a fire. Human beings are also inexorably tied to the land they live on as stewards who maintain the ecosystems around them. Because fire can reveal dormant seedlings, it is a land management tool. Fire was a part of the landscapes of 259:, perpetuates fire dependent species and improves accessibility. To improve the application of prescribed burns for conservation goals, which may involve mimicking historical or natural fire regimes, scientists assess the impact of variation in fire attributes. Parameters measured are fire frequency, intensity, severity, patchiness, spatial scale and phenology. 53: 556:. One is natural, mainly through lightning, and the other is human activity. Controlled burns have a long history in wildland management. Fire has been used by humans to clear land since the Neolithic period. Fire history studies have documented regular wildland fires ignited by indigenous peoples in North America and 428:, burning should be restricted to daylight hours whenever possible. Furthermore, in temperate climates, it is important to burn grasslands and prairies before native species begin growing for the season so that only non-native species, which send up shoots earlier in the spring, are affected by the fire. 674:

Tensions around fire prevention continue to rise due to the increasing prevalence of climate change. As drought conditions worsen, North America has been facing an abundance of destructive wildfires. Since 1988, many states have made progress toward controlled burns. In 2021, California increased the

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can result in a long-term cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. One working example is the West Arnhem Fire Management Agreement, started to bring "strategic fire management across 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of Western Arnhem Land" to partially offset greenhouse gas

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Native grassland species in North America and Australia are adapted to survive occasional low intensity fires. Controlled burns in prairie ecosystems mimic low intensity fires that shift the composition of plants from non-native species to native species. These controlled burns occur during the early

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Fire suppression has changed the composition and ecology of North American habitats, including highly fire-dependent ecosystems such as oak savannas and canebrakes, which are now critically endangered habitats on the brink of extinction. In the Eastern United States, fire-sensitive trees such as the

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During ignition, the Burn Boss relays information about the fire (flame length, flame height, the percent of ground that has been blackened) to the Communications Officer who documents this information. The Communications Officer relays information about the wind speed and wind direction so the Burn

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Head fires, that burn with the prevailing wind, are used between two firebreaks because head fires will burn more intensely and move faster than a back burn. Head fires are used when a back burn would move too slowly through the fuel either because the fuel moisture is high or the wind speed is low.

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Back burning or a back fire is the term given to the process of lighting vegetation in such a way that it has to burn against the prevailing wind. This produces a slower moving and more controllable fire. Controlled burns utilize back burning during planned fire events to create a "black line" where

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Health and safety, protecting personnel, preventing the fire from escaping and reducing the impact of smoke are the most important considerations when planning a controlled burn. While the most common driver of fuel treatment is the prevention of loss of human life and structures, certain parameters

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occurred, which significantly politicized fire management. The ensuing media coverage was a spectacle that was vulnerable to misinformation. Reports drastically inflated the scale of the fires which disposed politicians in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana to believe that all fires represented a loss of

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it. Broadcast burns tend to have lower temperatures and will not harm the soil as much as pile burning, though steps can be taken to treat the soil after a burn. In lop and scatter burning, slash is left to compact over time, or is compacted with machinery. This produces a lower intensity fire, as

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In Ontario, Canada, controlled burns are regulated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and only trained personnel can plan and ignite controlled burns within Ontario's fire regions or if the Ministry of Natural Resources in involved in any aspect of planning a controlled burn. The team performing

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displaced indigenous people from lands that were controlled with fire and prohibited from conducting traditional controlled burns. After wildfires began increasing in scale and intensity in the 20th century, fire control authorities in began reintroducing controlled burns and indigenous leadership

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until early colonial rule restricted indigenous culture in across Canada. During colonization, large scale forest fires were caused by sparks from railroads and fire was used to clear land for agriculture use. The public perception of forest fires was positive because the cleared land represented

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or mountain ash of Australia also shows a unique evolution with fire, quickly replacing damaged buds or stems in the case of danger. They also carry their seeds in capsules which can be deposited at any time of the year . During a wildfire, the capsules drop nearly all of their seeds and the fire

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to be reared for shooting. The peat-lands are some of the largest carbon sinks in the UK, providing an immensely important ecological service. The governments has restricted burning to the area but hunters have been continuing to set the moors ablaze, releasing a large amount of carbon into the

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prior to the establishment of colonial law and fire suppression. Native Americans frequently used fire to manage natural environments in a way that benefited humans and wildlife in forests and grasslands by starting low-intensity fires that released nutrients for plants, reduced competition for

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Controlled burns reduce the amount of understory fuel so when a wildfire enters the area, a controlled burn site can reduce the intensity of the fire or prevent the fire from crossing the area entirely. A controlled burn prior to the wildfire season can protect infrastructure and communities or

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Furthermore, controlled fire can be used for site preparation when mechanized treatments are not possible because of terrain that prevents equipment access. Species variation and competition can drastically increase a few years after fuel treatments because of the increase in soil nutrients and

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The suppression of natural fire events may represent the greatest threat to the Louisiana pine snake in recent years, decreasing both the quantity and quality of habitat available to pine snakes. The longleaf-pine savannah forest evolved as a fire-climax community, adapted to the occurrence of

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On the day of the controlled burn, personnel meet with the Burn Boss and discuss the tactics being used for ignition and suppression, health and safety precautions, fuel moisture levels and the weather (wind direction, wind speed, temperature and precipitation) for the day. On site, local fire

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land for livestock and to prevent larger fires when the grass is drier and the weather is hotter. In the past few decades, the practice of burning savanna has decreased because rain has become inadequate and unpredictable, there are more frequent occurrences of large accidental fires and

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the prescribed burn is divided into several roles; the Burn Boss, Communications, Suppression and Ignition. The planning process begins by submitting an application to a local fire management office and after approval, applicants must submit a burn plan several weeks prior to ignition.

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are canisters filled with fuel and a wick at the end that is used to ignite the lines of fire. Safe zones are established to ensure personnel know where the fire cannot cross either because of natural barriers like bodies of water or human-made barriers like tilled earth.

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The use of controlled burns in North America ended in the early 20th century, when federal fire policies were enacted with the goal of suppressing all fires. Since 1995, the US Forest Service has slowly incorporated burning practices into its forest management policies.

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control authorities are notified by telephone about the controlled burn while the rest of the team members fill drip torches with pre-mixed fuel, fill suppression packs with water and put up barricades and signage to prevent pedestrian access to the controlled burn.

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fire cannot burn through. Back burning or backfiring is also done to stop a wildfire that is already in progress. Firebreaks are also used as an anchor point to start a line of fires along natural or man-made features such as a river, road or a bulldozed clearing.

1694: 377:, Australia. Deliberately starting controlled burns early in the dry season results in a mosaic of burnt and unburnt country which reduces the area of stronger, late dry season fires; it is also known as "patch burning". 2720: 2482:

R.A. Bradstock; M. Bedward; B.J. Kenny; J. Scott (1998). "Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia".

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revenue from tourism. Paramount to the new action plans is the suppression of fires that threaten the loss of human life with leniency toward areas of historic, scientific, or special ecological interest.

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from forestry operations. Broadcast burning is the burning of scattered slash over a wide area. Pile burning is gathering up the slash into piles before burning. These burning piles may be referred to as

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Mirra, Inês M.; Oliveira, Tiago M.; Barros, Ana M.G.; Fernandes, Paulo M. (2017). "Fuel dynamics following fire hazard reduction treatments in blue gum ( Eucalyptus globulus ) plantations in Portugal".

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Shoemaker, Cory M. (2018). "Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests".

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Antar, Mohammed; Lyu, Dongmei; Nazari, Mahtab; Shah, Ateeq; Zhou, Xiaomin; Smith, Donald L. (2021). "Biomass for a sustainable bioeconomy: An overview of world biomass production and utilization".

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The notion of fire as a tool had somewhat evolved by the late 1970s as the National Park Service authorized and administered controlled burns. Following prescribed fire reintroduction, the

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Havrilla, Caroline A.; Faist, Akasha M.; Barger, Nichole N. (2017). "Understory Plant Community Responses to Fuel-Reduction Treatments and Seeding in an Upland Piñon-Juniper Woodland".

637:, leading to a 23-car collision in which 7 people died and 37 were injured. This resulted in more scrutiny of field burning and proposals to ban field burning in the state altogether. 610:

in Ontario began conducting prescribed burns on forested land which led to the created of a prescribed burn program as well as training and regulation for controlled burns in Ontario.

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began requiring a permit for farmers to burn their fields in 1981, but the requirements became stricter in 1988 following a multi-car collision in which smoke from field burning near

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spring before native plants begin actively growing, when soil moisture is higher and when the fuel load on the ground is low to ensure that the controlled burn remains low intensity.

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Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in Northern Australia savannas : rekindling the Wurrk tradition / editors: Jeremy Russell-Smith, Peter Whitehead, Peter Cooke

353:, unregulated burning of agricultural waste is a major problem. Smoke from these fires leads to degradation in environmental quality in these states and the surrounded area. 160:

Controlled burns are conducted during the cooler months to reduce fuel buildup and decrease the likelihood of more dangerous, hotter fires. Controlled burning stimulates the

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Scott L. Stephens; Robert E. Martin; Nicholas E. Clinton (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands".

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Transactions of the 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference; 1998 March 20–25; Orlando, Fl. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 402–414

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By Peter J. Murphy. (Edmonton: Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, 1985. xiii + 408 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, appendix, index. Paper $ 15.00 Canadian.)"

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The risk of fatal fires that stem from burning slash can also be reduced by proactively reducing ground fuels before they can create a fuel ladder and begin an active

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A controlled burn in Niagara Falls, Ontario where the Burn Boss is watching a back fire (lit first and in the background) move towards a head fire (in the foreground)

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began implementing small prescribed burns however, the scale of wildfires each year outpaces the acreage of land that is intentionally burnt. In the late 1980s, the

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In the European Union, burning crop stubble after harvest is used by farmers for plant health reasons under several restrictions in cross-compliance regulations.

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of Oregon and Idaho have been moving to reduce the shifting of capital from fire prevention to fire suppression following the harsh fires of 2017 in both states.

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Another method to increase the speed of a back burn is to use a flank fire which is lit at right angles to the prevailing wind and spreads in the same direction.

2846: 2829: 3130: 2284: 3675: 5212: 2927:"Under the guise of science: how the US Forest Service deployed settler colonial and racist logics to advance an unsubstantiated fire suppression agenda" 524:. Predictions show thinned forests lead to a reduction in fire intensity and flame lengths of forest fires compared to untouched or fire-proofed areas. 129:

is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape. The purpose could be for

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swailing or a burn-off. In industrialized countries, controlled burning regulations and permits are usually overseen by fire control authorities.

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are managed by burning in a practice known as muirburn. This kills trees and grasses, preventing natural succession, and generates the mosaic of

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Beese, W.J., Blackwell, B.A., Green, R.N. & Hawkes, B.C. (2006). "Prescribed burning impacts on some coastal British Columbia ecosystems."

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Christianson, Amy Cardinal; Sutherland, Colin Robert; Moola, Faisal; Gonzalez Bautista, Noémie; Young, David; MacDonald, Heather (2022-09-01).

1445:"Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum [Taxodiacea]) Seedling Survival and Growth in the First Four Decades Following Managed Fires" 1722: 2651: 1583: 5130: 3714: 3172: 2574: 1228: 210:

and has been used by indigenous people across the world for millennia to promote biodiversity and cultivate wild crops. Colonial law in

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Smit, Izak P. J.; Asner, Gregory P.; Govender, Navashni; Vaughn, Nicholas R.; van Wilgen, Brian W. (October 2016). Kardol, Paul (ed.).

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cultivated species, and consumed excess flammable material that otherwise would eventually fuel high-intensity, catastrophic fires.

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Mueller, Stephanie E.; Thode, Andrea E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Yocom, Larissa L.; Young, Jesse D.; Iniguez, Jose M. (2020-03-15).

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Whelan, Robert J. (December 2002). "Managing Fire Regimes for Conservation and Property Protection: an Australian Response".

3685: 3025: 5120: 981: 913: 470: 3302: 1744: 1371: 4967: 4768: 4614: 4468: 3376: 3334: 1858:"Refining thresholds in coupled fire–vegetation models to improve management of encroaching woody plants in grasslands" 1357:"Guidance for the controlled burning of heather, grass and other moorland, in Scotland and other moorland, in Scotland" 882: 812: 3106: 2844: 2827: 1116: 1091: 3608: 3588: 3255:

BC-X-403. Victoria B.C.: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre. Retrieved from:

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Ditomaso, Joseph M.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Allen, Edith B.; Minnich, Ralph; Rice, Peter M.; Kyser, Guy B. (June 2006).

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mitigate risks associated with many dead standing trees such as after a pest infestation when forest fuels are high.

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Twidwell, Dirac; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Taylor, Charles A.; Rogers, William E. (June 2013). Kardol, Paul (ed.).

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can also be changed to promote biodiversity and to rearrange the age of a stand or the assemblage of species.

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Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests

1372:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management – A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests" 883:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management - A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests" 641: 5364: 5222: 5217: 5197: 1666: 513: 425: 48:

Prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forest in eastern Washington, United States, to restore ecosystem health

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Lohmann, Dirk; Tietjen, Britta; Blaum, Niels; Joubert, David Francois; Jeltsch, Florian (August 2014).

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number of trained personnel to perform controlled burns and created more accessibility for landowners.

374: 24: 3276: 3262: 686: 5359: 4952: 4483: 4040: 3860: 3729: 3390: 3307: 656: 113:. In South Africa controlled burns are important for maintaining the ecological health of indigenous 106: 72: 1490: 5312: 5270: 4987: 4881: 4793: 4519: 4179: 3865: 3473: 3438: 1769: 335: 185: 3815: 3212:"Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa" 338:, with the aim of improving the balance of woody plants and grasses in shrublands and grasslands. 145:

and fuels through burn piles. Controlled burns may also be referred to as hazard reduction burning

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Many trees depend on fire as a way to clear out other plant species and release their seeds. The

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Bowman, D.M.; Perry, G.L.; Higgins, S.I.; Johnson, C.N.; Fuhlendorf, S.D.; Murphy, B.P. (2016).

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With controlled burns, there is also a risk that the fires get out of control. For example, the

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taming the wilderness to an urban populace. The conservation movement, which was spearheaded by

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Scott L. Stephens; Lawrence W. Ruth (2005). "Federal Forest-Fire Policy in the United States".

634: 134: 1356: 1235: 1147:"Understory vascular plant responses to retention harvesting with and without prescribed fire" 5288: 5140: 4722: 4488: 4389: 4293: 4279: 3950: 2997: 2594:"The right to burn: barriers and opportunities for Indigenous-led fire stewardship in Canada" 370: 3887: 1715: 648:, was started by two distinct instances of controlled burns, which had both been set by the 323:

In the developing world, the use of controlled burns in agriculture is often referred to as

176:, controlled burns shift the species assemblage to primarily native grassland species. Some 5181: 5135: 5022: 4559: 4554: 4453: 4169: 3909: 3850: 3820: 3690: 3478: 3062: 2751: 2530: 2492: 2448: 2357: 2299: 2211: 2048: 1959: 1918: 1907:"Prescribed fire as a tool for managing shrub encroachment in semi-arid savanna rangelands" 1869: 1820: 1584:"Trees have evolved to adapt to disturbance and site condition for success in regeneration" 1409: 1328: 1062: 776: 401: 392: 328: 44: 8: 5040: 4896: 4886: 4753: 4682: 4662: 4370: 3741: 3558: 3526: 3051:"Climate relationships with increasing wildfire in the southwestern US from 1984 to 2015" 2878: 2383: 2182: 859: 663:

There is still a debate amongst policy makers about how to deal with wildfires. Senators

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red maple are increasing in number, at the expense of fire-tolerant species like oaks.

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In East Africa, bird densities increased months after controlled burning had occurred.

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in Ontario, caused a ban on all fires, both natural wild fires and intentional fires.

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Franklin, Caroline M.A.; Nielsen, Scott E.; Macdonald, S. Ellen (September 2019).

4937: 4906: 4891: 4687: 4569: 4514: 4448: 4428: 4246: 4104: 4089: 3945: 3892: 3875: 3578: 3546: 3468: 3453: 3428: 3284: 3270: 3075: 3050: 2850: 2833: 2542: 2369: 2189: 1695:"Addressing the New Normal: 21st Century Disaster Management in British Columbia" 1190: 866: 509: 492: 318: 256: 2697: 1774:

Proceedings of the Annual Congresses of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa

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Firefighters light, then extinguish a controlled burn in response to the 2020

5353: 5265: 5115: 4982: 4856: 4831: 4816: 4773: 4712: 4335: 4316: 4241: 4201: 4154: 3993: 3965: 3830: 3768: 3707: 3702: 3511: 3463: 3235: 3084: 2950: 2771: 2739: 2610: 2593: 2575:"Fire-Adapted: Plants and Animals Rely on Wildfires for Resilient Ecosystems" 2468: 2256: 2231: 2068: 2021: 1979: 1891: 1842: 1793: 1468: 1379: 1266:"Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs" 1214: 1172: 1028: 937: 720: 695: 596: 350: 342: 267: 211: 3256: 2737: 2282: 1882: 1857: 1833: 1808: 886: 820: 532: 5171: 5156: 5055: 4846: 4811: 4697: 4672: 4657: 4632: 4627: 4604: 4531: 4458: 4438: 4412: 4349: 4184: 3880: 3870: 3855: 3825: 3748: 3724: 3638: 3603: 3568: 3483: 3458: 3414: 2977:

A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System

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Assessing the impact of prescribed burning on the growth of European pines

2481: 929: 64:. The device spits flaming fuel oil from the side, instantly igniting the 5176: 4851: 4836: 4743: 4717: 4707: 4642: 4622: 4564: 4509: 4463: 4420: 4216: 4196: 4189: 4149: 4116: 3697: 3448: 1955: 1542:

Waters, David A.; Burrows, Geoffrey E.; Harper, John D. I. (April 2010).

1191:"The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands" 751: 587: 583: 161: 102: 78: 65: 2592:

Hoffman, Kira; Christianson, Amy; Dickson-Hoyle, Sarah (31 March 2022).

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Gregory, Nathan C.; Sensenig, Ryan L.; Wilcove, David S. (2010-11-11).

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Technique to reduce potential fuel for wildfire through managed burning

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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fuel management. A controlled burn may also refer to the intentional

110: 57: 3227: 1074: 1020: 86: 5166: 5161: 5002: 4574: 4473: 4174: 4144: 4139: 4099: 4045: 4035: 3955: 3343: 2091: 737: 706:(heather) of different ages which allows very large populations of 553: 475: 245: 193: 138: 20: 982:"Fire as Medicine: Learning from Native American Fire Stewardship" 436: 4164: 4060: 4030: 4025: 4013: 4003: 3988: 3541: 3011: 1052: 732: 724: 703: 591: 497: 365: 346: 252: 207: 4344: 2901:"The Government Set a Colossal Wildfire. What Are Victims Owed?" 2591: 2408: 2127:

Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Whitehead, Peter J; Cooke, Peter (2009),

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For the controlled burns managed by Aboriginal Australians, see

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Julie E. Korb; Nancy C. Johnson; W. W. Covington (March 2004).

2105:. Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre. Archived from 1996:"Emission of Air Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning in India" 1443:

Shellhammer, Howard S.; Shellhammer, Thomas H. (October 2006).

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Firing the woods in a South Carolina forest with a custom made

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Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada.

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Guidelines for Low Intensity Bushfire Hazard Reduction Burning

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Palmer, W. E.; Engstrom, R. T.; Brennan, L. A. (2011-06-16).

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History of Forest and Prairie Fire Control Policy in Alberta.

956:"A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers" 19:"Back-burn" redirects here. For the village in Scotland, see 3150:"Friends of the Earth sparks moorland burning investigation" 2346: 327:. In industrialized nations, it is seen as one component of 304:

Northern California fire crews start a backfire to stop the

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Two Billion Trees and Counting: The Legacy of Edmund Zavitz

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Stubbendieck, James; Volesky, Jerry; Ortmann, John (1998).

501: 241: 199: 177: 169: 165: 52: 2633: 1904: 1745:"State of Oregon: Smoke and Field Burning – Field Burning" 1632: 911: 491:

There are several different methods used to burn piles of

3048: 2181:

Guidelines for Low Intensity Brush Fire Hazard Reduction

1461:

10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[342:gssgts]2.0.co;2

1263: 3026:"Wyden renews call for Congress to fix wildfire funding" 1144: 536:

Airplane in Western Australia performing aerial ignition

2120: 1806: 3148:

Shrubsole, Guy; Cameron, Alasdair (24 February 2019).

2183:

http://www.hillside.rfsa.org.au/lowintensityhrburn.pdf

2034: 1667:"Prescribed burns reduce wildfire risks | BC Gov News" 1442: 843:"Burn-off rule change upsets Adelaide Hills residents" 1994:

Jain, Niveta; Bhatia, Arti; Pathak, Himanshu (2014).

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mineral layers which increases seedling vitality. In

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Yellowstone in the Afterglow: Lessons from the Fires

2516: 2514: 1716:"Homeland Security Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2009" 334:

Prescribed fires are broadly used in the context of

251:, controls competing vegetation, helps control tree 1541: 1399: 1184: 1182: 1092:"Canada – The Impact of Fire-exclusion Legislation" 914:"Control of Invasive Weeds with Prescribed Burning" 540:Aerial ignition is a type of controlled burn where 3303:Savanna Oak Foundation article on controlled burns 2153:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (May 2019). 1943: 117:as well as reducing the intensity of future burns. 3298:U.S. National Park Service Prescribed Fire Policy 2511: 5351: 3147: 1993: 1513: 1179: 3308:The Nature Conservancy's Global Fire Initiative 2652:"Barrens and Savannas communities of Wisconsin" 2278: 2276: 452: 3261:Casals P, Valor T, Besalú A, Molina-Terrén D. 4397: 3328: 2585: 1723:United States Department of Homeland Security 740:government policies prevent burning savanna. 517:long as the slash is not packed too tightly. 5131:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 3195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2273: 1314: 1229:"Louisiana Pine Snake: (Pituophis ruthveni)" 3171:Dowler, Emma Howard, Crispin (2022-05-30). 2686:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 1635:"Grassland Management with Prescribed Fire" 1188: 359: 4963:International Association of Fire Fighters 4404: 4390: 3335: 3321: 2979:. U.S. National Park Service. p. 186. 2103:Tropical Savannas CRC, Savanna Information 1252:frequent, but low-intensity, ground fires. 1189:Weber, M. G.; Taylor, S. W. (1992-06-01). 1096:International Association of Wildland Fire 998: 711:atmosphere and destroying native habitat. 627:Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 3275:Valor T, González-Olabarria JR, Piqué M. 3074: 2779: 2718: 2683: 2609: 2099:"West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project" 2011: 1881: 1832: 1559: 1340: 1291: 1281: 1162: 885:. Bugwood.org. 2003-03-24. Archived from 772:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 644:, the largest wildfire in the history of 5370:Habitat management equipment and methods 2409:Rachel G. Schneider; Deborah Breedlove. 1947:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1767: 1642:University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension 685: 531: 469: 435: 299: 282: 226: 96: 85: 71: 51: 43: 3012:"Forest Service Wilderness Fire Policy" 2974: 2924: 2434: 1664: 953: 5352: 3216:International Journal of Wildland Fire 3170: 2989: 2898: 2802: 2201: 1708: 1692: 1123:. Treesearch.fs.fed.us. Archived from 1086: 1084: 1048: 1046: 979: 291: 109:in South Africa bordering the city of 4385: 3316: 2970: 2968: 2872: 2719:Highfield, Craig (21 November 2018). 2251: 2249: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 1688: 1686: 1660: 1658: 1308: 486: 5296: 5121:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 3209: 2572: 2557:"Chapter Introduction: Fire Ecology" 1369: 999:Fahnestock, George R. (1986-07-01). 975: 973: 949: 947: 907: 905: 903: 877: 875: 840: 633:, obscured the vision of drivers on 263:availability of space and sunlight. 4260: 3141: 2664: 2437:"Forest Clearance in the Stone Age" 1491:"Giant Sequoia Ecology (Chapter 5)" 1315:Mason, D.S.; Lashley, M.A. (2021). 1151:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1081: 1043: 13: 4769:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4469:Firefighter assist and search team 3245: 2965: 2667:"The loss of the great canebrakes" 2246: 2135: 1683: 1655: 1516:"Information archivée dans le Web" 1402:Rangeland Ecology & Management 1349: 527: 431: 341:In Northern-India, especially, In 14: 5396: 3609:Global Forest Information Service 3291: 2461:10.1038/scientificamerican0356-36 1992:This review cites this research. 1768:Trollope, W.S.W. (January 1980). 970: 944: 900: 872: 500:. High temperatures can harm the 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5284: 5283: 4494:Fire department ranks by country 4411: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4343: 4329: 4315: 4301: 4287: 4273: 4259: 3257:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2740 2673:. UNC Charlotte Urban Institute. 2435:Iversen, Johannes (March 1956). 2312:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00304.x 2224:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.02091.x 2061:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01533.x 2000:Aerosol and Air Quality Research 1117:"Whither wildlife without fire?" 620: 564: 400: 391: 5375:Agriculture and the environment 5332: 4968:International Firefighters' Day 4928:Candidate Physical Ability Test 4366: 3203: 3164: 3123: 3099: 3042: 3018: 3004: 2983: 2925:Vinyeta, Kirsten (2021-10-12). 2918: 2892: 2877:. Eugene Weekly. Archived from 2866: 2855: 2838: 2821: 2796: 2731: 2712: 2677: 2658: 2644: 2626: 2573:Sten, Michaela (12 July 2020). 2566: 2549: 2475: 2428: 2402: 2376: 2340: 2257:"Prescribed burns | ontario.ca" 2195: 2175: 2028: 1937: 1898: 1849: 1800: 1761: 1737: 1626: 1601: 1576: 1535: 1507: 1483: 1436: 1393: 1363: 1257: 1221: 1138: 1108: 841:Gage, Nicola (25 August 2016). 723:conduct traditional burning in 364:Controlled burns on Australian 39:Control of fire by early humans 4479:Special operations firefighter 3107:"Bill Text – AB-642 Wildfires" 2899:Romero, Simon (21 June 2022). 1931:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.04.003 992: 980:Palmer, Jane (29 March 2021). 853: 834: 805: 788: 552:There are two basic causes of 312: 23:. For the Canadian group, see 1: 5018:Wildfire emergency management 4585:Hazardous materials apparatus 3055:Forest Ecology and Management 2943:10.1080/23251042.2021.1987608 2523:Forest Ecology and Management 2505:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00170-5 2416:. Georgia Forestry Commission 2350:Forest Ecology and Management 2162:Ministry of Natural Resources 1786:10.1080/00725560.1980.9648907 954:Tianhua, He (December 2015). 782: 642:Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire 608:Ministry of Natural Resources 5380:Forestry and the environment 3342: 3285:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002 3271:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050 3076:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117861 2543:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005 2411:"Fire Management Study Unit" 2370:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.016 1911:Journal of Arid Environments 1702:BC Flood and Wildfire Review 544:are released from aircraft. 453:Grassland or prairie burning 382: 7: 4993:World Police and Fire Games 4948:Fire protection engineering 2698:10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1 1613:Mongabay Environmental News 745: 240:Controlled burning reduces 235: 10: 5401: 5241:Glossary of wildfire terms 4973:List of firefighting films 4421:Personnel and organization 3720:Growth and yield modelling 3111:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 2849:September 5, 2006, at the 2832:September 3, 2006, at the 2764:10.1007/s40725-022-00168-9 2384:"What is aerial ignition?" 1972:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110691 1862:Journal of Applied Ecology 1813:Journal of Applied Ecology 1548:American Journal of Botany 1422:10.1016/j.rama.2017.04.002 1342:10.1186/s42408-020-00087-9 813:"What is Hazard Reduction" 547: 316: 202:is a natural part of both 36: 29: 25:Backburner (hip hop group) 18: 5279: 5258: 5233: 5190: 5149: 5031: 5010: 5001: 4953:Geography of firefighting 4920: 4792: 4613: 4545: 4502: 4484:Volunteer fire department 4419: 4294:Earth sciences portal 4280:Climate change portal 4255: 4132: 3964: 3861:Great Green Wall (Africa) 3806: 3497: 3407: 3350: 2990:Franke, Mary Ann (2000). 2604:(January 2022): 464–481. 2013:10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0031 1009:Journal of Forest History 966:– via ResearchGate. 714: 678: 657:Yellowstone fires of 1988 577: 107:Helderberg Nature Reserve 5271:Template:Fire protection 4988:World Firefighters Games 4882:Gaseous fire suppression 3866:Great Green Wall (China) 3439:Close to nature forestry 3210:Butz, Ramona J. (2009). 2975:Rothman, Hal K. (2005). 2744:Current Forestry Reports 2611:10.1139/facets-2021-0062 2192:Retrieved on May 8, 2016 2155:"Prescribed Burn Manual" 817:www.hillside.rfsa.org.au 360:Greenhouse gas abatement 336:woody plant encroachment 308:from advancing westward. 105:of a controlled burn in 37:Not to be confused with 4958:History of firefighting 3900:Million Tree Initiative 2931:Environmental Sociology 2485:Biological Conservation 1883:10.1111/1365-2664.12063 1834:10.1111/1365-2664.12738 1693:Abbott, George (2017). 1055:Ecological Applications 222: 76:A prescribed burn in a 5096:Firefighting apparatus 4784:Thermal imaging camera 4764:Secure information box 4580:Firefighting apparatus 4322:Environment portal 3754:Sustainable management 3649:Trillion Tree Campaign 3152:. Friends of the Earth 1665:Forests (2019-08-12). 1283:10.1098/rstb.2015.0169 1195:The Forestry Chronicle 1164:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0288 869:Retrieved on 11-3-2009 796:"Managing Brush Fires" 691: 537: 479: 441: 309: 232: 219:into land management. 135:ecological restoration 118: 94: 83: 69: 49: 5385:Ecological techniques 5141:Wildland water tender 4723:Hydraulic rescue tool 4489:Women in firefighting 4247:Wood process engineer 3951:Urban forest inequity 2803:Bacher, John (2011). 1370:Bargeron, Charles T. 930:10.1614/WT-05-086R1.1 689: 535: 473: 439: 371:liquefied natural gas 303: 283:Grassland restoration 230: 100: 89: 75: 55: 47: 5182:Wildland fire module 5136:Wildland fire engine 5023:Wildfire suppression 4560:Fire command vehicle 4555:Airport crash tender 4454:Retained firefighter 3910:Shifting cultivation 3851:Forest fragmentation 3821:Carbon sequestration 3691:Woodland Carbon Code 3656:Forest certification 3564:Even-aged management 3479:Sustainable forestry 2873:Mortensen, Camilla. 2204:Conservation Biology 2041:Conservation Biology 777:Wildfire suppression 329:shifting cultivation 127:prescribed (Rx) burn 5365:Wildfire prevention 5041:Aerial firefighting 4897:Stop, drop and roll 4887:Multiple-alarm fire 4754:Portable water tank 4663:Fire proximity suit 3715:Formally designated 3559:Ecological thinning 3469:Plantation forestry 3377:Research institutes 3067:2020ForEM.46017861M 2756:2022CForR...8..257C 2535:2007ForEM.251..205S 2497:1998BCons..86...83B 2453:1956SciAm.194c..36I 2441:Scientific American 2362:2017ForEM.398..185M 2304:2004ResEc..12...52K 2292:Restoration Ecology 2216:2002ConBi..16.1659W 2053:2010ConBi..24.1606G 1964:2021RSERv.13910691A 1923:2014JArEn.107...49L 1874:2013JApEc..50..603T 1825:2016JApEc..53.1623S 1561:10.3732/ajb.0900158 1414:2017REcoM..70..609H 1333:2021FiEco..17a...3M 1067:2005EcoAp..15..532S 721:Maasai ethnic group 584:Anishinaabeg Nation 474:Controlled burn in 292:Wildfire management 180:, such as those of 137:, land clearing or 5081:Fire retardant gel 5066:Fire lookout tower 4739:New York roof hook 4590:Light and air unit 4527:Fire lookout tower 4434:Chief fire officer 4308:Ecology portal 3841:Forest degradation 3836:Ecosystem services 3444:Community forestry 3253:Information Report 2665:Cockman, Crystal. 2188:2019-03-12 at the 2131:, CSIRO Publishing 1725:. 2009. p. 71 1523:publications.gc.ca 1207:10.5558/tfc68324-3 960:Journal of Ecology 865:2019-03-12 at the 767:Fire-stick farming 731:to provide varied 725:savanna ecosystems 692: 542:incendiary devices 538: 487:Slash pile burning 480: 442: 310: 275:Eucalyptus regnans 233: 119: 95: 84: 70: 50: 32:Fire-stick farming 5347: 5346: 5254: 5253: 5246:List of wildfires 5106:Helicopter bucket 5101:Firefighting foam 4703:Hard suction hose 4648:Fire extinguisher 4638:Fire brigade keys 4379: 4378: 4336:Plants portal 4122:green woodworking 3137:. 5 January 2024. 2807:. Dundurn Press. 698:, large areas of 650:US Forest Service 369:emissions from a 131:forest management 92:Holmen, Wisconsin 82:stand in Portugal 5392: 5360:Wildfire ecology 5335: 5334: 5323: 5322: 5311: 5310: 5299: 5298: 5287: 5286: 5008: 5007: 4943:Fire photography 4725:("Jaws of life") 4683:Fireman's switch 4406: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4350:Trees portal 4348: 4347: 4334: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4262: 3984:Forest gardening 3941:Timber recycling 3888:Invasive species 3776:Tree measurement 3337: 3330: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3240: 3239: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3078: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2842: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2671:ui.charlotte.edu 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2322:. Archived from 2289: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2210:(6): 1659–1661. 2199: 2193: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2047:(6): 1606–1616. 2032: 2026: 2025: 2015: 1991: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1819:(5): 1623–1633. 1804: 1798: 1797: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1720: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1378:. Archived from 1367: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1295: 1285: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1234:. Archived from 1233: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1186: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1157:(9): 1087–1100. 1142: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1050: 1041: 1040: 996: 990: 989: 977: 968: 967: 951: 942: 941: 909: 898: 897: 895: 894: 879: 870: 857: 851: 850: 838: 832: 831: 829: 828: 819:. Archived from 809: 803: 802: 801:. February 2017. 800: 792: 757:Cultural burning 694:In the north of 615:British Columbia 424:To minimize the 404: 395: 143:burning of slash 5400: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5320: 5308: 5275: 5250: 5229: 5186: 5145: 5046:Controlled burn 5033: 5027: 4997: 4938:Fire engine red 4916: 4907:Two-in, two-out 4862:Fireman's carry 4788: 4688:Flame retardant 4609: 4570:Fire motorcycle 4541: 4515:Fire department 4498: 4449:Station officer 4429:Battalion chief 4415: 4410: 4380: 4375: 4342: 4328: 4314: 4302: 4300: 4288: 4286: 4274: 4272: 4251: 4128: 4105:spruce-pine-fir 4078:Christmas trees 3960: 3876:Illegal logging 3808: 3802: 3517:Controlled burn 3502: 3493: 3474:Social forestry 3454:Energy forestry 3434:Bamboo forestry 3429:Analog forestry 3403: 3346: 3341: 3294: 3248: 3246:Further reading 3243: 3228:10.1071/wf07067 3208: 3204: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2966: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2875:"Blowing Smoke" 2871: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2851:Wayback Machine 2843: 2839: 2834:Wayback Machine 2826: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2797: 2736: 2732: 2717: 2713: 2682: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2638:oaksavannas.org 2632: 2631: 2627: 2590: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2519: 2512: 2480: 2476: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2200: 2196: 2190:Wayback Machine 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2033: 2029: 1942: 1938: 1903: 1899: 1854: 1850: 1805: 1801: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1663: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1499: 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5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5076:Fire retardant 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4902:Structure fire 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4827:Door breaching 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4779:Smoke detector 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678:Fireman's pole 4675: 4670: 4668:Fire retardant 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4600:Rescue vehicle 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 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3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3846:Forest dieback 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3489:Urban forestry 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3292:External links 3290: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3259: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3202: 3163: 3140: 3122: 3098: 3041: 3030:OregonLive.com 3017: 3003: 2982: 2964: 2937:(2): 134–148. 2917: 2905:New York Times 2891: 2865: 2854: 2837: 2820: 2813: 2795: 2750:(3): 257–276. 2730: 2725:bayjournal.com 2711: 2692:(2): 156–152. 2676: 2657: 2643: 2625: 2584: 2565: 2548: 2529:(3): 205–216. 2510: 2474: 2427: 2401: 2375: 2339: 2272: 2261:www.ontario.ca 2245: 2194: 2174: 2134: 2119: 2090: 2027: 2006:(1): 422–430. 1936: 1897: 1868:(3): 603–613. 1848: 1799: 1780:(1): 173–177. 1760: 1749:www.oregon.gov 1736: 1707: 1682: 1671:news.gov.bc.ca 1654: 1625: 1600: 1575: 1554:(4): 545–556. 1534: 1506: 1482: 1455:(4): 342–350. 1435: 1408:(5): 609–620. 1392: 1362: 1348: 1307: 1256: 1241:on 13 May 2006 1220: 1201:(3): 324–334. 1178: 1137: 1107: 1080: 1061:(2): 532–542. 1042: 991: 969: 943: 924:(2): 535–548. 899: 871: 852: 833: 804: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 747: 744: 716: 713: 680: 677: 631:Albany, Oregon 622: 619: 602:In the 1970s, 579: 576: 566: 563: 549: 546: 529: 526: 504:, damaging it 488: 485: 454: 451: 433: 430: 414:in California. 409: 408: 399: 398: 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 384: 381: 361: 358: 325:slash and burn 314: 311: 293: 290: 284: 281: 237: 234: 224: 221: 206:and grassland 182:lodgepole pine 60:mounted on an 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5397: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Template:Fire 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5208:United States 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Saint Florian 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921:Miscellaneous 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Fire triangle 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:Dead man zone 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713:Heat detector 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 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4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3994:Manufacturing 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831:Deforestation 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807:Environmental 3805: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3708:reforestation 3706: 3704: 3703:afforestation 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3512:Arboriculture 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464:Permaforestry 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2881:on 2011-09-03 2880: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2814:9781459701113 2810: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2579:defenders.org 2576: 2569: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2412: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2329:on 2016-03-04 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2123: 2109:on 2012-11-27 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1589: 1588:MSU Extension 1585: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1382:on 2017-12-06 1381: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1127:on 2012-03-25 1126: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1004: 995: 987: 983: 976: 974: 965: 961: 957: 950: 948: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 908: 906: 904: 889:on 2011-07-05 888: 884: 878: 876: 868: 864: 861: 856: 848: 844: 837: 823:on 2019-10-09 822: 818: 814: 808: 797: 791: 787: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 743: 741: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 712: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:Great Britain 688: 684: 676: 672: 670: 666: 661: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 621:United States 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 600: 598: 597:Edmund Zavitz 593: 589: 585: 575: 571: 565:North America 562: 559: 555: 545: 543: 534: 525: 523: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 484: 477: 472: 468: 465: 459: 450: 446: 438: 429: 427: 422: 413: 403: 394: 380: 378: 376: 372: 367: 357: 354: 352: 351:Uttar Pradesh 348: 344: 339: 337: 332: 330: 326: 320: 307: 306:Poomacha fire 302: 298: 289: 280: 277: 276: 271: 269: 268:giant sequoia 264: 260: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 229: 220: 217: 213: 212:North America 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 155: 150: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 93: 88: 81: 80: 74: 67: 63: 59: 54: 46: 40: 33: 26: 22: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5198:Ancient Rome 5172:Hotshot crew 5157:Fire lookout 5056:Fire flapper 5045: 4847:Fire control 4812:Chimney fire 4698:Halligan bar 4673:Fire shelter 4658:Fire hydrant 4633:Fire blanket 4628:Escape chair 4605:Water tender 4532:Fire station 4459:Fire marshal 4439:Fire captain 4413:Firefighting 4341: 4327: 4313: 4299: 4285: 4271: 4264: 4242:Tree planter 4222:Resin tapper 4202:Truck driver 4197:River driver 3946:Tree hugging 3931: 3914: 3881:timber mafia 3871:High grading 3856:Ghost forest 3826:Clearcutting 3749:Silviculture 3725:Horticulture 3569:Fire ecology 3516: 3484:Urban forest 3459:Mycoforestry 3419: 3415:Agroforestry 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3363:Forest areas 3361: 3354: 3252: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3180:. 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