363:) and since 1620 by the Intendants who at first were only in charge of the collection of direct taxes and of regional public finances. Traditionally, the Governors were chosen by the King from the ranks of the highest aristocracy. Nevertheless, as they had occasionally challenged the royal authority in their respective regions, the Kings responded by retaining them as often as possible at the Royal Palace, so that the function of Governor finally became only a ceremonial title.
17:
385:, which at first was simply a tax collection district of France, but became more and more a general administration province of the royal government. Subsequently the Intendants saw their powers and competences increased at such a level, that they were nicknamed "the right hand of the King in the province".
194:. According to the official description of 1665, the Controller-General had the power "to report in our Counsel of all affairs which are of concern to our service and of any others" ("faire rapport en notre Conseil de toutes les affaires qui concerneront notre service et de toutes autres indifféremment").
127:
suppressed the two already existing positions holding the title of
Controller-General as he wanted to replace these with a sole homonym office with cabinet rank in charge of all the finances and taxes of France. Furthermore, this new position was no longer transmissible as the head of state could
72:
in reference to a position of royal accounting and financial oversight had existed in various forms prior to 1547, but the direct predecessor to the 17th century "Controller-General" was created in 1547, with two position-holders whose job was to verify the accounts of the Royal
Treasurer
354:
had a rather large personnel staff compared to other government departments. The central services were either in Paris (notably at the Palais
Mazarin, Rue Neuve-des-Petits-Champs), close to the bankers and financiers that the ministry dealt with, or at the Royal Palace in Versailles.
81:(literally "counter-roll", meaning scroll copy), in which they kept their accounts in order to compare them with those of the Royal Treasurer. The office was thus, in the beginning, not a senior rank governmental position, but merely an accounting audit charge.
261:("General Lease", meaning the selling to private companies or individuals of the time-limited right to collect all the indirect taxes plus bonus fees in a defined portion of the country, an extremely lucrative business for the leaseholders).
342:
established in the different regions of France. There were between three and twelve of these senior aids in financial and fiscal matters during the Ancien RĂ©gime (six at the end of the 18th century shortly before the
Revolution).
325:
was organised in a highly systematic manner. It was divided into several services under the immediate authority of the
Controller-General. However, he named for each service a senior managing assistant who was initially called
1155:
358:
However, the important collaborators of the
Controller-General were the Intendants established in the different regions of France. Initially the King had been represented in the provinces by the Governors
1059:
366:
As a consequence, the real power in the regions shifted towards the
Intendant, who since 1666 had the official title of "Intendent of Police, Justice and Finances and Commissioner sent in the
1065:
987:
969:
1125:
305:(literally "Master of Requests", an earlier form of public prosecutor). Of all ministerial positions, the Controller-General was the least stable, especially during the reigns of
280:). He was nearly always a Minister of State (the highest ceremonial rank for a cabinet member), which allowed him to attend the "High Counsel" also known as the "State Counsel" (
197:
Colbert, first of the
Controllers-General with subsequent power, was also head of two other senior government posts equivalent to present-day ministers (from a total of six):
1095:
957:
1161:
450:
is based upon: Isaac & Bonifacio, Cours d'Histoire Mallet-Isaac, XVIIe & XVIIIe siècles, p182, publ. Hachette, Paris 1952 Dépôt légal n°2085 1er trimestre 1954
151:
Minister of
Finance served instead as President of the Royal Council of Finance, who had a superior rank to a mere Controller-General of Finances, or, in the case of
1137:
205:(Royal Household), both from 1669 till his death in 1683. In addition to those cabinet posts, he had also several important posts as administration chief, such as
1617:
981:
1698:
1680:
1662:
738:
2397:
921:
855:
657:
754:
708:
2082:
732:
1083:
253:(French pounds) by year (the average income of a worker was about 250 to 300 livres per year), the Controller-General could also gain 20 000 livres as
2292:
545:
128:
revoke the respective commission at his pleasure at any time. In addition, the new position was far better connected with the Royal
Finance Counsel (
2604:
951:
1836:
604:
419:
288:, the paramount institution of the royal government). In the French language exists only one word for the English words "Council" and "Counsel":
2201:
171:
927:
1101:
999:
650:
624:
1194:
1035:
2599:
313:, to such a point that the Controller-General's official seat was called the "Residence of Removals" ("hôtel des déménagements").
1419:
619:
614:
429:
424:
202:
198:
1548:
799:
372:
Intendant de police, justice et finances, Commissaire départi dans les généralités du royaume pour l'exécution des ordres du Roi
1113:
84:
In the period following 1547, the financial administration in France continued to evolve, resulting in 1552 in the creation of
2619:
538:
123:
Under Colbert's competent and dynamic administration, the Controller-General's responsibilities were greatly redefined. King
1029:
596:
2609:
643:
77:), then the head of the royal financial system. The name of the charge of the controllers came from their account book, or
975:
1131:
666:
609:
394:
147:, when all ministerial offices were replaced by councils composed of members of the high aristocracy. Occasionally, the
1356:
859:
1011:
174:
in 1791 which, along with all other ministerial positions, was abolished in 1794, but restored with the advent of the
511:
490:
476:
462:
1350:
531:
1944:
1926:
1512:
190:
The responsibilities of the Controller-General were the most extensive of all the administrative positions of the
1212:
167:
from 1776 to 1781 and again from 1788 until 1790), in ceremonial terms a position ranked below the previous two.
85:
1077:
1587:
554:
299:
The Controller-General was generally chosen from among the regionally based Intendants of Finances or from the
2427:
2403:
1530:
1494:
1041:
1395:
1383:
1362:
1326:
1308:
1298:
1266:
1256:
833:
744:
1740:
1287:
1245:
1224:
1089:
877:
865:
1449:
2614:
2016:
1878:
1218:
453:
Michel Antoine. « L'Administration centrale des finances en France du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle »,
60:, who had acted upon financial matters since Fouquet's embezzlement charge, was appointed to the office.
2316:
1338:
1005:
1716:
1206:
1053:
945:
681:
582:
577:
399:
93:
45:
2415:
2184:
2124:
823:
238:
the management of most of the civil services and public infrastructure, including bridges and roads (
139:
The function of Controller-General would continue until 1791, with an interruption at the era of the
2421:
2034:
750:
272:("Counsel of messages", which dealt with the news from the provinces), the "Royal Finance Counsel" (
1656:
572:
301:
1023:
766:
1314:
893:
817:
112:
became head of the royal financial and tax collection administration, at first with the title of
2190:
2499:
2240:
1896:
1478:
159:, could not serve as Controller-General, as Director-General of Finances and of the Treasury (
2469:
2457:
2381:
1634:
1188:
1178:
1167:
1143:
915:
726:
109:
57:
292:. Therefore one can find in the literature both English words as translations of the French
2433:
2070:
2058:
2040:
2028:
1938:
1565:
1467:
1461:
1431:
963:
2481:
1950:
1437:
1425:
8:
1575:
1235:
1047:
871:
434:
310:
258:
257:, not to forget the bribes he would receive during the renewal phase of contracts to the
124:
105:
2463:
2004:
1842:
1794:
887:
208:
1920:
1872:
1860:
1017:
849:
843:
827:
811:
446:
The second half of the chapter entitled "Organization" which describes the role of the
306:
144:
2553:
1692:
793:
772:
760:
523:
409:
2547:
2541:
2505:
1998:
1956:
1149:
939:
933:
839:
558:
507:
486:
472:
458:
254:
2352:
2178:
2559:
2280:
2145:
2112:
2100:
2064:
1506:
1488:
1389:
881:
783:
175:
2529:
1968:
1599:
191:
2523:
2358:
2334:
2076:
1992:
1962:
1908:
1902:
1884:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1830:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1770:
1752:
1734:
1542:
1518:
1500:
1443:
1407:
909:
903:
714:
698:
143:(1715–1718) under the regency of Philippe d'Orléans during the childhood of King
101:
53:
33:
2409:
2256:
2223:
2211:
2046:
2010:
1890:
2577:
2571:
2535:
2511:
2451:
2340:
2286:
2262:
2250:
2229:
2151:
2094:
2088:
2052:
1974:
1914:
1746:
1455:
1413:
1401:
1119:
1107:
1071:
993:
805:
720:
414:
265:
250:
152:
2445:
2217:
2172:
1986:
635:
346:
In the same way, the Controller-General was assisted by four and, later five,
2593:
2487:
2439:
2391:
2370:
2346:
2310:
1776:
1758:
1728:
1710:
1644:
1593:
1554:
1536:
1524:
1373:
156:
2298:
2268:
2565:
2493:
2475:
2328:
2274:
2135:
2118:
2022:
1818:
1782:
1764:
1674:
1650:
1623:
1611:
1605:
1581:
1277:
899:
56:. It did not hold any real political power until 1665, when First Minister
2106:
2517:
2364:
2322:
2304:
2162:
1980:
1932:
1806:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1722:
1704:
1686:
1668:
212:(Superintendent of the King's Manufacturers and Buildings; 1664–1683).
140:
518:
Dictionnaire des institutions de la France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
404:
100:) with cabinet rank. In 1661, the last Superintendent of Finances,
132:) than the previous charge of Superintendent. In these ways, the
321:
Unlike other government departments of the French monarchy, the
670:
41:
469:
Les Institutions de la monarchie française à l'époque moderne
16:
178:
in 1795. Nowadays the position is called (with exceptions)
215:
The Controller-General's responsibilities were manifold:
249:
The position was very well paid: in addition to 200 000
40:) was the name of the minister in charge of finances in
553:
264:
The Controller-General participated in a number of the
370:
of the Realm for the Execution of the King's Orders" (
120:. The title Superintendent of Finances was abolished.
44:
from 1661 to 1791. It replaced the former position of
108:
and charged with embezzlement, so that subsequently
92:), of which one was to become in 1561 the leading
381:There were 33 of them, each one at the head of a
2591:
471:, PUF, coll. « Premier cycle », 1999.
665:
497:Lexique historique de la France d'Ancien RĂ©gime
420:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (France)
225:the control of external and internal customs (
222:the control of State revenues (taxes and fees)
651:
539:
457:, PUF, coll. « Histoires », 1986.
52:), which was abolished with the downfall of
485:, PUF, coll. « Quadrige », 2003.
658:
644:
546:
532:
504:Argent, pouvoir et société au Grand Siècle
235:the control of manufacturers and merchants
338:in order to avoid any confusion with the
520:, Paris, Éditions Picard, 1923 and 1969.
136:became a true senior governmental post.
15:
430:Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi
425:Secretary of State of the Navy (France)
203:Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi
182:(Minister of the Economy and Finance).
2592:
330:, a title which was later replaced by
232:the management of the national economy
180:Ministre de l'Économie et des Finances
2605:Economic history of the Ancien RĂ©gime
639:
527:
116:, then, from 1665, with the title of
276:) and the "Royal Commerce Counsel" (
20:First Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert
395:List of finance ministers of France
185:
13:
14:
2631:
1647:(September 1870–19 February 1871)
1329:(December 29, 1818–November 1819)
348:Intendants (généraux) du Commerce
219:the control of State expenditures
207:Surintendant des Manufactures et
161:Directeur général du Trésor royal
495:Guy Cabourdin et Georges Viard.
245:the control of the merchant navy
104:, was arrested by order of King
2283:(5 September–11 September 1948)
483:Dictionnaire de l'Ancien régime
316:
134:Contrôleur général des Finances
118:Contrôleur général des Finances
38:Contrôleur général des finances
30:Comptroller-General of Finances
2193:(November 1943–September 1944)
1653:(19 February–25 February 1871)
1410:(10 November–18 November 1834)
1317:(September 1815–December 1818)
688:Controller-General of Finances
587:Controller-General of Finances
336:Directeur général des Finances
332:Intendant général des Finances
268:. He was always member of the
199:Secretary of State of the Navy
165:Directeur général des Finances
1:
2343:(1 February–14 February 1956)
2337:(February 1955–February 1956)
2289:(September 1948–January 1949)
1743:(16 April 1885–December 1886)
1323:(7 December–29 December 1818)
1170:(10 August–21 September 1792)
958:de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson
440:
323:Contrôle Général des Finances
2620:Ministry of Finance (France)
2600:Offices in the Ancien RĂ©gime
2259:(December 1946–January 1947)
2220:(November 1944–January 1946)
2067:(4 February–9 February 1934)
2049:(December 1932–January 1933)
2031:(December 1930–January 1931)
1557:(December 1851–January 1852)
1521:(December 1848–October 1849)
7:
2610:Finance ministers of France
2055:(January 1933–January 1934)
1527:(October 1849–January 1851)
499:, Paris Armand Colin, 1978.
388:
10:
2636:
2121:(November 1938–March 1940)
1983:(December 1925–March 1926)
1887:(December 1913–March 1914)
1761:(December 1887–April 1888)
1731:(August 1882–6 April 1885)
682:Superintendent of Finances
583:Superintendent of Finances
400:Superintendent of Finances
274:Conseil royal des finances
130:Conseil royal des finances
94:Superintendent of Finances
63:
46:Superintendent of Finances
2380:
2349:(February 1956–June 1957)
2313:(March 1952–January 1953)
2271:(November 1947–July 1948)
2239:
2214:(September–November 1944)
2200:
2161:
2134:
2073:(February 1934–June 1935)
1633:
1564:
1477:
1452:(March 1840–October 1840)
1372:
1297:
1276:
1255:
1234:
1177:
782:
697:
677:
595:
565:
376:Intendant (de généralité)
278:Conseil royal de commerce
170:The position was renamed
98:Surintendant des Finances
50:Surintendant des finances
2361:(November 1957–May 1958)
1977:(November–December 1925)
1953:(June 1924–3 April 1925)
1791:(December 1893–May 1894)
1749:(December 1886–May 1887)
1701:(November–December 1877)
1695:(May 1877–November 1877)
1551:(November–December 1851)
1422:(January–September 1836)
1191:(21 September 1792–1793)
1164:(29 July–10 August 1792)
75:Trésorier de l'Échiquier
2331:(January–February 1955)
2265:(January–November 1947)
2253:(October–December 1946)
2061:(January–February 1934)
1971:(October–November 1925)
1959:(3 April–17 April 1925)
1803:(January–November 1895)
1797:(May 1894–January 1895)
1737:(6 April–16 April 1885)
1626:(August–September 1870)
1602:(January–November 1867)
1545:(October–November 1851)
1515:(October–December 1848)
1416:(18 November 1834–1836)
1404:(1832–10 November 1834)
448:Intendant de généralité
340:Intendants des Finances
90:Intendants des Finances
2202:Provisional Government
2001:(19 July–23 July 1926)
1917:(March–September 1917)
1875:(June 1911–March 1913)
1386:(August–November 1830)
1158:(18 June–29 July 1792)
1152:(13 June–18 June 1792)
328:Intendant des Finances
37:
21:
2526:(March–November 2004)
2424:(July 1968–June 1969)
2277:(July–September 1948)
2115:(April–November 1938)
2025:(March–December 1930)
2019:(February–March 1930)
1899:(9 June–13 June 1914)
1881:(March–December 1913)
1785:(April–December 1893)
1725:(January–August 1882)
1665:(April–December 1872)
1491:(February–March 1848)
1446:(May 1839–March 1840)
1311:(July–September 1815)
481:Lucien BĂ©ly. (dir.),
110:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
58:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
19:
2532:(November 2004–2005)
2355:(June–November 1957)
2307:(January–March 1952)
2187:(June–November 1943)
2103:(January–March 1938)
2079:(1 June–7 June 1935)
2043:(June–December 1932)
2013:(1928–February 1930)
1965:(April–October 1925)
1845:(March–October 1906)
1809:(November 1895–1896)
1671:(December 1872–1873)
1614:(January–April 1870)
1539:(April–October 1851)
1533:(January–April 1851)
1470:(1847–February 1848)
1221:(July–November 1799)
1146:(March–13 June 1792)
978:(December 1720–1722)
597:Secretaries of State
455:Le Dur métier de roi
302:Maîtres des requêtes
270:Conseil des dépêches
172:Minister of Finances
70:"contrôleur général"
2394:(October 1958–1960)
2373:(June–October 1958)
2319:(January–June 1953)
2301:(1951–January 1952)
2232:(June–October 1946)
2226:(January–June 1946)
2097:(1937–January 1938)
2037:(January 1931–1932)
1851:(October 1906–1909)
1755:(May–December 1887)
1620:(April–August 1870)
1608:(1867–January 1870)
1578:(January 1852–1855)
1509:(June–October 1848)
1458:(October 1840–1842)
972:(May–December 1720)
960:(1718–January 1720)
954:(1718–January 1720)
435:Early Modern France
242:), ports and canals
2615:Monarchy and money
2496:(August 1995–1997)
2109:(March–April 1938)
1911:(August 1914–1917)
1905:(June–August 1914)
1566:House of Bonaparte
1365:(July–August 1830)
1278:House of Bonaparte
1236:House of Bonaparte
966:(January–May 1720)
625:Protestant Affairs
240:ponts et chaussées
26:Controller-General
22:
2587:
2586:
2490:(May–August 1995)
2428:Giscard d'Estaing
2416:Couve de Murville
2404:Giscard d'Estaing
2185:Couve de Murville
2127:(March–June 1940)
1989:(March–June 1926)
1947:(March–June 1924)
1893:(March–June 1914)
1869:(March–June 1911)
1863:(1910–March 1911)
1839:(1905–March 1906)
1779:(1892–April 1893)
1767:(April 1888–1889)
1434:(1837–March 1839)
1290:(March–July 1815)
1162:Delaville-Leroulx
1140:(1791–March 1792)
667:Finance ministers
633:
632:
559:Kingdom of France
282:Conseil d'en haut
255:Minister of State
114:intendant général
2627:
2550:(June 2007–2011)
2317:Bourgès-Maunoury
2181:(1942–June 1943)
2085:(June 1935–1936)
2007:(July 1926–1928)
1995:(June–July 1926)
1497:(March–May 1848)
1440:(March–May 1839)
1374:House of Orléans
1299:House of Bourbon
1257:House of Bourbon
1215:(1796–July 1799)
784:House of Bourbon
751:de Cossé-Brissac
660:
653:
646:
637:
636:
620:King's Household
578:Grand Chancellor
548:
541:
534:
525:
524:
506:, Fayard, 1984.
352:Contrôle Général
209:Bâtiments du Roi
186:Responsibilities
176:French Directory
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2544:(May–June 2007)
2538:(2005–May 2007)
2484:(1993–May 1995)
2418:(May–July 1968)
2412:(1966–May 1968)
2384:
2376:
2367:(May–June 1958)
2243:
2241:Fourth Republic
2235:
2204:
2196:
2165:
2157:
2138:
2130:
1945:François-Marsal
1927:François-Marsal
1689:(1875–May 1877)
1657:Pouyer-Quertier
1637:
1629:
1568:
1560:
1503:(May–June 1848)
1481:
1479:Second Republic
1473:
1462:Lacave-Laplagne
1432:Lacave-Laplagne
1376:
1368:
1359:(May–July 1830)
1353:(1829–May 1830)
1301:
1293:
1280:
1272:
1259:
1251:
1238:
1230:
1181:
1173:
894:de La Vieuville
818:de La Vieuville
786:
778:
701:
699:House of Valois
693:
673:
664:
634:
629:
605:Foreign Affairs
591:
566:Main portfolios
561:
552:
516:Marcel Marion.
443:
391:
374:), or in short
319:
266:King's Councils
251:livres tournois
188:
155:, who, being a
102:Nicolas Fouquet
66:
54:Nicolas Fouquet
12:
11:
5:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:(2024–present)
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2385:(1958–present)
2382:Fifth Republic
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2071:Germain-Martin
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2041:Germain-Martin
2038:
2032:
2029:Germain-Martin
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1635:Third Republic
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1513:Trouvé-Chauvel
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:First Republic
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
976:de La Houssaye
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
897:
891:
885:
875:
869:
863:
853:
847:
837:
831:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
790:
788:
780:
779:
777:
776:
770:
764:
758:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
705:
703:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:
678:
675:
674:
663:
662:
655:
648:
640:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
593:
592:
590:
589:
580:
575:
573:Chief Minister
569:
567:
563:
562:
551:
550:
543:
536:
528:
522:
521:
514:
500:
493:
479:
465:
451:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Conseil du Roi
412:
407:
402:
397:
390:
387:
318:
315:
286:Conseil d'État
259:Ferme Générale
247:
246:
243:
236:
233:
230:
223:
220:
187:
184:
153:Jacques Necker
65:
62:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:Mathieu-Bodet
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:de Casabianca
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:Garnier-Pagès
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:Ramel-Nogaret
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:Destournelles
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:de Silhouette
1022:
1019:
1018:de Boullonges
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
704:
700:
696:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
672:
668:
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
642:
641:
638:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
598:
594:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
544:
542:
537:
535:
530:
529:
526:
519:
515:
513:
512:2-213-01485-X
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
492:
491:2-13-054033-3
488:
484:
480:
478:
477:2-13-051940-7
474:
470:
467:B. Barbiche,
466:
464:
463:2-13-039680-1
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
444:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
356:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
211:
210:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:Ancien RĂ©gime
183:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:of Finances (
87:
82:
80:
76:
71:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
2500:Strauss-Kahn
2136:Vichy France
1939:de Lasteyrie
1717:Allain-Targé
1450:de la Lozère
1200:
1096:de Fourqueux
1006:de SĂ©chelles
1000:d'Arnouville
922:Le Pelletier
824:de Champigny
812:de Schomberg
767:de Bellièvre
687:
586:
517:
503:
502:D. Dessert.
496:
482:
468:
454:
447:
382:
380:
375:
371:
367:
365:
360:
357:
351:
347:
345:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
317:Organisation
300:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
248:
239:
226:
214:
206:
196:
189:
179:
169:
164:
160:
148:
138:
133:
129:
122:
117:
113:
97:
89:
83:
78:
74:
69:
67:
49:
29:
25:
23:
2574:(2017–2024)
2568:(2014–2017)
2562:(2012–2014)
2556:(2011–2012)
2520:(2002–2004)
2514:(2000–2002)
2508:(1999–2000)
2502:(1997–1999)
2478:(1992–1993)
2472:(1988–1992)
2466:(1986–1988)
2460:(1984–1986)
2454:(1981–1984)
2448:(1978–1981)
2442:(1976–1978)
2436:(1974–1976)
2430:(1969–1974)
2406:(1962–1966)
2400:(1960–1962)
2398:Baumgartner
2325:(1953–1955)
2295:(1949–1951)
2244:(1946–1958)
2205:(1944–1946)
2175:(1941–1942)
2166:(1941–1944)
2163:Free France
2154:(1942–1944)
2148:(1940–1942)
2146:Bouthillier
2139:(1940–1944)
2113:Marchandeau
2101:Marchandeau
2091:(1936–1937)
2065:Marchandeau
1941:(1922–1924)
1935:(1921–1922)
1929:(1920–1921)
1923:(1917–1920)
1857:(1909–1910)
1833:(1902–1905)
1827:(1899–1902)
1821:(1898–1899)
1815:(1896–1898)
1773:(1889–1892)
1719:(1881–1882)
1713:(1879–1881)
1707:(1877–1879)
1683:(1874–1875)
1677:(1873–1874)
1659:(1871–1872)
1638:(1870–1940)
1596:(1861–1867)
1590:(1860–1861)
1588:La Roquette
1584:(1855–1860)
1569:(1852–1870)
1482:(1848–1852)
1464:(1842–1847)
1428:(1836–1837)
1398:(1831–1832)
1392:(1830–1831)
1377:(1830–1848)
1347:(1828–1829)
1341:(1821–1828)
1335:(1819–1821)
1302:(1815–1830)
1269:(1814–1815)
1260:(1814–1815)
1248:(1804–1814)
1239:(1804–1814)
1227:(1799–1804)
1209:(1795–1796)
1203:(1794–1795)
1197:(1793–1794)
1182:(1792–1804)
1156:de Beaulieu
1134:(1790–1791)
1122:(1789–1790)
1114:de Breteuil
1110:(1788–1789)
1104:(1787–1788)
1092:(1783–1787)
1080:(1781–1783)
1074:(1777–1781)
1068:(1776–1777)
1056:(1774–1776)
1050:(1769–1774)
1044:(1768–1769)
1038:(1763–1768)
1032:(1759–1763)
1020:(1757–1759)
1014:(1756–1757)
1008:(1754–1756)
1002:(1745–1754)
996:(1730–1745)
990:(1726–1730)
984:(1722–1726)
948:(1715–1718)
946:de Noailles
942:(1708–1715)
936:(1699–1708)
930:(1689–1699)
924:(1683–1689)
918:(1661–1683)
912:(1659–1661)
906:(1653–1659)
896:(1651–1653)
890:(1650–1651)
888:de Longueil
884:(1649–1650)
874:(1648–1649)
872:de La Porte
868:(1647–1648)
862:(1643–1647)
856:de Bailleul
852:(1640–1643)
850:Bouthillier
846:(1632–1640)
844:Bouthillier
836:(1626–1632)
830:(1624–1626)
828:de Marillac
820:(1623–1624)
814:(1619–1622)
808:(1614–1619)
802:(1598–1611)
796:(1589–1594)
787:(1589–1792)
775:(1588–1589)
769:(1574–1588)
763:(1568–1570)
757:(1561–1567)
747:(1559–1560)
745:de Lorraine
741:(1556–1559)
735:(1552–1556)
729:(1546–1552)
727:d'Annebault
723:(1544–1546)
717:(1524–1544)
711:(1518–1524)
702:(1518–1589)
690:(1661–1791)
684:(1561–1661)
368:Généralités
361:Gouverneurs
79:contre-rĂ´le
2594:Categories
2482:Alphandéry
1735:Clamageran
1663:de Goulard
1531:de Germiny
1357:de Montbel
1351:de Crouzol
1339:de Villèle
1132:de Lessart
1102:de Brienne
1090:de Calonne
1084:d'Ormesson
1036:de Laverdy
952:de Caumont
934:Chamillart
928:Phélypeaux
840:de Bullion
800:de BĂ©thune
761:de Birague
555:Government
441:References
410:Généralité
383:Généralité
157:Protestant
141:Polysynody
86:Intendants
2560:Moscovici
2470:Bérégovoy
2458:Bérégovoy
2125:Lamoureux
1999:de Monzie
1957:de Monzie
1951:Clementel
1897:Clémentel
1699:Dutilleul
1507:Goudchaux
1489:Goudchaux
1396:Dominique
1384:Dominique
1363:Dominique
1327:Dominique
1309:Dominique
1267:Dominique
1150:Duranthon
1078:de Fleury
1066:des RĂ©aux
1060:de Clugny
1042:d'Invault
988:des Forts
970:des Forts
940:Desmarets
882:de Mesmes
860:de Mesmes
755:d'Ongnyes
739:d'Avançon
721:du Thiers
709:de Beaune
405:Intendant
311:Louis XVI
125:Louis XIV
106:Louis XIV
68:The term
2572:Le Maire
2464:Balladur
2434:Fourcade
2359:Pflimlin
2353:Gaillard
2347:Ramadier
2335:Pflimlin
2287:Queuille
2179:Diethelm
2077:Caillaux
2005:Poincaré
1993:Caillaux
1975:Loucheur
1969:Painlevé
1963:Caillaux
1903:Noullens
1885:Caillaux
1867:Caillaux
1849:Caillaux
1843:Poincaré
1825:Caillaux
1795:Poincaré
1693:Caillaux
1426:Duchâtel
1420:d'Argout
1390:Laffitte
1315:Corvetto
1207:Faipoult
1189:Clavière
1168:Clavière
1144:Clavière
1012:de Moras
733:Guillart
389:See also
307:Louis XV
149:de facto
145:Louis XV
2548:Lagarde
2530:Gaymard
2524:Sarkozy
2506:Sautter
2494:Arthuis
2488:Madelin
2341:Lacoste
2293:Petsche
2275:Reynaud
2263:Schuman
2251:Schuman
2230:Schuman
2212:Lepercq
2152:Cathala
2119:Reynaud
2083:RĂ©gnier
2035:Flandin
2023:Reynaud
1915:Thierry
1891:Renoult
1855:Cochery
1831:Rouvier
1819:Peytral
1813:Cochery
1789:Burdeau
1783:Peytral
1771:Rouvier
1765:Peytral
1753:Rouvier
1747:Dauphin
1543:Blondel
1501:Duclerc
1438:Gautier
1126:Lambert
916:Colbert
910:Fouquet
904:Fouquet
900:Servien
878:d'Emery
866:d'Emery
834:de Ruzé
806:Jeannin
557:of the
296:names.
294:Conseil
290:Conseil
227:traites
64:History
2578:Armand
2554:Baroin
2542:Borloo
2536:Breton
2512:Fabius
2452:Delors
2446:Monory
2422:Ortoli
2281:Pineau
2257:Philip
2224:Philip
2218:Pleven
2191:France
2173:Pleven
2095:Bonnet
2089:Auriol
2059:Piétri
2053:Bonnet
2047:Chéron
2017:Dumont
2011:Chéron
1981:Doumer
1933:Doumer
1879:Dumont
1837:Merlou
1807:Doumer
1777:Tirard
1759:Tirard
1741:Carnot
1729:Tirard
1711:Magnin
1651:Buffet
1645:Picard
1618:Segris
1612:Buffet
1600:Rouher
1576:Bineau
1456:Humann
1414:Humann
1402:Humann
1288:Gaudin
1281:(1815)
1246:Gaudin
1225:Gaudin
1219:Lindet
1201:Vacant
1128:(1790)
1120:Necker
1116:(1789)
1108:Necker
1098:(1787)
1086:(1783)
1072:Necker
1062:(1776)
1054:Turgot
1048:Terray
1030:Bertin
1026:(1759)
671:France
510:
489:
475:
461:
350:. The
42:France
34:French
2566:Sapin
2476:Sapin
2440:Barre
2410:Debré
2392:Pinay
2371:Pinay
2365:Faure
2329:Buron
2323:Faure
2311:Pinay
2305:Faure
2299:Mayer
2269:Mayer
1987:PĂ©ret
1921:Klotz
1909:Ribot
1873:Klotz
1861:Klotz
1801:Ribot
1675:Magne
1624:Magne
1606:Magne
1594:Fould
1582:Magne
1555:Fould
1537:Fould
1525:Fould
1519:Passy
1468:Dumon
1444:Passy
1408:Passy
1138:Tarbé
982:Dodun
715:Babou
2107:Blum
994:Orry
615:Navy
508:ISBN
487:ISBN
473:ISBN
459:ISBN
309:and
201:and
163:and
24:The
2518:Mer
1723:Say
1705:Say
1687:Say
1669:Say
1345:Roy
1333:Roy
1321:Roy
964:Law
794:d'O
773:d'O
669:of
610:War
334:or
284:or
28:or
2596::
585:/
378:.
36::
902:/
880:/
858:/
842:/
826:/
753:/
659:e
652:t
645:v
547:e
540:t
533:v
359:(
229:)
96:(
73:(
48:(
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
