896:, after studying the condition in the 1950s, stated: "The diagnosis of 'hysteria' is all too often a way of avoiding a confrontation with our own ignorance. This is especially dangerous when there is an underlying organic pathology, not yet recognised. In this penumbra we find patients who know themselves to be ill but, coming up against the blank faces of doctors who refuse to believe in the reality of their illness, proceed by way of emotional lability, overstatement and demands for attention
416:
900:... Here is an area where catastrophic errors can be made. In fact it is often possible to recognise the presence though not the nature of the unrecognisable, to know that a man must be ill or in pain when all the tests are negative. But it is only possible to those who come to their task in a spirit of humility. In the main the diagnosis of 'hysteria' applies to a disorder of the doctor–patient relationship. It is evidence of non-communication, of a mutual misunderstanding
760:
could be done by placing malodorous and acrid substances near the woman's mouth and nostrils, while scented ones were placed near her vagina; on the contrary, if the uterus had lowered, the document recommends placing the acrid substances near her vagina and the perfumed ones near her mouth and nostrils."
719:
of unexplained symptoms among new patients is very high, between 30 and 60%. However, diagnosis of conversion disorder typically requires an additional psychiatric evaluation, and since few patients will see a psychiatrist, it is unclear what proportion of the unexplained symptoms are actually due to
697:
for conversion disorder varies widely, with some cases resolving in weeks, and others enduring for years or decades. There is also evidence that there is no cure for conversion disorder, and that although patients may go into remission they can relapse at any point. Many patients can get rid of their
630:
Educating patients on the causes of their symptoms might help them learn to manage both the psychiatric and physical aspects of their condition. Psychological counseling is often warranted given the known relationship between conversion disorder and emotional trauma. This approach ideally takes place
586:
demonstrated that misdiagnoses had occurred in one third of his 112 patients with conversion disorder. Later authors have argued that the paper was flawed. A 2005 meta-analysis has shown that misdiagnosis rates since that paper was published are around four percent, the same as for other neurological
943:
explanation for conversion disorder is that the symptoms may have been evolutionarily advantageous during warfare. A non-combatant with these symptoms signals non-verbally, possibly to someone speaking a different language, that she or he is not dangerous as a combatant and also may be carrying some
733:
Although it is often thought that the frequency of conversion may be higher outside of the West, perhaps in relation to cultural and medical attitudes, evidence of this is limited. A 2007 community survey of urban Turkey found a prevalence of 5.6%. Many authors have found occurrence of conversion to
550:
In excluding neurological disease, the neurologist has traditionally relied partly on the presence of positive signs of conversion disorder, i.e. certain aspects of the presentation that were thought to be rare in neurological disease but common in conversion. The validity of many of these signs has
379:
Conversion symptoms typically do not conform to known anatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms. It has sometimes been stated that the presenting symptoms tend to reflect the patient's own understanding of anatomy and that the less medical knowledge a person has, the more implausible are the
302:. These symptoms are attributed to conversion disorder when a medical explanation for the conditions cannot be found. Symptoms of conversion disorder usually occur suddenly. Conversion disorder is typically seen in people aged 10 to 35, and affects between 0.011% and 0.5% of the general population.
935:
model. A number of such studies have been performed, including some which suggest the blood-flow in patients' brains may be abnormal while they are unwell. The studies have all been too small to be confident of the generalisability of their findings, so no neuropsychological model has been clearly
759:
The first evidence of conversion disorder dates back to 1900 B.C., when the symptoms were blamed on the uterus moving within the female body. The treatment varied "depending on the position of the uterus, which must be forced to return to its natural position. If the uterus had moved upwards, this
595:
The psychological mechanism of conversion can be the most difficult aspect of a conversion diagnosis. Even if there is a clear antecedent trauma or other possible psychological trigger, it is still not clear exactly how this gives rise to the symptoms observed. Patients with medically unexplained
856:
referred to the condition as both hysteria and conversion disorder throughout his career. He believed those with the condition could not live in a mature relationship, and that those with the condition were unwell in order to achieve a "secondary gain", in that they are able to manipulate their
874:
Some support for the
Freudian model comes from findings of high rates of childhood sexual abuse in conversion patients. Support for the dissociation model comes from studies showing heightened suggestibility in patients with conversion disorder. Critics argue that it can be challenging to find
860:
Freud's model suggested the emotional charge deriving from painful experiences would be consciously repressed as a way of managing the pain, but that the emotional charge would be somehow "converted" into neurological symptoms. Freud later argued that the repressed experiences were of a sexual
566:
Another feature thought to be important was that symptoms tended to be more severe on the non-dominant, usually left side of the body. There have been a number of theories about this, such as the relative involvement of cerebral hemispheres in emotional processing, or more simply, that it was
604:
While conversion symptoms are not a normal responses to stress, taking measures to better manage psychological stress can help relieve symptoms. Treatments for conversion syndrome include hypnosis, psychotherapy, physical therapy, stress management, and
380:
presenting symptoms. However, no systematic studies have yet been performed to substantiate this statement. Inconsistent symptoms such as negative lab and imaging results and/or a significant psychiatric disorder are suggestive indicators of
742:
In recent surveys of conversion disorder, females predominate, with between two and six female patients for every male. Some research suggests however that this gender disparity may be confounded by higher rates of violence against women.
596:
neurological symptoms may not have any psychological stressor, hence the use of the term "functional neurologic symptom disorder" in DSM-5 as opposed to "conversion disorder", and DSM-5's removal of the need for a psychological trigger.
911:
The onset of conversion disorder often correlates to a traumatic or stressful event. There are certain populations that are considered at risk for conversion disorder, including people with a medical illness or condition, people with
875:
organic pathologies for all symptoms, and so the practice of diagnosing patients with such symptoms as having hysteria led to the disorder being meaningless, vague and a sham diagnosis, as it does not refer to any definable disease.
801:
From the 13th century, women with hysteria were exorcised, as it was believed that they were possessed by the devil. It was believed that if doctors could not find the cause of a disease or illness, it must be caused by the devil.
2870:"Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:" Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder"
2416:
Kletenik I, Holden SK, Sillau SH, O'Connell N, MacGillivray L, Mack J, Haddock B, Ashworth Dirac M, David AS, Nicholson TR, Attaripour
Isfahani SN, Maurer CW, Lidstone SC, Hallett M, LaFaver K, Berman BD, Stone J (January 2022).
547:. The neurologist must carefully exclude neurological disease, through examination and appropriate investigations. However, it is not uncommon for patients with neurological disease to also have conversion disorder.
2953:
2938:
724:
of 22 and 11 newly diagnosed cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 2002, some estimates claim that in the general population, between 0.011% and 0.5% of the population have conversion disorder.
2091:
Snijders TJ, de Leeuw FE, Klumpers UM, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J (2004). "Prevalence and predictors of unexplained neurological symptoms in an academic neurology outpatient clinic—an observational study".
948:. This can explain that conversion disorder may develop following a threatening situation, that there may be a group effect with many people simultaneously developing similar symptoms, as in
835:
During the 18th century, there was a move from the idea of hysteria being caused by the uterus to it being caused by the brain. This led to an understanding that it could affect both sexes.
1695:
Ron M, "The
Prognosis of Hysteria" In P. Halligan, C. Bass, J. Marshall (Eds.) Hysterical Conversion: clinical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 73–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
871:. In this hypothetical process, the subject's experience of their leg, for example, is split off from the rest of their consciousness, resulting in paralysis or numbness in that leg.
2236:
Deveci A, Taskin O, Dinc G, Yilmaz H, Demet MM, Erbay-Dundar P, Kaya E, Ozmen E (2007). "Prevalence of pseudoneurologic conversion disorder in an urban community in Manisa, Turkey".
846:
argued that "dissociation appears autonomously for neurotic reasons, and in such a way as to adversely disturb the individual's everyday life". As early as 1874, doctors including
734:
be more frequent in rural, lower socio-economic groups, where technological investigation of patients is limited and people may know less about medical and psychological concepts.
813:
believed polluted water and fumes caused the symptoms of hysteria. Towards the end of the century, the role of the uterus was no longer thought central to the disorder, with
444:
The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.
678:
treatment may possibly be helpful. Most studies assessing the efficacy of these treatments are of poor quality and larger, better controlled studies are urgently needed.
798:, such as paralysis and blindness, were actually forms of conversion disorder. He describes Jesus as a "village psychiatrist", who believed that his words had power.
908:... Evasions, even untruths, on the doctor's side are among the most powerful and frequently used methods he has for bringing about an efflorescence of 'hysteria'".
3525:
555:, described in DSM-IV as "a relative lack of concern about the nature or implications of the symptoms". In a 2006 study, no evidence was found that patients with
2322:
Kuloglu M, Atmaca M, Tezcan E, Gecici O, Bulut S (2003). "Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with conversion disorder in
Eastern Turkey".
791:
led to the uterus producing toxic fumes, causing it to move in the body. Therefore, he argued, all women should be married and enjoy a satisfactory sexual life.
867:, a highly noted psychologist during the early 20th century, argued that symptoms arose through the power of suggestion, acting on a personality vulnerable to
609:. Treatment plans will consider duration and presentation of symptoms and may include one or multiple of the above treatments. This may include the following:
184:
It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient's mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as
751:
Conversion disorder may present at any age, but is rare in children younger than ten or in the elderly. Studies suggest a peak onset in the mid-to-late 30s.
567:"easier" to live with a functional deficit on the non-dominant side. However, a literature review of 121 studies established that this was not true, with
571:
the most likely explanation for this commonly held view. Although agitation is often assumed to be a positive sign of conversion disorder, release of
2135:
Crimlisk HL, Bhatia KP, Cope H, David AS, Marsden D, Ron MA (2000). "Patterns of referral in patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms".
931:
to study conversion. As researchers identify the mechanisms which underlie conversion symptoms, it is hoped they will enable the development of a
861:
nature. As Peter
Halligan comments, conversion has "the doubtful distinction among psychiatric diagnoses of still invoking Freudian mechanisms".
635:
287:, and difficulty walking. The symptom of feeling unable to breathe, but where the lips are not turning blue, can indicate conversion disorder or
878:
Throughout its history, many patients have been misdiagnosed with hysteria or conversion disorder when they had organic disorders such as
3997:
3953:
3056:
2175:
Stefánsson JG, Messina JA, Meyerowitz S (1976). "Hysterical neurosis, conversion type: clinical and epidemiological considerations".
842:
In the 19th century, hysteria moved from being considered a neurological disorder to being considered a psychological disorder, when
3812:
3429:
3242:
1107:
1080:
515:
1776:
3222:
2828:
832:, where women who were accused of being witches had symptoms such as sudden movements, staring eyes, and uncontrollable jumping.
2570:
3548:
976:
2279:
Tomasson K, Kent D, Coryell W (1991). "Somatization and conversion disorders: comorbidity and demographics at presentation".
2219:
Akagi, H. & House, A.O., 2001, "The epidemiology of hysterical conversion". In P. Halligan, C. Bass, J. Marshall (Eds.)
438:
Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognised neurological or medical conditions.
2009:"Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics"
767:, a similarly described condition, was thought to be caused by a lack of orgasms, uterine melancholy, and not procreating.
779:
believed that a lack of sex causes complications in the uterus. Many Greeks believed it could be prevented and cured with
4314:
4009:
3157:
2547:
2056:
Nimnuan C, Hotopf M, Wessely S (2001). "Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities".
2869:
821:
argued that the symptoms of hysteria may have an organic cause. He also proved the uterus is not the cause of symptoms.
4324:
3259:
3234:
3069:
335:
839:
argued that hysteria was caused by "a hereditary degeneration of the nervous system, namely a neurological disorder".
4319:
4045:
3865:
3763:
1541:
1270:
1179:
850:
and J. A. Omerod began to speak out against the hysteria phenomenon as there was no evidence to prove its existence.
805:
At the beginning of the 16th century, women were sexually stimulated by midwives in order to relieve their symptoms.
606:
280:
63:
4137:
3374:
3345:
3286:
961:
551:
been questioned by a study showing that they also occur in neurological disease. One such symptom, for example, is
1286:
394:
are also symptoms of conversion disorder, but if a patient only has these symptoms, they should be diagnosed with
3379:
3174:
3099:
1806:
Ganslev, Christina A.; Storebø, Ole Jakob; Callesen, Henriette E.; Ruddy, Rachel; Søgaard, Ulf (July 17, 2020).
219:(FND). FND covers the same range of symptoms as FNsD, but does not include the requirements for a psychological
4032:
3817:
3788:
3049:
972:
966:
576:
540:
424:
381:
223:
to be present. The new criteria no longer requires feigning to be disproven before diagnosing FND or FNsD. The
216:
3558:
3276:
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2854:
2596:
395:
1102:
1092:
4221:
3758:
3291:
3136:
679:
651:
110:
715:
is limited, in part due to the complexities of the diagnostic process. In neurology clinics, the reported
239:
Conversion disorder presents symptoms following exposure to a certain stressor, typically associated with
3466:
3264:
2365:
Kletenik, I; Sillau, SH; Attaripour
Isfahani, S; LaFaver, K; Hallett, M; Berman, BD (November 29, 2019).
663:
4279:
857:
situation to fit their needs or desires. He also found that both men and women could have the disorder.
384:. Although the clinician should still exclude any other organic disorders through thorough examination.
247:. Usually, the physical symptoms of the syndrome affect the senses or movement. Common symptoms include
4216:
3131:
1155:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Association
924:
have yet been found to support the idea that conversion disorder is caused by a psychiatric condition.
847:
2763:
2703:
4226:
4195:
3573:
3456:
3042:
1542:"Segal MM, Jurkat-Rott K, Levitt J, Lehmann-Horn F, Hypokalemic periodic paralysis—an owner's manual"
1134:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. November 17, 2012
1098:
1071:
868:
1408:
Gould R, Miller BL, Goldberg MA, Benson DF (1986). "The validity of hysterical signs and symptoms".
315:
Weakness/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders)
4274:
4190:
4185:
3882:
3845:
3837:
3655:
3624:
3365:
3350:
2968:
982:
949:
810:
721:
527:
Conversion disorder presents with symptoms that typically resemble a neurological disorder such as
485:
With special sensory loss symptoms (e.g. visual blindness, olfactory loss, or hearing disturbance)
4211:
3718:
3568:
3563:
3520:
3337:
1494:"Are functional motor and sensory symptoms really more frequent on the left? A systematic review"
940:
928:
2419:"Gender disparity and abuse in functional movement disorders: a multi-center case-control study"
1705:
1612:
Slater ET, Glithero E (1965). "A follow-up of patients diagnosed as suffering from "hysteria"".
4089:
3728:
3619:
3578:
3553:
3461:
917:
305:
Conversion disorder can present with motor or sensory symptoms including any of the following:
244:
228:
188:. Individuals diagnosed with conversion disorder have a greater chance of experiencing certain
3008:
2489:
Tasca, Cecilia; Rapetti, Mariangela; Carta, Mauro
Giovanni; Fadda, Bianca (October 19, 2012).
1075:
890:. This has led to patient deaths, a lack of appropriate care, and suffering for the patients.
559:
are any more likely to exhibit this than patients with a confirmed organic disease. In DSM-V,
430:
The diagnostic criteria for functional neurologic symptom disorder, as set out in DSM-5, are:
4284:
4017:
3897:
3804:
3783:
205:
189:
4109:
4022:
3778:
3598:
3199:
3179:
2177:
913:
825:
613:
240:
201:
150:
122:
100:
650:
There is little evidence-based treatment of conversion disorder. Other treatments such as
8:
4159:
4141:
4104:
4094:
3948:
3827:
3675:
3667:
3446:
3424:
3152:
2957:
987:
836:
620:
146:
2443:
2418:
1131:
3822:
3419:
3271:
2962:
2897:
2804:
2744:
2664:
2639:
2523:
2490:
2456:
2393:
2366:
2347:
2304:
2292:
2261:
2202:
2190:
2117:
2033:
2008:
1981:
1956:
1937:
1889:
1864:
1840:
1807:
1784:
1753:
1728:
1673:
1648:
1589:
1564:
1518:
1493:
1433:
1385:
1360:
1336:
1311:
945:
829:
788:
720:
the disorder. In 1976, large scale psychiatric registers in the U.S. and
Iceland found
556:
532:
387:
272:
46:
2148:
2069:
817:
discovering that the brain and central nervous system were the cause of the symptoms.
149:
that causes abnormal sensory experiences and movement problems during periods of high
4068:
3593:
3583:
3515:
3441:
3325:
2979:
2902:
2848:
2796:
2736:
2669:
2590:
2528:
2510:
2460:
2448:
2398:
2367:"Gender as a Risk Factor for Functional Movement Disorders: The Role of Sexual Abuse"
2339:
2296:
2253:
2194:
2152:
2109:
2073:
2038:
1986:
1929:
1912:
Mace, CJ; Trimble, MR (September 1996). "Ten-year prognosis of conversion disorder".
1894:
1845:
1827:
1758:
1678:
1629:
1625:
1594:
1523:
1474:
1425:
1421:
1390:
1341:
1266:
1237:
1204:
1175:
1048:
1015:
887:
795:
690:
441:
The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.
197:
185:
59:
30:
3034:
3019:
2808:
2748:
2351:
2265:
2206:
1437:
435:
The patient has at least one symptom of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.
3938:
3892:
3860:
3708:
3686:
3651:
3414:
3296:
3247:
3194:
3169:
3164:
3121:
3109:
2892:
2884:
2786:
2778:
2726:
2718:
2659:
2651:
2518:
2502:
2438:
2430:
2388:
2378:
2331:
2308:
2288:
2245:
2186:
2144:
2121:
2101:
2065:
2028:
2020:
1976:
1968:
1941:
1921:
1884:
1876:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1748:
1740:
1668:
1660:
1621:
1584:
1576:
1513:
1505:
1464:
1417:
1380:
1372:
1331:
1323:
1168:
Tollison, C. David; Satterthwaite, John R.; Tollison, Joseph W. (January 1, 2002).
806:
624:
568:
276:
193:
118:
4067:
4114:
4072:
3943:
3930:
3877:
3872:
3855:
3735:
3530:
3502:
3303:
3126:
3065:
2973:
2722:
1169:
932:
818:
582:
Misdiagnosis does sometimes occur. In a highly influential study from the 1960s,
288:
75:
4164:
2888:
2782:
2506:
1808:"Psychosocial interventions for conversion and dissociative disorders in adults"
215:, but was renamed to functional neurologic symptom disorder (FNsD), a subset of
4099:
4040:
3964:
3773:
3740:
3723:
3713:
3022:
2434:
1664:
1492:
Stone J, Sharpe M, Carson A, Lewis SC, Thomas B, Goldbeck R, Warlow CP (2002).
1229:
1196:
1040:
1007:
675:
643:
355:
178:
2984:
2655:
2335:
2249:
2105:
1453:"La belle indifférence in conversion symptoms and hysteria: systematic review"
4308:
4133:
4084:
3402:
2762:
Roelofs K, Hoogduin KA, Keijsers GP, Näring GW, Moene FC, Sandijck P (2002).
2514:
1831:
1744:
1327:
853:
814:
712:
399:
2947:
1580:
1376:
904:... We are, often, unwilling to tell the full truth or to admit to ignorance
427:(FNsD). In cases of conversion disorder, there is a psychological stressor.
415:
3987:
3768:
3320:
2906:
2800:
2740:
2673:
2532:
2452:
2402:
2343:
2257:
2156:
2113:
2077:
2042:
1898:
1849:
1762:
1682:
1598:
1527:
1478:
1345:
1241:
1208:
1052:
1019:
893:
864:
843:
646:
may help reduce stress and also relieve or prevent symptoms from occurring.
583:
264:
154:
2300:
2198:
2024:
1990:
1972:
1933:
1925:
1633:
1509:
1469:
1452:
1429:
1394:
1261:
Stern, Theodore A.; Fricchione, Gregory L.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (2010).
1065:
3972:
3703:
3434:
3184:
3003:
1105:
Dissociative neurological symptom disorder, with unspecified symptoms ".
776:
671:
572:
299:
94:
2930:
2364:
2007:
Carson AJ, Ringbauer B, Stone J, McKenzie L, Warlow C, Sharpe M (2000).
1880:
4289:
3982:
3887:
3588:
3313:
3308:
3104:
2383:
716:
544:
295:
170:
114:
35:
2791:
2731:
1312:"Functional symptoms and signs in neurology: assessment and diagnosis"
1263:
Massachusetts
General Hospital Handbook of General Hospital Psychiatry
4242:
4174:
3992:
3451:
3189:
3114:
3014:
921:
772:
694:
473:
463:
348:
326:
268:
252:
248:
166:
162:
87:
83:
39:
1126:
1124:
1122:
3977:
3647:
3614:
3540:
883:
879:
764:
655:
639:
536:
459:
342:
260:
256:
220:
212:
158:
79:
71:
55:
51:
16:
Diagnostic category used in some psychiatric classification systems
2829:"Sigmund Freud: hysteria, somatization, medicine and misdiagnosis"
1955:
Couprie, W; Wijdicks, EF; Rooijmans, HG; van Gijn, J (June 1995).
2702:
Roelofs K, Keijsers GP, Hoogduin KA, Näring GW, Moene FC (2002).
2415:
1119:
682:(CBT) is the most common treatment, with a 13% improvement rate.
319:
174:
2090:
1954:
3695:
3510:
2942:
528:
284:
224:
67:
2877:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
2764:"Hypnotic susceptibility in patients with conversion disorder"
4132:
3473:
2761:
2701:
1167:
828:, there was a reported outbreak of hysteria. This led to the
768:
423:
Conversion disorder is now contained under the umbrella term
2221:
Hysterical Conversion: clinical and theoretical perspectives
2006:
3646:
2571:"The hysteria diagnosis: Freud, Charcot, Breuer and Anna O"
2174:
1805:
784:
780:
711:
Information on the frequency of conversion disorder in the
659:
391:
2321:
1407:
667:
1260:
498:
Acute episode: symptoms present for less than six months
419:
Analysis of Conversion Disorder in Symptomatic Patients
3919:
2134:
1646:
1451:
Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, Warlow C, Sharpe M (2006).
1078:
Dissociative neurological with unspecified symptoms ".
2704:"Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder"
2488:
2235:
2213:
1649:"Eliot Slater's myth of the non-existence of hysteria"
1491:
1450:
1113:
1086:
153:. Individuals with CD present with highly distressing
3064:
2920:
2491:"Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health"
2055:
1865:"Conversion disorder: advances in our understanding"
1708:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
522:
501:
Persistent: symptoms present for six months or more.
2495:
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
2278:
1957:"Outcome in conversion disorder: a follow up study"
616:
to maintain autonomy in activities of daily living.
173:, which are not consistent with a well-established
3082:
1961:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1228:Peeling, Jessica L.; Muzio, Maria Rosaria (2024),
1195:Peeling, Jessica L.; Muzio, Maria Rosaria (2023),
1039:Peeling, Jessica L.; Muzio, Maria Rosaria (2024),
1006:Peeling, Jessica L.; Muzio, Maria Rosaria (2024),
1726:
1309:
4306:
3491:
2637:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
698:symptoms with time, treatments and reassurance.
1236:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1203:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1047:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1014:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
575:is a well-demonstrated cause of paralysis from
4264:
2002:
2000:
1729:"Functional symptoms in neurology: management"
1647:Stone J, Warlow C, Carson A, Sharpe M (2005).
1611:
375:Loss or disturbance of touch or pain sensation
3050:
2625:Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria
2467:
2223:(pp. 73–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2170:
2168:
2166:
1305:
1303:
927:There has been much recent interest in using
2835:. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004
2755:
2695:
2631:
2577:. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004
2315:
2128:
2084:
2049:
1720:
1556:
1485:
1444:
1265:(6th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 211–236.
1227:
1194:
1038:
1005:
787:. Hippocrates argued that a lack of regular
636:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
511:Psychological stressor (conversion disorder)
2548:"Jesus the village psychiatrist: a summary"
2272:
1997:
1911:
1862:
1812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1777:"Conversion Disorder | Doctors of USC"
1605:
1401:
1352:
952:, and the gender difference in prevalence.
3954:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
3221:
3057:
3043:
2603:
2163:
1640:
1300:
1287:"Conversion and somatic symptom disorders"
1163:
1161:
590:
2896:
2867:
2790:
2730:
2663:
2522:
2442:
2392:
2382:
2231:
2229:
2032:
1980:
1888:
1839:
1752:
1672:
1588:
1517:
1468:
1384:
1335:
638:(SNRIs), a class of antidepressants, and
318:Impairment or loss of speech (hysterical
4217:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3813:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1562:
1108:International Classification of Diseases
1081:International Classification of Diseases
414:
329:) or a sensation of a lump in the throat
231:with unspecified neurological symptoms.
211:Conversion disorder was retained in the
2686:
2640:"New approaches to conversion hysteria"
2622:
2562:
1358:
1158:
563:was removed as a diagnostic criterion.
4307:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2226:
977:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
794:Donald Capps argues that the diseases
516:functional neurologic symptom disorder
450:Specify type of symptom or deficit as:
425:functional neurologic symptom disorder
139:functional neurologic symptom disorder
4263:
4131:
4066:
3918:
3645:
3490:
3400:
3220:
3081:
3038:
2638:Halligan PW, Bass C, Wade DT (2000).
2545:
1174:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1151:
1149:
458:With abnormal movement (e.g. tremor,
234:
3401:
2371:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
1727:Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M (2005).
1698:
1310:Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M (2005).
227:classifies conversion disorder as a
3920:Physiological and physical behavior
2826:
2815:
2568:
631:alongside other types of treatment.
13:
3866:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3260:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2609:Josef Breuer & Sigmund Freud,
2324:Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
2293:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03146.x
2238:Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
2191:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00066.x
1146:
336:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
14:
4336:
4046:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2916:
1914:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1361:"Hysteria following brain injury"
607:transcranial magnetic stimulation
523:Exclusion of neurological disease
204:compared to those diagnosed with
3346:X-linked intellectual disability
2013:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1733:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1498:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1422:10.1097/00005053-198610000-00003
1365:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1316:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1230:"Functional Neurologic Disorder"
1041:"Functional Neurologic Disorder"
1008:"Functional Neurologic Disorder"
962:Body-centred countertransference
361:Loss of consciousness (fainting)
312:Impaired coordination or balance
3175:Intermittent explosive disorder
3100:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2861:
2680:
2616:
2539:
2409:
2358:
1948:
1905:
1856:
1799:
1769:
1689:
1534:
1279:
1254:
701:
3818:Dissociative identity disorder
3083:Adult personality and behavior
2689:The Major Symptoms of Hysteria
1824:10.1002/14651858.CD005331.pub3
1221:
1188:
1032:
999:
973:Post-traumatic stress disorder
967:Functional neurologic disorder
577:hypokalemic periodic paralysis
541:hypokalemic periodic paralysis
382:functional neurologic disorder
369:Impaired vision, double vision
365:Sensory symptoms or deficits:
217:functional neurologic disorder
1:
2149:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00167-7
2070:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00223-9
1110:, eleventh revision – ICD-11
1083:, eleventh revision – ICD-11
993:
824:In 1692, in the U.S. town of
410:
4222:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3759:Generalized anxiety disorder
3492:Neurological and symptomatic
3137:Sexual relationship disorder
2723:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1908
1626:10.1016/0022-3999(65)90004-8
706:
685:
680:Cognitive behavioral therapy
652:cognitive behavioral therapy
599:
405:
308:Motor symptoms or deficits:
177:and can be traced back to a
111:Cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
3998:REM sleep behavior disorder
3467:Seasonal affective disorder
3265:Separation anxiety disorder
2889:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008
2783:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.390
2507:10.2174/1745017901208010110
955:
664:psychodynamic psychotherapy
514:No psychological stressor (
482:With amnesia or memory loss
472:With speech symptoms (e.g.
351:or other movement disorders
10:
4341:
4315:Disorders causing seizures
4265:Symptoms and uncategorized
3366:developmental disabilities
3132:Sexual maturation disorder
2435:10.1007/s00415-021-10943-6
1665:10.1177/014107680509801214
1544:. Uni-ulm.de. June 5, 2009
754:
728:
455:With weakness or paralysis
4325:Somatic symptom disorders
4270:
4259:
4235:
4227:Simple-type schizophrenia
4204:
4196:Schizophreniform disorder
4173:
4152:
4148:
4127:
4080:
4062:
4031:
4008:
3962:
3929:
3925:
3914:
3836:
3803:
3751:
3694:
3685:
3666:
3662:
3641:
3607:
3574:Mild cognitive impairment
3559:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3539:
3501:
3497:
3486:
3457:Major depressive disorder
3410:
3396:
3362:Psychological development
3361:
3336:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3145:
3092:
3088:
3077:
2994:
2924:
2853:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2656:10.1136/bmj.320.7248.1488
2595:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2336:10.1007/s00127-003-0608-5
2250:10.1007/s00127-007-0233-9
2106:10.1007/s00415-004-0273-y
1171:Practical Pain Management
1099:World Health Organization
1072:World Health Organization
737:
106:
93:
45:
29:
24:
4320:Mass psychogenic illness
4275:Impulse-control disorder
4191:Schizoaffective disorder
4186:Brief reactive psychosis
3883:Mass psychogenic illness
3846:Body dysmorphic disorder
3625:Post-concussion syndrome
3235:Emotional and behavioral
1745:10.1136/jnnp.2004.061663
1328:10.1136/jnnp.2004.061655
983:Somatic symptom disorder
950:mass psychogenic illness
811:Giambattista della Porta
479:With attacks or seizures
469:With swallowing symptoms
4212:Childhood schizophrenia
3564:Frontotemporal dementia
3521:High-functioning autism
3338:Intellectual disability
2558:(1) – via Scielo.
2552:HTS Theological Studies
1581:10.1136/bmj.1.5447.1395
1565:"Diagnosis of Hysteria"
1377:10.1136/jnnp.55.11.1046
941:evolutionary psychology
929:functional neuroimaging
591:Psychological mechanism
325:Difficulty swallowing (
3729:Specific social phobia
3620:Organic brain syndrome
3462:Melancholic depression
3223:Childhood and learning
2833:www.richardwebster.net
2575:www.richardwebster.net
2546:Capps, Donald (2010).
918:dissociative disorders
796:Jesus allegedly healed
746:
619:Treatment of comorbid
420:
298:can be ruled out with
281:non-epileptic seizures
245:psychological distress
206:neurological disorders
64:non-epileptic seizures
4285:Psychomotor agitation
4075:and substance-related
4018:Postpartum depression
3898:Somatization disorder
3784:Acute stress reaction
3549:AIDS dementia complex
2025:10.1136/jnnp.68.2.207
1973:10.1136/jnnp.58.6.750
1926:10.1192/bjp.169.3.282
1706:"Conversion disorder"
1510:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.578
1470:10.1192/bjp.188.3.204
1197:"Conversion Disorder"
1132:"Conversion disorder"
914:personality disorders
674:need further trials.
561:la belle indifférence
553:la belle indifférence
418:
269:difficulty swallowing
229:dissociative disorder
202:personality disorders
190:psychiatric disorders
179:psychological trigger
4280:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
4110:Substance dependence
4023:Postpartum psychosis
3569:Huntington's disease
3351:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
3200:Personality disorder
2281:Acta Psychiatr Scand
2178:Acta Psychiatr Scand
1863:Feinstein A (2011).
1781:www.doctorsofusc.com
826:Salem, Massachusetts
763:In Greek mythology,
693:have found that the
634:Medications such as
614:Occupational therapy
488:With mixed symptoms.
396:sexual pain disorder
294:Sleep paralysis and
151:psychological stress
123:occupational therapy
4160:Delusional disorder
4105:Stimulant psychosis
4095:Physical dependence
3949:Rumination syndrome
3851:Conversion disorder
3828:Psychogenic amnesia
3678:with depressed mood
3676:Adjustment disorder
3579:Parkinson's disease
3554:Alzheimer's disease
3447:Atypical depression
3283:Social functioning
3158:Munchausen syndrome
3153:Factitious disorder
2611:Studies in Hysteria
1881:10.1503/cmaj.110490
1739:(Suppl 1): i13–21.
988:Functional disorder
837:Jean-Martin Charcot
557:functional symptoms
251:, partial or total
147:functional disorder
131:Conversion disorder
25:Conversion disorder
4179:schizophrenia-like
3823:Dissociative fugue
3272:Movement disorders
2995:External resources
2868:Bracha HS (2006).
2827:Webster, Richard.
2569:Webster, Richard.
2384:10.1002/mdc3.12863
1787:on August 22, 2008
1410:J. Nerv. Ment. Dis
1322:(Suppl 1): i2–12.
946:infectious disease
944:form of dangerous
933:neuropsychological
830:Salem witch trials
789:sexual intercourse
533:multiple sclerosis
421:
388:Sexual dysfunction
257:inability to speak
235:Signs and symptoms
88:trouble swallowing
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4123:
4122:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3799:
3798:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3594:Vascular dementia
3516:Asperger syndrome
3482:
3481:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3326:Tourette syndrome
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3032:
3031:
1563:Slater E (1965).
888:vascular diseases
691:Empirical studies
476:, slurred speech)
332:Urinary retention
157:symptoms such as
128:
127:
60:movement problems
19:Medical condition
4332:
4261:
4260:
4150:
4149:
4129:
4128:
4064:
4063:
3939:Anorexia nervosa
3927:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3893:Psychogenic pain
3861:Globus pharyngis
3709:Childhood phobia
3692:
3691:
3664:
3663:
3643:
3642:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3398:
3397:
3297:Selective mutism
3248:Conduct disorder
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3195:Trichotillomania
3170:Gender dysphoria
3165:Fear of intimacy
3122:Sexual anhedonia
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3066:Mental disorders
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3035:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2771:J Abnorm Psychol
2768:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:Janet P (1920).
2684:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2650:(7248): 1488–9.
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:Freud S (1905).
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2486:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2429:(6): 3258–3263.
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1783:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1575:(5447): 1395–9.
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1359:Eames P (1992).
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1096:
1090:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1003:
907:
903:
899:
807:Gerolamo Cardano
569:publication bias
466:, gait disorder)
372:Impaired hearing
277:balance problems
80:impaired hearing
76:trouble speaking
22:
21:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4294:
4266:
4247:
4231:
4200:
4178:
4169:
4144:
4119:
4076:
4073:substance abuse
4050:
4027:
4004:
3958:
3944:Bulimia nervosa
3921:
3902:
3878:Hypochondriasis
3873:False pregnancy
3856:Ganser syndrome
3838:Somatic symptom
3832:
3795:
3747:
3736:Specific phobia
3681:
3658:
3629:
3603:
3535:
3531:Savant syndrome
3503:Autism spectrum
3493:
3478:
3406:
3384:
3363:
3357:
3332:
3225:
3204:
3180:Dermatillomania
3141:
3127:Sexual anorexia
3084:
3073:
3063:
3033:
3028:
3027:
2990:
2989:
2933:
2919:
2914:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2816:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2717:(11): 1908–13.
2711:Am J Psychiatry
2706:
2700:
2696:
2691:(2nd ed.).
2685:
2681:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2544:
2540:
2487:
2468:
2414:
2410:
2363:
2359:
2320:
2316:
2277:
2273:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2173:
2164:
2137:J Psychosom Res
2133:
2129:
2089:
2085:
2058:J Psychosom Res
2054:
2050:
2005:
1998:
1953:
1949:
1910:
1906:
1861:
1857:
1818:(7): CD005331.
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1645:
1641:
1614:J Psychosom Res
1610:
1606:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1490:
1486:
1457:Br J Psychiatry
1449:
1445:
1406:
1402:
1371:(11): 1046–53.
1357:
1353:
1308:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1097:
1093:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1004:
1000:
996:
958:
905:
901:
897:
848:W. B. Carpenter
819:Thomas Sydenham
757:
749:
740:
731:
722:incidence rates
709:
704:
688:
644:benzodiazepines
602:
593:
525:
447:
413:
408:
354:Gait problems (
289:sleep paralysis
237:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Rebound effect
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4041:Hypersexuality
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3774:Panic disorder
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3741:Claustrophobia
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3724:Anthropophobia
3716:
3714:Social anxiety
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Pick's disease
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3070:Classification
3062:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2965:
2950:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:Classification
2918:
2917:External links
2915:
2913:
2912:
2883:(5): 827–853.
2860:
2814:
2754:
2694:
2679:
2630:
2615:
2602:
2561:
2538:
2466:
2408:
2377:(2): 177–181.
2357:
2314:
2271:
2244:(11): 857–64.
2225:
2212:
2162:
2127:
2083:
2048:
1996:
1947:
1904:
1855:
1798:
1768:
1719:
1697:
1688:
1639:
1604:
1555:
1533:
1484:
1443:
1400:
1351:
1299:
1278:
1271:
1253:
1220:
1187:
1180:
1157:
1145:
1118:
1091:
1064:
1031:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
985:
980:
970:
964:
957:
954:
756:
753:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
708:
705:
703:
700:
687:
684:
676:Psychoanalytic
648:
647:
632:
628:
617:
601:
598:
592:
589:
524:
521:
520:
519:
512:
503:
502:
499:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
470:
467:
456:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
412:
409:
407:
404:
377:
376:
373:
370:
363:
362:
359:
356:astasia-abasia
352:
345:
339:
338:or convulsions
333:
330:
323:
316:
313:
236:
233:
126:
125:
108:
104:
103:
97:
91:
90:
49:
43:
42:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4337:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:Schizophrenia
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4134:Schizophrenia
4130:
4126:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Drug overdose
4083:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4033:Sexual desire
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:Social phobia
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:-related and
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:(3): 288–93.
2286:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:(2): 119–38.
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:(2): 207–10.
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:(8): 915–20.
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:(12): 547–8.
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(5): 578–81.
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:(10): 593–7.
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:9781437719277
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1181:9780781731607
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
953:
951:
947:
942:
937:
936:established.
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
895:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
854:Sigmund Freud
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
815:Thomas Willis
812:
808:
803:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
752:
744:
735:
726:
723:
718:
714:
699:
696:
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
612:
611:
610:
608:
597:
588:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
517:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
431:
428:
426:
417:
403:
401:
400:pain disorder
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
175:organic cause
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
32:
28:
23:
4165:Folie Ă deux
4090:Intoxication
4071:substances,
4069:Psychoactive
3988:Night terror
3850:
3805:Dissociative
3769:Panic attack
3321:Tic disorder
3013:
3002:
2978:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2880:
2876:
2863:
2839:February 21,
2837:. Retrieved
2832:
2777:(2): 390–5.
2774:
2770:
2757:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2581:February 29,
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2498:
2494:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2330:(2): 88–93.
2327:
2323:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2220:
2215:
2182:
2176:
2143:(3): 217–9.
2140:
2136:
2130:
2100:(1): 66–71.
2097:
2093:
2086:
2064:(1): 361–7.
2061:
2057:
2051:
2016:
2012:
1967:(6): 750–2.
1964:
1960:
1950:
1920:(3): 282–8.
1917:
1913:
1907:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1780:
1771:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1548:November 30,
1546:. Retrieved
1536:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1319:
1315:
1292:November 25,
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1262:
1256:
1245:, retrieved
1233:
1223:
1212:, retrieved
1200:
1190:
1170:
1136:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:
1079:
1067:
1056:, retrieved
1044:
1034:
1023:, retrieved
1011:
1001:
938:
926:
910:
894:Eliot Slater
892:
877:
873:
869:dissociation
865:Pierre Janet
863:
859:
852:
844:Pierre Janet
841:
834:
823:
804:
800:
793:
762:
758:
750:
741:
732:
710:
702:Epidemiology
689:
649:
627:if present..
603:
594:
584:Eliot Slater
581:
565:
560:
552:
549:
526:
505:
504:
492:
491:
449:
448:
429:
422:
386:
378:
364:
307:
304:
293:
273:incontinence
238:
210:
183:
155:neurological
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
95:Risk factors
4138:schizotypal
3973:Hypersomnia
3963:Nonorganic
3704:Agoraphobia
3435:Cyclothymia
3430:Bipolar NOS
3405:(affective)
3277:Stereotypic
3185:Kleptomania
3004:MedlinePlus
2501:: 110–119.
1791:January 13,
1712:October 25,
1653:J R Soc Med
1620:(1): 9–13.
1138:October 25,
1114:icd.who.int
1112:. Genova –
1087:icd.who.int
1085:. Genova –
975:(PTSD) and
777:Hippocrates
672:biofeedback
573:epinephrine
506:Specify if:
493:Specify if:
341:Persistent
300:sleep tests
171:convulsions
4309:Categories
4290:Stereotypy
4153:Delusional
4142:delusional
4115:Withdrawal
3983:Parasomnia
3888:Nosophobia
3668:Adjustment
3656:somatoform
3589:Sundowning
3442:Depression
3425:Bipolar II
3314:Stuttering
3309:Cluttering
3105:Paraphilia
2980:DiseasesDB
2792:1887/14289
2732:1887/14240
1234:StatPearls
1201:StatPearls
1045:StatPearls
1012:StatPearls
994:References
922:biomarkers
717:prevalence
621:depression
587:diseases.
545:narcolepsy
462:movement,
411:Definition
296:narcolepsy
198:depression
186:depression
115:medication
99:Long term
36:Psychiatry
4243:Catatonia
4175:Psychosis
4010:Postnatal
3993:Nightmare
3599:Wandering
3452:Dysthymia
3420:Bipolar I
3375:Pervasive
3190:Pyromania
3115:Voyeurism
3110:Fetishism
3020:emerg/112
3015:eMedicine
2515:1745-0179
2461:246413303
2094:J. Neurol
1832:1469-493X
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773:Aristotle
707:Frequency
695:prognosis
686:Prognosis
640:sedatives
600:Treatment
474:dysphonia
464:myoclonus
406:Diagnosis
349:myoclonus
327:dysphagia
253:paralysis
249:blindness
167:paralysis
163:blindness
107:Treatment
40:Neurology
31:Specialty
3978:Insomnia
3648:Neurotic
3615:Delirium
3541:Dementia
3380:Specific
3023:med/1150
2907:16563589
2849:cite web
2809:31958662
2801:12003460
2749:24809182
2741:12411227
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2423:J Neurol
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1247:June 30,
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1209:31855394
1058:June 30,
1053:31855394
1025:June 30,
1020:31855394
979:(C-PTSD)
956:See also
884:epilepsy
765:hysteria
656:hypnosis
642:such as
537:epilepsy
460:dystonic
347:Tremor,
343:dystonia
265:numbness
261:deafness
221:stressor
213:DSM-5-TR
192:such as
159:numbness
145:), is a
119:physical
72:fainting
56:weakness
52:Numbness
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3687:Anxiety
3526:PDD-NOS
3415:Bipolar
3068: (
2974:D003291
2898:7130737
2665:1118088
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1430:3760849
1395:1469401
1386:1015291
1337:1765681
755:History
729:Culture
625:anxiety
320:aphonia
285:tremors
194:anxiety
3931:Eating
3779:Stress
3696:Phobia
3652:stress
3511:Autism
3304:Speech
3093:Sexual
3009:000954
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3965:sleep
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3608:Other
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2873:(PDF)
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2767:(PDF)
2745:S2CID
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2348:S2CID
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