866:. At low tide, much of this is exposed, making marine navigation difficult. Historically, ships and boats designed for the area had a relatively flat bottom with a modest centerboard and absence of a large keel because the boats would occasionally become beached at low tide either on purpose or by accident. This design allowed the craft to support its weight on land without sustaining any serious damage to its structure. An example of this design is the Nomad, a much photographed fishing boat once owned by Joe Reddington which has sat on a mudflat near Knik for several decades.
664:, finding it impossible to navigate against the strong currents and mudflats, and got stuck on a sandbar when he tried to get back out, having to wait for the tide to come in and free his ship. He never actually confirmed it led to a river, which led to a decade of massive speculation until George Vancouver returned to finish the map. Having been in a bad mood since first agreeing to explore the area, and as a result of this frustration, the second body of water was given the disingenuous name "Turn Again". Early maps label Turnagain Arm as the "Turnagain River".
855:
668:
86:
528:
995:
443:
982:, began in 1994 when a group of Alaskans became concerned about the rapid ecological changes in the inlet. The group formally incorporated the following year using settlement proceeds from a Clean Water Act lawsuit against Cook Inlet oil and gas producers. Their stated mission is to "protect Alaska's Cook Inlet watershed and the life it sustains," with a focus on clean water, healthy habitat, local economies, and energy. They are based in
808:
352:
390:. Tectonic forces lifted the mountains and peninsula out of the water, forming a valley that was cut off from the ocean to the north and the west. The rest of Alaska's mountains were formed in the same manner, in cyclic events, and the mountain ranges become progressively older the further north they lie. Thus, the Cook Inlet and its surrounding land masses are rather young compared to those of the
843:(31 ft, 9.6 m). The ocean's natural 12-hour 25-minute tidal cycle is close to Turnagain Arm's natural resonance frequency, which then reinforces the tide similar to water sloshing in a bathtub. Tidal fluctuations in the main body of Cook Inlet, while not as extreme as the shallow and narrow Turnagain Arm, regularly reach 25 feet (7.6 m) or more and exhibit currents in excess of 5
916:
754:
98:
498:, the central and upper inlet is filled with narrow troughs that may be 150 to 300 feet (50 to 100 meters) deep. These, along with the tides, provide a challenge to ships navigating through the waters. The strong tides create powerful rip tides and bore tides which are sometimes among the largest in the world.
776:
platform installed by Forest Oil in 2000. Most of the platforms are operated by Union Oil, which was acquired by
Chevron in 2005. There are also numerous oil and gas pipelines running around and under the Cook Inlet. The main destinations of the gas pipelines are to Kenai where the gas is primarily
438:
occurred when over 600 miles of the
Aleutian fault ruptured, uplifting the Kenai Mountains 60 feet (20 meters) in under 5 minutes. With a magnitude of 9.2, the earthquake was the fourth largest ever recorded. It devastated Anchorage where much of downtown dropped several stories, and the mountains
493:
Cook Inlet has the fourth largest tidal range in the world. The shape of the inlet and its orientation with respect to the lunar orbit causes the tide to come in and go out very rapidly. As the inlet narrows, the speed of the water increases, creating very powerful currents with speeds of up to 6
433:
in the Gulf of Alaska, where a corner of the
Pacific Plate is forced underneath Alaska at a 45-degree angle. Thus, most of the uplift force occurs along a line from Kodiak Island and up the Kenai Mountains to the Chugach mountains. The inlet lies in a region where the crust is wrinkled under this
502:
occur within the inlet, and especially
Turnagain Arm, almost daily, but are usually too small to notice. Large bores tend to occur after extreme tidal lows, appearing as a wall of water sometimes over 10 feet high as the tide comes in all at once. Large bores are less frequent, and are typically
960:
listed the Cook Inlet beluga whale population as depleted and began development of a conservation plan. On
October 22, 2008 the Cook Inlet beluga whale was put onto the endangered species list. Cook Inlet activities include commercial fishing, oil and gas development,
466:. Hot magma and steam from the subducting ocean floor build up within these volcanoes, which tend to erupt in fairly regular cycles with very explosive force, often spewing volcanic ash tens of thousands of feet (several kilometers) high. Volcanic
741:. Many residents of the Kenai rely on income generated from fisheries in the Cook Inlet. The west side of the Inlet is not connected to any major road systems and is typically accessed by boat or plane, including the village of
708:
and
Portage dropped as much as 8 feet (2.4 m) by subsidence and subsequent tidal action. Both hamlets were destroyed. Girdwood was later relocated inland and Portage was abandoned. About 20 miles (32 km) of the
972:'s School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences working with the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service (MMS), began a three-year project in 2003 focusing on the water circulation in Cook Inlet.
315:(formerly named Mount McKinley) and is the collection point for the runoff from many surrounding glaciers, leading to the high turbidity and large silt deposits. Within the watershed there are several
689:
Black Reef in the Cook Inlet on
January 5, 1910. All thirty-eight men on board survived, and were rescued twenty-nine days later. Few white people visited upper Cook Inlet until construction of the
627:
Upon reaching the head of Cook Inlet, Cook was of the opinion that both Knik Arm and
Turnagain Arm were the mouths of rivers and not the opening to the Northwest Passage. Under orders by the
1675:
1491:
1848:
1843:
1838:
252:
mix of ocean salt-water and freshwater runoff from the various rivers and streams. The narrow channel of the inlet funnels the tides creating very fast-moving currents,
482:
have resulted in tsunamis also. There was an earthquake of the magnitude of 7.1 on
December 31, 1901 generated by an eruption that caused several tsunamis. In 2009 a
1343:
1662:
877:-like characteristics, and have claimed the life of at least four people who have wandered out on them, usually tourists, with many more being rescued every year.
1273:
650:
fame, organized a party to travel up Knik Arm. Bligh served as Cook's
Sailing Master on this, his 3rd and final voyage, the aim of which was discovery of the
777:
used to fuel commercial fertilizer production and a liquified natural gas (LNG) plant and to Anchorage where the gas is consumed largely for domestic uses.
519:, which affects the climate and keeps the temperatures in the Cook Inlet region fairly moderate compared to the extremes found in other parts of the state.
439:
surrounding the Turnagain Arm subsided 8 feet (2.4 meters), submerging the towns of Portage and Girdwood, as well as long stretches of the Seward Highway.
965:, noise from aircraft and ships, shipping traffic, and tourism. However, it is not known what impact these activities had on the beluga whale population.
953:
commonly feed on belugas in the Cook Inlet, driving them to the upper part of the inlet where they often seek refuge in the shallower waters of the arms.
123:
1306:
1465:
1394:
1229:
764:
contains large oil and gas deposits including several offshore fields. As of 2005 there were 16 platforms in Cook Inlet, the oldest of which is the
1545:
1052:
847:(9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) at full tidal flow. The inlet and its arms have been proposed as a potentially attractive site for the generation of
1104:
366:, formed approximately 65 million years ago, just after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Like most of Alaska's mountains, they consist mainly of
624:
was named by Cook, "turnagain" being a moniker he had used before, at his annoyance at having to turn around after exploring another dead end.
565:
were among the first European visitors. The Lebedev Lastochkin Company leader Stepan Zaikov established a post at the mouth of the Kenai River,
1853:
1833:
1810:
639:
and encountered the local Natives for the first time when two men approached in kayaks, invited them to come ashore. Under Cook's orders,
780:
Alaska has approximately half the known coal reserves in the U.S. For decades, there has been a proposal to build a large coal mine (the
1520:
1419:
1502:
632:
402:
to the south, forming the inlet as it exists today. The surrounding mountains were host the large ice sheets and glaciers during the
343:
was the destination for most marine traffic in upper Cook Inlet. Approximately 400,000 people live within the Cook Inlet watershed.
90:
The navigational light at the southwestern tip of Elizabeth Island demarcates the boundary between Cook Inlet and the Gulf of Alaska
801:
549:
arrived around the first century and were the last of the Alutiiq people to settle in the area, but abandoned it after tribes of
1284:
1813:
1369:
1570:
557:
people from the interior of the state, arrived sometime between 500 and 1600 AD. In the 18th century, Russian fur hunters
1347:
1007:
1032:
899:
and transport passengers via bus or train to Anchorage. However, over 95% of freight entering Alaska comes through the
957:
935:
is a genetically distinct and geographically isolated stock. The population fell to 278 in 2005 and it is listed as
858:
The mouth of Turnagain Arm at low tide in winter; thousands of icebergs lie stranded on vast plains of glacial silt
654:. After meeting with some local Dena'ina, Bligh returned to report Knik Arm indeed led only to a couple of rivers.
713:
sank below the high-water mark of Turnagain Arm; the highway and its bridges were raised and rebuilt in 1964–66.
969:
823:. The bore may be more than six feet (1.8 m) high and travel at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) on high
398:
which formed around 256 million years ago. The valley left by this continental compaction remains open to the
1469:
1398:
1233:
1180:
1828:
1596:
1555:
1122:
1056:
686:
20:
631:
to ignore any such rivers and inlets, he had initially planned to pass it by, but at the insistence of
406:(the Ice Ages, around 2 million to 11,000 years ago) which scoured the land and formed vast plains and
1571:"'Mother Nature has no mercy': Man gets stuck waist-deep in Alaska mud flats, drowns as tide comes in"
693:
along the eastern shores of Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm of Cook Inlet around 1915. The natives of the
1254:
604:. Cook received maps of Alaska, the Aleutians, and Kamchatka during a visit with Russian fur trader
1027:
831:
in United States, with a mean of 30 feet (9.1 m), and the fourth highest in the world, behind
487:
296:
1676:"Killer Whale Predation on Belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska: Implications for a Depleted Population"
1641:
1805:
1797:
797:
785:
701:
697:
village are the descendants of the residents of eight native villages around upper Cook Inlet.
320:
1217:
936:
658:
435:
362:
Cook inlet, along with the Kenai Peninsula, the Kenai Mountains, the Chugach Mountains, and
1674:
Shelden, Kim E. W.; Rugh, David J.; Mahoney, Barbara A.; Dahlheim, Marilyn E. (July 2003).
1550:
1530:
1525:
1423:
1134:
979:
945:
896:
781:
761:
569:, in 1786. These fur trappers used Siberian Native and Alaska Native people, particularly
463:
383:
281:
162:
8:
1728:
705:
667:
635:
and many others of his crew, he reluctantly agreed to explore the area. Cook anchored at
613:
97:
85:
1138:
1078:
511:
where weather is largely affected by sea ice, the waters of the inlet are warmed by the
237:
at its northern end, almost surrounding Anchorage. On its southern end, it merges with
1691:
671:
566:
550:
304:
1705:
1146:
943:
of Threatened Species. This was perhaps due to local hunt, although an article in the
264:
covers about 100,000 km (39,000 sq mi) of southern Alaska, east of the
1618:
1192:
1160:
1098:
1012:
920:
900:
854:
769:
721:
Most of Alaska's population is in the Cook Inlet area, with highest concentration in
651:
601:
455:
403:
375:
332:
222:
1373:
1687:
1636:
1142:
975:
892:
617:
609:
605:
574:
371:
367:
210:
202:
72:
57:
27:
1295:
1022:
840:
793:
726:
694:
690:
451:
430:
422:
289:
238:
170:
1444:
904:
888:
884:
710:
578:
560:
527:
512:
399:
386:, uplifted the ocean floor and compressed it, causing the crust to thicken and
265:
261:
245:
218:
1822:
1627:
1017:
999:
983:
940:
819:
Turnagain Arm is one of only about 60 bodies of water worldwide to exhibit a
738:
640:
628:
621:
531:
459:
379:
363:
336:
316:
285:
234:
166:
138:
125:
1803:
United States, Alaska South Coast, Cook Inlet, Anchor Point to Kalgin Island
1727:
Johnson, Mark; Okkonen, Steve; Proshutinsky, Andrey; Proshutinsky, Tatania.
442:
994:
950:
932:
832:
675:
612:, and combined these maps with those of his expedition to create the first
570:
411:
395:
391:
269:
1492:"Prospects of electricity from tidal power in coasl regions of Bangladesh"
1749:
880:
848:
844:
828:
824:
499:
308:
273:
1123:"Summary of Quaternary geology of the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska"
429:
activity. The primary fault, the Aleutian Fault, is found in the nearby
836:
820:
812:
644:
636:
597:
554:
508:
471:
426:
418:
356:
300:
277:
158:
260:. Cook Inlet watershed is the most populated watershed in Alaska. The
1802:
1794:
1616:
1285:
Mapping Cook Inlet Rip Tides Using Local Knowledge and Remote Sensing
874:
722:
582:
479:
340:
257:
1770:
1320:
by Laurel Bill, Phyllis Carlson – Aunt Phil's Trunk LLC 2016 pp. 1–5
962:
734:
596:
Other Europeans to visit Cook Inlet include the 1778 expedition of
494:
knots (7 miles per hour). While lined with large areas of silt and
467:
434:
force and the tectonic forces push the ground downward. In 1964, a
253:
230:
1726:
870:
807:
616:
of the North Pacific. The inlet was named after Cook in 1794 by
590:
546:
538:
504:
503:
formed during a new or full moon, especially when the moon is at
495:
475:
407:
387:
351:
324:
1490:
Salequazzaman, M.; Newman, Peter; Ellery, Mark; Corry, Brendan.
311:, and many others. The watershed includes the drainage areas of
924:
789:
742:
542:
312:
249:
226:
109:
1501:. Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. Archived from
1121:
Schmoll, Henry R.; Yehle, Lynn A.; Updike, Randall G. (1999).
730:
586:
483:
454:, the Cook Inlet region contains active volcanoes, including
292:
19:
This article is about the body of water. For other uses, see
1318:
Aunt Phil's Trunk: Bringing Alaska's history alive! Volume 3
915:
241:, Stevenson Entrance, Kennedy Entrance and Chugach Passage.
863:
600:, its namesake, who sailed into it while searching for the
516:
328:
1673:
1546:"Man who died on mud flats was Army attorney, outdoorsman"
1489:
515:
in the Gulf of Alaska, part of the North-Pacific Subpolar
1218:
USGS M9.2 Alaska Earthquake and Tsunami of March 27, 1964
753:
1521:"Unusual Turnagain Arm tide has attractions and dangers"
1445:"Frequently Asked Questions – Tide Predictions and Data"
862:
Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm are known for large areas of
26:"Tikahtnu" redirects here. For the shopping center, see
1076:
1161:"Cook Inlet-South Central Alaska map and volcano list"
1597:"Management and Recovery of Cook Inlet Beluga Whales"
998:
Cook Inlet seen from the mouth of Kachemak Bay, with
729:
is host to many smaller fishing communities, such as
1849:
Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm National Heritage Area
1844:
Bodies of water of Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
589:
via Russia's then-exclusive inland port of trade at
394:, which formed around 126 million years ago, or the
339:
port further south. Before the growth of Anchorage,
827:and opposing winds. Turnagain Arm sees the largest
745:, some oil camps, and many seasonal fishing camps.
1839:Bodies of water of Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska
1617:Lowry, L.; O’Corry-Crowe, G.; Goodman, D. (2012).
1120:
685:was a wooden Alaskan Steamship Company liner that
374:that were deposited on the ocean floor during the
1795:United States, Alaska South Coast, Barren Islands
919:View across Cook Inlet at low tide from downtown
1820:
1181:USGS Detailed Geologic Map View of Anchorage, AK
116:
1543:
585:and other marine mammal species for trade with
244:The Cook Inlet and both its arms are bodies of
1729:"Water and Ice Dynamics in Cook Inlet, Alaska"
704:, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near
327:. Cook Inlet provides navigable access to the
873:can also be dangerous to walk on, exhibiting
725:. Along the East side of the Cook Inlet, the
323:, along with three other historically active
217:) stretches 180 miles (290 km) from the
64:
49:
1642:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T61442A17691385.en
1332:by Frank McLynn, Yale University Press, 2011
537:The inlet was first explored and settled by
1544:Theriault Boots, Michelle (June 25, 2013).
1255:"Historic Earthquakes – Cook Inlet, Alaska"
1103:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
804:of 2007, based on the threat of this mine.
541:people, tribes of coastal-dwelling Pacific
784:) on the west side of Cook Inlet near the
657:Cook sailed up Turnagain Arm in his ship,
1640:
839:(32 ft 0 in, 9.75 m), and
410:surrounding much of the upper inlet from
1568:
993:
914:
853:
806:
752:
666:
526:
470:in the region have been associated with
441:
350:
335:at the northern end, and to the smaller
192:100,000 km (39,000 sq mi)
1518:
545:, beginning around 6000 years ago. The
1821:
1814:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
1811:Map of Cook Inlet oil and gas activity
1468:. Ocean Energy Council. Archived from
1274:CMI Cook Inlet Surface Current Mapping
446:Locations of volcanoes near Cook Inlet
1854:Monuments and memorials to James Cook
620:, who had served under Cook in 1778.
1834:Bodies of water of Anchorage, Alaska
1116:
1114:
1079:"Coast Pilot 9 – 33rd Edition, 2015"
968:The Coastal Marine Institute at the
815:appears as a wall of turbulent water
802:America's Ten Most Endangered Rivers
772:in 1964, and newest of which is the
1628:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1008:Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center
378:. This area, where a corner of the
13:
1692:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01319.x
1033:Captain Cook State Recreation Area
757:Oil Rig and Packraft on Cook Inlet
14:
1865:
1788:
1773:. Cook Inletkeeper. 22 March 2017
1752:. Cook Inletkeeper. 24 March 2017
1422:. inletkeeper.org. Archived from
1341:
1111:
958:National Marine Fisheries Service
1344:"The Farallon Shipwreck Project"
1330:Captain Cook: Master of the Seas
486:from Mt. Redoubt threatened the
96:
84:
1763:
1742:
1720:
1698:
1667:
1656:
1610:
1589:
1569:Thiessen, Mark (May 24, 2023).
1562:
1537:
1512:
1483:
1458:
1437:
1412:
1387:
1362:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1267:
1230:"Augustine, Cook Inlet, Alaska"
910:
737:, Ninilchick, Anchor Point and
229:. Cook Inlet branches into the
1519:Lemagie, Sarah (May 5, 2005).
1247:
1222:
1211:
1185:
1174:
1153:
1070:
1045:
970:University of Alaska Fairbanks
907:companies and other carriers.
716:
1:
1771:"Cook Inletkeeper - Our Work"
1731:. Institute of Marine Science
1499:Journal of Bangladesh Studies
1307:AMS - Glossary of Meteorology
1147:10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00004-X
1077:United States Coast Pilot 9.
425:, and is frequently prone to
16:Inlet from the Gulf of Alaska
1750:"Cook Inletkeeper - History"
1397:. agrium.com. Archived from
1163:. Alaska Volcano Observatory
949:questioned this conclusion.
788:, and the native village of
768:platform first installed by
748:
346:
7:
1623:(Cook Inlet subpopulation)"
1346:. WSU Press. Archived from
989:
903:, which is served by major
835:(38 ft, 11.7 m),
272:, receiving water from its
21:Cook Inlet (disambiguation)
10:
1870:
522:
507:. Unlike areas around the
25:
18:
963:release of treated sewage
421:zone which contains many
188:
180:
176:
154:
115:
104:
95:
83:
45:
40:
35:
1370:"Cook Inlet Oil and Gas"
1127:Quaternary International
1038:
1028:Lake Clark National Park
577:and Koniag natives from
488:Drift River oil terminal
450:Because it lies along a
268:, south and east of the
1197:Encyclopedia Britannica
417:Cook Inlet exists in a
319:and the active volcano
206:
184:180 miles (290 km)
65:
50:
1806:National Ocean Service
1798:National Ocean Service
1083:Office of Coast Survey
1003:
928:
859:
816:
758:
702:1964 Alaska earthquake
678:
534:
447:
359:
139:60.33778°N 151.87500°W
1680:Marine Mammal Science
1635:: e.T61442A17691385.
1621:Delphinapterus leucas
1395:"Kenai, Alaska plant"
997:
937:critically endangered
918:
857:
810:
756:
674:delta at low tide in
670:
530:
462:, and is part of the
445:
436:megathrust earthquake
355:Cook Inlet seen from
354:
1558:on February 1, 2014.
1551:Anchorage Daily News
1526:Anchorage Daily News
1508:on 15 February 2012.
1053:"Cook Inlet, Alaska"
980:Waterkeeper Alliance
946:Anchorage Daily News
897:Prince William Sound
762:The Cook Inlet Basin
464:Pacific Ring of Fire
414:that was deposited.
384:North American Plate
282:Little Susitna River
276:, which include the
163:Little Susitna River
144:60.33778; -151.87500
1829:Estuaries of Alaska
1420:"Chuitna Coal Mine"
1401:on October 14, 2006
1193:"Alaskan mountains"
1139:1999QuInt..60....3S
614:Mercator projection
382:subducts under the
135: /
41:Tikahtnu, Cungaaciq
1577:. Associated Press
1004:
978:, a member of the
929:
860:
817:
759:
679:
567:Fort Nikolaevskaia
535:
448:
360:
305:Resurrection Creek
1199:(Online ed.)
1013:Augustine Volcano
1002:in the background
901:Port of Anchorage
782:Chuitna Coal Mine
652:Northwest Passage
602:Northwest Passage
456:Augustine Volcano
404:Pleistocene epoch
376:Cretaceous period
307:, Portage Creek,
256:, and occasional
225:in south-central
196:
195:
1861:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1708:. NOAA Fisheries
1702:
1696:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:. NOAA Fisheries
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:. Archived from
1541:
1535:
1534:
1529:. Archived from
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1372:. Archived from
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1342:Lloyd, Steve K.
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:Alaska Bore Tide
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1226:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:on June 11, 2007
1055:. Archived from
1049:
976:Cook Inletkeeper
956:In 2000, the US
927:(September 2005)
618:George Vancouver
606:Gerasim Izmailov
575:Aleutian Islands
372:metamorphic rock
368:sedimentary rock
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
118:
100:
88:
76:
68:
61:
53:
33:
32:
28:Tikahtnu Commons
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1819:
1818:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1542:
1538:
1533:on May 5, 2005.
1517:
1513:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1426:on July 1, 2007
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1350:on 28 July 2011
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1023:Knik Arm Bridge
992:
931:The Cook Inlet
913:
841:Bristol Channel
800:on its list of
794:American Rivers
751:
727:Kenai Peninsula
719:
691:Alaska Railroad
551:Dena'ina people
525:
452:subduction zone
431:Aleutian Trench
349:
248:, containing a
239:Shelikof Strait
171:Matanuska River
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
91:
79:
70:
55:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1790:
1789:External links
1787:
1784:
1783:
1762:
1741:
1719:
1706:"Beluga Whale"
1697:
1686:(3): 529–544.
1666:
1655:
1609:
1588:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1482:
1466:"Tidal Energy"
1457:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1361:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1246:
1221:
1210:
1184:
1173:
1152:
1110:
1069:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
991:
988:
912:
909:
905:container ship
889:Gulf of Alaska
790:Tyonek, Alaska
750:
747:
743:Tyonek, Alaska
718:
715:
711:Seward Highway
581:, to hunt for
561:promyshlenniki
524:
521:
513:Alaska Current
400:Gulf of Alaska
348:
345:
317:national parks
266:Aleutian Range
246:brackish water
219:Gulf of Alaska
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
156:
152:
151:
119:
113:
112:
108:South-central
106:
102:
101:
93:
92:
89:
81:
80:
78:
77:
62:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:Nmfs.Noaa.gov
1659:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1472:on 2008-05-13
1471:
1467:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1376:on 2007-02-05
1375:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1236:on 2007-02-04
1235:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Kalgin Island
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:Mount Iliamna
996:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
954:
952:
951:Killer whales
948:
947:
942:
941:IUCN Red List
938:
934:
926:
922:
917:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
876:
872:
867:
865:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
809:
805:
803:
799:
798:Chuitna River
795:
791:
787:
786:Chuitna River
783:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
714:
712:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
662:
655:
653:
649:
648:
642:
641:William Bligh
638:
634:
630:
629:British Crown
625:
623:
622:Turnagain Arm
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
532:Turnagain Arm
529:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
478:, and debris
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Mount Redoubt
457:
453:
444:
440:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Pacific Plate
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Kodiak Island
358:
353:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:Mount Redoubt
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Turnagain Arm
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
167:Susitna River
164:
160:
157:
155:River sources
153:
148:
120:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
87:
82:
74:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
47:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
1775:. Retrieved
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1744:
1733:. Retrieved
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1632:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1556:the original
1549:
1539:
1531:the original
1524:
1514:
1503:the original
1498:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1224:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1155:
1130:
1126:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1047:
974:
967:
955:
944:
933:beluga whale
930:
911:Conservation
881:Cruise ships
879:
868:
861:
833:Bay of Fundy
825:spring tides
818:
779:
773:
765:
760:
720:
699:
682:
680:
676:Kachemak Bay
660:
656:
646:
626:
595:
558:
536:
492:
449:
416:
412:glacial till
396:Brooks Range
392:Alaska Range
361:
270:Alaska Range
243:
214:
198:
197:
189:Surface area
1712:January 24,
1581:January 24,
1203:January 24,
1133:(1): 3–36.
1089:28 November
849:tidal power
829:tidal range
796:placed the
717:Communities
700:During the
500:Tidal bores
472:earthquakes
309:Kenai River
297:Eagle River
274:tributaries
181:Max. length
142: /
130:151°52′30″W
117:Coordinates
1823:Categories
1777:2018-07-30
1756:2018-07-30
1735:2007-02-03
1648:28 October
1603:2007-02-03
1476:2008-11-11
1451:2008-09-10
1430:2007-05-13
1405:2007-02-03
1380:2007-02-03
1260:2007-02-03
1240:2007-02-03
1167:2007-02-03
1085:. page 182
1063:2007-02-03
837:Ungava Bay
821:tidal bore
661:Resolution
637:Ship Creek
598:James Cook
583:sea otters
555:Athabaskan
509:Bering Sea
480:avalanches
427:earthquake
419:subsidence
357:Clam Gulch
301:Ship Creek
278:Knik River
258:bore tides
199:Cook Inlet
159:Knik River
127:60°20′16″N
36:Cook Inlet
921:Anchorage
875:quicksand
749:Resources
723:Anchorage
672:Fox River
659:HMS
645:HMS
633:John Gore
573:from the
468:eruptions
347:Geography
333:Anchorage
325:volcanoes
290:Matanuska
262:watershed
254:rip tides
223:Anchorage
215:Cungaaciq
66:Cungaaciq
1099:cite web
990:See also
893:Whittier
883:dock at
871:mudflats
735:Soldotna
706:Girdwood
683:Farallon
610:Unalaska
496:mudflats
476:tsunamis
408:moraines
231:Knik Arm
207:Tikahtnu
105:Location
51:Tikahtnu
1575:AP News
1354:10 June
1135:Bibcode
939:in the
887:on the
695:Eklutna
681:The SS
591:Kiakhta
547:Chugach
543:Eskimos
539:Alutiiq
523:History
505:perigee
388:scrunch
286:Susitna
213::
211:Sugpiaq
209:;
203:Tanaina
73:Alutiiq
58:Tanaina
1447:. NOAA
925:Alaska
885:Seward
869:These
774:Osprey
687:struck
647:Bounty
579:Kodiak
571:Aleuts
423:faults
313:Denali
293:rivers
284:, the
280:, the
250:turbid
227:Alaska
110:Alaska
69:
54:
1506:(PDF)
1495:(PDF)
1039:Notes
984:Homer
845:knots
770:Shell
766:XTO A
739:Homer
731:Kenai
643:, of
587:China
553:, an
484:lahar
337:Homer
1714:2024
1650:2018
1633:2012
1583:2024
1356:2011
1205:2024
1105:link
1091:2015
864:silt
813:bore
811:The
517:Gyre
474:and
458:and
370:and
341:Knik
329:port
288:and
233:and
1688:doi
1637:doi
1143:doi
895:in
891:or
608:in
331:of
221:to
1825::
1684:19
1682:.
1678:.
1631:.
1625:.
1573:.
1548:.
1523:.
1497:.
1195:.
1141:.
1131:60
1129:.
1125:.
1113:^
1101:}}
1097:{{
1081:.
986:.
923:,
851:.
792:.
733:,
593:.
490:.
303:,
299:,
295:,
205::
169:,
165:,
161:,
1780:.
1759:.
1738:.
1716:.
1694:.
1690::
1652:.
1639::
1619:"
1606:.
1585:.
1479:.
1454:.
1433:.
1408:.
1383:.
1358:.
1263:.
1243:.
1207:.
1170:.
1149:.
1145::
1137::
1107:)
1093:.
1066:.
563:)
559:(
201:(
75:)
71:(
60:)
56:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
