Cooper's hawk - Knowledge

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brings his mate food, often doing so for about 2 to 3 times a day. The male usually roosts nearby during incubation, when he begins calling, she may join for 5–10 minutes before quickly flying back. By the third week, she may leave the nest only to take food or to defecate. Incubation lasts for 34–36 days, but sometimes may be down to 30 days. Eggs may be discarded by the mother after hatching but those that never hatch are left in place. The female sleeps on the nest until the young are 2 weeks old. The young were photographed to sleep at night directly under her body until there is not enough room to do so. The male is rarely present at nest longer than 3–4 seconds after hatching but at least once was recorded staying for 3 minutes when coming with prey after the female stops heavily brooding. Most prey deliveries are intercepted by the female slightly away from the nest. However, often the male does not perch far away, averaging about 765 m (2,510 ft), away from the nest during nesting to fledging stages, and occasionally as close as 120 m (390 ft). The nest may be crowded while the nestlings grow, and the female may expand platform with additional sticks. Usually the male Cooper's hawk removes the head and viscera of prey before bringing it, then taking it to plucking stumps, although often the plucking is done right where prey is killed. Rate of feeding depends on brood size but is dictated in part by the availability and size of prey. Only 2 to 3 food deliveries daily are usually necessary during incubation but the male has to hunt constantly once the young are large, rarely plucking and no longer decapitating prey. Peak deliveries are typically needed in about the 4th week. 6–9 deliveries a day are usually necessary for broods of 3 to 5. New Mexican nests with adult females had 95 prey deliveries in 120 hours of observations, whereas nest with younger females (i.e. second years), there were 65 prey deliveries were observed in 120 hours, or 694 fewer prey individuals per square kilometer than nests on territories of adult females. The parents are non-aggressive usually when the nest area is breached but the female may dive and call if a person climbs directly to their nest, sometimes also the male, often doing so silently. The reaction to human intrusion varies among individuals and probably with stage of nesting, hatch date, and probably prior experience. Generally, individuals rarely strike humans. Prolonged visits to the nest by humans, i.e. more than 30 minutes or around an hour, can cause temporary nest abandonment, and can be the cause of up to 1.2% of nest failures. During early incubation, the female often quietly flushes if a person comes up to nest tree or knocks on it but will sometimes call if someone climbs to the nest. After 2 weeks, she may begin to make "half-hearted" dives at the climber. After 3 or 4 weeks, some females still quietly flush but others grow increasingly aggressive with much variance in temperament. The aggressiveness increases around hatching, decreases for the first couple weeks after hatching, then quickly increases after 3 weeks. All dives at climbers are mock ones to early on but after the young are about 3 weeks old, either one of the pair may actually hit and draw blood from the climbers. Despite a reputation as a "somewhat aggressive" or even as being a hawk with a "very aggressive defense" towards humans in nest defense, the actual rate of attacks even at peak times seems to be very low and the reputation is thought to be fairly unearned. Various researchers consider this species less aggressive to intruders than either of the other North American

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natal sites. From their initial natal site to the site where they ultimately breed, in Wisconsin the average young male Cooper's hawk settled 7.2 km (4.5 mi) away from their nest of origin and the average young female 27.6 km (17.1 mi) away. Attempts to average mean dispersal distances within another study found farther than expected dispersal distances for Cooper's hawks from across the range. These were estimated at 43 km (27 mi). Greater dispersal distances by female juveniles are probably meant to limit the likelihood of inbreeding. In one instance, a grandson Cooper's mated with his grandmother over 3 years while there were two instances known of full siblings mating in Victoria, British Columbia. Cooper's hawks usually first breed at 2 years old but yearlings can often be reported to average at 6 to 22% of the breeding populations in short 3–6-year studies. Longer-term studies of 16–25 years of large urban populations within Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Tucson, Arizona and Victoria, British Columbia, show yearling females average 16–25% of the breeding population but that breeding by yearling male was uncommon to non-existent. Similarly, 79% more females bred in their first year in study in New Mexico than did males. Despite the considerable number of breeding young females, in Oregon, they averaged about 1 egg smaller and nearly a fledgling smaller than their older female counterparts; while results in Albuquerque were even more skewed towards breeding success for older females. Many studies found no yearling males to be breeding with various populations but 7% of 184 males in Tucson were yearlings over several years of study (78% of which were paired with immature females). Only one breeding male in both Victoria, British Columbia (579 sample size) and in Albuquerque (sample size 305) were yearling while 4.8% of 123 in Milwaukee were yearlings (92% of which were paired with an adult female). In New Mexico, males sometimes bred in their first year where there were rich prey concentrations, but had 37% higher mean annual mortality than those who did not breed until mature plumaged. New Mexican data showed that 14% of 20 males bred in their first year and 71% in their second year while 93% of the local female bred in their first year. In addition to Tucson, other cases of successful breeding by pairs of immatures reported in varied areas such as Indiana and New York. Considerable numbers of juvenile Cooper's hawks breeding may be historically associated with high turnover within populations. Evidence from the Milwaukee area shows a significant reduction in more recent decades of two-year old or younger breeding hawks, which was indicative of a recovering population.

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cases where the females may become too costly to bring up, needing longer development stages and more foods). There are similar cases of male skewed ratios recorded now in southwestern cities (i.e. Tucson and Albuquerque). Due to the female usually only beginning incubation with the third egg, the first three eggs often hatch on the same day, while the fourth and fifth eggs often hatch one (rarely up to three) day later. New hatchling young average about 28 g (0.99 oz) in body mass and are about 9 cm (3.5 in) in total length. Hatchlings are covered in white natal down with blue-gray eyes and are tan to pink on many of the bareparts. While growth is slow for about three days, sexual dimorphism by size may begin by to be measurable by about seven days of age. At about 10 days, the nestlings begin to engage in rather feeble standing and wing flapping. The bill (at around 11 days) grows about twice as fast as the tarsus (at around 22 days). At 13 days, the nestlings stretch their legs and often yawn, and at 16 days can be aggressive if the nest is breached by people. Down first becomes deep and fluffy around two weeks, the following week first feathers among dense down, feather production accelerates but growth slows in the fourth week after which both increase for the fifth week. By 16–18 days, the nestlings preen well, starts to rip at prey and flap well. Within first two weeks, the young Cooper's hawks begin to defecate over nest edge but often soil the edge of nest. At three weeks often begin to stand up and feed by themselves and often begin to mantle prey away from each other. The young grow is rapid for the period when they are 17 days old to about 23 days, growth then slows down abruptly before they nearly pause growth to feather out and then thereafter become fully grown. At the age of three weeks a female nestling may stand and be able to fully feed herself. Sometimes smaller, more agile male nest mates may snatch several bits of meat from their larger sister as if taking food from the mother.

3596:). This rather large owl (averaging more than three times heavier than a Cooper's hawk) is known to regularly track down fledglings and adults as well as raid the nests of other birds of prey. Many records show great horned owls will visit the nests of birds of prey and pick off the young nightly until the prey resource is exhausted (i.e. all young or sometimes adult birds of prey are killed). Furthermore, given the opportunity, great horned owls readily expropriate the nests built by the raptors they kill as their own. Given its preference for secluded wooded spots near woodland openings, Cooper's hawks are frequently the subject of unwanted attention from horned owls. Both the young, especially around the time they leave the nest or are recently fledged, and adult Cooper's hawks are vulnerable to these owls. While little data has been collected on the overall effect great horned owls have on Cooper's hawk populations, it is known that for the larger, more formidable goshawk that as many as 40% of radiotagged juveniles within a study appeared to meet their demise via horned owls. Due to their threat level, the calls of great horned owls provoke a strong response from Cooper's hawks and banders and researchers usually use stimuli of great horned owls to attract a mobbing Cooper's hawks. Reportedly, Cooper's hawks will temporarily tolerate and possibly even cooperate with crows when one or the other spots a great horned owl in the daytime, both species appearing to join forces to mob the threatening owl out of the vicinity. In one case, after a great horned owl pair failed to successfully breed in a nest built by other Cooper's hawks, a pair of Cooper's who tried to nest was supplanted by horned owls, possibly of the same pair who had previously failed. 3999:

in central Arizona. Clutch sizes were similar in Ontario, at around a mean of 3.4, and in North Dakota, at 3.5. In southern Illinois, the mean clutch size is 4.1. The average clutch size in Wisconsin Cooper's hawks was 4.3, with a little varying range of 3.9 to 4.8 over 6 years. The clutch size in Wisconsin is on average 1–3 eggs smaller in immature females. There was no strong differences in Wisconsin in clutch sizes between urban and rural locations. In British Columbia, the mean clutch size was a particularly high 4.43. A clutch of 5 may be laid in 10 days and hatch in a span of about 3 days. Some authors suspect that clutch size is functionally reliant on habitat quality. The eggs are pale sky blue, fading to dirty white, with a smooth texture. However, an occasional set is reported as lightly spotted. It is reported by some authorities that the spotted eggs are laid by a female that does so each year, however others opine that these are misidentified eggs that were laid by broad-winged hawks. The eggs may measure 43 to 54 mm (1.7 to 2.1 in) in height by 34 to 42 mm (1.3 to 1.7 in) by diameter (averaging 47 mm to 49.1 mm × 37.6 mm to 38.7 mm (1.85 in to 1.93 in × 1.48 in to 1.52 in) in 121 from Ohio and 137 from New York, respectively). California eggs averaged 47.5 mm × 37.6 mm (1.87 in × 1.48 in) in a count of 82. The average weight of eggs is 43 g (1.5 oz) (with a range of 36 to 52 g (1.3 to 1.8 oz)).

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having died due to exposure after consistent heavy rains. Normal departure from nest is 30 days (up to 27 days) for males and 34 days for females, but averaged sooner in Oregon, at 27–30 days. Response to the parents after the young Cooper's becoming branchers depends on their hunger levels. Snyder and Wiley recorded feeding rates of 0.267 per hour for a brood of 2 and 0.564 per hour for a brood of 4. In New York and Wisconsin, the sex ratio of broods roughly even, but slightly male biased in Wisconsin (53.5% or 137 against 119). Food may be brought to the nest for the first ten days after the young leave it, as the young often return to rest on it or even to sun from it. Largely, the young are quiet until they leave the nest when they begin their loud, persistent hunger calls. Around this stage, the young hawks will frequently engage in play with sticks and pinecones. After they are about eight weeks old, they may start to hunt for themselves, but are usually still reliant on parents for food. The young Cooper's hawks are frequently loud, voracious and aggressive in procuring food from the parents. The parents soon seem to lose interest in feeding the young. Fledgling occurs at 27–34 days (males averaging earlier), but the young may often returns to nest and are not fully feathered until about 50–54 days. The siblings often stay within 4 m (13 ft) of each other even after leaving their parents range. Siblings before long-distance dispersal may hunt together, although may too steal prey from one another.

3782:, a single male has been recorded to successfully mate with two nearby females, with similar records from New Mexico. However, the breeding efforts in Grand Forks were found to be disproportionately producing males, seven to one. A Wisconsin study determined 19.3% of nestlings in a Milwaukee study area were from extra-pair couplings and that 34% of all broods included at least 1 extra-pair young. Despite their generally monogamous breeding system, Cooper's hawks are often rather inconsistent regarding breeding for life (as many other birds of prey do). While males are more or less devoted to same breeding sites throughout lifetime, 23% of adult females in Wisconsin moved to differ nesting grounds from 0.8 to 14.6 km (0.50 to 9.07 mi) away, averaging 2.6 km (1.6 mi), in subsequent years. Meanwhile, in Arizona, 3% of males and 10% of females displayed yearly breeding dispersal. However, in the urbanized areas of Tucson, evidence indicates that mate fidelity is higher than elsewhere. In Tucson, it was found that the mean distance of the mated pairs was only 473.4 m (1,553 ft) during the non-breeding season and 36 interactions were recorded almost all in the core range, indicating an unusually close perennial typical pair bond here. The rate of dispersal to a different breeding ground was a much higher at 68% in north Florida. 4083:

oldest recorded wild bird was 20 years, 5 months old, banded in migration. However, the mean age at death recorded in 136 banded Cooper's hawks was 16.3 months. It was estimated for the species that the mortality rate in the first year of life for these hawk is 71–78% while it about 34–37% in the subsequent years. An annual survival rate of 75% was recorded for juvenile males in Tucson while the survival rate for juvenile female here was 64%. The survival rate for Tucson adults was between 69 and 88%. 75% was considered the survival rate of wintering Cooper's hawks in Indiana and southern Illinois but mean mortality between adults and juveniles was estimated to possibly average up to 46.4%. The annual survival rate in Albuquerque was 27–38% for female immatures. No correlation was found to body size or habitat in female survivorship but those in Wisconsin who changed nest sites annually may have had slightly higher survival rates than those who reused a same nest site. The opposite trend was reported for north Florida, wherein females who reused a nest site seemed to have higher survival rates. Historic survival rates (1925–1940) as reported were much lower, with extensive persecution causing an annual mortality that was estimated at 44%. Regular natural causes of mortality in Cooper's hawk, mainly of their young, include

3452:(77.4% vs 78.4% for Cooper' s and 83.1% for sharp-shins). In a study from northern Utah, Cooper's hawks were intermediate in most habitat characteristics, being at median elevation (1,782 m (5,846 ft)), nest height (8 m (26 ft) against 6 m (20 ft) for sharp-shins and 12 m (39 ft) for goshawk) and in areas of intermediate branch density. However, Cooper's nests were the closest in Utah to areas disturbed by humans (147 m (482 ft) against 161 m (528 ft) for sharp-shinned and 250 m (820 ft) for goshawk), also closest to water (220 m (720 ft) against 444 m (1,457 ft) in sharp-shins and 394 m (1,293 ft) for goshawk). There is often some level of distinction in habitat between Cooper's and the sharp-shinned hawk. Compared to sharp-shinned hawks in Wisconsin and Oregon, Cooper's hawks use woods with fewer conifers, less dense stands of trees and stands with taller trees. Often, sharp-shinned hawk nests are lower in the trees and placed in much denser vegetation (often even the sharp-shins with their smaller frames themselves accidentally strike against branches while attempting to enter the nest), to hide the nest more sufficiently against predators. The habitat used by the two species in 1567:-like flight in non-courtship circumstances, such as during migration or by recent fledglings. During the late nesting stage, parent Cooper's hawks were recorded during daylight in Utah to engage in soaring flight 8.4% for males and 8.1% of the time for females with a further 6.4% and 2.8% of the time in different kinds of flights, perching the remainder of the time (about 2–6 minutes at each perch interspersed with brief flights). Another study found 13.7% and 10.7% of daylight at this later breeding stage to be in flight, the rest of time perching, with occasional inactive perching spells of around 15–40 minutes. However, that inactivity could last up to 5 hours during heavy rainfall. Breeding adults generally engage in agonistic behavior when an interloper of their sex is present; 11 responses showed that males responses consisted 64% of the provocations, 9% of the time by females and both members 27% of the time. Frequent aggressive interactions were recorded between females, often yearling and second year vs older females. Cooper's hawk's threat display appears to consist of them lowering their heads, raising their "crest" (capital tract), stretching out their wings, spreading the tail and engaging in vocalizations. Stress levels, as indicated by a study of 4070:, better habitat such as upland forest showed much higher breeding success levels (at least 1 fledgling in 86% of 26 nests) than in poorer habitats such as narrow riparian strips, in which 1 fledgling was produced in 57% of 44 nests. Younger forest in North Dakota was surprisingly preferred, with the average estimated age of trees used by Cooper's at 59.9 against a random tree age in the area of 74.6. It was found that adult female who mated with males who provisioned food at a higher rate produced 1.6 more fledglings on average. Yearling females in northeastern Oregon tended to use younger successional stands than older females and tended to have lower productivity in clutch size and brood counts. Among 70 studied male hawks in Wisconsin, the number of fledged young produced in their lifetime was similar in males who did not breed until they were two years old (mean of 8.8 fledglings) compared to those who started breeding as yearlings (mean of 8.7 fledglings), with the most successful studied male having started breeding in his second year and had produced 32 fledglings by the time he was nine years of age. In Arizona and New Mexico, 23% of nests failed altogether and 56.5% of 23 nests in Wisconsin failed during incubation. A high genetic diversity, or 4066:. Nesting success in western Pennsylvania in 32 successful nests was 3.2 fledglings; in 6 nests within Michigan, a mean of 3 in all nests got to fledge (4.3 eggs, 3 hatchlings on average); in Wisconsin, 3.5 fledglings were produced from successful nests (68.6% of 83 nests produced at least 1 fledgling); a mean of 2 fledged from 11 nests in Maryland and 2.23 fledglings per 41 successful nests in Arizona. In Illinois, in all breeding attempts (not just successful ones), the mean number of fledglings was 2.8. 81% of New York nests produced fledged young and 75% did so in Pennsylvania. Nesting success rates in western wildland areas may be lower such as in Utah, where 53.5% of nests fledged young, with many of the failures attributable to owl predation. Data from Oregon showed that 74% hatched and 61.4–69% successfully fledged, a much lower rate of nest success than goshawks, at 90.4%, and, surprisingly, than sharp-shinned hawks, at 91.7%. However, in the Oregon data, the number of eggs hatched was higher in Cooper's at 74% than in sharp-shinned hawks, at 69.4% (but not than the goshawk's). In Wisconsin in 2019, all of the eggs in a clutch of seven hatched and all of the young fledged. In 690:. Cooper's hawks have a strong flight with stiff beats and short glides, tending to do so on quite level wings with wrist thrust forward yet the head consistently projects. The 5 outer functional primaries are notched on their inner webs, the outermost is the longest, the next outermost nearly as long. When soaring, these hawks do so on flattish or, more commonly, slightly raised wings, with fairly straight leading edges. Against the barred underbody on adults, the wings are more or less flecked in similar color, with pale greyish flight feathers and a broadly white-tipped tail correspondingly barred with dark gray. Meanwhile, the upperside of adults is essentially all blue-grey. Juvenile are mostly dark above though manifest a hooded effect on the head and a rufous-buff edges and especially whitish mottling, the latter can be fairly apparent. Juveniles are mainly whitish below with neatly dark streaks about the wing linings, breast, flanks and thighs, with bars on the axillaries and flight feathers. The tail of the juvenile has a broadly white tip and bars like adults but the ground color is a paler shade of gray. 3975:

province. Data shows that mean egg laying times in Wisconsin may be shifting earlier by up to 4–5 days in different years, but the current mean is 1.3 days. Similar shifts may be occurring in New York state as well. From New Jersey to Virginia, egg laying may be from April 7 to May 23 (about 52% from April 29 to May 11), with similar dates on the opposite coast, from Washington state to California. From Florida to Baja California, egg-laying can began as early February, but, despite the lower latitude, known records show most are between mid-April and early May and can even run into June. Similar egg-laying dates, peaking around late April, are known in Arizona. The mean clutch initiation, in 57 clutches from North Dakota was mid-May and, though pairs arrive more than a month before that, the mean dates are consistently 2–3 weeks later in nests at other similar latitude in British Columbia and Wisconsin. It was determined in Maryland that egg-laying and other mean dates rival or are even later than the longer distance migrating broad-winged hawk, and are much later in general than other

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of 481 ha (1,190 acres), than in non-developed areas here, which showed a mean of 609 ha (1,500 acres). Huge male home ranges were found for breeding ones in New Mexico, at 1,206 ha (2,980 acres), and in north Florida, at 1,460 ha (3,600 acres), probably due to dispersed prey resources. Home ranges of females tend to constrict with age. An exceptionally pronounced case of this was in north Florida, where first year female home ranges went from up to about 932 km (360 sq mi) down to as little as 4 km (1.5 sq mi). In central New York, the nest sites of various other woodland birds were surprisingly close to those of Cooper's hawks, though some of the nest were occupied by other birds of prey that are not regularly threatened by these hawks (though flickers, one of the birds most at threat by the hawks, were fairly dispersed away from the hawk's nests). As in most accipitrids, copulation is brief (averaging about 4.5 seconds) and frequent (at around 0.9 per hour), with total copulations averaging per season about 372.

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tail with a much thinner white tip. Other slight difference may be noted in plumage via the sharp-shins lacking the capped appearance of adult Cooper's (being more hooded) and being generally slightly darker above. Juvenile sharp-shins, upon relatively leisurely study, can be seen to differ from juvenile Cooper's by having clearer supercilia, browner cheeks and less extensive whitish mottling above and also coarser streaking below extending more to belly. Bare parts, mostly distinguishable as well at close range, differ by the more centered and clearly relatively larger eyes and notably stick-like legs of the sharp-shins. However, often these features can often be difficult to impossible to discern when the hawks are seen in the wild. More distinctive in the field is the larger, more protruding head of the flying Cooper's hawks rather than the compact, rounded head of the sharp-shins which barely appear to exceed the leading edge of the wings in flight. Sometimes Cooper's is considered to look like a "flying cross" in comparison to the sharp-shins.

3794:, with exaggerated down strokes. Often, much like the northern goshawk, the displaying male flares his undertail coverts. Sometimes frequently for a month or so, the pair will perform as such. When perching together, the male usually keeps on a perch at least 1 m (3.3 ft) away from his unpredictable larger mate. The bowing display reported in Wisconsin, usually (but not always) done by the male, may be a sign to the other mate of their readiness to nest build. Breeding may begin as early as February in the southern part of range, but, for the most part, the breeding season is from April to July. In central New York, the male arrives in nesting woods by March, initially defending an area of 100 m (330 ft) or so. Both members of pair arrive by early March in Wisconsin and, in both Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, nest building and copulation is often complete within the month of March. Generally both members of a pair remain on the breeding ground vicinity year-around in Arizona, New Mexico and even in British Columbia. 4029: 3798:(5,400 acres) in eastern Oregon. Minimal distance between active nests is seldom less than 0.7 to 1 km (0.43 to 0.62 mi). Distance between active nest on average was 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in both California and Arizona, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) in New York, 1 km (0.62 mi) in Kansas, 5 km (3.1 mi) in western Oregon and 3.5 km (2.2 mi) in eastern Oregon and 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in central Wisconsin. Mean distance between active nests in Illinois was 5.3 km (3.3 mi). Rather small areas may be defended where hunting occurs near the nest. Typical home range sizes for Cooper's hawks are between 400 and 1,800 ha (990 and 4,450 acres). Home range for a Wisconsin male hawk is around 193 to 571 ha (480 to 1,410 acres) during breeding and about 732 ha (1,810 acres) during non-breeding. Exceptionally close active and successful nests were recorded only 160 m (520 ft) apart in 3514:, they reacted the most aggressively to the sharp-shinned hawk (as they pose little to no threat to adult poultry), intermediately to Cooper's and with strong attempts to evade and escape when exposed to the goshawk, which is very capable and ready to dispatch adult poultry. Many studies have contrasted the diet of Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawk in other areas as well, with the sharp-shinned hawk much more regularly selecting birds weighing under about 28 g (0.99 oz), a fair amount overlap in birds of 28 to 40 g (0.99 to 1.41 oz) and 40 to 75 g (1.4 to 2.6 oz) weight classes but birds over this weight range are increasingly more often taken almost exclusively by Cooper's. Also, the sharp-shinned hawk appears to hunt more so birds that dwell at the canopy level in the woodlands (as opposed to ground to shrub height-dwelling birds) within the forest and prefers to attack in heavier cover than Cooper's seemingly. 2086:) can be quite common in the diet of Cooper's hawks. Mean prey weights were roughly 112.6 g (3.97 oz). In Oregon, the mean prey sizes of Cooper's hawk was 135.5 g (4.78 oz), with larger prey was taken than in greater proportion than their occurrence in the ecosystem (indicating that they locally search out relatively large prey). In Missouri, mean prey sizes were 112 g (4.0 oz), averaging between 83.5 and 316.5 g (2.95 and 11.16 oz) amongst the main prey classes. Prey delivered by males averaged an estimated 65.9 g (2.32 oz), while the average estimated size of prey delivered by females was 227.7 g (8.03 oz). Overall, in Missouri, prey body masses were estimated to range from 15 to 600 g (0.53 to 21.16 oz). One study unusually found no strong dimorphism in the foods selected by males and females. 825:

females 264.3 mm (10.41 in), and in Wisconsin, where males averaged 236.9 mm (9.33 in) and females 267.1 mm (10.52 in) (those from Cape May also being similar to those two samples). However, smaller, more westerly hawks such as those in the Goshute mountains, where males measured at a mean of 224.1 mm (8.82 in) and females at a mean of 254.8 mm (10.03 in), and in British Columbia, with a male mean of 227 mm (8.9 in) and female mean of 256.8 mm (10.11 in), were proportionately longer winged relative to their other body proportions. The tail of males may vary from 166 to 211 mm (6.5 to 8.3 in) and that of females at 203 to 242 mm (8.0 to 9.5 in), consistently over 200 mm (7.9 in) in females and averaging under 190 mm (7.5 in) in males. In

3955: 3770: 1378:, there seemed to no detectable preference for access to water. Forest edges, in particular, tend to be key as these are peak hunting grounds for these hawks. Cooper's hawks usually occur at elevations from sea-level to 2,500 m (8,200 ft), more infrequently up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the American southwest and northwestern Mexico, they are commonly considered a bird of wooded foothills, often dwelling above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Although they often live in areas where deciduous trees are predominant, almost throughout the range they are often attracted to stands of conifers, which, due to their density, provide more extensive shelter and perhaps a more sturdy nesting site. Therefore, in areas such as Massachusetts and Wisconsin, they most often used stands of 3927:

nests (southern Illinois) may be reused in the following year but this is not usual. In north Florida, 21% of nests were reused in a subsequent year, while in New York, it was around 10%. New nests are often near prior nests, at a mean distance between them of around 170 m (560 ft) in Wisconsin. In Alberta, a female was reported to use a grove of trees over two consecutive years as a nest site, be absent for one year and then returned to nest in the same grove the subsequent year. Nest building usually takes about two weeks. However, if a clutch is lost, a pair may repair and use another nest within four days. A majority of 385 nests (40–60% annually) in Wisconsin built on pre-existing structures. At times, the material is put on the residue of a crow's nest, squirrel's

3616:) can be considered to rival the great horned owl as the most severe threat to nesting attempts, probably consuming mostly nestlings and eggs but also perhaps some older hawks. American crows are known to rob nests of Cooper's hawks as well, especially when the parents have been displaced by the crow's severe mobbing. Smaller diurnal birds of prey are, in turn, threatened by Cooper's hawks. This is especially the case with the American kestrel. After some regional declines, a radiotagging study in Pennsylvania found that of 19 kestrels, 26% were killed by avian predators, with the suspected culprit in a majority of the cases being Cooper's hawks. Some resources have gone as far as to blame the kestrels decline directly on Cooper's hawk predation but subsequent data from the 3837:. One male, unusually, was seen to be engaging in nest building while helping parent an active brood in mid-summer. Nest are often located at 8 to 15.1 m (26 to 50 ft) above the ground in the main fork or horizontal branch close to the trunk, though are sometimes up to 20 m (66 ft) above the ground, and in trees usually of 21 to 52 cm (8.3 to 20.5 in) in diameter. Usually nest sites are within plots of woodland of at least 4 to 8 ha (9.9 to 19.8 acres) in size, with a canopy coverage usually over 64%, but can be much smaller in some urban vicinities. One unusual nest in North Dakota was in dense shrub rather than a tree and it even successfully produced fledglings. Another unconventional nesting area in North Dakota in the 839:, the enlarged rear talon featured on nearly all accipitrids, may measure from 17 to 21.7 mm (0.67 to 0.85 in) in males, averaging about 19.2 mm (0.76 in), and from 19.8 to 26.7 mm (0.78 to 1.05 in) in females, averaging about 23.3 mm (0.92 in). The footpad of Cooper's hawks may measure in males 61 to 70.2 mm (2.40 to 2.76 in), averaging 66 mm (2.6 in) in 42, and in females 74.1 to 83.5 mm (2.92 to 3.29 in), averaging 76.8 mm (3.02 in) in 23. For unclear reasons, the smaller-bodied hawks found in British Columbia were found to be proportionately larger footed, median toe length between sexes of 37.3 mm (1.47 in), than the larger bodied ones in Wisconsin. 3585:, kestrels selected only young cotton rats. In a study in western Maryland, Cooper's hawks used more mature woodland with a more developed understory and more extensive ground cover than the other woodland nesting hawks, the broad-winged and red-shouldered hawks. While red-tailed hawks nested fairly high in the Maryland data in isolated pines somewhat out of the interior forest, Cooper's nests were at similar height in forest and slightly higher than those of red-shouldered hawks and much higher than those of broad-winged hawks. In what was probably a case of defense of their hunting ground, a female Cooper's hawk was recorded to attack and drive off (without physical contact) a larger peregrine falcon from a perch during winter in Ontario. 1414: 686:

mid-brown streaks, which appear as sharply defined from about the lower throat to the lower breast. The juvenile may have brown to black spots or bars on the thighs with thin black streaks mostly ending at the belly and conspicuous white crissum and undertail coverts. Juveniles can tend to appear more "disheveled" and less compact than adults in feather composition. In flight, though usually considered medium-sized, Cooper's hawks can appear fairly small. This effect is emphasized by the short wings relative to the elongated tail (unlike unrelated hawks, the wingspan is usually less than twice as broad as the total length). The species tends to have rounded wings, a long rounded tail and long legs, much like other

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density was higher here for Cooper's, at a mean of 935.7 trees per ha than those used by sharp-shins, at a mean of 599.3 trees per ha. There was some level of temporal differences between the two species in study in Indiana, where Cooper's hawks were generally active in the early morning but sharp-shinned hawks did not become active until later in the morning (hypothetically to avoid more severe interguild predation by large owls due to its smaller size). In northern New Jersey, compared to nesting goshawks, Cooper's hawks used flatter lands that were closer to roads, other openings and human habitations. However, canopy coverage averaged high in New Jersey data for Cooper's, at 89.1%.

1653:, many adults are non-migratory but juveniles do tend to migrate. From the Great Lakes region in particular, migrants appear to disperse in multiple directions to the south. Multi-directional movements, even to the north as well as potentially any other direction, are more common than previously thought in this and other migratory raptors, which has been previously described as "inefficient and indirect method of 'homing'". However, reaching regions where appropriate habitat and prey is available is probably far more significant in seasonal movements to birds of prey than climatic concerns. Fairly strong evidence has been found of habitual northbound migration by Cooper's hawks from 3518: 1499: 817:, males averaged 295.8 g (10.43 oz) and females averaged 525.5 g (1.159 lb) while in western and eastern North Dakota, males averaged 301.5 and 318.7 g (10.64 and 11.24 oz) and females averaged 514.3 and 563.3 g (1.134 and 1.242 lb). In northern Florida, males averaged 288 g (10.2 oz) and females averaged 523 g (1.153 lb). In general, males may weigh anywhere from 215 to 390 g (7.6 to 13.8 oz) and females anywhere from 305.8 to 701 g (0.674 to 1.545 lb), the lightest hawks generally being juveniles recorded from the Goshutes of Nevada, the heaviest known being adults from Wisconsin. 954: 4503:, whose populations have experienced considerable decrease, may be one species which has suffered from the extensive predation of the recovered Cooper's hawk population. However, there is no evidence that Cooper's hawk predation is one of the leading causes of kestrel declines and data seems to indicate it is, at most, a localized threat. Similarly, Cooper's hawks occasionally prey upon other threatened bird species, and, although said predation is not a primary cause of concern, may exacerbate the already worrying condition of many declining North American birds. Some threatened species known to be thusly hunted by these hawks are 714:(49% of males, 14% of females). Most females over 2 years old in Wisconsin were found to have light orange eyes. The purpose of bright eye color in the hawks may be correlated to feeding stimulation of nestling hawks (i.e. darker orange or red objects may be more perceptible and tend to be pecked at more so than duller colors). The eyes of this hawk, as in most predatory birds, face forward, enabling good depth perception for hunting and catching prey while flying at top speeds. Adults have greenish yellow ceres and have legs of orangish to yellow while these parts on juveniles are a paler hue, yellow-green to yellow. The prebasic 3105:) are not infrequent prey in northerly locations. About 36 red squirrels were recorded in the foods of Cooper's hawk in Ithaca, New York and these squirrels appear to have specific alarm calls that are provoked by these hawks, however the rate of predation by Cooper's appears to be low relative to other predators overall. Reported when taking red squirrels, male Cooper's hawks, being relatively small, may tear the prey into pieces that can be transported by them to the nest. Numerous other tree squirrels are taken occasionally by Cooper's hawks. Sizes of tree squirrels taken by Cooper's hawks were studied in Missouri. 702:

2 or more years old always had consistently darker eyes than the eyes of females of the same relative age, with most males of the age having largely either orange (40.4%) or dark orange (32.3%) eyes, while female eyes at this stage were light orange or lighter. From the second year, the eyes of Cooper's hawks may grow darker still but stop darkening shortly thereafter. 3-year or older males were found to have predominantly dark orange (37.3% vs 21.6% of similar age females), red (34.6% vs 3.3% of similar age females) or mid-orange (26.6% vs 55% of similar age females). For unclear reasons, far more adults in

694: 3409: 98: 1014: 4055: 2998: 4391: 3541:. Here, although the food niche breadth (mean number of prey species per study site) of Cooper's was relatively low at 1.79, Cooper's hawk had the largest mean prey sizes at 67.4 g (2.38 oz), which was considerably higher than even the much larger red-tailed hawk (mean prey mass of 43.4 g (1.53 oz)). In southern Wisconsin, the food niche breadth was rather higher for Cooper's at 6.9 and the mean prey mass, at 109.9 g (3.88 oz), was second only to the red-tailed hawk's. In the Wisconsin data, the red-shouldered, the 4119:, or sometimes can kill Cooper's hawks, especially those living in urban areas. In Indiana and Illinois, mortality from collisions were somewhat more prevalent in Cooper's hawks than in sharp-shinned hawks but instances of predation on immature sharp-shins were three times more prevalent than predations on immature Cooper's. Despite the risks of urban living, evidence indicates that urban Cooper's seem to be relatively successful, have moderate to low annual survival and reproduce prolifically. Cooper's hawks are known to be vulnerable to 4595: 1594: 1689:

in winter quarters than like-age males, the latter staying relatively north and traveling back again earlier. Interestingly, the sharp-shinned hawk (despite the even more dimorphic migration times between sexes) showed no strong difference in distance on migration between the sexes, unlike female Cooper's which sometimes can move considerably further than males. At regular western migration sites, the average difference of passage timing for Cooper's hawks of the earlier females and later males of like-age was five days. In the

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birds a year. Although prior data mostly reflected the taking of adult birds, a study in Wisconsin revealed that Cooper's hawks may largely take young of the year, mostly fledglings but also not infrequently nestlings, during the breeding season. 74% of ageable bird prey in this study were young of the year. Similarly, in Michigan during summer, immature birds were more than 2.5 times more often delivered to Cooper's hawk nests than adult birds. In one case, a Cooper's hawk was seen to fly away with an entire occupied nest of

3224:) was the most significant contributor of biomass, making up 14.5% of the total biomass. On average, in Missouri, the body mass of eastern cottontails caught was 600 g (1.3 lb), indicating juvenile eastern cottontails are usually caught. However, there are several known cases of adult eastern cottontails falling prey to Cooper's hawks, including cottontails estimated to weigh from 1,100 to 1,290 g (2.43 to 2.84 lb). Various species of non-cottontail leporids may occasionally be caught, including young 3941:

but the female does not consistently take a secondary role. Mostly, the male gathers nesting materials within 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) of the nest. The male snaps off twigs with his feet to build with, though smaller twigs may be carried in the bill. After an early duet, at as early as 5:30, the male may start nest building at around 6:30. Later in the day, he will hunt, though females also hunt at this stage, much of her food is brought by him. South-facing nests are thought to be avoided, possibly due to

4607: 851: 2377: 4583: 4342:

numbers are probably similar or greater to those prior to 1945. It is thought that the population of Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin is nearly saturated relative to the landmass of the state, after a rough 25-fold increase since the late 1970s. Based largely on data from well-known populations such as Tucson and Milwaukee, some authors opine that Cooper's hawk may be the most common raptor in American urban areas today, although surely other common raptorial birds such as red-tailed hawks, American kestrels and

2053: 1046:

streaks of a darker brown color than juvenile Cooper's. Also, the banding on the tail is off-set on goshawks, creating a zigzag effect on the tail, unlike the even barring on the juvenile Cooper's. Again, though, female Cooper's and male goshawks can come close to the same size and the not dissimilar juvenile plumage of the two species can lead to regular misidentification, especially to those with less prior experience viewing the more scarce goshawk. The most reliable way to distinguish a large juvenile

2770: 4436: 2682: 142: 1838: 2801:). Indeed, the rate of predation by Cooper's does appear to exceed that committed by other species of hawk as well as that by large owls. For instance, during winter in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were thought to kill 3.4–12.5% of the local bobwhite population. However, the bobwhite appears to be a secondary prey species in all known studies and there is no evidence that Cooper's hawk predation alone can deplete bobwhite populations, unlike causes directly contributable to man such as 4274:) between 1925 and 1957 could range up to 60.5–77.6% in the most severe years. The amount of hawks shot down within different populations was estimated at 12 to 40%. Migration counts during the 1930s showed a strong downward trend, and an even worse decline for Cooper's hawk was observed during the late 1950s. Most Cooper's hawks reacted to heavy persecution by behaving with more shyness and elusiveness. Much of the human animosity towards Cooper's hawks was due to their hunting of 4258: 1116: 264: 1000:. Also in the hand, Cooper's hawks and sharp-shinned hawks may be fairly reliably distinguished by their sizes, with the smallest male Cooper's always being heavier and larger clawed than the largest female sharp-shinned hawk (with a 97–98% difference in dimensions of the wing and tail). However, in the field, especially when hawks must be identified in at a distance or at unfavorable angles (such as when migrating) or at a brief glance (such as when hunting), even experienced 3033:, at 49.1% of 57 prey items and mammals altogether made up an exceptional 66.9% of the foods. In the western United States, fewer chipmunks are identifiable but such prey is fairly commonly detected. High balances of chipmunks were found in food studies from Oregon, especially in eastern Oregon where chipmunks (unidentified to species) were the leading prey type, at 22.5% of 120 prey items. The most common chipmunk prey in Oregon is probably the 89.3 g (3.15 oz) 1776:, where Cooper's was only the 9th most frequently observed out of 17 species and averaged only 50 hawks in passage over the course of autumn. Nonetheless, Cooper's hawk was second only to sharp-shinned hawk as the most frequently recorded species seen migrating at nine major hawkwatchs throughout the western United States (and 1 in Canada) and, unlike the sharp-shinned, has shown a trend of increase in numbers overall in recent decades, despite some declines in numbers at 3817: 4316:

continent, was seriously questioned in the 1960s and 1970s. Fewer dramatic ebbs were detected during the height of DDT use in the western part of North America overall, perhaps because of less overall reliance on bird prey. Nonetheless, 11 of 16 eggs in Arizona and New Mexico broke due to this cause. Subsequent to the prohibition of DDT use in North America, the population increased exponentially in the 1980s and 1990s and ultimately was thought to stabilize. Data from

984:, Cooper's have an intermediate amount of feathering at top of the tarsus, as well as intermediate relative middle toe length and eye proportions, but have relatively the longest tail and the shortest wings of the three. Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawk are very similar (sometimes considered almost identical) in plumage characteristics at all stages of development. Most Cooper's hawks are considerably larger than most sharp-shinned hawks. Generally, Cooper's species is 2100: 774: 3443:

goshawk nests. However, the patch habitat and dietary behavior of each species was still fairly partitioned. Here, for sharp-shinned hawks, the tree stands averaged 22–50 years old and had a mean density of 1180 trees per hectare (ha), while Cooper's stands averaged 30–70 years old and had a mean of 907 trees per ha while the goshawk used in oldest and most open stands, with trees of an average age of 150 years, and a mean of 482 trees per ha. The data from the

615: 3473:. Cooper's hawks prey sizes were intermediate in keeping with body size, at around 135 g (4.8 oz) versus a mean prey size of 306.6 g (10.81 oz) for the goshawk in eastern Oregon and 12.8 and 28.4 g (0.45 and 1.00 oz) for sharp-shins in northwestern and eastern Oregon, respectively. The amount of mammals in the diet in Oregon also increased with the body size of the species. The diets of the three species were also studied in the 3328:) constituting about 40% of the diet. Strong detection of reptilian prey is known in more western locations, especially farther south. In fact, of avian predators in one Californian study's estimation, Cooper's hawks showed the most reliance on lizards locally, but that Cooper's was not locally common in the study area so had relatively limited impact. In California, it was found that 69% of the diet was reptiles, most of which were assorted lizards (led by 897:..., males tending to have a higher pitched, less raspy and faster-paced voice than females. However, some variants uttered by males were surprisingly actually deeper than the female's version of said calls. A still more modulated and raucous version is given during the dawn chorus. Some studies have indicated that pairs nesting in more deeply wooded areas may vocalize more frequently due to inferior sight lines. However, hawks nesting in urban areas of 2606: 117: 1034:

distinct. In Oregon, male goshawks averaged no less than 34% more massive than female Cooper's hawks, however the footpad of Cooper's females was almost the same size (7% larger on average in the latter) as the male goshawks (these may be features adapted to procuring birds as prey more so as bird-hunting raptors tend to have more elongated foot morphology). Proportionately, goshawks have longer, broader wings, shorter tail and a generally more

3356:) (10.47%, plus other unidentified spiny lizards making up a further 4.2% of the diet). In Arizona, spiny lizards were similarly detected to have a strong prey-predator relationship with Cooper's hawks as well. Most lizards encountered and hunted by Cooper's hawks are fairly small but, despite being more scarcely selected, snake prey may show greater size variation. Snakes known to be taken have ranged in size from the 6 g (0.21 oz) 770:. Furthermore, juveniles can differ somewhat in size, tending to be slightly lighter and smaller than older birds, but not infrequently averaging longer in tail and especially wing length. Total length of full-grown birds can vary from 35 to 46 cm (14 to 18 in) in males and 42 to 50 cm (17 to 20 in) in females. Wingspan may range from 62 to 99 cm (24 to 39 in), with an average of around 84 cm (33 in). 3786:

Relatively large body mass may be a heritable trait. However, no correlation was found between the age of the pair and apparent breeding site quality and time of breeding or annual productivity (though older females may lay slightly earlier than yearlings in most cases). In Arizona, birds of each sex were found to usually pair with like-age individuals. Pairs frequently high circle together. Either sex or the pair together perform in

1736:, first year Cooper's hawks are far more regularly encountered than older individuals, with the juvenile Cooper's accounting for 92.7% of recorded individuals of the species (juveniles of various other raptor species also generally seem to favor coastal over montane migration when it is available). In Cape May, Cooper's hawks are the third most commonly recorded raptor species in passage behind the sharp-shinned hawk and the 626:. Compared to related species, they tend to have moderate-length wings, a long, often graduated or even wedge-shaped tail and long though moderately thick legs and toes. Their eyes tend to be set well forward in the sides of the relatively large and squarish-looking head (though the head can look somewhat rounded if the feathers on the nape are held flush) and a relatively short but robust bill. They have hooked 719:

starting with the median feathers on the scapulars. Up to 36% of juvenile feathers may be retained in the second pre-basic molt. Arrested molt has been recorded in the late nesting period, often pausing after the third primary is molted. Molts tend to be halted especially when food supplies are down during the brooding stage, and may be resumed after the stress of feeding the brooding diminishes.

32: 4012:, and some even less so than red-shouldered hawks as well. Anti-predator behavior by parent Cooper's hawks against crows, red-tailed hawks and eastern gray squirrels were observed in Wisconsin to be surprisingly six times more often carried out by the male rather than the female. Female defensive attacks are sufficiently forceful enough to drive away more formidable predators such as 2325:, being capable of inflicting damage with both their feet and bill. In at least one case, a murder of American crows was observed to drive a Cooper's hawk to the ground and possibly seriously injure it, although the fate of the hawk was not certain. Cases of missing toes on Cooper's hawks are thought to have possibly come from failed predation of crows. At least a dozen species of 1858:. In another Michigan study, most Cooper's hawks were found to be flying 0.8 to 1.2 km (0.50 to 0.75 mi) from their wooded nests to hunt on agricultural ground. Males in New York usually covered more than 0.8 km (0.50 mi), sometimes up to 3 km (1.9 mi), during hunting efforts when flying away from the nest area. Due to scattered prey availability in 404: 2044:, and were observed to succeed in 56% of 18 hunting attempts. During the first six weeks after the young hatch, in New York, it was estimated that a male Cooper's hawk would need to procure about 66 prey items over the period. In these first six weeks in California, it was thought a minimum of 62 g (2.2 oz) would be required per nestling per day. 1543:. Cooper's hawks may come to walk on ground to gather nesting materials as well as to hunt. Cooper's hawks have a well-developed muscle mass that powers their flight, especially helping with acceleration during hunts and when carrying heavy prey. However, some other non-raptorial birds may have similar muscularity relative to their mass, such as the 2901:) taken in Florida was cited with a weight of 5,336 g (11.764 lb), which is the size of an adult. However, given that this is of enormous size relative to a Cooper's hawk, it would require verification that the turkey was this large and was taken alive by the hawk. Not unexpectedly, turkey poults are known to fall prey to Cooper's hawks. 3833:). Often nests are lined by Cooper's pair with bark or odd bits of greenery. The male grabs at bark like prey, while the female, if participating, may tear off bark with her bill; the piles of bark may be up to 3 inches deep by the time eggs are laid, though green spray is added considerably less often than other species of hawks such as 4407:

considerably lower for Cooper's hawks than for various other birds of prey who are either larger-bodied and/or use less forested areas. Other studies support that the number of fatal window and wire collisions of urban-living Cooper's hawks is "excessively high". Cooper's hawks found in the vicinity of airports are at risk of

1071:), which is quite similar in most aspects to Cooper's but is slightly larger with a darker hue about the back and the cap, a gray cheek, more dense and rich rufous color on the underside and wing panel in adults and darker and more heavy streaking in juvenile form. More unlikely to be mistaken for a Cooper's hawk are some 2609: 4469:

hawks. Studies in New Mexico showed that these hawks are reliant on the conservation of riparian woodlands in much of the southern part of the state. Despite the large, productive and genetically diverse population of Cooper's hawks in Tucson, several authors have hypothesized, controversially, that the city is an

3208:), averaging about 716 g (1.579 lb) when taken, were reported in northwestern Oregon (7.82% and fifth most regular prey species). In the rural vicinity of Tucson, cottontail rabbits were the second most regularly selected type of prey, at 12.7%. Fairly strong numbers of cottontails were also reported in 2608: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2613: 4169:, was found in Cooper's hawks (transmitted from their prey) studied in Illinois (the highest of any six raptor species studied) however effective antibodies were found and no external infection was noted. A high balance of bacterial flora were found the airways of 10 Cooper's hawks, including many with 3807:

had an average home range of 238 ha (590 acres). In southwest Tennessee, a male Cooper's hawk had a home range size of 331 ha (820 acres) and 4 females had an average range of 869 ha (2,150 acres). Slightly smaller home ranges were found for urban males in a California study, at a mean

3077:(where they were the most significant contributor of biomass, constituting 23.4%). Golden-mantled and thirteen-lined ground squirrels are fairly small for ground squirrels, the earlier averaging 166 g (5.9 oz), the latter of similar size. A few larger ground squirrels may be hunted, such as 2072:

and, in more arid vicinities, lizards are regularly taken. Infrequently, frogs may be eaten, as will (rarely) insects and fish in nearly dry watercourse. Birds in general form about 50–85% of diet. One estimate is that globally birds form about 71.1% of the diet, 17.9% mammals, 8.9% reptiles and 2.1%

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may not always be able to certainly distinguish the two species, especially female sharp-shins against the nearly similarly sized male Cooper's. The sharp-shinned hawk usually evidences a slimmer, slighter look, with more dainty features, and has relatively longer wings and a shorter and more squared

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Some authors have claimed that during breeding Cooper's hawks may utter well over 40 call variations, which would rank them as having among the most varied collection of calls recorded for any raptor. However, many such variations are probably quite subtle (marginal differences in harshness, clarity,

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as well). The crown is brown on juveniles rather than blackish as in adults. The tail is similar to that of the adult but more brownish and sometimes shows an additional fourth band. The juvenile has more pale white to cream base color showing than older birds, with variable dusky throat striping and

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or brown-gray color above. Adults usually have a well-defined crown of blackish-brown feathers above a paler nape and hindneck offset against their streaked rufous cheeks. Their tail is blue-gray on top and pale underneath, barred with three black bands in a rather even pattern and ending in a rather

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to vacate large parts of the forest. It has been recommended that a buffer zone of at least 200 to 240 m (660 to 790 ft), with a median estimated space needed of about 525 m (1,722 ft), should be free from human disturbance or development to retain the protected nests of Cooper's

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and window strikes or with other parts of manmade structure while distractingly hunting. 70.8% of diagnosed mortality for Cooper's hawks of yearling age or older in Tucson was from such collisions. In less developed regions, such as much of Montana, the rate of wire collisions and electrocutions was

4328:

In the 1990s, it was estimated that Cooper's hawks may number "well into six figures" due to their regular distribution over 8 million square kilometers. Today, Cooper's hawk is thought to number around 800,000 in the United States and Canada. These estimates were gained cross-referencing the number

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It has historically taken to almost be a rule that Cooper's hawk uses a new nest site each year. Exceptionally, though, pairs have used the same nests for up to 4 years, though mostly records show up to 2 to 3 years of use when a nest is reused. As much as 59% of 17 nests (New Mexico) or 66.7% of 12

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and 270 m (890 ft) in Victoria, British Columbia. Male home ranges in Tucson (sample size 9) averaged 65.5 ha (162 acres), being smaller than in Wisconsin due to better prey concentrations (doves), however juvenile males in rural Tucson areas covered a home range of 771 ha (1,910

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In Michigan, the density average was 1 pair per 1,554 ha (3,840 acres). In North Dakota, 10–12 pairs were found on 23,310 ha (57,600 acres). 1 nest per 734 ha (1,810 acres) in central Wisconsin, 1 nest per 2,321 ha (5,740 acres) in northwestern Oregon and 1 nest per 2,200 ha

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level tended to nest fairly close to this hawk but those with mid-level, shrub level and ground level nests nested farther away, indicating that non-canopy-nesting birds are generally taken during the breeding season. Key to prey selection for Cooper's hawk is the availability and abundance of birds

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Birds are by far the leading prey for Cooper's hawks in most areas. A wide diversity of birds, considerably over 250 species, are known to be taken, constituting more than three-quarters of known prey species for these hawks. A Cooper's hawk is estimated to kill an average of two birds a day, or 700

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If it sees birds when flying, a hunting hawk does not fly directly to them but instead circles around to available trees and bushes often perching for a few moments before launching its attack. If birds become aware of it, the hawk will tend to quickly gain height in hopes of intercepting some prey.

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in recent years. Passage appears to be timed to coincide with that of their main prey, medium-sized birds. In migration, first-year juveniles precede two-year-old hawks which themselves precede adults when moving south in fall. Furthermore, females of all ages tend to migrate sooner and spend longer

812:

was 280.7 g (9.90 oz) and that of females was reported at 488.4 g (1.077 lb). The average weights of Cooper's hawks from Oregon was about 19.4% lower in males and 14.5% lower in females than those from Wisconsin but the Oregon hawks evidenced less seasonal variation in weight. In

803:

were significantly lighter than the eastern ones at 269 g (9.5 oz) in 183 first year males and 281 g (9.9 oz) in 177 older males and 399 g (14.1 oz) in 310 first year females and 439 g (15.5 oz) in 416 older females. Weights were similar to the Goshutes in the

701:

Adults have eyes ranging from light orange to red, with males averaging darker in eye color, while those of juveniles are yellow. Among 370 breeding hawks from different parts of the range, 1-year-old males usually had light orange eyes and 1-year-old females usually yellow eyes. Meanwhile, males of

4341:

have tracked strong increases of the breeding population (upward trends from 1.2% in California to 4.4% in Pennsylvania) in six states, with a 2.2% increase overall, and similar trends in multiple other states. In many states (Arizona, California, Florida, Missouri, New Mexico and North Dakota) the

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against the hawks for their hunting of admired small birds. However, several studies have determined that Cooper's hawk predation is not detrimental to healthy gamebird population, and that most of the blame must fall directly on overexploitation and habitat destruction of humans themselves, with a

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then back up to 3.3 in 1967–1976 after DDT was banned. 7 of 266 clutches in early museum records were 6 egg clutches while one 7 egg clutch was recorded in Arizona. Records of 2 egg clutches may usually be laid by yearling females. The mean clutch size in 72 clutches was 3.5 and 3.33 in 46 clutches

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into the nest, more so those built by pairs with mature females rather than juvenile females. Their nest structure requires about 4.8 support branches. Data is conflicting on whether it is the male or the female who selects the nest site. Males were found to do 70% of the nest building in Wisconsin

3824:

This species builds a bulky platform nest, usually 61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 in) across and 15 to 45 cm (5.9 to 17.7 in) deep. Often the nest is shallower in conifers (i.e. 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 in) deep in New York) and deeper in broad-leafed trees (averaging 43 cm

3307:

In some areas, respectable numbers of reptiles may be hunted. All told, nearly 30 species of reptile may be hunted by Cooper's hawks. In the eastern part of the range, even in biodiverse locations for reptilian species such as Florida, a very low volume of such prey are reportedly taken by Cooper's

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but, if alone, the woodpecker will typically try to flee. Despite the regularity of predation of woodpeckers that are in the open, a study in British Columbia shows indicated Cooper's hawks seldom prey upon woodpecker nests, perhaps due to being unable to access their secluded, smallish nest holes,

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with one dashing around after the prey while another waits on the other side of a tree trunk or wooded thicket. Many birds are caught when they inadvertently fly around a tree where a hawk is inconspicuously perched. Young Cooper's are impetuous about crashing into bushes after prey, sometimes even

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than hawks of the species elsewhere. Sexual dimorphism in Cooper's hawks is most reliably measured by wing size, talon size, then body mass. Although there is some margin of error, within a given region dimensions of the two sexes never overlap in these regards (but may overlap marginally in tarsal

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Generally, Cooper's hawks hunt the locally common birds that are available and probably control some birds (such as the more numerous icterids and corvids) that may without the influence of natural predation risk overpopulation and potential harm to ecosystems. However, as an opportunistic natural

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has been detected in Cooper's hawks as, despite the dangers of various kinds of collisions, it has been found that in favorable urban areas, hawks of the species can seem to breed more closer to one another, gather more food and produce more young on average than those outside such areas. Even New

4150:

was found in nestlings in southeast Arizona. The bacteria was recorded in 95% of urban Cooper's hawk nestlings (though only 8% of non-urban ones) and caused about 50% of recorded nestling deaths, probably roughly doubling the nestling mortality rate compared to the non-urban areas. Adults are less

4045:

Juveniles Cooper's hawks in mostly urban areas of Arizona wandered somewhat randomly it seems until they were about 2.5–3 months old, when they settled on a wintering ground, averaging 9.7 km (6.0 mi) for females and averaging 7.4 km (4.6 mi) in males away from their respective

3599:

Other natural predators of Cooper's hawks that are known are mainly larger diurnal birds of prey. In some cases, their larger cousins, northern goshawks, will prey on Cooper's hawks. Widely but somewhat scarcely, red-tailed hawks have been known to prey on Cooper's hawk, while a single instance is

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seem to regard Cooper's hawks as a moderate threat based on their anti-predator response, with smaller raptors (which are presumably more dangerous) such as sharp-shinned hawks and small owls evoking a rather more aggressive response by chickadees. While usually the smallest avian prey selected by

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level within the local habitats. One estimate claims that most prey of Cooper's hawks weighs from 15 to 166 g (0.53 to 5.86 oz), with male and female averages of 37.6 and 50.7 g (1.33 and 1.79 oz). Another estimate was from 30 to 130 g (1.1 to 4.6 oz) for typical prey

1849:

Cooper's hawks are known as bold and aggressive predators. Given their dietary habits, these hawks bore a poor reputation well into the 20th century, with one account describing the species as "noxious", an "avian outlaw" and "a relentless tyrant and murderer of small birds". Another describes the

781:

Body mass, along with standard measurements, is much more frequently measured than total length or wingspan in different populations. Museum specimens from the western United States averaged 280 g (9.9 oz) in 48 males and 473 g (1.043 lb) in 20 females, while those sourced from

745:

may be due to greater male efficiency through smaller size and resulting agility in food gathering for the family group. Meanwhile, the female may be better suited to the rigors of brooding (including perhaps most nest defense) due to her larger size, also allowing the sexes to compete less on the

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before an area becomes essentially unlivable. Studies in Arizona determined that heavily grazed agricultural areas were favored over lightly grazed ones due to greater prey concentrations in the latter habitats. On the contrary, in the early 1990s (while the species was generally recovering), the

4082:

Cooper's hawks can be a long-living bird. Some authors credit lifespans of up to 8 years of age in the wild. The oldest recorded bird recorded among migrants that bred in Oregon was 10 years and 5 months old. The oldest recorded breeding bird was a 12-year-old female in British Columbia while the

4007:

Incubation starts with the laying of the third egg. Evidence shows that pairs may be able to successfully delay breeding somewhat if it is unusually harsh and snowy early spring. The female mainly incubates (including throughout nighttime) though the male may substitute for 10–30 minutes after he

3451:

was largely corresponding with the goshawk occurring in areas with a median of 781 trees per ha, Cooper's in areas with a median of 1229 trees per ha and the sharp-shins in a median of 1482 tree per ha. In the New Mexico data, goshawks used the largest trees with the lowest median canopy coverage

3121:) were only taken as juveniles, as the adults, sometimes scaling up to 1,350 g (2.98 lb), were apparently too formidable for Cooper's. The estimated weights of both the gray and fox squirrels taken in Missouri was 450 g (16 oz), with the gray contributing 10.9% of the biomass. 2252:

birds in response to the presence of a Cooper's hawk although sometimes may let out an alarm call or even imitate a Cooper's calls merely to frighten other birds from a desired food source. It was hypothesized that Steller's jays may be able to effectively confuse a Cooper's hawk by engaging in a

1801:

were measured to consist of 4–12% of the body mass of migrants, being higher in autumn than in spring, and higher on average in adults over younger hawks and in females over males. Migration speeds appear to be largely similar to those of other raptors, with average speeds of 33.6 to 88 km/h

680:

Juveniles of the species are generally dark brown above, though the feathers are not infrequently edged with rufous to cinnamon and have a variable whitish mottling about the back, wing coverts and, mainly, the scapulars. Juvenile Cooper's tend to have streaking or washing of tawny on the cheeks,

12499:

Rosenberg, K. V., Kennedy, J. A., Dettmers, R., Ford, R. P., Reynolds, D., Alexander, J. D., Beardmore, C. J., Blancher, P. J., Butcher, G. S., Camfield, A. F., Couturier, A., Demarest, D. W., Easton, W. E., Giomoco, J. J., Keller, R. H., Mini, A. E., Panjabi, A. O., Pashley, D. N., Rich, T. D.,

4041:

rarely has been proven for this species, and may occur "accidentally" at times. Sometimes a younger sibling that has died from other means may be eaten by the siblings or by the parents. In one case, an entire brood of 4 nestlings from 2.5 to 3.5 weeks old were found dead in the nest, apparently

4036:

Sex ratio can skew towards male in eggs, nestlings and fledglings in about 54–60% in nests of Cooper's hawks in the region of Milwaukee. However the sex ratio corrected over time in the urban area to an even amount, though it is still skewed outside the city (skewed broods towards males occur in

3785:

Data in Wisconsin shows that pairs line up in correspondence with their size, i.e. larger female Cooper's hawks mate with large males and smaller females with smaller males. The data indicated that larger pairs tend to have earlier laying dates, larger broods and more recruits than smaller ones.

3651:

Even more so than diurnal raptors, a wide diversity of owls are known to fall prey to Cooper's hawks. Despite the temporal differences of their activity, the intensive hunting methods of Cooper's hawks may allow them to access roosting owls more readily than other types of hawks. Small owls that

3509:

in the Chiricahuas, Cooper's hawks regularly took chipmunks and lizards as well. Furthermore, the nests of Cooper's and goshawks were fairly evenly spaced, at about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) apart, indicating that they maintain exclusive territories (almost as if within the same species), while

3456:

was less distinct (i.e. similar tree species used). However, the sharp-shinned hawk nests in Missouri were at much higher elevations, i.e. 343 m (1,125 ft) above sea level, than those of Cooper's (which were at a mean elevation of 151.3 m (496 ft); more surprisingly the stand

1045:

on the back. Given reasonable views, adult goshawks are very different looking and hard to mistake for any Cooper's hawk. Meanwhile, the juvenile goshawk is much paler edged above than the smaller Cooper's, including a panel formed along larger wing coverts. Below, juvenile goshawks have heavier

718:

begins in late April–May and takes about 4 months. The female usually begins to molt about 7–10 days sooner than the male. Molts occur inward towards the body on the wing feathers. Tail molt may generally start with the middle tail feathers, proceeding posteriorly to the upper tail coverts, also

668:

averages slightly darker overall. Aberrant pale plumage was recorded in at least four total birds of both sexes, all of which were almost completely white and lacked any underside streaking. These birds had faded back color and lacking strong barring on the tail. An aberrant dark female was also

4315:

at up to 1.5 mg/kg. A considerable average reduction in eggshell thickness was measured to average at around 7%. A particularly severe reduction in eggshell thickness was recorded in New York state, at an average of 19.02%. The survival of the species, especially in the eastern part of the

3442:

ecology when living near one another in Oregon. Unusually, nests were not consistently well spaced between the species, and 2 sharp-shin nests were approximately 300 m (980 ft) from active Cooper's nests, while 5 Cooper's nests were 300 to 450 m (980 to 1,480 ft) from active

1033:

As for the northern goshawk, the smallest male is still usually "clearly" larger than most large female Cooper's hawks. In the Goshutes mountains, migrant male goshawks overlapped with female Cooper's hawks only in the length of the tail and the tarsus, with the body mass especially being quite

824:

may vary from 214 to 252 mm (8.4 to 9.9 in) in males and from 247 to 278 mm (9.7 to 10.9 in) in females. Wing chord is generally commensurate with body mass, averaging largest in the heavier hawks of eastern North Dakota, where males averaged 232.6 mm (9.16 in) and

795:, weights were similar as in Wisconsin (although only hatching-year juveniles were apparently weighed), with averages of 339.2 and 347 g (11.96 and 12.24 oz) in two samples of males and 518 and 530.3 g (1.142 and 1.169 lb) in the two samples for females. Migrant hawks in the 1850:

species as "bloodthirsty" and a "villain". Early accounts underestimated the opportunistic nature of Cooper's hawks' hunting behavior and provided little insight into the actual effect the hawks have on their prey. The maximum hunting range was estimated at 5.3 km (2.0 sq mi) in

1009:

hawks of all species are seen mostly flying with quick, consecutive wing beats and a short glide (sometimes abbreviated as “flap-flap-glide”), though the species may also soar as well. However, the sharp-shinned hawk has a more buoyant flight with faster wing beats than Cooper's and soars with

3974:

Egg laying in New York is between after April 24 to June 26 (about 50% from May 10 to 20) with similar dates in New England and also from Ohio to Minnesota. Similar laying dates were also found for Ontario as well as in British Columbia, but more laying date variation was found for the latter

727:

Cooper's hawks are fairly variable in size. There is usually minimal to no overlap in dimensions between the sexes, with females being considerably larger than males. On average, she may be about 20% larger linearly and around 40% heavier (though can be up to 125% more massive). More westerly

4265:

Cooper's hawks have had an erratic status throughout the 20th into the 21st centuries. Historic data shows a threefold increase, roughly, around 1920. However, mortality rates shot up soon after as some authors consider the annual rate of mortality due largely to legalized direct persecution

3935:

tree nest. In Tucson, nest building was recorded during winter, exceptionally. When grass is found to be incorporated in nest structure, it is an indication that Cooper's is using a nest built by crows as they have never themselves been known to use grass. Oregon nests frequently incorporate

3433:, such as throughout southern Canada, the western United States, the Upper Midwest (and sometimes in the Northeastern United States) and during times of passage. In general, sharp-shinned hawks tend to use younger and denser stands of trees than do Cooper's. Meanwhile, goshawks tend to favor 3162:

and thus of limited access. Few of these types of rodents are taken frequently enough to warrant much individual mention. Unidentified woodrats, at a mean estimated mass of 256.6 g (9.05 oz) were significant to the biomass of Cooper's hawks in northwestern Oregon. In North Dakota,

602:. In general the relationship of Cooper's and Gundlach's hawk is muddled and genetic testing indicated that it is possible (but not certain) that Gundlach's may be insufficiently distinct to qualify as a separate species. It is almost certain that Cooper's hawk would at least qualify as the 786:

was 342 g (12.1 oz) (with adults averaging 4% heavier than juveniles), whilst the average of 115 females migrants was 518 g (1.142 lb) (with adult averaging about 5.5% heavier than juveniles). A different sample of Wisconsin Cooper's hawks reportedly averaged 327 g

2732:, it was found that 15% of the red-headed woodpeckers in a study population were killed by hawks. All told, about 20 species (almost all in North America but for a couple poorly-studied species) of woodpecker are known to be taken, ranging from the smallest, the 25.6 g (0.90 oz) 2789:. Coveys of quails that attempt to evade predators by running into thick vegetation (which can allow them to successfully escape many predators) often find that Cooper's hawks are undeterred by this, as the hawks may chase them either on the wing or on foot into thickets. However, one 3437:

area with taller and older trees and generally lower tree densities. However, all three species prefer fairly enclosed canopies over their nesting areas, i.e. canopy coverage are generally thought to need to be at least at 60–70%. A particular opportunity was taken to study the three

1874:, etc.), while males were more typically devoted to hunting on their regular home range. During hunts, Cooper's hawks rely on agile, twisting flights between bouts of perching and scanning, their flight suddenly picking up speed upon approach to the prey. Hunting hawks typically use 2611: 669:

recorded. As a juvenile, she had a blackish-brown (rather than mid-brown) back and dark inky feathers below with grayish ground color barely showing. Later she produced an aberrant male with similar characteristics that successfully fledged. The latter two were possible cases of

3468:

home range size corresponded to the birds' body size, i.e. 2,600 ha (6,400 acres) mean for the goshawk and 458 ha (1,130 acres) mean for the sharp-shinned hawk. The aforementioned Oregon studies also studied at length the dietary differences between the three American

3187:) was recently reported, also in British Columbia. One broad study found a somewhat unexpected correlation was found positively relating the previous summer's rodent density to the number of Cooper's hawks. This could be coincidental as rodent populations are probably driven by 4486:. This hawk is fairly unpopular in falconry practices due to its high-strung personality and is additionally considered in such captive conditions as given towards "tyrannical", "hysterical" and "demanding" behaviors, even compared to its similarly disposed larger cousin, the 1902:

in Wisconsin, males prefer to hunt in quiet woods while females preferred to stay within 100 m (330 ft) of the nest making males a more common sight. This differed strongly in Tucson where hawks while hunting mostly in manmade environments such as residential areas,

1107:). Even the most similar buteonine hawks have notably different proportions than a Cooper's hawk, possessing relatively much longer wings and a much shorter tail. Given reasonable views, all such species are fairly to extremely different in plumage even in juvenile form. 914:

call as well, apparently when looking for her mate or gathering nesting materials. Many soft calls have been recorded in intimate or "conversational" interactions, exclusively between breeding pairs and between mothers and their broods. The initial call of the young is a

519:

to colonize North America with a well-defined fossil record dating back perhaps 0.5-1 million years. Fossil evidence shows then that the goshawk came second and, despite the considerably wider range of the sharp-shinned hawk compared to the other two species, the

407: 829:

length, males may vary from 55.2 to 73 mm (2.17 to 2.87 in), with an average of 64.1 mm (2.52 in) in museum specimens, and females from 62 to 76 mm (2.4 to 3.0 in), with an average of 71.1 mm (2.80 in) in museum specimens. The

3825:(17 in) in New York). Nests average larger in the eastern part of the range than in the west, perhaps in keeping with the eastern hawks' larger average body sizes. While sticks are almost always used, one unusual Florida nest was observed to be made largely of 406: 411: 410: 405: 3991:). The clutch size averages anywhere from about three to five. Female egg laying is individually consistent from year-to-year, with a variance of a day or two. Often about 3–5 eggs are laid every other day, though can be up to 2 days between the 4th and 5th eggs. 4291:

further exacerbating the gamebirds' declines. Human hunting of Cooper's hawk declined when governmental protection of the species was instituted in the late 1960s (nearly two decades after some less controversial birds of prey species were protected in America).

1713:, which coincide with migratory raptors routes in general. This species can seem to cross some bodies of water unlike most sharp-shinned hawks but seldom do so over wide bodies of water. However, they have been seen to turn up in such oceanic vicinities as the 869: 901:

do not seem to vocalize less than their rural nesting counterparts. There is perhaps some evidence that individual hawk's voices may become lower pitched with age. When coming with food to the nest or while displaying during courtship, the male may let out a

412: 1580:

will sometimes shy away from engaging in full-fledged mobbing of a Cooper's, perhaps due to the risk in closely approaching this very agile predator, which can in an instant suddenly turn and kill a member of the mob. Therefore, less dangerous hawks such as

13146: 939:

call has also been uttered in different contexts, such as during nest building and during a "postural bowing" display, and some authors inferred that it may be a means of communicating to the male that it is not dangerous for him to approach her (as female

3777:

Cooper's hawk is a solitary bird apart from breeding and rare aggregations during migration. This species usually is considered monogamous. However, pairings of two males (1 young, 1 adult) with a single female have been recorded at least three times. In

750:, the species may reportedly reach its largest sizes but there is little evidence that these birds average distinctly larger than the large bodied individuals measured in the more northeasterly parts of the species' range in North America, from eastern 1661:, usually over fairly short distances, often less than 320 km (200 mi). However, the three longest distance movements from southern California were all northbound, i.e. 616 to 993 km (383 to 617 mi). Cooper's hawks originating from 2197:, and Victoria, British Columbia. In the urban environment of Terre Haute, it was found that starlings were taken in almost the same proportion as starlings were of all birds observed by researchers (i.e. they were 60% of 2146 individual birds seen). 1441:, including urbanized areas and can even nest in many cities. They were once thought to be averse to cities and towns, but are now fairly common urban and suburban birds even when nesting. The species may even making use of isolated trees in suburbs, 663:

on adults is conspicuous. Adult females may average slightly more brownish or grayish above, while some adult males can range rarely into almost a powder blue color. Although little regional variation is known in the plumage, adult coloring in the

4213:

infection rates were also higher in adults than they were in nestlings in Arizona. Blood parasites were recorded to be higher for later migrating Cooper's hawks in northern New York but were, on the contrary, higher in earlier migrating hawks in

4456:

species was considered to be "state-endangered" in New Jersey, with ongoing harmful effects found for poorly-regulated (or entirely unregulated) logging and land development within 40 to 120 m (130 to 390 ft) of active nests. In the

944:

can be dangerous to the much smaller males). Generally, Cooper's hawks are silent outside the breeding season. Rarely, though, some males that appear to be isolated from any other hawks of their species have been known to call during winter.

1915:

with a fair amount of frequency. However, data from Indiana showed that birds using bird feeders were at no greater risk of attack than those in random transects, and the effect Cooper's can have on feeder birds may be at times exaggerated.

1609:. They tend to be most migratory in the north and largely to partially sedentary elsewhere. With individual exceptions, hawks of the species largely migrate out of nearly all of their range in southern Canada as well as cooler parts of the 2837:), finding that only one pellet consisted entirely of quail, the other pellets showing that hawks were mainly taking other prey, mostly doves. Most regularly found galliforms in North America (including well-established exotics such as 2597:, are essentially immune to Cooper's hawks (due to their own extreme agility) and were seen to incidentally benefit from nesting close to the hawks in California, due to a low risk of predators approaching while the hawks are present. 409: 368:. Many of the names applied to Cooper's hawks refer to their ability to hunt large and evasive prey using extremely well-developed agility. This species primarily hunts small-to-medium-sized birds, but will also commonly take small 3380:) (adults of the latter two snake species can average roughly 890 g (1.96 lb) for both species and may be too formidable for these hawks). Unlike with reptiles, there is little evidence that Cooper's hawk regularly hunts 3299:), quite little is known about which bat species Cooper's hawk's may prey upon and at what level do the local hawks depend on such prey. Apart from caves, sometimes Cooper's hawks have been seen to capture bats in urbanized areas. 3790:, sometimes over an open field. Courting usually occurs on bright, sunny days, in midmorning. During sky-dances by males, the wings are raised high over back in a wide arch with slow, rhythmic flapping, similar to the flight of a 1059:) in southern Mexico and Central America. The latter species of similar form and size but at all ages is generally unmarked with bars or streaks below, also with a more or less uniform mantle. Vagrating migrant Cooper's hawks to 931:(among different transliterations). The higher pitched calls of the young may even extend to females nesting within their first year while still in immature plumage. Females have what is often thought of as their own hunger cry, 11050:. In Proceedings of the Southwestern Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop (R. Glinski, B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Editors). National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 218–227. 4329:

of hectares per active nest, which was in the range of 101 to 2,326 ha (250 to 5,750 acres) in the western states and 272 to 5,000 ha (670 to 12,360 acres) in the Midwestern and eastern states, as well as data from

834:

may measure from 11.7 to 17.5 mm (0.46 to 0.69 in) in males, averaging about 16 mm (0.63 in), and from 17.5 to 23 mm (0.69 to 0.91 in) in females, averaging about 19 mm (0.75 in). The

12912:

Smallwood, J. A., Causey, M. F., Mossop, D. H., Klucsarits, J. R., Robertson, B., Robertson, S., Mason, J., Maurer, M. J., Melvin, R. J., Dwason, R.D., Bortolotti, G. R., Parrish, J.W., Breen, T. F. & Bond, K. (2009).

1676:, but sometimes migration extend into November. Meanwhile, spring northward migration may be any time from the end of February to May, with the last ones leaving Mexico in April and very late individuals were passing over 1386:). Additional Wisconsin studies showed that exotic conifer stands now support many Cooper's hawks even where native woodland is available. Tall, native deciduous tree stands may still be used extensively elsewhere, i.e. 1050:

in the field are the differing proportions of the two species, followed by the heavier streaking below and irregular tail banding of the goshawk. For Cooper's hawk, there may be a possible and marginal overlap with the

3191:

production in the year prior to the rodent increases, and many of the birds taken regularly by Cooper's are also partially acorn dependent. Occasionally, Cooper's hawks may capture profitable mammalian prey such as

2321:). However, crows are potentially dangerous prey to Cooper's hawks. Adult American crows are about the same size as a female Cooper's hawk and can potentially cause considerable damage to a lone raptor during group 555:, was discounted due to being weakly differentiated. However, evidence based on genetic markers shows that westerly birds such those in British Columbia populations are genetically differentiated from those in the 3275:) kit estimated to weigh about 661 g (1.457 lb). Occasionally, Cooper's hawks are known to hunt bats. They are said to usually capture bats on the wing rather than search them out. Findings were that in 2556:) experienced a rate of 96% predation elsewhere in California, with 25% attributable to Cooper's. Similar determent to the local nesting attempts of other small passerines such as warblers has also been reported. 867: 808:, California where 50 males (all first-years) averaged 288 g (10.2 oz) and 117 first-year females averaged 417 g (14.7 oz). Averaged between early and late summer, the average mass of males in 528:

last. Genetic testing has indicated that Cooper's hawk is quite closely related to the northern goshawk, with the similar superficial characteristics of Cooper's to the sharp-shinned hawk, a close relative of the

13106:

Edwards, Ernest Preston., Butler, Edward Murrell. A Field Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Adjacent Areas: Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador, Third Edition. United States: University of Texas Press, 1998. ISBN

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levels, were considered quite high when hawks are being handled by researchers, particularly in males (indicating that they experience higher levels of stress than females). Cooper's hawk is subject to frequent

4358:

Shooting is now a generally insignificant cause of mortality though is still sometimes reported. Despite the declining effect of pesticides on Cooper's hawk's overall population, lingering harmful effect from

3644:) and nesting kites appear to engage in anti-predator behavior towards Cooper's hawks. Furthermore, Cooper's hawks that came into the vicinity were considered potential predators and mobbed as such by nesting 1802:(20.9 to 54.7 mph), but one migrating from Colorado was recorded to cover about 26 km (16 mi) per day. Typically Cooper's hawk migrate singly but sometimes can be seen in groups of two to five. 3428:

from Cooper's hawks. Throughout the range of Cooper's hawk, sharp-shins may be found breeding, migrating and wintering in similar areas. So too is there much overlap between the ranges of Cooper's hawks and

2865:). Juveniles usually are the more vulnerable and more regularly taken of non-quail galliforms by Cooper's hawks, but the hawks can take adults quite regularly despite the prey's relatively large size. Adult 2036:, about 23% of attacks by male Cooper's hawks and 20% by females were successful and were far more prone to being carried out in relatively open areas than those of nearby sharp-shinned hawk. Post-fledgling 1796:

in Pennsylvania, studied Cooper's hawks that were migrating from further north spent only 12% of the day actually migrating, devoting the remainder of their time to perching and hunting along their passage.

2610: 3945:

reducing soil moisture, tree density and shading or possibly due to the more deciduous local nature of north-facing nest sites. When using a prior years nest, the female reportedly selects and repairs it.

1633:. Despite being classed as sedentary, banding studies have revealed that many Cooper's hawks south of the typical migratory populations engage in some variety of seasonal winter movements. Migrants in the 1473:

shows that Cooper's hawks are now considerably more common within the city than elsewhere in the surrounding regions. Despite the success of Cooper's hawks in Tucson, attempts to find breeding activity in

746:

same food sources. Geographic variation in body size has also been found, with more easterly hawks tending to be rather larger on average than those found in western North America. On the contrary, in the

3291:). Per observation in Carlsbad, due to their agility, Cooper's can match the evasive flight of a bat and may be successful in about 90% of observed pursuits. Apart from their well-documented predation of 1526:

while sitting on a perch about 11 times a day, and may take about 1–20 minutes to do so. When attaining water to drink, Cooper's hawks appear to prefer to come to relatively secluded waterways. In more

13103:

Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals in New Hampshire's Forested Habitats: A Guide for Foresters and Other Land Managers. United States: University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, 2005.

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but only 12% of 33 nestlings there had parasites. A similar blood parasite infection rate was found in northern New York (and California) as well. Compared to sharp-shinned hawks, while migrating off

1585:

are mobbed more vigorously than the more dangerous Cooper's. Many potential prey will confine their response to a hawk of this species to vocal scolding and/or attempt escape before an attack occurs.

4062:

The average of 117 successful laid clutches was 4.18 eggs laid, 3.53 nestlings in successfully hatched clutches and 3.08 young in 26 successfully fledged broods in the Northeastern United States and

3529:

The ecology of Cooper's hawks has also been studied in contrast to other diurnal raptors as well. In the raptor guild within southern Michigan, the overall food breadth and size was studied against

3017:

are often regularly hunted in various regions, though only about one-third of North American chipmunks are known in the prey spectrum. High balances of the relatively large 96 g (3.4 oz)

1490:, it was found for wintering Cooper's hawks that forested areas were 73% of the habitats used, which is far more prevalent than woodland available in the environs (with only 46% remaining wooded). 868: 6806: 2817:), which were estimated to constitute 47% of the prey selected by female hawks, but there was far too little impact overall to affect the quail's overall population. In the rural areas outside of 2748:). The response of woodpeckers to a sighted Cooper's hawks varies, with evidence showing that downy woodpecker and flickers would behave more boldly and themselves may scold the hawk if part of a 4074:

level, was found in the nestlings of the urbanized population of Tucson, ensuring a hardy local population despite historic concerns about the parasite levels of nestlings in these populations.

2829:) were found to be the most regularly selected prey species, at 15.2% of 79 prey items. A study of pellets in northwestern Mexico to determine if the local Cooper's hawks were regularly taking 2161:

regions, with both adults, at estimated averages of 79 to 81.2 g (2.79 to 2.86 oz) when taken, and young being relatively easy for them to access. Beyond the common robin, nearly all

460:, sometimes referred to as true hawks (and the members of which are at times commonly referred to as goshawks or sparrowhawks). This genus is the most diverse of all in the species-rich family 1988:

appearance, Cooper's hawk, like the northern goshawk, is extremely powerful for its size and presumably able to capture larger prey relative to its size than other raptors such as falcons and

1406:, Cooper's hawks preferred areas with trees of 30–60 years old (and 656 trees per ha) and 50–70 years old (and 1159 trees per ha), respectively. On average, the number of trees per hectare in 9724:. Pp. 366–369 in D Wilson, S Ruff, eds. Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press in Association with the American Society of Mammalogists. 594:). While there is some degree of obvious differentiation from these species in appearance, distribution and behavior, more nebulous is the relationship of Cooper's hawk to the very similar 2384:

Other passerines families (i.e. outside thrushes, corvids and icterids) tend to not be as large-bodied and, although by no means neglected, are seldom equal in overall dietary importance (

1792:, Mexico than the ones in the United States, but showed an annual stability of numbers that many of the more numerous raptors (including sharp-shinned hawks) in passage did not. Along the 1482:

were unsuccessful, it is thought that the ambient temperature was too high or beyond thermal tolerance levels. Although more adaptable in habitat than the sharp-shinned hawk, studies from

4123:

with some regularity but sometimes are able to survive despite the viral antibodies being found. Some mortality from West Nile has been reported, unsurprisingly. Fatal infections of the

2793:

was seen to successfully evade a hunting Cooper's hawk by diving belly first into about a foot of snow. Cooper's hawks are often regarded as perhaps the most regular natural predator of

408: 1772:, Cooper's hawk accounted for relatively few of the recorded raptors, i.e. 3.45% of 748 migrating raptors. A similarly low volume was observed relative to other bird of prey species in 1984:. Most prey is killed by repeatedly kneading the talons, with the kneading sometimes going on even after death, although in some cases birds are plucked while still alive. Despite its 10174:

Trophic magnification of legacy persistent organic pollutants and emergent contaminants within a terrestrial food-web of an avian apex predator, the Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

2969:) in north Florida, where the egrets were the fourth most regularly recorded prey species. Assorted families of land birds are fairly rare as reported in food studies, including some 2028:

usually had lower average hunting success rates, which averaged among the attacker species at 27%, due to the difficulty of capturing the prey. 33% of 45 observed hunts in a study in

1760:, juvenile sharp-shinned hawks were roughly twice as numerous as juvenile Cooper's hawks but the number of adults seen passing through of the two species was roughly the same. At the 2674:

have perceived the change in preference of Cooper's hawks to more profitable prey such as doves in developed areas and show less inhibition to the hawk's presence. In the more rural

10544:. BC Minist. Sustainable Resour. Manage., Conservation Data Centre, and BC Minist. Water, Land and Air Protection, Biodiversity Branch, Victoria BC. Wildl. Bull. No. B-113. 14pp, 3. 12223:

Isolation, molecular characterization, and in vitro schizogonic development of Sarcocystis sp. ex Accipiter cooperii from a naturally infected Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

642:. On perched hawks, the wing-tips tend to appear to cover less than one third of the tail, sometimes seeming to barely cover the covert feathers. As adults, they may be a solid 2480:), have good reason to fear these hawks as they are widely and regularly taken as are even common birds of less than half their size (around 20 g (0.71 oz)), such as 2204:(including thrushes and starlings). Other medium-sized to largish-bodied families of passerines tend to be most often selected. In many circumstances, Cooper's hawks will hunt 2670:

were 14% and 21% of the diet, respectively. In northern California, mourning doves were the main prey species, making up 25.6% of 1057 prey items. There is even evidence that

893:

tempo and volume) and other authors have diagnosed only four overall call types. The typical call of a Cooper's hawk is a harsh, cackling yelp. This call may be translated as

6986:

Wintering Localities of Cooper's Hawks Nesting in Northeastern Oregon (Lugares en Donde Pasan el Invierno Individuos de Accipiter cooperii que Anidan en el Noreste de Oregon)

3845:. Water access is of secondary import. Pine plantations are popular nesting sites across several parts of the range. In Tucson, 70.8% of 48 nests were found to be non-native 3748:). Most impressively, an instance was observed where a Cooper's hawk appeared to have preyed upon an adult of the rather larger (averaging about 787 g (1.735 lb)) 3332:, nearly 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) of which were estimated to be found in one nest). In rural areas outside of Tucson, a fairly strong presence of (unidentified to species) 1929:

into thorny cover such as barberries, whereas adults are said to be more "prudent". They may chase prey into cover or from bush to bush. The first instance of non-piratical

3577:), there was minimal overlap in which prey species were usually selected, especially given the difference in habitat usage. Furthermore, in Durango, while Cooper's and the 2945:) estimated to weigh 1,150 g (2.54 lb) when taken. Adult ducks and herons of roughly equal weight to Cooper's hawks and other largish adult water birds including 1920:

It was found compared to some other North American raptors who are more likely to watch for prey on the ground and/or in the open, that Cooper's hawk had a rather enlarged

7372:

Ward, M. S., & Mannan, R. W. (2011). Habitat model of urban-nesting Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in southern Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist, 56(1), 17–23.

1911:

more so than they were prevalent in the environment, though usually where there were large (albeit usually non-native) trees. Cooper's hawk does attack birds attracted to

3588:

Cooper's hawk is usually a top predator in the daytime but is not immune from attack by other predators. The most common predator of this species is almost certainly the

2646:, recent data shows that Cooper's hawks are living almost exclusively on doves. Among 151 prey items there, mourning doves were 20.5% by number and 27.5% of the biomass, 1123:

Cooper's hawk's breeding range extends from southern Canada to northern Mexico. In southern Canada, they breed (but do not normally winter) in the southerly parts of the

2345:) are fairly frequent prey for these hawks. Cooper's hawks nesting near red-winged blackbird colonies may at times live almost entirely off of female blackbirds. In the 630:

that are well-adapted for tearing the flesh of prey, as is typical of raptorial birds. Generally, Cooper's hawks can be considered secretive, often perching within the

3871:), another native was preferred in Missouri (at 51% of 43 nests) and in Illinois (at 81% of 16 nests). Deciduous trees may be preferred elsewhere in the east, such as 2297:. One black-billed magpie was caught and killed by a Cooper's hawk when attempting to mob the hawk. Incidents of predation have been witnessed on both young and adult 1486:

have indicated that the species still more often than not prefers sizeable tracts of woodland for breeding and migrating to fragmented, developed areas. Similarly, in

1215:, records show that the species has been recorded year-around with the first confirmed breeding reported in 2001. In winter, they are found up to the southern half of 4295:

However, instead of the expected gradual recovery, in the 1960s to 1970s, the breeding success rate dropped, in almost certain correlation with man's use of chemical

2012:, with the meat eaten lastly. Like other raptors who most regularly take birds, Cooper's hawk was profiled in a study as an "attacker" rather than a "searcher" (i.e. 3384:

in any area, despite a few species being known in the prey spectrum. While some authors have posited that as much as 2.1% of Cooper's hawks' global prey consists of

782:

the eastern United States averaged 338 g (11.9 oz) in 16 males and 566 g (1.248 lb) in 31 females. Average weight of 104 male migrating hawks in

4228:

were quite diverse in Cooper's hawks from Florida. In Minnesota and Wisconsin, several helminths were recorded and there was one instance of a tissue reaction from

1948:

When hunting bats, they can follow all twists and turns, and may succeed in capture in up to 90% of hunts. Much like goshawk, sometimes Cooper's hawks will capture

12116:

A survey of the choanal and cloacal aerobic bacterial flora in free-living and captive red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

3388:, prevailing food studies tend to find scant to none evidence of such prey; however, a truly exceptional case of Cooper's hawks found dead in Arkansas showed that 860: 7180:

Demography and Population Dynamics of Cooper's Hawks in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with an Emphasis on Non-breeding Adult Floaters: Annual Progress Report, Year Two

4499:

predator of almost any North American bird smaller than itself, Cooper's hawk may inadvertently deplete populations of rarer, conservation-dependent species. The

4155:

infections but there was no variability to be found by sex, time of year or by location. In Wisconsin and British Columbia only 2.7% of 145 studied nestlings had

1410:

were found to be 935.7. Canopy coverage is key to nesting Cooper's hawks, needing to be at minimum about 55–70%, averaging 55% in Wisconsin and 69.8% in Arizona.

540:. A natural hybrid of a Cooper's hawk and a northern goshawk with intermediate physical characteristics was verified via genetic testing of a migrant juvenile in 12883: 4423:

translocated 349 Cooper's hawks (about a fifth of all translocated raptors), apparently successfully. Cooper's hawks are sometimes displaced by the placement of

10701:

Nesting Density and Dispersal Movements between Urban and Rural Habitats of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Wisconsin: Are These Source or Sink Habitats?

5643:

DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives

1374:. For example, average distance between waterways and nests in Wisconsin and Utah was 66.1 and 224 m (217 and 735 ft), respectively. However, in the 13097:

Schmitt, N. John., Clark, William S.., Kiff, Lloyd. Raptors of Mexico and Central America. United States: Princeton University Press, 2017. ISBN 9781400885077

2889:), which average 1,031 g (2.273 lb), are also known have been successfully preyed upon by Cooper's hawks. Even more impressive accounts show adult 10492:. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 14-46, 253. 5410:. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 2004:

and resulting impact during prey captures. At times, after capture, Cooper's hawk have been seen to hold still living prey underwater, presumably trying to

12980:

Least Bell's Vireo monitoring, nest predation threat assessment, and cowbird parasitism threat assessment at the San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge

12158:

Hemograms and hematozoa of sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) captured during spring migration in northern New York

10069:. In Proceedings of the Chiricahua Mountains Research Symposium, ed. AM Barton and SA Sloan. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Tucson (pp. 91–94). 3510:

sharp-shinned hawk nests were closer to goshawk nests but in much denser habitats. When chickens were experimentally exposed to each of the three American

681:

ending in a light nuchal strip, giving them a hooded appearance unlike the capped appearance of adults (some juveniles, unlike adults, may manifest a slim

4398:

Most urban-related mortality for Cooper's hawks is likely to be collisions with manmade objects. These are mostly wire strikes (with or without resulting

8279:

Musculoskeletal underpinnings to differences in killing behavior between North American accipiters (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) and falcons (Falconidae)

3279:

that Cooper's (and also sharp-shinned) hawks were the most efficient avian predators of bats near the cave entrance (rating as more successful than most

11723:

Rosenfield, Robert N.; Sonsthagen, Sarah A.; Riddle-Berntsen, Ann; Kuhel, Evan (2020). "Record fledging count from a seven-egg clutch in Cooper's Hawk (

2704:), is a particular dietary staple of Cooper's hawks, being about the third most widely reported prey species. The flicker was the main prey in northern 8088:. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (SEAFWA), Tallahassee (Vol. 56, pp. 229–238). 7390: 13477: 3841:

and was recorded to have unusually open canopy, at a mean of 55%, and to be in a rather steep sloped area. An unusual nest site in Wisconsin was on a

7024:(R. Glinski, B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Editors). National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 218–227. 6927:

McCrary, J. K., Arendt, W. J., Chavarría, L., López, L. J., Somarriba, P. A., Boudrault, P. O., Cruz, A.L., Muñoz, F.J. & Mackler, D. G. (2009).

4224:

may be found in wild Cooper's hawks, being apparently more prevalent in juvenile hawks and slightly more often afflicting females rather than males.

4028: 3863:, at 58% of 48 nests, and in Pennsylvania, at 78% of 18 studied nests, and the most used tree in a study from Wisconsin as well, at 35% of 82 nests. 3336:, at 13% of 77 prey items, although overall in all areas of the Tucson metropolitan, reptiles constituted a lower 8% of the total 228 prey items. In 2228:), at 107 g (3.8 oz) a larger western cousin of the blue jay, are also regularly selected in various studies, such as all studied areas of 11929:

Anderson, J. F., Andreadis, T. G., Vossbrinck, C. R., Tirrell, S., Wakem, E. M., French, R. A., Garmendia, A.E. & Van Kruiningen, H. J. (1999).

3632:). The only confirmed accipitrid that Cooper's hawk have been known to prey upon is their smaller cousins, the sharp-shinned hawks. However, in the 1672:

Migratory movements in the autumn are generally between late August to mid-October, peaking at the end of September and beginning of October in the

4337:

show slight peaks at intervals of 3 to 4 years, however no dramatic declines have been detected since the 1980s. Following their historic decline,

1669:, evidence has been found of individual Cooper's hawks being annually devoted to the same wintering grounds, presumably due to their high quality. 1421:

More so than breeding habitat, wintering habitat seems to be highly opportunistic. They may be found in any environment with some trees, including

6006:

Size of Fall-Migrant Accipiters from the Goshute Mountains of Nevada (Tamaño de migrantes otoñales (Accipitrinae) de las Montañas Goshute, Nevada)

3899:) were preferred in northwest Oregon (94% of 18 nests) and also in northeast Oregon as well as in British Columbia (34% of 64 nests), often where 3624:

appear to discount this theory, instead linking the overall declines to inadvertent human causes. Cooper's hawk are also counted as a predator of

2173:) are opportunistically hunted by Cooper's hawks. The closest rival to the robin in being most widely taken as prey for Cooper's hawks may be the 964:

species in North America are arguably the most vexing raptor to identify in the continent. The other two species in North America are the smaller

13631: 13394: 1255:. In winter they range regularly throughout the parts of the southern United States where they do not breed, such as all Gulf Coast areas and in 3464:, at 1,190 ha (2,900 acres) for Cooper's and 835 ha (2,060 acres) for the sparrowhawk. However, data shows that in North America, the 9969:

Intraspecific variation in demography and life history of the lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi, along an altitudinal gradient in southeastern Arizona

9956:

Predation cost of conspicuous male coloration in collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): an experimental test using clay‐covered model lizards

8862:

Reproductive success, territory size, and predation pressuresof the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) at Savannas Preserve State Park

3179:), Cooper's hawk's came to locally take significant numbers of both young and adult rats. The first verified predation by a Cooper's hawk on a 6900:

Forcey, J. M. (2001). Breeding of Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Huitzil, Revista Mexicana de Ornitología, 2(2), 21–23.

4095:. Clashes between members of the same sex can be lethal, especially those between two males. Although Cooper's hawks are not known to prey on 710:(83% of males, 63% of females) had dark orange or red eyes (which also manifested at an earlier age in British Columbia) than mature hawks in 655:

bands, though these narrow into marginal shaft streaks around the throat. Against the rich color on the rest of the underside, the pure white

13446: 9052:

Riding the storm out: select demographics of a breeding population of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) following a severe spring snowstorm

7677:

Meehan, T. D., Rosenfield, R. N., Atudorei, V. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Stewart, A. C., Stout, W.E. & Bozek, M. A. (2003).

6103:

Rosenfield, R. N., Rosenfield, L. J., Bielefeldt, J., Murphy, R. K., Stewart, A. C., Stout, W. E., Driscoll, T.G. & Bozek, M. A. (2010).

5623:

Genetic and morphological divergence among Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) populations breeding in north-central and western North America

2929:

are known in the prey spectrum. Even among water birds, nonetheless, a wide diversity may be taken, from the tiny 22.9 g (0.81 oz)

11559:

Does breeding population trajectory and age of nesting females influence disparate nestling sex ratios in two populations of Cooper's hawks?

3025:) were found in studies from New York, Michigan and Wisconsin. The eastern chipmunk appeared to dominate the foods of Cooper's hawks in the 1693:, migration of the sexes differed by 6 days in juvenile, first-year females and males and by 11 days in older females and males. Like other 1665:

do generally migrate south, mostly wintering in Mexico though sometimes covering up to 1,637 km (1,017 mi) to Central America. In

13606: 11957:

Pathologic findings in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) naturally infected with West Nile virus

9425:

Ibarra-Zimbrón, S., Álvarez, G., Mendoza-Martínez, G., Zaragoza-Hernández, C., Tarango-Arámbula, L. A., & Clemente-Sánchez, F. (2001).

13100:

Wheeler, Brian K.., Clark, William S.. A Field Guide to Hawks of North America. United Kingdom: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ISBN 9780395670675

9228:

Greeney, H. F., Meneses, M. R., Hamilton, C. E., Lichter-Marck, E., Mannan, R. W., Snyder, N., Wethington, S.M. & Dyer, L. A. (2015).

6781:

Predatory functional morphology in raptors: interdigital variation in talon size is related to prey restraint and immobilisation technique

3312:, a small sample of road-killed Cooper's hawks showed that small reptiles were more common than birds amongst the stomach contents, with 2708:, at 22.5% of 316 prey items, and in southern Wisconsin, at 22% of 77 prey items. Flickers are common prey elsewhere as well, such as in 2185:

in North America with mean weights when taken of 79 to 82 g (2.8 to 2.9 oz). The starling was the main food for these hawks in

1768:, Cooper's hawk was not among the most regular species, being the 6th most frequently most recorded species. In central and southwestern 8833:

Are Mobbing Calls of Steller's Jays a" Confusion Chorus"?(¿ Son las Llamadas de Tumultos en Cyanocitta stelleri un" Coro de Confusión"?)

2540:

are not hugely significant in Cooper's hawk's foods, but the local effect of the hawks on populations can be considerable. For example,

634:, but can use more open perches, especially in the western part of the range or in winter when they may use leafless or isolated trees, 11217:

Landscape and Site-Level Habitat Characteristics Surrounding Accipiter Nests on Managed Timberlands in the Central Coast Redwood Region

10418:

Commentary: Research recommendations for understanding the decline of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) across much of North America

2078:

sizes, or about 5–37% the weight of males and 8–22% the weight of females, respectively. However, subsequent studies, such as those in

11506:. In Raptor research and management techniques (D. M. Bird and K. L. Bildstein, Editors), Hancock House, Blaine, WA, USA. pp. 351–364. 10961:

The nesting ecology of Cooper's Hawks and Northern Goshawks in the Jemez Mountains, NM: a summary of results, 1984–1988 (Final Report)

2909:

Beyond aforementioned families and orders, other types of birds are taken relatively infrequently. Usually moderate to low numbers of

9401:

Preliminary findings on the foraging ecology of a northern bobwhite predator in North Florida: the Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

8616:

Nesting with an enemy: The abundance and distribution of preferred and secondary prey near nesting Cooper's hawks, Accipiter cooperii

6262:

Body mass of female Cooper's Hawks is unrelated to longevity and breeding dispersal: Implications for the study of breeding dispersal

5682:

Reports of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii), Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni), and Short-tailed Hawks (Buteo brachyurus) in Cuba

4020:) from the nest area. When large quadrupeds walk under the nest, the female may utter a semi-alarm call but does not leave the nest. 2642:), at 119 g (4.2 oz). Mourning doves appear to be hunted regularly in almost any part of the two species' mutual range. In 2569:), even smaller passerines are known to be hunted. The smallest known avian prey species have included the 6.8 g (0.24 oz) 468:

appeared to diversify in the last few million years due to an increase in accessible avian prey. They appear to be a sister genus to

5886:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Stewart, A. C., Murphy, R. K., Grosshuesch, D. A., & Bozek, M. A. (2003).

4375:

may still have considerable effect on this species. Declines due to pollutants are seemingly occurring for Cooper's hawks living in

4303:. Raptorial birds which predominantly prey on either birds or fish were severely affected by the DDT biocide. The concentrations of 3124:

About 20 non-sciurid rodent species may be taken by Coopers hawks but are rarely significant in the foods. Both American species of

1649:

were sedentary (99%), about 6% of the females outside of the urban areas did not remain on their breeding grounds during winter. In

1597:

The distinctive long-tailed, large headed form of Cooper's hawk in flight; short wings, seen when flapping, are also characteristic.

13578: 13345: 13019:

Monitoring and evaluating Golden-winged Warbler use of breeding habitat created by Natural Resources Conservation Service practices

12171:

Identification of Leucocytozoon toddi group (Haemosporida: Leucocytozoidae), with remarks on the species taxonomy of leucocytozoids

6720: 5610:

Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands. Vol. 13, Part I, No. 4: Cathartidae-Acciptridae-Pandionidae-Falconidae

4447:

Logging may decrease some populations but the overall effect it has on Cooper's hawks is generally considered unknown. As with all

1518:) and is generally much more likely to be active in the morning than in the afternoon. These hawks may readily take to conifers to 20: 2269:

ecology by watching out for Cooper's hawks. Numerous other corvids may be hunted, including most overlapping jays, as well as the

13616: 13407: 13083: 11447:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Stewart, A. C., Nenneman, M. P., Murphy, R. K., & Bozek, M. A. (2007).

9008:

Conservation assessment for Cooper's Hawk and the Sharp-shinned Hawk in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming

7643:

Using hydrogen isotope geochemistry to estimate the natal latitudes of immature Cooper's Hawks migrating through the Florida Keys

3565:) and the American kestrel all had lower mean prey masses. Much farther south in Durango, Mexico, while there was overlap in the 758:. The size variation evidenced in Cooper's hawks is apparently the most pronounced of any of the three North American species of 12995:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 12570:

An assessment of exposure and effects of persistent organic pollutants in an urban Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) population

10570:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 10557:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9442:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9206:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 8763:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 2212:

being particularly popular. In Missouri, the most often selected prey (12.7% of 259 prey items) was the 89 g (3.1 oz)

1535:

to drink from (especially in passage). Although a rare behavior, there are now several records of juvenile hawks of the species

5621:

Sonsthagen, S. A., Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Murphy, R. K., Stewart, A. C., Stout, W. E., & Talbot, S. L. (2012).

3954: 2520:). Although not known to be taken profusely in all studied urban locales, house sparrows were the leading prey in a study from 2349:, although prey species were seldom identified, evidence showed that most regularly selected prey were assorted icterids. Even 1680:

in late May. Generally, spring migration is more dispersed and less consistent than fall migration. There is evidence from the

1287:

at times of migration but generally the species is still considered a vagrant rather than a regularly occurring species there.

307:

native to the North American continent and found from southern Canada to Mexico. This species was formerly placed in the genus

8849:

Relationships between Mexican Jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina) and Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) in an Arizona oak savanna

7562:

Male brood provisioning rates provide evidence for inter‐age competition for mates in female Cooper's Hawks Accipiter cooperii

3979:

hawks here. Dates of egg laying and other behaviors were also found to average slightly later than the even further migrating

1960:, Cooper's hawks may make multiple passes on a bush before success and the efforts can take up to 45 minutes. During hunts of 12311:(R. D. Chancellor, Editor), Vienna, Austria. International Council Bird Preservation, Hampshire, United Kingdom. pp. 243–253. 10216: 9165: 7954:

Smith, J. P., Farmer, C. J., Hoffman, S. W., Lott, C. A., Goodrich, L. J., Simon, J., Riley, C. & Inzunza, E. R. (2008).

6337: 5498: 4841: 2561:

Cooper's hawks are various warblers (presumably taken mainly by male hawks), down to the size of the 7 g (0.25 oz)

2504:). During harsh late winter weather in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were recorded to eke out an existence living largely off of 1924:. During hunts, these hawks may suddenly alight when detecting an available mammal. Sometimes, Cooper's hawks will engage in 13412: 13075: 4606: 2873:), weighing an estimated mean of 619 g (1.365 lb) when taken, are not infrequently exploited as prey, while adult 1645:

and the southeastern United States both (largely) south of the typical migratory range. While females in the urban areas of

1355:

of once continuous woodland areas. Adaptability to forest fragmentation has also been reported in other parts of the range.

13472: 1300: 570:

acting as a natural barrier to gene flow between hawks on either side while breeding. Several of the other similar largish

495:, with various clades divisions outside traditional subfamily lines, with even the sharp-shinned hawk-like and aptly named 11337:

Distributional Status of Falconiformes in West Central Arizona with Notes on Ecology, Reproductive Success, and Management

8191:

Potier, S., Duriez, O., Cunningham, G. B., Bonhomme, V., O'Rourke, C., Fernández-Juricic, E., & Bonadonna, F. (2018).

5715: 5563:

Genetic confirmation of a natural hybrid between a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and a Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperii)

4415:

away from these areas (the 5th most frequently translocated raptor species). A similar translocation effort away from the

3769: 13621: 12609:

Blood-lead and ALAD activity levels of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) migrating through the southern Rocky Mountains

11557:

Rosenfield, R. N., Stout, W. E., Giovanni, M. D., Levine, N. H., Cava, J. A., Hardin, M. G., & Haynes, T. G. (2015).

1124: 13368: 11994:

Pinkerton, M. E., Wellehan Jr, J. F., Johnson, A. J., Childress, A. J., Fitzgerald, S. D., & Kinsel, M. J. (2008).

10304:

Bloom, Peter, Henckel, J., Henckel, E., Schmutz, J., Woodbridge, B., Bryan, J., Anderson, R. & Detrich, P. (1992).

10103:

Nest sites and habitat selected by Cooper's hawks, Accipiter cooperii, in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York

9748:

Age differences in the response of California ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) to avian and mammalian predators

7641:

Meehan, T. D., Lott, C. A., Sharp, Z. D., Smith, R. B., Rosenfield, R. N., Stewart, A. C., & Murphy, R. K. (2001).

5861: 3994:

Clutch sizes fell historically from a mean of 3.5 (1929–1945) to 3.1 (1946–1948) and 2.7 (1949–1967) during the use of

3838: 2548:) in California suffered a 76% rate of nest predation, among which Cooper's hawks were a considerable contributor, and 647:

conspicuous white tip. The adult's underside shows a bit of whitish base color overlaid heavily with coarse, irregular

12140:

Sehgal, R. N., Hull, A. C., Anderson, N. L., Valkiūnas, G., Markovets, M. J., Kawamura, S., & Tell, L. A. (2006).

13065: 9191:

Nest-site selection of Cooper's hawks in urban environments and the effects of trichomoniasis on reproductive success

4420: 2881:), estimated to weigh 1,050 g (2.31 lb) when taken have also been known to be taken repeatedly. Adult male 1721:, and so are capable of crossing larger than usual bodies of water. It is thought that Cooper's hawks also avoid the 12062:

Gerhold, R. W., Yabsley, M. J., Smith, A. J., Ostergaard, E., Mannan, W., Cann, J. D., & Fischer, J. R. (2008).

11113:

The status of Merlin and Cooper's Hawk populations on the Little Missouri National Grassland in western North Dakota

11111:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Murphy, R. K., Bozek, M. A., & Grosshuesch, D. A. (2002).

10434:

Ectoparasites of American Kestrels in northwestern New Jersey and their relationship to nestling growth and survival

10387:

Suspected predation by accipiters on radio-tracked American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in eastern Pennsylvania, USA

9611:, version 1.0. In Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 6830:

Ridgely, R. S., Allnutt, T. F., Brooks, T., McNicol, D. K., Mehlman, D. W., Young, B. E., & Zook, J. R. (2003).

5277:), version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 13626: 13524: 13451: 13017:

Aldinger, K. R., Bakermans, M. H., Larkin, J. L., Lehman, J., McNeil, D. J., Tisdale, A., & Fearer, T. (2015).

12915:

Why are American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) populations declining in North America? Evidence from nest-box programs

12750:

Loss of Cooper's Hawk Nesting Habitat to Suburban Development: Inadequate Protection for a State-Endangered Species

12305:

Population trend indices based on 40 years of autumn counts at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in northeastern Pennsylvania

11773:

Microsatellite markers suggest high genetic diversity in an urban population of Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

11641:

Briggs, C. W., Hull, A. C., Hull, J. M., Harley, J. A., Bloom, P. H., Rosenfield, R. N., & Fish, A. M. (2020).

10518:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9598:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9078:

Nest predators, nest-site selection, and nesting success of the Dusky Flycatcher in a managed ponderosa pine forest

8776:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 7941:

Smith, J. P., Farmer, C. J., Hoffman, S. W., Kaltenecker, G. S., Woodruff, K. Z., & Sherrington, P. F. (2008).

7213:

Comparable reproductive success at conifer plantation and non-plantation nest sites for Cooper's Hawks in Wisconsin

4282:

which human hunters themselves coveted. Furthermore, even ornithological writings from these times reveal a strong

3340:, reptiles were a pronounced part of Cooper's hawk diet. Here, the most frequently identified prey species was the 11520:

Factors Influencing Nest Site Defense Toward Humans by Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in the Albuquerque Area

2512:). In modern terms, certainly the most commonly taken small bird would be the non-native, 29 g (1.0 oz) 762:. However, Cooper's hawks are one of an estimated 25% of studied bird species that do not appear to correspond to 321:

tend to be larger on average than the birds found to the west. It is easily confused with the smaller but similar

13332: 10047:

Ecological relationships of accipiters in northern Utah-with special emphasis on the effects of human disturbance

7147:

Ecological relationships of accipiters in northern Utah-with special emphasis on the effects of human disturbance

4108: 2157:) food studies, 24.5% of 1057 prey items. The robin is regularly hunted in all seasons due to its commonality in 384: 13034:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 11670:

Millsap, B. A., Madden, K., Murphy, R. K., Brennan, M., Pagel, J. E., Campbell, D., & Roemer, G. W. (2019).

10449:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9468:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9455:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 8890:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 5317: 4594: 2630:

family. Especially for those living in urban areas, Cooper's hawks have seemed to take to living heavily off of

1413: 1319:

but also in many parts of the west. The species can habituate favorably while breeding to various kinds of open

12075:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Taft, S. J., Murphy, R. K., & Stewart, A. C. (2002).

11918:

Morbidity and mortality in free-living raptorial birds of northern California: a retrospective study, 1983–1994

7355:

Mannan, R. W., Boal, C. W., Burroughs, W. J., Dawson, J. W., Estabrook, T. S., & Richardson, W. S. (2000).

4363:

has been indicated in some hawks in British Columbia and recently some hawks have been killed by the pesticide

3424:

native to North America. Little distinguishes outright the distribution, habitat, ecology and prey spectrum of

3276: 3066: 3058: 12665:

Managing raptor-aircraft collisions on a grand scale: summary of a Wildlife Services raptor relocation program

12528:

History, nesting biology, and predation ecology of raptors in the Missouri Coteau of northwestern North Dakota

11672:

Demographic consequences of sexual differences in age at first breeding in Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

6072:

Trends in geographic variation of Cooper's hawk and northern goshawk in North America: a multivariate analysis

4582: 2064:

Cooper's hawk may consume well over 300 prey species from across the range. This predator is known to consume

1402:(60% of trees used as nests). This species often prefers fairly mature forest, i.e. in two different areas of 606:

for the Gundlach's and data has indicated fairly recent colonization and hybridization between the two hawks.

13246: 7943:

Trends in autumn counts of migratory raptors in western North America. State of North America's birds of prey

7415:

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (SEAFWA)

5888:

Comparative relationships among eye color, age, and sex in three North American populations of Cooper's Hawks

3341: 1952:

by pursuing on the ground, half-running, half-flying. Other on-foot hunting efforts, especially when chasing

443: 337: 9772:

Schauffert, C. A., Koprowski, J. L., Greer, V. L., Alanen, M. I., Hutton, K. A., & Young, P. J. (2002).

9133:‘Chick-a-dee’calls of Carolina chickadees convey information about degree of threat posed by avian predators 7385: 6260:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Haynes, T. G., Hardin, M. G., Glassen, F. J., & Booms, T. L. (2016).

4311:, averaging at intermediate levels in Cooper's (0.11 mg/kg) but could include the highest known in the 3569:

of prey selected by Cooper's hawks with the other studied raptor species, American kestrels, red-tailed and

2961:) are sometimes tackled by these hawks. Particularly frequency was recorded of 312.7 g (11.03 oz) 2133:) appears to be the most widely reported prey species. Robins were the leading prey species in northwestern 1259:. Wintering Cooper's hawks are common through essentially all parts of Mexico, becoming less regular around 1041:

form overall. Adult goshawks also have broad supercilia, pale gray color on the underside and a much darker

13636: 13217: 13208: 11306:

Are life history events of a northern breeding population of Cooper's Hawks influenced by changing climate?

9243:

Bluebirds perceive prey switching by Cooper's hawks across an urban gradient and adjust reproductive effort

7344:

Colonization, growth, and density of a pioneer Cooper’s Hawk population in a large metropolitan environment

6294: 2749: 1793: 910:, apparently this call is more prevalent in pairs using thicker woods. Infrequently, females may utter the 447: 13464: 13373: 12541:

Prey abundance and urbanization influence the establishment of avian predators in a metropolitan landscape

12090:

Low prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in urban and migratory Cooper's Hawks in northcentral North America

11786:

Comment: comparative breeding ecology of Cooper's hawks in urban vs. exurban areas of southeastern Arizona

8664: 5561:

Haughey, C. L., Nelson, A., Napier, P., Rosenfield, R. N., Sonsthagen, S. A., & Talbot, S. L. (2019).

4427:, with studies indicating that Cooper's need about seven years to locally recover from such displacement. 2068:

prey almost exclusively. Often smallish or medium-sized birds are the preferred food, but also many small

787:(11.5 oz) in males (sample size 60) and 580.3 g (1.279 lb) in females (sample size 57). At 464:, with nearly 50 recognized species, and is also the most diverse of all diurnal raptor genera. The genus 13280: 13117: 12539:

McCabe, J. D., Yin, H., Cruz, J., Radeloff, V., Pidgeon, A., Bonter, D. N., & Zuckerberg, B. (2018).

12322:

Migration counts of raptors at Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, as indicators of population trends, 1934–1986

7903:

Mueller, H. C., & Berger, D. D. (1961). Weather and fall migration of hawks at Cedar Grove, Wisconsin

7663:

Female recruitment in an urban subpopulation of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in central New Mexico

3517: 3256: 1498: 13285: 12088:

Rosenfield, R. N., Taft, S. J., Stout, W. E., Driscoll, T. G., Evans, D. L., & Bozek, M. A. (2009).

11955:

Wiinschmann, A., Shivers, J., Bender, J., Carroll, L., Fuller, S., Saggese, M., & Redig, P. (2004).

11189:

Campbell, R. W., Dawe, N.K. McTaggart-Cowan, I., Cooper, J.M. Kaiser, G.W. & McNall, M.C.E. (1990).

10404:. Encyclopedia of Earth, U.S. National Council for Science and the Environment, Ed-in-chief C. Cleveland 10034:

Nesting habitat of Accipiter hawks: is body size a consistent predictor of nest habitat characteristics?

9427:

Morfología y dieta del gavilán de Cooper (Accipiter cooperii) en la región noroeste del Estado de México

8180:

Spatial ecology of wintering Accipiter Hawks: Home range, habitat use, and the influence of bird feeders

5372:

American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of Birds Inhabiting the United States, Not Given By Wilson

953: 12142:

Evidence for cryptic speciation of Leucocytozoon spp.(Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae) in diurnal raptors

12049:

Taylor, M. J., Mannan, R. W., U’Ren, J. M., Garber, N. P., Gallery, R. E., & Arnold, A. E. (2019).

11970:

Variation of West Nile virus antibody prevalence in migrating and wintering hawks in central California

7501:

Correlations of flight-muscle size and body mass in Cooper's Hawk: a natural analogue of power training

5575: 4833: 3633: 3249: 3097:

are widely taken but secondary prey for Cooper's hawks. The smallish, roughly 200 g (7.1 oz)

3078: 3073:) were the second most common prey species in a study from Wisconsin and also important in the diet in 2525: 2146: 1296: 747: 657: 11942:

Stout, W. E., Cassini, A. G., Meece, J. K., Papp, J. M., Rosenfield, R. N., & Reed, K. D. (2005).

11407:

Conservation committee report. Falconry: Effects on raptor populations and management in North America

7892:

The Delaware bayshore of New Jersey: a raptor migration and wintering site of hemispheric significance

7692:

Wintering location of a Wisconsin Cooper's Hawk and impact of digital photography on wildlife research

5457:

Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

4669: 4432:

York City has seen (if erratically present) since the late 1990s, a return of nesting Cooper's hawks.

1576:

by various birds and some mammals, with good cause, but evidence shows that even main prey types like

1429:. In Central America, wintering Cooper's hawks have been recorded in unusual habitats such as stunted 1010:

flatter wings (although again variations in the field make these characteristics far from foolproof).

13529: 13259: 13051: 12815:

A profile of falconers in the United States: Falconry practices, attitudes and conservation behaviors

12502:

Partners in flight landbird conservation plan: 2016 revision for Canada and continental United States

10145:

Food-niche relationships and guild structure of diurnal birds of prey: competition versus opportunism

7764:

Mueller, H. C., Mueller, N. S., Berger, D. D., Allez, G., Robichaud, W., & Kaspar, J. L. (2000).

5662:(E. Mayr and G. W. Cottrell, Editors. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA. pp. 271–425. 5424:

Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG‐1 exon

4241: 4175:(rarely fatal in hawks but can compromise their condition). 91% of 47 tested adults in Wisconsin had 3779: 3357: 2549: 2533: 2322: 2249: 1773: 1573: 1510:

in all respects. This species tends to be active earlier in the morning than sharp-shinned hawks and

454:, hen hawk, Mexican hawk, quail hawk, striker and swift hawk. Cooper's hawk is a member of the genus 13021:. Conservation Effects Assessment Program Final Report, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 12678:

Sunshine, Beaches, and Birds: Managing Raptor-Aircraft Collisions at Airports in Southern California

12103:

Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in Nestling Cooper's Hawks among Three North American Populations

12077:

Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in nestling Cooper's Hawks among three North American populations

11353:

Cooper's Hawks, Accipiter cooperii, successfully nest at high densities in the northern Great Plains

11204:

Forest structural characteristics of accipiter nesting habitat: Is there an allometric relationship?

10445:

Warkentin, I. G., N. S. Sodhi, R. H. M. Espie, A. F. Poole, L. W. Oliphant, and P. C. James (2005).

9943:

Empirical evidence of non-correlation between tail loss frequency and predation intensity on lizards

5698:

Nesting, Voice, Status, and Relationships of the Endemic Cuban Gundlach's Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi)

3732:). Medium to large-sized owls are sometimes also prey for Cooper's hawks have been known to include 1437:. In most parts of the range, Cooper's hawks have shown to be somewhat adaptive to all gradients of 13459: 13138: 11996:

Columbid herpesvirus-1 in two Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) with fatal inclusion body disease

11916:

Morishita, T. Y., Fullerton, A. T., Lowenstine, L. J., Gardner, I. A., & Brooks, D. L. (1998).

9637:

Overlap in the diets of diurnal raptors breeding at the Michilia Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico

7969:

Migrant raptor habitat use along the Kittatinny Ridge: a critical corridor for eastern flyway birds

5366: 4547:) (Cooper's being identified as one three major nest predators along with blue jays and raccoons), 4215: 4161: 3026: 2754: 1457:

is usually preferred in such areas when nesting. The cities provide plenty of prey species such as

1152: 741:

species are among the most sexually dimorphic in size of all raptorial birds. Sexual dimorphism in

428: 333: 253: 13438: 13133: 10646:

Two records of female Cooper's Hawks courting two different males in neighboring urban territories

10490:

Flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the United States: A technical conservation assessment

6471:

Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation

544:

and was thought to indicate a northward expansion of Cooper's range into historic goshawk haunts.

141: 12236:

Prevalence of Sarcocysts in the Muscles of Raptors from a Rehabilitation Center in North Carolina

11491:

Reproductive investment and anti-predator behavior in Cooper's Hawks during the pre-laying period

11193:. Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC, Canada. 9774:

Interactions between predators and Mt. Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis)

4504: 4320:

shows that Cooper's hawk has recovered from DDT more gradually than the sharp-shinned hawk here.

4317: 4115:). Hunting accidents can frequently cause injury, especially in the form of potentially hobbling 3460:

Cooper's hawk has a mean home range size that was comparable to the roughly half as large-bodied

3412:

Other raptors can be intolerant of sharing resources with Cooper's hawks, the likely reason this

3313: 3292: 3225: 2432:(nearly 30 species each) are known to be taken by Cooper's hawks. A lower diversity are taken of 1563:(rather than hunting) behavior. Cooper's hawks have been recorded as engaging in an exaggerated, 58: 13503: 13057: 11771:

Morinha, F., Ramos, P. S., Gomes, S., Mannan, R. W., Guedes-Pinto, H., & Bastos, E. (2016).

11760:

Survival rates and lifetime reproduction of breeding male Cooper's Hawks in Wisconsin, 1980–2005

11275:

Rodewald, P. G., Shumar, M. B., Boone, A. T., Slager, D. L., & McCormac, J. (Eds.). (2016).

10974:

Niche overlap of two sympatric-nesting hawks Accipiter spp. in the New Jersey–New York Highlands

10542:

Status of the Vancouver Island Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma swarthi) in British Columbia

9023:. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1517), 799–803. 6359:

Rosenfield, R. N., Stewart, A. C., Stout, W. E., Sonsthagen, S. A., & Frater, P. N. (2020).

2893:

estimated to weigh up to 1,158 g (2.553 lb) can be preyed upon by Cooper's hawks. One

2753:

with the study showing that the most regular predators of such nests were various mammals (from

395:

in the 20th century. Despite declines due to manmade causes, the bird remains a stable species.

13399: 13267: 13170: 12064:

Molecular characterization of the Trichomonas gallinae morphologic complex in the United States

11758:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Booms, T. L., & Bozek, M. A. (2009).

9367:

Cox, S. A., Guthery, F. S., Lusk, J. J., Peoples, A. D., DeMaso, S. J., & Sams, M. (2005).

8948:. In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world (pp. 365–381). Springer, Boston, MA. 8820:

Role of helpers in the sentinel behaviour of the Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens)

8465:

Hunting behavior and diet of Cooper's hawks: an urban view of the small-bird-in-winter paradigm

4564: 4512: 4100: 3911:) were preferred in eastern Oregon (53% of 15 nests) as well as in New Mexico. In the enormous 3365: 3158:

and non-native rodents may all be prey occasionally, although most species of these are fairly

3034: 2721: 1765: 1539:

wherein they lie on their backs along a branch (or rarely the ground), apparently as a form of

1026: 783: 432: 42: 13425: 12802:

Determination of Tucson, Arizona as an Ecological Trap for Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

12387:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons and shell thinning in eggs of (Accipiter) hawks in Ontario, 1986–1989

11643:

Natal Dispersal Distance and Population Origins of Migrant Red-Tailed Hawks and Cooper's Hawks

11032:

Age-specific productivity and nest site characteristics of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

10306:

The dho-gaza with great horned owl lure: an analysis of its effectiveness in capturing raptors

9542:

Yeldell, N. A., Cohen, B. S., Little, A. R., Collier, B. A., & Chamberlain, M. J. (2017).

8162:

Predation of birds at feeders in winter (Depredación de Aves en Comederos Durante el Invierno)

6848:

Sauer, J. R., Link, W. A., Fallon, J. E., Pardieck, K. L., & Ziolkowski Jr, D. J. (2013).

6325: 5735: 5641:

Breman, F. C., Jordaens, K., Sonet, G., Nagy, Z. T., Van Houdt, J., & Louette, M. (2013).

5488: 3408: 2528:(although were outnumbered by robins in prey remains) and reportedly were the leading prey in 2236:, where it was the second most regularly selected of prey species at 11.7% of 316 prey items. 1271:, where the species is considered "infrequent but regular" as well as in central and southern 13498: 11396:. US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of Interior, Washington, DC, USA (pp. 229–250). 9383:

Terhune, T. M., Sisson, D. C., Palmer, W. E., Stribling, H. L., & Carroll, J. P. (2008).

8807:

Context of blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) mimicking Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) cackle

4548: 4520: 4412: 3725: 3701: 3677: 3498: 3477:

of Arizona. There was some diet overlap in preferred prey for Cooper's hawks with both other

3349: 3155: 3106: 3098: 2713: 2678:, again the mourning dove leads the prey selection, accounting for 16.5% of 1100 prey items. 2270: 1673: 1465:

of bird for Cooper's hawk to prey on. Evidence from a well-studied population in the city of

1352: 1148: 383:

depending on conditions. Breeding attempts may be compromised by poor weather, predators and

236: 66: 13490: 12763:

Effects of harvesting ponderosa pine on birds in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming

10715:

Mannan, R. W., Mannan, R. N., Schmidt, C. A., Estes-Zumpf, W. A., & Boal, C. W. (2007).

10416:

McClure, C. J., Schulwitz, S. E., Van Buskirk, R., Pauli, B. P., & Heath, J. A. (2017).

8988:

Nesting synchrony by female red‐winged blackbirds: effects on predation and breeding success

2193:, at 56.5% of 57 prey items, and taken in large but somewhat secondary numbers in Missouri, 13272: 13233: 13228: 12954:

Raptor community composition in the Texas Southern High Plains lesser prairie‐chicken range

10906:. Paper read at Proc. western raptor management symposium and workshop, at Washington, D.C. 10659:

Polygyny leads to disproportionate recruitment in urban Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

9995:

Weight-length relationships in thirteen species of snakes in the southeastern United States

9735:

Alarm calling behavior of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

9278:

Notes on breeding sharp-shinned hawks and Cooper's hawks in Barnwell County, South Carolina

9034:

Singing in the shade: song and song posts of northern cardinals near nesting Cooper’s hawks

8794:

Reproductive strategies of Northern Goshawks and Cooper's Hawks in north-central New Mexico

8772:

Heckscher, C. M., L. R. Bevier, A. F. Poole, W. Moskoff, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2017).

8136:

Examining seasonal patterns of space use to gauge how an accipiter responds to urbanization

7575:

The adrenocortical stress response in three North American accipiters during fall migration

4403: 4338: 4330: 4124: 3621: 3617: 3546: 3522: 3474: 3461: 2663: 2578: 2473: 2330: 2286: 2237: 2190: 2170: 2150: 2033: 1821: 1638: 1511: 1479: 1371: 1363: 1144: 821: 693: 537: 533: 521: 11905:

Incidence of naturally-healed fractures in the pectoral bones of North American accipiters

11000:

Unusual Timing of Alternative Nest Building by an Urban Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

10763:

Life-History Trade-Offs of Breeding in One-Year-Old Male Cooper's Hawks Accipiter cooperii

10699:

Rosenfield, R. N., Hardin, M. G., Taylor, J., Sobolik, L. E., & Frater, P. N. (2019).

8352:

Behavior of a brood of post-fledging Cooper's Hawks: non-independence of sibling movements

7811:

Differential autumn migration of Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks in western North America

5526:

Brodkorb, P. (1964). Catalogue of fossil birds: Part 2 (Anseriformes through Galliformes).

5470:

Reflections on the systematics of Accipiter and the genus for Falco superciliosus Linnaeus

4387:

can sometimes threaten Cooper's hawks, through lead bullets left in dead or injured game.

1179:

and all but inland northwestern Mexico. Their Mexican breeding range consists of northern

1013: 97: 8: 12051:

Age-related variation in the oral microbiome of urban Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

11968:

Hull, J., Ernest, H., Hull, J., Hull, A., Reisen, W., Fang, Y., & Ernest, H. (2006).

11814:. Version 2016.1. Laurel, MD: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Bird Banding Laboratory. 10761:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Booms, T. L., Cava, J. A., & Bozek, M. A. (2013).

10385:

Farmer, G. C., McCarty, K., Robertson, S., Robertson, B., & Bildstein, K. L. (2006).

9021:

Synergistic effects of food and predators on annual reproductive success in song sparrows

8638:

Introduced species dominate the diet of breeding urban Cooper's Hawks in British Columbia

7247:

Habitat management guidelines for Ontario's forests nesting accipiters, buteos and eagles

5273:

Rosenfield, R. N., K. K. Madden, J. Bielefeldt & Curtis, O.E. (2019). Cooper's Hawk (

4394:

A high risk of wire collision is present for Cooper's hawks dwelling in urban vicinities.

3963: 3669: 3661: 3637: 3534: 3373: 3201: 2997: 2882: 2806: 2758: 2741: 2562: 2278: 2245: 2166: 2008:

it. Subsequent to the preys' demise, they may eat the victim head first, followed by the

1784:. Cooper's hawk was the 7th most often recorded raptor at four migration sites along the 1662: 1658: 1642: 1602: 1540: 1100: 935:, heard especially in poorer food areas, when the male appears. Nonetheless, the females 424: 106: 54: 13360: 13123: 12556:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report no. 238, Washington, DC, USA. 11981:

Foss, L., Padgett, K., Reisen, W. K., Kjemtrup, A., Ogawa, J., & Kramer, V. (2015).

10087:

Comparison of nesting habitat of coexisting Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks in Missouri

9816:

Songbird populations in fluctuating environments: predator responses to pulsed resources

9217:

Proximity to active accipiter nests reduces nest predation of Black-chinned Hummingbirds

9120:

Allometry of alarm calls: black-capped chickadees encode information about predator size

7737:

Banding Reveals Potential Northward Migration of Cooper's Hawks from Southern California

7331:

Field studies of the Falconiformes of British Columbia: vultures, hawks, falcons, eagles

6968:

A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. second edition

6850:

The North American breeding bird survey 1966–2011: summary analysis and species accounts

6732: 4646: 3608:). Less is known about the range of nest predators. Among all known predators, only the 3041:) but Cooper's hawks may take chipmunks down to the size of the 48 g (1.7 oz) 2853:)) are known to fall prey occasionally to Cooper's hawks. These include assorted native 13293: 13047: 12221:

Lindsay, D. S., Verma, S. K., Scott, D., Dubey, J. P., & von Dohlen, A. R. (2017).

12012:

Seroprevalence of avian pox and Mycoplasma gallisepticum in raptors in central Illinois

11931:

Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut

7601:

Responses of Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) to raptors that differ in predatory threat

5747: 3984: 3884: 3804: 3693: 3486: 3425: 3263:

reported. Cooper's hawks are considered a potential predator of the smaller species of

3217: 2354: 2154: 2142: 2113: 1654: 1626: 1304: 1216: 1064: 1022: 965: 766:(i.e. being larger where living farther north) instead varying in size much more so by 763: 595: 525: 451: 450:) in New York City. Other common names have been known to include the big blue darter, 322: 136: 62: 48: 12129:

Avian hematozoa of adult and nestling Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Wisconsin

10888:

STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF COOPER'S HAWKS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

10730:

Perennial pair bonds in an Accipiter: a behavioral response to an urbanized landscape?

8901:

Mobbing Black-billed Magpie, Pica hudsonia killed by Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii

8694:

Observations of Nest Predation by Cooper's hawks on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

8535:

Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding

7779:

Climate variability and the timing of spring raptor migration in eastern North America

5385: 3773:

A breeding pair of Cooper's hawks, consisting of an adult male and an immature female.

3636:, Cooper's hawks was counted among the potential, but not yet confirmed, predators of 2329:

are known to be hunted by Cooper's hawks as well. Common, widespread icterids such as

13485: 13306: 13061: 12967:

actors affecting breeding season survival of red-headed woodpeckers in South Carolina

12294:(J. J. Hickey, Editor). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 232–332. 12114:

Lamberski, N., Hull, A. C., Fish, A. M., Beckmen, K., & Morishita, T. Y. (2003).

11711:

Distribution, density, and productivity of three species of accipiter hawks in Oregon

11240:(J. J. Hickey, Editor). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 356–359. 11165:

Habitats used for nesting by Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in southern Illinois

11048:

Habitat characteristics of Cooper's Hawks and Northern Goshawks nesting in New Mexico

10212: 9842:

Survival and predation of weasels (Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata) in North America

9354:

Cox, S. A., Peoples, A. D., DeMaso, S. J., Lusk, J. J., & Guthery, F. S. (2004).

9161: 7721:

Breeding grounds, winter ranges, and migratory routes of raptors in the mountain west

7679:

Variation in hydrogen stable-isotope ratios between adult and nestling Cooper's Hawks

7018:

Habitat characteristics of Cooper's Hawks and Northern Goshawks nesting in New Mexico

6754: 6333: 5923:

Breeding chronology, molt, and measurements of Accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon

5857: 5494: 4837: 4532: 4416: 4054: 3872: 3787: 3542: 3434: 3321: 3197: 3054: 2986: 2982: 2822: 2794: 2655: 2541: 2537: 2465: 2433: 2429: 2389: 2306: 1949: 1938: 1862:, females were nearly nomadic, wandering anywhere where food could be accessed (i.e. 1757: 1753: 1666: 1610: 1552: 1522:, generally sleeping with their heads tucked in. During daylight hours, they tend to 1454: 1387: 1332: 1188: 1092: 796: 733: 665: 318: 13542: 11841:

Survival and causes of mortality in wintering Sharp-shinned Hawks and Cooper's Hawks

11178:

Nest site characteristics of three coexisting accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon

10717:

Influence of natal experience on nest‐site selection by urban‐nesting Cooper's hawks

9661:

Thorington Jr, R. W., Koprowski, J. L., Steele, M. A., & Whatton, J. F. (2012).

5370: 4390: 2781:

Certainly the most controversial aspect of Cooper's hawks are their predations upon

618:

Adults may be either brown-grey or blue-grey above, with a distinctive, sizable head

375:

Like most related hawks, Cooper's hawks prefer to nest in tall trees with extensive

13569: 13311: 13152: 11405:

Braun, C. E., Enderson, J. H., Henny, C. J., Meng, H., & Nye Jr, A. G. (1977).

10581:

The biology and current status of the long-eared owl in coastal southern California

9867: 9761:

Red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, produce predator-class specific alarm calls

7454:

Avian use of desert wildlife water developments as determined by remote videography

6495:

Feeding behavior of Cooper's Hawks at urban and rural nests in southeastern Arizona

6174:

Sex determination of three raptor species using morphology and molecular techniques

5579: 5375:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey. pp. 1–11, Plate 10 fig 1. 4664: 4556: 4500: 4487: 4192: 4128: 3959: 3942: 3916: 3903:

parasitizes the tree (64% of 31 in the overall state of Oregon were on mistletoe).

3589: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3538: 3482: 3430: 3413: 3288: 3018: 2946: 2838: 2810: 2802: 2733: 2709: 2697: 2586: 2445: 2425: 2266: 2221: 2186: 2182: 2121: 2041: 1811: 1737: 1650: 1475: 1462: 1438: 1128: 997: 973: 814: 703: 631: 483: 376: 10399: 9787:

Potential Predators of Chiricahua Fox Squirrels (Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae)

9544:

Nest site selection and nest survival of eastern wild turkeys in a pyric landscape

6282:

Comparative morphology among three northern populations of breeding Cooper's Hawks

2626:

Outside of passerines, almost certainly the most important avian prey type is the

2149:, at 34.6% of 2896 prey items and prominent but ranked second also in California ( 2040:

of hawks in Wisconsin were seen to hunt in sibling groups of 2–4, mainly pursuing

1820:

hawks do form loose flocks. 96.3% of 806 observed Cooper's hawk seen migrating in

1347:. In fact, some authors felt the species increased locally in wooded parts of the 923:, which by the time they are fledgling young alters to a penetrating hunger call, 13516: 13337: 13298: 12583:

A retrospective study of morbidity and mortality of raptors in Florida: 1988–1994

11588:

Identifying habitat sinks: a case study of Cooper’s hawks in an urban environment

7956:

Trends in autumn counts of migratory raptors around the Gulf of Mexico, 1995–2005

7917:

Monitoring raptors during autumn migration in southwestern and southcentral Idaho

7394: 7211:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Sonsthagen, S. A., & Booms, T. L. (2000).

5537:

Two prehistoric puebloan avifaunas from the Pecos Valley, southeastern New Mexico

4524: 4470: 4461: 4368: 4279: 4236: 4230: 4120: 3967: 3904: 3653: 3566: 3530: 3444: 3284: 3241: 3125: 3050: 2978: 2930: 2918: 2890: 2846: 2830: 2786: 2774: 2696:. A rather numerous and widely distributed species, the 132 g (4.7 oz) 2489: 2453: 2376: 2248:

studies as well. Blue jays and other related species are among the most diligent

2200:

Somewhat over 60% of the bird species known in Cooper's hawks' prey spectrum are

2174: 2104: 2009: 1993: 1953: 1863: 1806:

is not typically engaged in by raptors who migrate using powered flight, such as

1690: 1523: 1442: 1348: 1180: 805: 729: 583: 575: 567: 477: 193: 12734:

First nesting of Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in New York City since 1955

12474:(C. J. Ralph and J. M. Scott, Editors). Studies in Avian Biology 6. pp. 235–246. 11944:

Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in three wild raptor populations

11889:

Frequency of injuries in three raptor species wintering in northeastern Arkansas

10670:

Rosenfield, R. N., Sonsthagen, S. A., Stout, W. E., & Talbot, S. L. (2015).

10458:

Coulson, J. O., Coulson, T. D., DeFrancesch, S. A., & Sherry, T. W. (2008).

9803:

Cooper's Hawk Feeding on Barred Owl and Norway Rat in Victoria, British Columbia

9230:

Trait-mediated trophic cascade creates enemy-free space for nesting hummingbirds

9091:

Predator vocalizations alter parental return time at nests of the Hooded Warbler

7361:

Raptors at risk: proceedings of the V world conference on birds of prey and owls

6942:

Lista de aves de Costa Rica. Elaborada por la Unión de Ornitólogos de Costa Rica

6929:

A contribution to Nicaraguan ornithology, with a focus on the pine-oak ecoregion

5422:

Griffiths, C. S., Barrowclough, G. F., Groth, J. G., & Mertz, L. A. (2007).

4127:

have been recorded at least twice in Cooper's hawks. Cooper's hawks, along with

3093:), both averaging over 600 g (1.3 lb) in adults, albeit infrequently. 1593: 1519: 442:. The specific epithet and the common name were chosen to honour the naturalist 13611: 10672:

High frequency of extra‐pair paternity in an urban population of Cooper's Hawks

10328:

Stout, W. & Rosenfield, R. & Holton, W.G. & Bielefeldt, J. (2006).

10280:

Effects of supplemental food on size and survival of juvenile Northern Goshawks

10202: 10129:

Determinants of predation risk in small wintering birds: the hawk’s perspective

9356:

Survival and cause‐specific mortality of northern bobwhites in western Oklahoma

8382:

Food habits of nesting Cooper's hawks and goshawks in New York and Pennsylvania

8334:

Predatory behavior and diet of wintering male Cooper's Hawks in a rural habitat

8086:

Cooper's Hawk non-breeding habitat use and home range in southwestern Tennessee

7795:

Differential migration in five species of raptors in central coastal California

7793:

Hull, J. M., Pitzer, S., Fish, A. M., Ernest, H. B., & Hull, A. C. (2012).

7428:

Temporal activity patterns of predators and prey across broad geographic scales

7411:

Cooper's Hawk non-breeding habitat use and home range in southwestern Tennessee

7363:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany (pp. 447–453). 7229:

Comparative nest site habitats in Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin

7035:

Thirty years of post-fire succession in a southern boreal forest bird community

4475: 4435: 4384: 4343: 4334: 4304: 4288: 4225: 4146: 4132: 4096: 4092: 4063: 3958:

The second row shows the unmarked eggs of Cooper's hawks, compared to those of

3864: 3733: 3494: 3042: 2729: 2397: 2338: 2126: 2057: 1973: 1798: 1726: 1706: 1685: 1606: 1568: 1560: 1536: 1052: 788: 579: 503:) appearing to cluster outside of the genus nearer very dissimilar genera like 469: 392: 12721:

Population trends of raptors admitted to the Illinois Raptor Center, 1995–2005

12708:

Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: modifications due to human-induced stress

11572:

Demography and metapopulation dynamics of an urban Cooper's Hawk subpopulation

10946:

Chiang, S. N., Bloom, P. H., Bartuszevige, A. M., & Thomas, S. E. (2012).

9854:

Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "

9505:

Blue grouse nesting parameters and habitat associations in northeastern Oregon

7573:

Rogers, H. M., Bechard, M. J., Kaltenecker, G. S., & Dufty, A. M. (2010).

7227:

Trexel, D. R., Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., & Jacobs, E. A. (1999).

7062:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Anderson, R. K., & Papp, J. M. (1991).

6676:

Manual for the identification of the birds of Minnesota and neighboring states

6589:

The Cooper's Hawk: Breeding Ecology & Natural History of a Winged Huntsman

5583: 3756:). There is also a record of a barred owl preying on a Cooper's hawk as well. 3348:) (11.5% of 191 prey items), followed by the northern flicker and thirdly the 2681: 2073:

other prey. Cooper's hawks generally prefers birds that inhabit the ground or

1976:-like flight was seen in be engaged in by a Cooper's hawk before an attack on 1890:, the preferred hunting habitats in the non-breeding season were forest, then 1725:

while migrating as well. Like many other raptors, Cooper's hawks favor strong

13600: 13420: 13193: 11983:

West nile virus–related trends in avian mortality in California, USA, 2003–12

11433:

Nest tree, habitat selection and productivity in seven North American raptors

11390:

Population ecology and environmental pollution: Red-tailed and Cooper’s hawks

11304:

Rosenfield, R. N., Hardin, M. G., Bielefeldt, J., & Keyel, E. R. (2017).

11293:

Breeding Birds of Ontario: Nidiology and Distribution Volume 1: Nonpasserines

10833:

Distribution, density, and productivity of accipiter hawks breeding in Oregon

10372:

Stout, W. E., Rosenfield, R. N., Holton, W. G., & Bielefeldt, J. (2007).

9829:

Diel and seasonal activity patterns of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis)

7200:

Daily activity patterns and habitat use of coexisting Accipiter hawks in Utah

7046:

Smith, E. L., Hoffman, S. W., Stahlecker, D. W., & Duncan, R. B. (1996).

5875:

Reanalysis of Relationships among Eye Color, Age and Sex in the Cooper's hawk

4655: 4428: 4399: 4177: 4116: 3860: 3852: 3709: 3625: 3268: 3260: 3094: 3086: 3013:

are taken relative to bird prey but mammalian prey can be locally important.

3002: 2954: 2866: 2790: 2675: 2635: 2619: 2513: 2449: 2298: 2220:), which also important in northern Florida, i.e. 12.27% of 1100 prey items. 2162: 1957: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1875: 1859: 1842: 1803: 1781: 1532: 1379: 1359: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1172: 1084: 993: 556: 456: 436: 314: 213: 126: 121: 12813:

Peyton, R. B., Vorro, J., Grise, L., Tobin, R., & Eberhardt, R. (1995).

12787:

Smith, E. L., Hoffman, S. W., Stahlecker, D. W., & Duncan R. B. (1996).

12182:

Boal, C. W., Hudelson, K. S., Mannan, R. W., & Estabrook, T. S. (1998).

11533:

Potential factors influencing nest defense in diurnal North American raptors

9840:

Linnell, M. A., Epps, C. W., Forsman, E. D., & Zielinski, W. J. (2017).

9065:

Predator activity and nest success of willow flycatchers and yellow warblers

7958:. State of North America's birds of prey. Series in Ornithology, 3, 253–277. 7766:

Age and sex differences in the timing of fall migration of hawks and falcons

7315:

Activity and habitat use by a breeding male Cooper's Hawk in a suburban area

7125:. Bureau of Endangered Resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 7002:

Distribution and habitat use of Sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks in Arkansas

6707:

Hawks in flight: the flight identification of North American migrant raptors

4257: 2052: 1837: 12723:. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 101(3–4), 217–224. 12568:

Brogan, J. M., Green, D. J., Maisonneuve, F., & Elliott, J. E. (2017).

12442:

Organochlorines, heavy metals, and the biology of North American accipiters

12440:

Snyder, N. F., Snyder, H. A., Lincer, J. L., & Reynolds, R. T. (1973).

12374:

The collapse of cycles in the dynamics of North American grouse populations

10187:

Diet and Trophic Characteristics of Great Horned Owls in Southwestern Idaho

10021:

Management of western coniferous forest habitat for nesting accipiter hawks

8959:

Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus) Utilize Unusual Nesting Location and Habitat

8946:

Demographic and behavioral comparisons of suburban and rural American Crows

7628:

Goodrich, L. J., Farmer, C.J., Barber, D.R., & Bildstein, K.L. (2012).

7079:

Rosenfield, R. N., Morasky, C.M., Bielefeldt, J. & Loope, W.L. (1992).

4452: 4188: 4183: 4067: 3912: 3826: 3601: 3385: 3333: 3329: 3255:

Mammals of other orders are taken quite infrequently, with a low volume of

3233: 3159: 3151: 3114: 3074: 2962: 2874: 2769: 2481: 2421: 2138: 1921: 1895: 1777: 1761: 1745: 1722: 1714: 1634: 1622: 1544: 1483: 1430: 1375: 1283:. There are several cumulative records of Cooper's hawks also appearing in 1243:, extreme southwestern Ontario, southwestern and southeastern New York and 1228: 1156: 1132: 1115: 1099:) which are all similar in size to Cooper's as well as the slightly larger 751: 707: 635: 587: 461: 446:, one of the founders of the New York Lyceum of Natural History (later the 203: 12635:

Raptor Electrocutions on Electric Utility Distribution Overhead Structures

10935:

Movements and survival of fledgling Cooper's Hawks in an urban environment

10460:

Predators of the Swallow-tailed Kite in southern Louisiana and Mississippi

7777:

Sullivan, A. R., Flaspohler, D. J., Froese, R. E., & Ford, D. (2016).

5696:

Reynard, G. B., Short, L. L., Garrido, O. H., & Alayón, G. G. (1987).

4058:

Juvenile sibling Cooper's hawks are loosely social shortly after dispersal

3915:

of California, all Cooper's hawk nests were in more modestly sized native

3816: 3493:). With the sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's locally also shared a liking for 1204: 13433: 13381: 13202: 13159: 12413:

Organochlorine residues in raptor eggs in the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York

12234:

von Dohlen, A. R., Scott, D., Dubey, J. P., & Lindsay, D. S. (2019).

12210:

Prevalence of blood parasites in migrating and wintering California hawks

11215:

Douglas, R. B., Nickerson, J., Webb, A. S., & Billig, S. C. (2000).

10917:

Home range characteristics of male Cooper's Hawks in an urban environment

9954:

Husak, J. F., Macedonia, J. M., Fox, S. F., & Sauceda, R. C. (2006).

9429:. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 6(1), 63–68. 6473:. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 11:63–326. 6105:

Comparative morphology of northern populations of breeding Cooper's Hawks

4540: 4457: 4408: 4275: 4220: 4196: 4166: 4137: 4084: 3892: 3799: 3741: 3397: 2926: 2922: 2894: 2782: 2594: 2505: 2497: 2461: 2457: 2346: 2258: 2099: 2037: 1969: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1871: 1744:) but are far less than numerous in migration or in winter in the nearby 1681: 1677: 1630: 1340: 1336: 1244: 1140: 1029:. Both prey items are about one third the weight of the respective hawks. 1001: 826: 777:

An adult Cooper's hawk illustrates its mid-sized frame and very long tail

682: 603: 560: 263: 12607:

McBride, T. J., Smith, J. P., Gross, H. P., & Hooper, M. J. (2004).

12277:. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 60(2), 260–263. 12184:

Hematology and hematozoa of adult and nestling Cooper's hawks in Arizona

12169:

Valkiūnas, G., Sehgal, R. N., Iezhova, T. A., & Hull, A. C. (2010).

11722: 11449:

Variation in reproductive indices in three populations of Cooper's Hawks

10330:

The status of breeding Cooper's Hawks in the metropolitan Milwaukee area

9635:

Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M., Bustamante, J., & Estrella, R. R. (1991).

7387:

Stopover ecology of autumn-migrating raptors in the central Appalachians

7167:

Nest-site habitat selected by woodland hawks in the central Appalachians

7081:

Forest fragmentation and island biogeography: a summary and bibliography

7022:

Proceedings of the Southwestern Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop

5976:

Regional Size Differences among Fall-Migrant Accipiters in North America

2361:) which was the third most often selected prey in Ithaca, New York, and 1841:

An adult Cooper's hawk with a typical bird kill, appearing to be a male

614: 574:

species in the Americas appear to be closely related, possibly within a

13583: 13537: 13350: 12952:

Behney, A. C., Boal, C. W., Whitlaw, H. A., & Lucia, D. R. (2012).

12941:

Attwater's Prairie-Chicken Recovery Plan (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)

12800:

Ames, J., Feiler, A., Mendoza, G., Rumpf, A., & Wirkus, S. (2011).

12776:

Recommendations for protecting raptors from human disturbance: a review

12372:

Williams, C. K., Ives, A. R., Applegate, R. D., & Ripa, J. (2004).

12335:

The effect of predator control on ruffed grouse populations in New York

12156:

Phalen, D. N., Taylor, C., Phalen, S. W., & Bennett, G. F. (1995).

10948:

Home range and habitat use of Cooper's Hawks in urban and natural areas

10583:. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 93(1), 1–12. 7928:

Baril, L. M., Haines, D. B., Walker, L. E., & Smith, D. W. (2018).

7735:

Bloom, P. H., McCrary, M. D., Papp, J. M., & Thomas, S. E. (2017).

4885:

Geographic variation in morphology of four species of migratory raptors

4209: 4204: 4171: 4099:, one was found dead from envenomation next to a burrow holding both a 3847: 3820:

The large, bulky nest of a Cooper's hawk with the female perched on it.

3749: 3717: 3582: 3448: 3283:

hawks and particularly more so than larger and less agile raptors like

3209: 3147: 3134: 2910: 2705: 2693: 2627: 2401: 2350: 2233: 2065: 1785: 1749: 1577: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1344: 1272: 1200: 1168: 1072: 1018: 884: 792: 755: 639: 548: 13004:

Friesen, L. E., Casbourn, G., Martin, V., & Mackay, R. J. (2013).

12982:. Report to US Fish & Wildlife Service and US Bur. of Reclamation. 12748:

Bosakowski, T., Speiser, R., Smith, D. G., & Niles, L. J. (1993).

12320:

Bednarz, J. C., D. Klem Jr., L. J. Goodrich, and S. E. Senner (1990).

12010:

Wrobel, E. R., Wilcoxen, T. E., Nuzzo, J. T., & Seitz, J. (2016).

11152:

Nest site vegetation characteristics of Cooper's Hawks in Pennsylvania

10785:

Nonrandom mating and productivity of adult and subadult Cooper's Hawks

9930:

Note on the Food Habits of Selected Raptors from Northeastern Arkansas

9871: 1417:

Cooper's hawk are regular in wintery, snowy areas in the cooler months

658: 12667:. In Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference (Vol. 27, No. 27). 10811:

Population estimates of breeding raptors in the North Dakota Badlands

9594:

Schwitters, L., D. Schwitters, E. L. Bull, and C. T. Collins (2019).

8875:

Flocking and annual cycle of the pinon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

7665:. PhD dissertation, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, NM, USA. 7560:

Lien, L. A., Millsap, B. A., Madden, K., & Roemer, G. W. (2015).

7441:

Raptor Use of Water Sources as Documented via a Remote Camera Network

5517:(Doctoral dissertation, Long Island University, The Brooklyn Center). 4424: 4376: 4372: 4038: 3937: 3900: 3842: 3791: 3645: 3481:. In the case of the goshawk and Cooper's, both hawks regularly took 3381: 3193: 3180: 3172: 2862: 2858: 2686: 2667: 2647: 2557: 2529: 2370: 2314: 2201: 2083: 1985: 1961: 1930: 1887: 1564: 1487: 1434: 1426: 1367: 1312: 1308: 1268: 1260: 1236: 1232: 1076: 989: 903: 773: 767: 711: 643: 530: 496: 492: 388: 309: 153: 13386: 13164: 12262:

Serratospiculoides amaculata in a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

12208:

Ishak, H. D., Loiseau, C., Hull, A. C., & Sehgal, R. N. (2010).

11747:

Nesting habitat of Cooper's Hawks in northern Great Plains Woodlands

11115:. Report to US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Minot, ND. 11074:

Nesting habitats and surveying techniques for common western raptors

9291:

Selective alarm calling by downy woodpeckers in mixed-species flocks

9241:

Malone, K. M., Powell, A. C., Hua, F., & Sieving, K. E. (2017).

8441:

Sexual dimorphism and food habits in three North American accipiters

7982:

Fat stores of migrant Sharp-shinned and Cooper's Hawks in New Mexico

7397:. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 7178:

Millsap, B. A., Madden, K. Murphy, R. K. & Campbell, D. (2012).

2728:) were important secondary prey in different parts of the range. In 1968:

in urban areas, Cooper's hawks have been seen to engage in open air

1502:

A young Cooper's hawk makes use of a large roadside puddle as a bath

1119:

A juvenile Cooper's hawk making use of a temporary perch in the open

551:

are recognized of Cooper's hawk. A previously described subspecies,

13563: 13324: 13187: 11745:

Nenneman, M., Grant, T.A., Sondreal, M.L. & Murphy, R. (2003).

11167:. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 86: 51–62. 10743:

Mass, reproductive biology, and nonrandom pairing in Cooper’s Hawks

10514:

Gehlbach, F. R., N. Y. Gehlbach, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2017).

10116:

Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?

8748:

Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter

8014:

The morphology, flight, and flocking behaviour of migrating raptors

5087:

Handbook of North American birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (part 2)

4483: 4364: 4360: 4200: 3932: 3453: 3420:

Of special interest is how Cooper's hawks live along the other two

3309: 3129: 3030: 3014: 2970: 2671: 2521: 2405: 2362: 2213: 2194: 2082:, found prey weighing up to 360 g (13 oz) (such as adult 2029: 2001: 1879: 1851: 1789: 1733: 1422: 1407: 1399: 1328: 1320: 1280: 1264: 1240: 1208: 1196: 1167:. Their breeding range terminates just before the southern part of 670: 652: 541: 317:, the male is smaller than the female. The birds found east of the 173: 12693:

Dohm, R., Jennelle, C. S., Garvin, J. C., & Drake, D. (2019).

12288:

Hawk Mountain counts as population indices in northeastern America

12249:

Parasitic helminths of six species of hawks and falcons in Florida

11154:. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 76 (2–3): 72–76. 10685:

Lifetime nesting area fidelity in male Cooper's Hawks in Wisconsin

9555:

Kus, B. E., Ashman, P., Page, G. W., & Stenzel, L. E. (1984).

9019:

Zanette, L., Smith, J. N., Oort, H. V., & Clinchy, M. (2003).

8674:. Environmental Sciences Group, University of California, Berkeley 8099:

Trapping techniques for breeding Cooper's Hawks: two modifications

4869:

Sexual size dimorphism in hawks and owls of North America (No. 20)

4479:-related mortality and for adults via frequent lethal collisions. 4451:, Cooper's hawks can presumably only withstand a certain level of 4333:

and migration counts. Evidence from long-time migration counts at

3167:

mice made up an unusually high 13.5% of the foods. In the city of

3065:) were the second most important prey in eastern Oregon at 16.6%. 1358:

In denser forest areas, these hawks tend to prefer easy access to

487:

also appear to bear some relation. Genetic studies of three Asian

13254: 12598:. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 29(2), 258–260. 10176:(Doctoral dissertation, Science: Biological Sciences Department). 10023:. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Stn. 10008:

Amphibians and reptiles: predators and prey. Amphibians and birds

9403:. In National Quail Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 24). 9107:

Video identification of predators at golden-cheeked warbler nests

6889:

Birds of an Juan Mixtepec, District of Miahuatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico

4380: 4296: 4271: 3685: 3609: 3337: 3213: 3168: 3143: 2938: 2385: 2326: 2254: 2079: 1934: 1867: 1855: 1702: 1618: 1614: 1470: 1324: 1224: 1192: 1164: 1136: 898: 715: 622:

Cooper's hawk is a medium-sized hawk and relatively large for an

563: 475:, albeit a distantly related one. Other smaller genera including 10855:

Habitat and productivity of Cooper's Hawks nesting in California

10067:

Biology of North American accipiters in the Chiricahua Mountains

8818:

Hailman, J. P., McGowan, K. J., & Woolfenden, G. E. (1994).

6832:

Digital distribution maps of the birds of the Western Hemisphere

2861:-dwelling species (but excluding the more northerly distributed 2169:

whose breeding range is largely north of Cooper's range and one

559:, indicating that Cooper's hawk were restricted to at least two 13241: 12706:

Ditchkoff, S. S., Saalfeld, S. T., & Gibson, C. J. (2006).

12530:. PhD dissertation, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. 11089:. Tri-College Center for Environmental Studies, Fargo, ND, USA. 10798:

Courtship performance of male Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii

10374:

Nesting biology of urban Cooper's Hawks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

7930:

Autumn Raptor Migration in Yellowstone National Park, 2011–2015

7488:

Copulatory and other pre-incubation behaviors of Cooper's Hawks

7202:. Ph.D. dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA. 7083:. National Park Service, Natural Resources Publications Office. 6915: 6779:

Fowler, D. W., Freedman, E. A., & Scannella, J. B. (2009).

6718: 6453:

Vocalizations of Cooper's Hawks during the pre-incubation stage

6284:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point). 6172:

Pitzer, S., Hull, J., Ernest, H. B., & Hull, A. C. (2008).

5318:"Food Habits and Hunting Success of Cooper's Hawks in Missouri" 4440: 4267: 4207:) that may have made them more vulnerable to blood parasitism. 4071: 4013: 3389: 3264: 3010: 2974: 2854: 2818: 2643: 2570: 2441: 2229: 2205: 2134: 2069: 2025: 2013: 1824:

were solitary, although 30 migrating pairs were seen together.

1701:), Cooper's appear to not start moving until day is warmer and 1698: 1646: 1466: 1403: 1276: 1212: 1184: 996:, while most sharp-shinned hawks are about the size of a large 809: 800: 648: 511: 380: 369: 163: 12719:

Neese, M. R., Seitz, J., Nuzzo, J., & Horn, D. J. (2008).

12676:

Biteman, D. S., Collins, D. T., & Washburn, B. E. (2018).

11825:

The incidence of man-caused and natural mortalities to raptors

10594:

Nesting and diet of Long-eared Owls in conifer forests, Oregon

10201: 9785:

Kneeland, M. C., Koprowski, J. L., & Corse, M. C. (1995).

9063:

Cain III, J. W., Morrison, M. L., & Bombay, H. L. (2003).

7837:

A STUDY OF HAWK MIGRATION AND WEATHER IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

7452:

Lynn, J. C., Rosenstock, S. S., & Chambers, C. L. (2008).

7313:

Murphy, R. K., Gratson, M.W., & Rosenfield, R. N. (1988).

6517:

Observations on Cooper's Hawk nesting in south central Florida

4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 2208:, large, intelligent and social passerines, with the smallish 13511: 13319: 12500:

Ruth, J. M., Stabins, H., Stanton, J. & Wills T. (2016).

12038:

Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in songbirds

11475:

Experimental study of feeding rates of nesting Cooper's Hawks

9315:

Williams, C. K., Lutz, R. S., & Applegate, R. D. (2003).

8636:

Cava, J. A., Stewart, A. C., & Rosenfield, R. N. (2012).

8588:

Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, R. N., & Papp, J. M. (1992).

8561:

Prey-size selection in nesting male and female Cooper's Hawks

7748:

Sanz, J. J., Moreno, J., Merino, S., & Tomas, G. (2004).

7265:

Nest-site selection by Cooper's Hawks in an urban environment

4825: 4088: 3188: 2914: 2524:, were nearly a third of observed delivered prey at nests in 2437: 2417: 2413: 2393: 2158: 2074: 2005: 1981: 1977: 1883: 1816: 1769: 1710: 1316: 1220: 1176: 1160: 1042: 1035: 505: 12695:

A long‐term assessment of raptor displacement at a wind farm

12581:

Deem, S. L., Terrell, S. P., & Forrester, D. J. (1998).

12348:

How can we reverse the northern bobwhite population decline?

11544:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., & Vos, S. M. (1996).

9928:

Hanebrink, E. L., Posey, A. F., & Sutton, K. B. (1979).

9414:

The nesting and the life equation of the Wisconsin bob-white

8669:) Nesting in Urban Areas of Berkeley and Albany, California" 8292:

Birds of Massachusetts and other New England states. Part II

7690:

Stout, W. E., Rosenfield, R.N. & Bielefeldt, J. (2008).

7614:

Mobbing behavior in Wild steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)

7291:

Successful nesting by Cooper's Hawks in an urban environment

6238:

Millsap, B. A., Breen, T. F., & Phillips, L. M. (2013).

6056:

Age, sex, and seasonal differences in size of Cooper's Hawks

6004:

Hoffman, S. W., Smith, J. P., & Gessaman, J. A. (1990).

5974:

Smith, J. P., Hoffman, S. W., & Gessaman, J. A. (1990).

4482:

Quite few Cooper's hawks have ever been gathered for use in

3764: 1143:. They reach their northerly limits as a breeder roughly in 673:

and such dark variations are virtually unprecedented in any

12697:. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(8), 433–438. 12485:

Pennsylvania CBC counts of Sharp-shinned and Cooper's Hawks

11656:

Close inbreeding and related observations in Cooper's Hawks

11654:

Stewart, A. C., Rosenfield, R.N. & Nyhof, M.A. (2007).

11221:

Region Forest Science Symposium: What Does the Future Hold?

11100:

Low Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii, nest in dense shrubs

9932:. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 33(1), 79–80. 9479:

Cooper's Hawk takes two prairie chickens off booming ground

8935:. Journal of the British Columbia Field Ornithologists, 22. 7630:

What banding tells us about the movement ecology of raptors

7105:

Reynolds, R. T., Meslow, E. C., & Wight, H. M. (1982).

7068:

Proceedings of Midwest Raptor Management Symposium Workshop

6863:

A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America

4623: 4493: 4473:, due to the unsustainably high turnover for nestlings via 4283: 3928: 3393: 3139: 2913:

are taken of any variety. About 5 species each of duck and

2631: 2409: 2294: 1718: 1528: 1311:. The species may further make itself at home in some pure 1284: 1060: 985: 836: 831: 627: 599: 304: 183: 12543:. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1890), 20182120. 12424:

Pattee, O. H., Fuller, M. R., & Kaiser, T. E. (1985).

12127:

Taft, S.J., Rosenfield, R.N. & Bielefeldt, J. (1994).

12023:

Boal, C. W., Mannan, R. W., & Hudelson, K. S. (1998).

10605:

Forsman, E. D., Meslow, E. C., & Wight, H. M. (1984).

8253:

Habitat management series for unique or endangered species

8193:

Visual field shape and foraging ecology in diurnal raptors

8084:

Lake, L. A., Buehler, D. A., & Houston, A. E. (2002).

7719:

Hoffman, S. W., Smith, J. P., & Meehan, T. D. (2002).

7409:

Lake, L. A., Buehler, D. A., & Houston, A. E. (2002).

5535:

Emslie, S. D., Speth, J. D., & Wiseman, R. N. (1992).

3009:

A lower diversity of species and lower overall numbers of

12596:

Cyanide poisoning of a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

12455:

The accipiters-Goshawk, Cooper's Hawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk

12195:

Boughton, D. C., Boughton, R. B., & Volk, J. (1938).

11852:

Heckel, J. O., Sisson, D. C., & Quist, C. F. (1994).

11531:

Morrison, J. L., Terry, M., & Kennedy, P. L. (2006).

10933:

Mannan, R. W., Estes, W. A., & Matter, W. J. (2004).

9557:

Age-related mortality in a wintering population of Dunlin

9265:

Food habits of southern Wisconsin raptors. Part II. Hawks

9105:

Stake, M. M., Faaborg, J., & Thompson, F. R. (2004).

9010:. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Custer, ND. 8255:. Report No. 17, the Accipiters. USDI-BLM Tech. Note 335. 7486:

Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J. & Cary, J. (1991).

7357:

Nest sites of five raptor species along an urban gradient

7333:. Victoria: Occas. Pap. Brit. Columbia Prov. Mus. No. 17. 6887:

Hunn, E. S., Vásquez, D. A., & Escalante, P. (2001).

6876:

The avifauna of the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila, Mexico

6645:

Hawks from every angle: how to identify raptors in flight

6617:

Crossley, R., Liguori, J., & Sullivan, B. L. (2013).

5921:

Henny, C. J., Olson, R. A., & Fleming, T. L. (1985).

5472:. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126:69–70. 4464:

appears to be causing Cooper's and both other species of

4300: 3995: 3880: 3652:

Cooper's hawk have been known to prey upon have included

2209: 1752:

than various other raptor species. Interestingly, in the

1395: 12819:

North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference

12778:. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 25(3), 634–638. 12426:

Environmental contaminants in eastern Cooper's hawk eggs

12118:. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17(3), 131–135. 12036:

Bradley, C. A., Gibbs, S. E., & Altizer, S. (2008).

11870:

Dwyer, J. F., Hindmarch, S., & Kratz, G. E. (2018).

11586:

Mannan, R. W., Steidl, R. J., & Boal, C. W. (2008).

11502:

Rosenfield, R. N., Grier, J.W. & Fyfe, R.W. (2007).

11262:

Boal, C. W., Bibles, B. D., & Mannan, R. W. (1997).

10728:

Boggie, M. A., Mannan, R. W., & Wissler, C. (2015).

10592:

Bull, E. L., Wright, A. L., & Henjum, M. G. (1989).

10473:

Observations on a pair of Gray Hawks in southern Arizona

10158:

Presumed Defense of Hunting Territory by a Cooper's Hawk

10105:. Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON, 106(4), 474–479. 10101:

Bosakowski, T., Smith, D. G., & Speiser, R. (1992).

9886:

The manner and efficiency of raptor depredations on bats

9464:

Johnson, J. A., M. A. Schroeder, and L. A. Robb (2011).

8149:

Predation at feeders: close encounters of the fatal kind

5952:

Peterson Reference Guide to Molt in North American Birds

5459:. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327–346. 3403: 3372:), estimated to weigh 200 g (7.1 oz), and the 1684:

region that spring migration is occurring sooner due to

1559:), and these ample muscle masses may be correlated with 1063:

may very rarely occur alongside another close relative,

12428:. The Journal of wildlife management, 49(4), 1040–1044. 12292:

Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Biology and Decline

11903:

Roth, A. J., Jones, G. S., & French, T. W. (2002).

11603:. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 11599:

Madden, K., Tillinghast, T., & Millsap, B. (2018).

11351:

Nenneman, M.P., Murphy, R.K. & Grant, T.A. (2002).

11238:

Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Biology and Decline

11137:

Boal, C. W., Mannan, R.W. & Hudelson, K.S. (1998).

10813:(Doctoral dissertation, North Dakota State University). 9853: 9709:

Breeding biology of raptors in the central Appalachians

9546:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 81(6), 1073–1083. 9531:

Autumn weights of Plains Sharp-tailed Grouse in Montana

9399:

Millsap, B. A., Breen, T., & Silvmania, L. (2000).

7750:

Some Evidence of Winter Site Fidelity in Cooper's Hawks

7470:

Proning behavior in Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii)

5901:

Function of eye coloration in North American accipiters

2809:. In Washington state, female Cooper's hawks took many 1937:

was recorded when a Cooper's hawk was seen eating at a

1788:, being much more frequently identified in the site at 875:

A Cooper's hawk calling from an urban park in Minnesota

12350:

Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 19(4), 544–555.

11839:

Roth, T. C., Lima, S. L., & Vetter, W. E. (2005).

11601:

A photographic guide for aging nestling Cooper's Hawks

11366:

Raptor nesting chronology in northwestern North Dakota

11253:. Lone Pine Media Productions Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta. 10972:

Bosakowski, T., Smith, D.G. & Speiser, R. (1992).

10131:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60(2), 195–204. 10127:

Roth, T. C., Lima, S. L., & Vetter, W. E. (2006).

9369:

Reproduction by northern bobwhites in western Oklahoma

9118:

Templeton, C. N., Greene, E., & Davis, K. (2005).

8195:. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(14), jeb177295. 8178:

Roth, T. C., Vetter, W. E., & Lima, S. L. (2008).

7426:

Lang, S. D., Mann, R. P., & Farine, D. R. (2019).

7033:

Haney, A., Apfelbaum, S., & Burris, J. M. (2008).

6689:

Hawks at a distance: identification of migrant raptors

6427:. Unpublished thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. 6036:

Sexual dimorphism in accipiter hawks: a new hypothesis

5115:

Life histories of North American birds of prey, Part 1

4644: 13008:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 125(3), 562–569. 12789:

Results of a raptor survey in southwestern New Mexico

12092:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121(3), 641–644. 11891:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 119(2), 296–298. 11843:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 117(3), 237–244. 11762:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121(3), 610–617. 11451:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 119(2), 181–188. 10635:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(2), 275–277. 10607:

Distribution and biology of the spotted owl in Oregon

10376:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(2), 366–375. 9737:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 7(3), 195–200. 9371:. The Journal of wildlife management, 69(1), 133–139. 9358:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(3), 663–671. 8640:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 124(4), 775–782. 8590:

Unfounded assumptions about diet of the Cooper's Hawk

7863:

Migration of the Merlin along the coast of New Jersey

7215:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(3), 417–421. 7048:

Results of a raptor survey in southwestern New Mexico

5954:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company, Boston, MA, USA. 5890:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 115(3), 225–230. 5584:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors" 2373:

well outside the typical habitats of Cooper's hawks.

2125:

in a given region. Therefore, the extremely numerous

2107:, one of the most widely taken prey for this species. 12943:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwest Region. 12337:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 3(4), 345–352. 12309:

Proceedings of the World Conference on Birds of Prey

12273:

Taft, S. J., Suchow, K., & Van Horn, M. (1993).

11462:

Urban nesting biology of Cooper's Hawks in Wisconsin

11339:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management Technical Note 355. 11319:

The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York State

11234:

The status of Cooper's Hawks in western Pennsylvania

10963:. Santa Fe National Forest, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 10644:

Deal, E., Bettesworth, J., & Muller, M. (2017).

10254:

Relationships of nesting hawks with Great Horned Owl

10114:

Palleroni, A., Hauser, M., & Marler, P. (2005).

9304:

Predation on nesting woodpeckers in British Columbia

8294:. Land birds from Bobwhites to Grackles. Mass. Dept. 8266:

The attack and strike of some North American raptors

8073:

Food of young raptors on the Edwin S. George Reserve

7456:. Western North American Naturalist, 68(1), 107–112. 6719:

Robbins, C.S.; Bruun, B.; Zim, H.S. (July 3, 2008).

5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5574: 4032:

A large nestling Cooper's hawk peers out of the nest

2654:) were 18.5% by number and 12.2% of the biomass and 2120:). One study determined that birds that nest in the 957:

Composite image of Cooper's hawks for identification

12939:Bergan, J., Morrow, M. & Rossignol, T. (1993). 12468:

Methods of detecting and counting raptors: A review

12275:

Helminths from some Minnesota and Wisconsin raptors

11630:

Natal dispersal and inbreeding in the Cooper's Hawk

10919:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(1), 21–27. 10719:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(1), 64–68. 9856:

Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective

9453:

Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)

8400:Fitch, H. S., Glading, B., & House, V. (1946). 8071:Hamerstrom Jr, F. N., & Hamerstrom, F. (1951). 7037:. The American Midland Naturalist, 159(2), 421–433. 6663:

Field identification of Accipiters in North America

5406:White, C.M., Boesman, P. & Marks, J.S. (2020). 3049:). Mammals distantly related to chipmunks, such as 1315:forest, including the extreme southern part of the 13030:Buehler, D. A., P. B. Hamel, and T. Boves (2013). 12928:The changing seasons – a plea for the common birds 11394:Population ecology of migratory birds: a symposium 11076:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO, USA. 10890:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources Report. 8603:Cooper's Hawk carrying a nest of young Goldfinches 8123:Cooper's hawks in urban and exurban areas: a reply 8045:Craighead, J. J. and F. C. Craighead, Jr. (1956). 1394:) in New York (nearly 40% of nest trees used) and 12969:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 76:328–335. 11887:Bedrosian, B. E., & Pierre, A. M. S. (2007). 11788:. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64(2), 599–600. 11685:A pair of subadult Cooper's Hawks nest in Indiana 11295:. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 10147:. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(10), 2230–2241. 10010:. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service. 9750:. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111(2), 174. 9412:Errington, P. L., & Errington, P. E. (1933). 8618:. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 20(1), 51–59. 8402:Observations on Cooper Hawk nesting and predation 7932:. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 131(4), 303–311. 7121:Rosenfield, R. N., & Anderson, R. K. (1983). 7107:Nesting habitat of coexisting Accipiter in Oregon 6970:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. 6916:Species account: Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii 6910: 6908: 6906: 6361:Do British Columbia Cooper's Hawks Have Big Feet? 5936:First-cycle molts in North American Falconiformes 5873:Rosenfield R. N. & Bielefeldt, S. A. (1992). 5730: 5728: 5726: 5665: 5390:. Zipcodezoo.com. Retrieved on December 18, 2011. 4883:Pearlstine, E. V., & Thompson, D. B. (2004). 4670:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695656A93521264.en 2740:), to the largest, the 287 g (10.1 oz) 2094: 1295:Cooper's hawks tend to occur in various types of 515:. It appears that Cooper's hawk was the earliest 379:cover and can commonly produce up to two to four 336:in honor of his friend and fellow ornithologist, 13598: 12991:Woolfenden, G. E. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (1996). 12585:. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 160–164. 12400:Eggshell changes in certain North American birds 11784:Bielefeldt, J., & Rosenfield, R. N. (2000). 11628:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1992). 10998:Rosenfield, R. N., & Sobolik, L. E. (2017). 10950:. Urban Bird Ecology and Conservation, 45, 1–16. 10870:(The Bird Research Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio). 10741:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1999). 10695: 10693: 10683:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1996). 10529:The biology of the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi) 10488:. In: Hayward, GD and J. Verner, tech. editors. 8350:Nicewander, J., & Rosenfield, R. N. (2006). 8097:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1993). 8027:Mammals and birds of Mount Rainier National Park 8016:. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 11(3), 413–420. 7971:. Harrisburg, PA: State Wildlife Grants-Program. 7852:. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA. 7482: 7480: 7478: 7443:. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 20(4), 110. 6705:Dunne, P., Sibley, D., & Sutton, C. (1988). 6531:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 6451:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 5720:, Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 22, 2010. 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4383:poisoning of Cooper's hawks have been reported. 2313:). These hawks are also a potential predator of 1601:Like a majority of diurnal birds of prey in the 1531:regions, Cooper's hawks may seek out artificial 340:. Other common names for Cooper's hawk include: 12774:Richardson, C. T., & Miller, C. K. (1997). 12359:Moss, R., Storch, I., & Müller, M. (2010). 12264:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 24(2), 378–379. 12160:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31(2), 216–222. 12027:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34(3), 590–593. 11998:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 44(3), 622–628. 11985:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 51(3), 576–588. 11920:. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 78–81. 11856:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 30(4), 616–619. 10703:The American Midland Naturalist, 182(1), 36–51. 10674:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 86(2), 144–152. 10486:Review of technical knowledge: Flammulated owls 10356:The food habits of North American golden eagles 9984:. Univ. of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA. 9827:Larrucea, E. S., & Brussard, P. F. (2009). 9585:. Canadian Wildlife Service Monograph Series 4. 9317:Optimal group size and northern bobwhite coveys 9109:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 75(4), 337–344. 9006:Stephens, R. M., & Anderson, S. H. (2002). 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7070:. Nat. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC (pp. 42–49). 7058: 7056: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6533:Undescribed bowing display in the Cooper's Hawk 6058:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 52(2), 112–126. 5612:. Chicago: Zool. Series, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) 5493:. London, UK: T & A D Poyser. p. 274. 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 3400:each represented 12.5% of detected prey items. 2785:. By far the most regularly selected types are 2662:) 17.2% by number and 27.1% of the biomass. In 2464:. The more numerous native passerines, such as 1017:Comparison of a male Cooper's hawk (left) with 13129:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter 12663:Schafer, L. M., & Washburn, B. E. (2016). 12639:Proceedings of Rural Electric Power Conference 12260:Sterner, M. C., & Espinosa, R. H. (1988). 12247:Foster, G. W., & Forrester, D. J. (1995). 12197:Avian hosts of the genus Isospora (Coccidiida) 11624: 11622: 11489:Rosenfield, R.N. & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 11485: 11483: 10555:Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) 10097: 10095: 9789:. The Southwestern Naturalist, 40(3), 340–342. 9776:. The Southwestern Naturalist, 47(3), 498–501. 9345:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City, USA. 9332:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 639–642. 9215:Greeney, H. F. & Wethington, S.M. (2009). 9076:Liebezeit, J. R., & George, T. L. (2002). 9067:. The Journal of wildlife management, 600–610. 9036:. Canadian journal of zoology, 84(6), 916–919. 9032:Duncan, W. J., & Bednekoff, P. A. (2006). 8969: 8967: 8614:Duncan, W. J., & Bednekoff, P. A. (2008). 8584: 8582: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8125:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 601–604. 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 7503:. Journal of Experimental Biology, 91:363–368. 7468:Rosenfield, R. N. & Sobolik, L.E. (2014). 7267:. The Journal of wildlife management, 864–871. 7117: 7115: 7109:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 124–138. 6903: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6527: 6525: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6332:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 301–. 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 5723: 1617:and northern parts of surrounding states, the 697:A juvenile Cooper's hawk in Brooklyn, New York 13046: 12978:Howell, C. A., & Dettling, M. D. (2009). 12917:. Journal of Raptor Research, 43(4), 274–282. 12682:Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 12654:. Journal of Raptor Research, 43(3), 210–226. 12622:An analysis of bird electrocutions in Montana 12495: 12493: 12225:. Parasitology international, 66(2), 106–111. 12212:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(3), 215–223. 12025:Trichomoniasis in Cooper's hawks from Arizona 12014:. Journal of Raptor Research, 50(3), 289–294. 11907:. Journal of Raptor Research, 36(3), 229–230. 11810:Lutmerding, J. A., & Love, A. S. (2016). 11431:Apfelbaum, S. I., & Seelbach, P. (1983). 11266:. Journal of Raptor Research, 31(3), 286–287. 11264:Nest defense and mobbing behavior of Elf Owls 11163:Ehrlich, R. M. & Drickamer, L.C. (1993). 11139:Trichomoniasis in Cooper's Hawks from Arizona 11002:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 483–484. 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10690: 10661:. Journal of Raptor Research, 49(3), 344–346. 10436:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46(3), 304–313. 10432:Lesko, M. J., & Smallwood, J. A. (2012). 10420:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 455–464. 10389:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(4), 294–297. 10343:Western Red-tailed Hawk catches Cooper's Hawk 9993:Kaufman, G. A., & Gibbons, J. W. (1975). 9924: 9922: 9920: 9814:Schmidt, K. A., & Ostfeld, R. S. (2003). 9503:Pelren, E. C., & Crawford, J. A. (1999). 9387:. Journal of Raptor Research, 42(2), 148–150. 9306:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 115(3), 413–419. 9259: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9219:. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121:809–812. 9046: 9044: 9042: 8927: 8925: 8917:Dangerous prey and daring predators: a review 8915:Mukherjee, S., & Heithaus, M. R. (2013). 8911: 8909: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8559:Kennedy, P. L., & Johnson, D. R. (1986). 8533:Reynolds, R. T., & Meslow, E. C. (1984). 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8336:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(4), 287–290. 8041: 8039: 8037: 8035: 7984:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(2), 163–168. 7739:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 409–416. 7624: 7622: 7588:The influence of a hawk's appetite on mobbing 7577:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(2), 113–119. 7527:Diurnal resting metabolic rates of accipiters 7525:Kennedy, P. L., & Gessaman, J.A. (1991). 7475: 7149:. M.S. thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah. 7004:. Journal of Raptor Research, 33(4), 329–332. 6264:. Journal of Raptor Research, 50(3), 305–312. 6240:Ecology of the Cooper's Hawk in north Florida 6176:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 79(1), 71–79. 5764:. Journal of Raptor Research, 49(4), 501–505. 5684:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(2), 146–150. 5441:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior 4887:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(4), 334–342. 3622:National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count 3196:. Mainly, predation has been reported on the 3005:is an ample meal for a juvenile Cooper's hawk 2634:, particularly the abundant and widely found 65:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 13006:Nest predation in an anthropogenic landscape 12956:. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 36(2), 291–296. 12858:The Cooper's Hawk: a cross timbers chronical 12385:Elliott, J. E., & Martin, P. A. (1994). 12101:Murphy, R. K., & Stewart, A. C. (2002). 12066:. Journal of Parasitology, 94(6), 1335–1341. 12040:. Ecological Applications, 18(5), 1083–1092. 11878:(pp. 199–213). Island Press, Washington, DC. 11666: 11664: 11546:Skewed sex ratios in Cooper's Hawk offspring 11535:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(2), 98–110. 11504:Reducing management and research disturbance 11347: 11345: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11321:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 10966: 10831:Reynolds, R. T., & Wight, H. M. (1978). 10631:Boal, C. W., & Spaulding, R. L. (2000). 10516:Whiskered Screech-Owl (Megascops trichopsis) 10503:Cooper's hawk eats a flammulated screech owl 10267:Cooper's Hawk and Great Horned Owl encounter 10032:Siders, M. S., & Kennedy, P. L. (1994). 9797: 9795: 9466:Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) 9395: 9393: 9302:Walters, E. L., & Miller, E. H. (2001). 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8933:Cooper’s Hawk predation on Northwestern Crow 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8722: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8305:Death by drowning-one Cooper's hawk approach 8160:Dunn, E. H., & Tessaglia, D. L. (1994). 7980:DeLong, J. P., & Hoffman, S. W. (2004). 7760: 7758: 7723:. Journal of Raptor Research, 36(2), 97–110. 7715: 7713: 7703:Mueller, H. C., & Berger, D. D. (1969). 7648: 7380: 7378: 7342:Stout, W. E. & Rosenfield, R.N. (2010). 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7053: 6957:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 6155: 6153: 6151: 6054:Mueller, H. C., & Berger, D. D. (1981). 5710: 5708: 5706: 5455:Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). 5418: 5416: 5117:. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 170:295–357. 4879: 4877: 4684: 3581:hawks all took appreciable numbers of adult 2685:An immature Cooper's hawk that has caught a 2600: 1303:. They are also adaptable in all seasons to 1151:. Cooper's hawks live almost throughout the 12993:Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) 12926:Sullivan, B. L., & Wood, C. L. (2005). 12752:. Journal of Raptor Research, 27(1), 26–30. 12744: 12742: 12624:. Journal of Raptor Research, 22(1), 27–28. 12504:. Partners in Flight Science Committee, 35. 12436: 12434: 12398:Anderson, D. W. & Hickey, J.J. (1972). 11645:. Journal of Raptor Research, 54(1), 47–56. 11619: 11582: 11580: 11480: 11473:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1973). 11443: 11441: 11364:Murphy, R. K., & Ensign, J. T. (1996). 10937:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(1), 26–34. 10732:Journal of Raptor Research, 49(4), 458–470. 10711: 10709: 10648:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(1), 83–84. 10553:Proudfoot, G. A. and R. R. Johnson (2000). 10531:. Misc. Publ., Mys. Zool., Univ. Mich. 136. 10412: 10410: 10185:Marti, C. D., & Kochert, M. N. (1996). 10168: 10166: 10143:Jaksić, F. M., & Braker, H. E. (1983). 10092: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10065:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1992). 10061: 10059: 10057: 10055: 9941:Jaksić, F. M., & Greene, H. W. (1984). 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9385:Raptor predation of Northern Bobwhite nests 9379: 9377: 8964: 8873:Balda, R. P., & Bateman, G. C. (1971). 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8579: 8404:. California Fish and Game, 32(3), 144–154. 8339: 8138:. Landscape and Urban Planning, 124: 34–42. 8052: 7797:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46(1), 50–56. 7781:. Journal of Avian Biology, 47(2), 208–218. 7464: 7462: 7283: 7276:Stiles, F. G., & Skutch, A. F. (1989). 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7112: 6940:Sandoval, L., & Sánchez, J. E. (2012). 6914:Global Raptor Information Network. (2010). 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6538: 6522: 6430: 6305:. Royal British Columbia Museum Corporation 6267: 6245: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6090: 6074:. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology. 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5899:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1974). 5880: 5608:Hellmayr, C. E., & Conover, B. (1949). 5426:. Journal of Avian Biology, 38(5), 587–602. 4411:with aircraft, therefore 185 Cooper's were 4191:, Cooper's hawks were found to have higher 4141:among several raptorial birds in Illinois. 4077: 3240:) as well as fairly large numbers of feral 1956:, have been detected as well. When hunting 1159:, as well as perhaps a bit of northwestern 1110: 988:-sized, with the males about the size of a 12611:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38, 118–124. 12564: 12562: 12490: 12466:Fuller, M. R. & Mosher, J. A. (1981). 12411:Lincer, J. L., & Clark, R. J. (1978). 12389:. Environmental Pollution, 86(2), 189–200. 12251:. Journal of Raptor Research, 29, 117–122. 12186:. Journal of Raptor Research, 32, 281–285. 12173:. Journal of Parasitology, 96(1), 170–177. 12152: 12150: 12144:. Journal of Parasitology, 92(2), 375–379. 12006: 12004: 11899: 11897: 11749:. Journal of Raptor Research. 37. 246–252. 11698:Cooper's Hawk nesting in a suburban garden 11658:. Journal of Raptor Research, 41: 227–230. 11514: 11512: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11368:. US Fish & Wildlife Publications, 62. 11277:The second atlas of breeding birds in Ohio 11202:Siders, M. S. & Kennedy, P.L. (1996). 11144: 11141:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:590–593. 11102:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 112: 339–340. 10929: 10927: 10925: 10898: 10896: 10816: 10462:. Journal of Raptor Research, 42(1), 1–12. 10368: 10366: 10364: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10308:. Journal of Raptor Research. 26: 167–178. 10278:Ward, J. M., & Kennedy, P. L. (1996). 10230: 10228: 10139: 10137: 10013: 9980:Linzey, D.W. & Clifford, M.J. (1981). 9917: 9520:. Journal of Raptor Research, 13 (4): 120. 9343:The bobwhite quail—its life and management 9248: 9131:Soard, C. M., & Ritchison, G. (2009). 9089:Schaef, K. M., & Mumme, R. L. (2012). 9039: 8922: 8906: 8903:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 116: 137–138. 8843: 8841: 8761:Townsend's Solitaire (Myadestes townsendi) 8733: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8470: 8463:Roth II, T. C., & Lima, S. L. (2003). 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8332:Roth II, T. C., & Lima, S. L. (2006). 8229: 8227: 8134:Boggie, M. A., & Mannan, R.W. (2014). 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8101:. Journal of Raptor Research, 27: 170–171. 8032: 7886: 7884: 7805: 7803: 7673: 7671: 7619: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7289:Stahlecker, D. W. & Beach, A. (1979). 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7012: 7010: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6493:Estes, W. A., & Mannan, R. W. (2003). 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6087:. Journal of biogeography, 30(3), 331–351. 6070:Whaley, W. H., & White, C. M. (1994). 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5867: 5692: 5690: 5645:. Journal of Ornithology, 154(1), 265–287. 5482: 5480: 5478: 5356:National Geographic Magazine, 145:432–442. 4867:Snyder, N. F., & Wiley, J. W. (1976). 4247: 4234:as well as a case was reported of related 4159:. A high balance of the bacterial disease 262: 115: 96: 12965:Kilgo, J. C. & Vukovich, M. (2011). F 12392: 12238:. Journal of Parasitology, 105(1), 11–16. 11866: 11864: 11862: 11835: 11833: 11812:Longevity Records of North American Birds 11799:Longevity records of North American birds 11661: 11525: 11388:Henny, C. J., & Wight, H. M. (1972). 11342: 11324: 11317:McGowan, K. J., & Corwin, K. (2008). 11176:Moore, K. R., & Henny, C. J. (1983). 11026: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11008: 10915:Mannan, R. W., & Boal, C. W. (2000). 10886:Kirk, D. R., & Waring, G. H. (1997). 10790: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10566:Hayward, G. D. and P. H. Hayward (1993). 10428: 10426: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10197: 10195: 10085:Wiggers, E. P. & Kritz, P.J. (1991). 9831:. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(5), 1176–1183. 9792: 9746:Hanson, M. T., & Coss, R. G. (1997). 9707:Janik, C. A. & Mosher, J.A. (1982). 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9687:Best, T. L., & Granai, N. J. (1994). 9518:Cooper's Hawk Attacks Sharp-Tailed Grouse 9390: 9280:. Southeastern Naturalist, 8(3), 547–552. 9276:Vukovich, M., & Kilgo, J. C. (2009). 9189:Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1996). 9185: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9101: 9099: 8993: 8886:Koenig, W. D. and M. D. Reynolds (2009). 8809:. Florida Field Naturalist, 37(3), 94–94. 8779: 8540: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8328: 8326: 8281:. Journal of Morphology, 269(3), 283–301. 8247: 8245: 8243: 8121:Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (2000). 8025:Taylor, W. P., & Shaw, W. T. (1927). 8012:Black, R. W., & Borowske, A. (2009). 8008: 8006: 7992: 7990: 7809:DeLong, J., & Hoffman, S. W. (1999). 7755: 7731: 7729: 7710: 7603:. Avian Biology Research, 11(3), 159–166. 7599:Dahl, J. A., & Ritchison, G. (2018). 7514:Peculiar type of flight in Cooper's Hawks 7472:. Journal of Raptor Research, 48:294–297. 7375: 7346:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44:255–267. 7325: 7323: 7263:Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1998). 7241: 7239: 7237: 7223: 7221: 7086: 6996: 6994: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6966:Ridgely, R. S., & Gwynne, J. (1989). 6761:. Lab. of Ornithology, Cornell University 6161:Birds of North and Middle America, Part 2 6148: 6066: 6064: 5946: 5944: 5938:. Journal of Raptor Research, 39:378–385. 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5703: 5654:Stresemann, E., & Amadon, D. (1979). 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5539:. Journal of Ethnobiology, 12(1), 83–115. 5451: 5449: 5435:Chamblee, M., & Evans, K. O. (2019). 5413: 5365: 5348: 5346: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4874: 4668: 3765:Breeding territory and prelaying behavior 2773:A wintertime kill of a probably juvenile 2380:Eating a finch in a backyard with feeders 2369:) are taken despite their preference for 2103:An adult Cooper's hawk that has caught a 1705:can be used. During migration they favor 12873:(No. 370). US Department of Agriculture. 12739: 12431: 11577: 11561:Ecology and evolution, 5(18), 4037–4048. 11438: 11420:A Seven-Egg Clutch for the Cooper's Hawk 11355:. Canadian Field-Naturalist 116:580–584. 11287: 11285: 11098:Sondreal, M. & Murphy, R.K. (1998). 10882: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10706: 10407: 10189:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 499–506. 10163: 10072: 10052: 9912:Hawk predation at the bat caves of Texas 9614: 9570:Raptor predation on wintering shorebirds 9568:Page, G., & Whitacre, D. F. (1975). 9374: 8847:Jones, Z. F., & Bock, C. E. (2003). 8699: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8318:Hunting success of some Missouri raptors 8284: 8219:Cooper's Hawk attacks pigeon by stooping 8174: 8172: 8170: 7894:. Journal of Raptor Research, 31, 54–58. 7890:Sutton, C., & Kerlinger, P. (1997). 7822:Hundley, M. H., & Hames, F. (1960). 7789: 7787: 7632:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46: 27–35. 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7499:Marsh, R. L. & Storer, R.W. (1981). 7459: 7405: 7403: 7317:. Journal of Raptor Research, 22:97–100. 7259: 7257: 7255: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7128: 7123:Status of the Cooper's Hawk in Wisconsin 6988:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 104–107. 6844: 6842: 6840: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6594: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6011: 6008:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 201–211. 5978:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 192–200. 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4826:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 4494:Threat to conservation dependent species 4434: 4389: 4350:) may easily rival them in this regard. 4256: 4053: 4027: 3953: 3815: 3768: 3516: 3407: 2996: 2768: 2680: 2604: 2375: 2098: 2051: 2000:)) due to its unusually high-speed foot 1886:and such while hunting. In southwestern 1854:and 2 km (0.77 sq mi) in 1836: 1592: 1497: 1412: 1114: 1012: 952: 772: 692: 613: 524:of the sharp-shinned hawk came over the 402: 13084:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 12732:DeCandido, R., & Allen, D. (2005). 12559: 12472:Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds 12415:. New York Fish and Game Journal (USA). 12147: 12001: 11894: 11854:Apparent fatal snakebite in three hawks 11632:. The Wilson Bulletin, 104(1), 182–184. 11509: 11418:Ellis, D. H., & Depner, G. (1979). 11371: 11191:The Birds of British Columbia, Volume 2 11170: 11030:Moore, K. R. & Henny, C.J. (1984). 10922: 10893: 10361: 10358:. American Midland Naturalist, 231–236. 10311: 10265:Phillips, C., & Ricard, P. (1996). 10225: 10134: 10049:. M.S. Thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan. 10026: 9529:Swensen, J. E. & Eng, R.L. (1984). 9153: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 8838: 8643: 8420: 8415:Birds of the Boston Mountains, Arkansas 8387: 8258: 8224: 8206:Cooper's Hawk feeding at a deer carcass 8128: 8104: 7935: 7881: 7800: 7705:Navigation by hawks migrating in spring 7668: 7296: 7185: 7165:Titus, K., & Mosher, J. A. (1981). 7007: 6624: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6179: 6163:. U.S. National Museum Bulletin no. 50. 6110: 6041: 5981: 5925:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 97–112. 5687: 5486: 5475: 4490:, which is fairly popular in falconry. 4023: 3267:and were recorded in Florida to kill a 3057:) can be taken in locally high volume. 1155:, excepting some parts of the southern 431:in 1828 from a specimen collected near 13632:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 13599: 12834:. Nick Lyons Books, New York, NY, USA. 12736:. Journal of Raptor Research, 39, 109. 12652:Human-related threats to urban raptors 11859: 11830: 11409:. The Wilson Bulletin, 89(2), 360–369. 11291:Peck, G.K., & James, R.D. (1983). 11279:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 11042: 11040: 11005: 10857:. California Fish and Game, 73: 80–87. 10768: 10748: 10423: 10241: 10192: 10121: 9759:Greene, E., & Meagher, T. (1998). 9694: 9507:. The Great Basin Naturalist, 368–373. 9451:Hagen, C. A. and K. M. Giesen (2005). 9330:Ruffed grouse escaping a Cooper's hawk 9174: 9096: 8835:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 52–55. 8662: 8446: 8384:. The Wilson Bulletin, 71(2), 169–174. 8357: 8323: 8240: 8078: 8003: 7996:Broun, M. & Goodwin, B.V. (1943). 7987: 7905:. The Wilson Bulletin, 73(2), 171–192. 7726: 7532: 7493: 7336: 7320: 7234: 7218: 6991: 6973: 6955:The Birds of Costa Rica: A Field Guide 6953:Garrigues, R., & Dean, R. (2014). 6861:Howell, S. N., & Webb, S. (1995). 6519:. Florida Field Naturalist, 14:85–112. 6166: 6061: 5941: 5854:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 5852:Brown, Leslie and Amadon, Dean (1986) 5754: 5628: 5542: 5446: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5343: 5315: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 3891:) in north Florida (81% of 77 nests). 3600:known of a Cooper's falling prey to a 3525:flying in to dive-bomb a Cooper's hawk 2618:Cooper's hawk eating a bird, likely a 2353:, such as the 93 g (3.3 oz) 1629:states, northern New York and much of 491:species showed that they may not be a 387:, in particular the use of industrial 21:Cooper's Hawk Winery & Restaurants 13169: 13168: 12847:. Privately published, Yuma, AZ, USA. 11308:Ecology and evolution, 7(1), 399–408. 11282: 10873: 10838: 10211:. London, Collins. pp. 209–219. 9899:Cooper's hawk observed catching a bat 9135:. Animal Behaviour, 78(6), 1447–1453. 8919:. Biological Reviews, 88(3), 550–563. 8728:Diets of North American Falconiformes 8621: 8211: 8167: 8164:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 8–16. 7874:Sutton, C., & Sutton, P. (2006). 7784: 7545: 7430:. Behavioral Ecology, 30(1), 172–180. 7417:, Tallahassee (Vol. 56, pp. 229–238). 7400: 7293:. Inland Bird Banding News, 51:56–57. 7252: 7205: 7152: 6852:. North American Fauna, 79(79), 1–32. 6837: 6807:"Cooper's Hawk Facts – NatureMapping" 6796:. Ornithological Monographs, 992–999. 6694: 6650: 6500: 6476: 6458: 6323: 6242:. North American Fauna, 78(00), 1–58. 5957: 5906: 5767: 5760:Morrow, J., & Morrow, L. (2015). 5714:Dewey, T. and V. Perepelyuk. (2000). 5590:. International Ornithologists' Union 5280: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 4890: 4850: 4612:Cooper's hawk feeding on a small bird 3404:Interspecific predatory relationships 3171:, when bird feeders began to attract 3113:) were taken of up to adult size but 737:and tail lengths). In general terms, 13032:Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) 12376:. Ecology Letters, 7(12), 1135–1142. 12105:. Wilson Bulletin, 114 (1): 145–147. 11872:Raptor mortality in urban landscapes 11775:. Journal of genetics, 95(1), 19–24. 11464:. Raptors in human landscape, 41–44. 10205:; Cameron, Ad (illustrator) (1988). 10036:Studies in Avian Biology, 16, 92–96. 9138: 8888:Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli) 8750:. Thesis. Dept of Fish and Wildlife. 7945:. Series in Ornithology, 3, 217–251. 7850:Flight Strategies of Migrating Hawks 7616:. Thesis, Humboldt State University. 7540:Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks 7439:Stone, K., & Ramsey, A. (2014). 6366: 6353: 5928: 5660:Check-list of the Birds of the World 5565:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 5387:Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter) 4353: 4002: 3416:is chasing this young Cooper's hawk. 2989:and assorted other raptorial birds. 2712:. Medium-sized woodpeckers, such as 2585:) and the 5.3 g (0.19 oz) 1263:and isolated spots of the border of 948: 728:Cooper's hawks (roughly west of the 25: 13607:IUCN Red List least concern species 12402:. Proc XVth Int Orn Congr, 514–540. 11590:. Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 141–148. 11061:Nests and eggs of the Cooper's Hawk 11037: 9763:. Animal Behaviour, 55(3), 511–518. 9319:. Animal Behaviour, 66(2), 377–387. 9232:. Science advances, 1(8), e1500310. 9193:. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 8975:Cooper's hawk knocked down by crows 8665:"Prey Selection of Cooper's Hawks ( 8663:Haiman, Aaron N. K. (May 8, 2006). 6083:Meiri, S., & Dayan, T. (2003). 5762:Aberrant plumages in Cooper's Hawks 5568: 5393: 5092: 4656:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4307:like DDT were high in all American 4287:more recently quantified causal of 4270:, "pole trapping" and, especially, 4049: 2692:Another popular prey family is the 2253:chorus of calls at close range. In 2244:) are regular supplemental prey in 1091:) (in Mexico and points south) and 13: 13040: 12131:. J. Helminth. Soc. Washington 61. 11128:. Department of Natural Resources. 10987:Birds of Duval County (continuing) 9901:. The Wilson Bulletin, 56(2), 116. 9844:. Northwest science, 91(1), 15–26. 9154:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 8961:. Maryland Birdlife, 64(1), 42–50. 7824:Birdlife of the lower Florida Keys 6709:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). 6324:Blake, Emmet Reid (July 1, 1977). 6085:On the validity of Bergmann's rule 5408:Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) 5120: 4252: 3839:Little Missouri National Grassland 2265:) are known to play a key role in 2189:, at 28.2% of 857 prey items, and 1832: 849: 14: 13648: 13111: 12930:. North American Birds, 59:20–30. 12860:. XLibris, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 12457:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 11946:. Avian Diseases, 49(3), 371–375. 11729:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 11614:An experience with Cooper's Hawks 11034:. Northwest Science, 58: 290–299. 10293:Auditory recognition of predators 9494:. University of Washington Press. 9157:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 8574:The use of wild birds in research 8235:Cooper's Hawk hunting in the city 6729:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 6425:Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii 6141:Cartron, J. L. E. (Ed.). (2010). 4871:. American Ornithologists' Union. 4421:Los Angeles International Airport 4323: 3879:) in New York (39% of 36 nests), 2577:), the 6.3 g (0.22 oz) 1279:. Vagrants have been recorded in 1139:, Quebec to extreme southwestern 820:Among standard measurements, the 332:The species was named in 1828 by 13024: 13011: 12998: 12985: 12972: 12959: 12946: 12933: 12920: 12906: 12876: 12863: 12850: 12837: 12824: 12807: 12794: 12791:. J. Raptor Res, 30(4), 183–188. 12781: 12768: 12755: 12726: 12713: 12700: 12687: 12670: 12657: 12644: 12627: 12614: 12601: 12588: 12575: 12554:Status reports on twelve raptors 12546: 12533: 12520: 12507: 12477: 12460: 12447: 12418: 12405: 12379: 12366: 12363:. Wildlife Biology, 16(1), 1–11. 12353: 12340: 12327: 12314: 12297: 12280: 12267: 12254: 12241: 12228: 12215: 12202: 12189: 12176: 12163: 12134: 12121: 12108: 12095: 12082: 12069: 12056: 12043: 12030: 12017: 11988: 11975: 11962: 11949: 11936: 11933:. Science, 286(5448), 2331–2333. 11923: 11910: 11881: 11846: 11817: 11804: 11791: 11778: 11765: 11752: 11739: 11716: 11703: 11690: 11677: 11648: 11635: 11606: 11593: 11564: 11551: 11538: 11496: 11493:. J. Raptor Res, 25(4), 113–115. 11467: 11454: 11425: 11412: 11399: 11358: 11311: 11298: 11269: 11256: 11243: 11226: 11209: 11196: 11183: 11180:. Raptor Research, 17(3), 65–76. 11157: 11131: 11118: 11105: 11092: 11079: 11066: 11053: 10992: 10979: 10953: 10940: 10909: 10860: 10803: 10800:. Indiana Aud. Quart. 29: 58–59. 10735: 10722: 10677: 10664: 10651: 10638: 10625: 10612: 10599: 10586: 10573: 10560: 10547: 10534: 10521: 10508: 10495: 10478: 10465: 10452: 10439: 10392: 10379: 10348: 10335: 10298: 10285: 10272: 10259: 10179: 10150: 10118:Animal Cognition, 8(3), 200–210. 10108: 10089:. Wilson Bulletin, 103: 568–577. 10039: 10000: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9935: 9904: 9891: 9878: 9847: 9834: 9821: 9808: 9779: 9766: 9753: 9740: 9727: 9714: 9691:. Mammalian Species, (476), 1–9. 9681: 9678:. Mammalian Species, (399), 1–6. 9668: 9655: 9642: 9601: 9588: 9575: 9562: 9549: 9536: 9533:. Prairie Naturalist, 16: 49–54. 9523: 9510: 9497: 9484: 9471: 9458: 9445: 9432: 9419: 9406: 9361: 9348: 9335: 9322: 9309: 9296: 9283: 9270: 9235: 9222: 9209: 9196: 9125: 9122:. Science, 308(5730), 1934–1937. 9112: 9083: 9070: 9057: 9026: 9013: 8980: 8951: 8938: 8893: 8880: 8867: 8854: 8825: 8812: 8799: 8766: 8753: 8686: 8608: 8595: 8566: 8407: 8354:. Passenger Pigeon, 68, 321–343. 8310: 8297: 8271: 8198: 8185: 8154: 8141: 8091: 8029:. US Government Printing Office. 8019: 7998:Flight speeds of hawks and crows 7974: 7961: 7948: 7922: 7909: 7897: 7868: 7855: 7842: 7829: 7816: 7771: 7742: 7697: 7694:. Passenger Pigeon, 70: 373–379. 7684: 7635: 7606: 7593: 7580: 7567: 7519: 7506: 7446: 7433: 7420: 7366: 7349: 7278:Guide to the birds of Costa Rica 7270: 7050:. J. Raptor Res, 30(4), 183–188. 6723:Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii 6297:Avian Osteology: Tarsometatarsus 5877:. J. Raptor Res, 31(4), 313–316. 5588:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 4605: 4593: 4581: 4261:Immature Cooper's hawk in winter 3505:). However, unlike either other 3216:. In Missouri, the widely found 2165:in North America (excluding one 2047: 1972:to capture the prey. An unusual 1732:At coastal migration sites like 1449:and shopping malls though large 1251:and to the southeastern part of 1247:up through all but northwestern 883:Problems playing this file? See 865: 732:) show slightly less pronounced 140: 45:to read and navigate comfortably 30: 13374:coopers-hawk-accipiter-cooperii 12710:. Urban ecosystems, 9(1), 5–12. 12079:. The Wilson Bulletin, 145–147. 11827:. Raptor Research, 15 :108–112. 10835:. The Wilson Bulletin, 182–196. 10633:Helping at a Cooper's Hawk nest 10620:Barred Owl takes Cooper's Hawk? 10332:. Passenger Pigeon, 68:309–320. 10208:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere 9914:. Texas J. Sci, 2 (4): 462–470. 9805:. Wildlife Afield 8(1):120–122. 9722:Least Chipmunk (Tamias minimus) 9609:Elegant Trogon (Trogon elegans) 9416:. The Wilson Bulletin, 122–132. 8563:. The Wilson Bulletin, 110–115. 8320:. The Wilson Bulletin, 116–125. 8049:. Stackpole Co. Harrisburg, PA. 7768:. The Wilson Bulletin, 214–224. 7529:. Wilson Bulletin, 103:101–105. 7490:. Wilson Bulletin, 103:656–660. 7172: 7073: 7040: 7027: 6960: 6947: 6934: 6921: 6894: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6824: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6747: 6712: 6681: 6668: 6317: 6287: 6077: 5893: 5648: 5615: 5602: 5555: 5529: 5520: 5507: 5462: 5429: 5379: 5359: 4645:BirdLife International (2016). 4240:in an injured Cooper's hawk in 4165:, common to birds who frequent 4109:eastern diamondback rattlesnake 3740:) and perhaps the rather large 3067:Thirteen-lined ground squirrels 3059:Golden-mantled ground squirrels 578:, to Cooper's hawk, namely the 47:. When this tag was added, its 13617:Birds of prey of North America 12572:. Ecotoxicology, 26(1), 32–45. 12053:. BMC microbiology, 19(1), 47. 11972:. The Condor, 108(2), 435–439. 11087:Breeding Birds of North Dakota 10765:. The Condor, 115(2), 306–315. 10568:Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus) 9093:. The Condor, 114(4), 840–845. 9080:. The Condor, 104(3), 507–517. 9054:. Raptor Journal 13: In press. 8864:. Florida Atlantic University. 8730:. Raptor Res, 12(3/4), 49–121. 8467:. The Condor, 105(3), 474–483. 8182:. The Condor, 110(2), 260–268. 7813:. The Condor, 101(3), 674–678. 7681:. The Condor, 105(3), 567–572. 6755:"Cooper's Hawk Identification" 6619:The Crossley ID Guide: Raptors 6497:. The Condor, 105(1), 107–116. 6107:. The Condor, 112(2), 347–355. 5680:Rodríguez-Santana, F. (2010). 5354:Can the Cooper's Hawk survive? 4218:. Even rare parasites such as 2904: 2145:, 23.4% of 107 prey items, in 2137:, at 19.6% of 281 prey items, 2095:Predation rates and passerines 992:and the females the size of a 609: 536:, apparently obtained through 1: 13118:Cooper's hawk Species Account 12444:. BioScience, 23(5), 300–305. 11687:. Indiana Quarterly 71:26–34. 11422:. The Condor, 81(2), 219–220. 11232:Schriver, E. C., Jr. (1969). 10687:. The Condor, 98(1), 165–167. 10596:. The Condor, 91(4), 908–912. 10475:. The Condor, 67(4), 319–321. 9888:. The Condor, 64(6), 500–504. 9596:Vaux's Swift (Chaetura vauxi) 9481:. Passenger Pigeon, 43(5), 1. 9245:. Ecoscience, 24(1–2), 21–31. 8822:. Ethology, 97(1‐2), 119–140. 8696:. British Columbia Birds, 13. 8592:. The Condor, 94(2), 427–436. 8075:. The Wilson Bulletin, 16–25. 7876:Birds and birding at Cape May 7865:. Raptor Res, 19(2/3), 85–93. 7590:. The Condor, 59(3), 192–194. 7542:. Raptor Research 35:253–256. 7516:. Wilson Bulletin 69:110–111. 6878:. The Condor, 57(3), 154–178. 6691:. Princeton University Press. 6647:. Princeton University Press. 6621:. Princeton University Press. 6535:. The Condor, 93(1), 191–193. 6455:. The Condor, 93(3), 659–665. 6038:. The Condor, 74(2), 191–197. 5700:. The Wilson Bulletin, 73–77. 4617: 4439:A Cooper's hawk of the ample 3342:Mexican Plateau horned lizard 3302: 2764: 1625:), the northern parts of the 1219:, the southern two-thirds of 1183:, the mountains from eastern 980:). Compared to the other two 13149:at VIREO (Drexel University) 13120:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology 12886:What is an American kestrel? 11435:. J. Raptor Res, 17, 99–104. 10609:. Wildlife Monographs, 3–64. 10398:C. Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. 9958:. Ethology, 112(6), 572–580. 9650:Kingfisher and Cooper's hawk 9204:Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) 8990:. Ecology, 73(6), 2284–2294. 7919:. Bureau of Land Management. 7645:. The condor, 103(1), 11–20. 7231:. The Wilson Bulletin, 7–14. 5325:Journal of Field Ornithology 4144:An extremely high amount of 3921:Notholithocarpus densiflorus 2921:and a smaller assortment of 2171:rare, little-studied species 1588: 1305:forested mountainous regions 1195:, also recently in northern 448:New York Academy of Sciences 435:, New Jersey. He coined the 7: 13147:Cooper's hawk photo gallery 12871:Food habits of common hawks 12517:. Indiana University Press. 12513:Heintzelman, D. S. (1986). 10295:. The Condor, 54(2), 89–92. 10269:. Bird Observer, 24: 36–37. 9733:Schwagmeyer, P. L. (1980). 9572:. The Condor, 77(1), 73–83. 9438:Christensen, G. C. (1996). 9267:. The Condor, 35(1), 19–29. 9160:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 8851:. The Auk, 120(2), 429–432. 8774:Veery (Catharus fuscescens) 8537:. The Auk, 101(4), 761–779. 8417:. The Condor, 17(1), 41–57. 8208:. The Mississippi Kite, 12. 6811:naturemappingfoundation.org 6591:. Hancock House Publishers. 6363:British Columbia Birds, 30. 6328:Manual of Neotropical Birds 5625:. The Auk, 129(3), 427–437. 5515:Phylogeny of the Accipiters 5085:Palmer, R. S., ed. (1988). 3759: 3079:California ground squirrels 3063:Callospermophilus lateralis 2593:). Even smaller birds, the 2416:, about a dozen species of 1506:Cooper's hawk is a typical 1493: 586:and South America, and the 398: 57:content into sub-articles, 10: 13653: 13622:Birds of the United States 12487:. Pennsylvania Birds, 610. 11460:Rosenfield, R. N. (1996). 11126:Birds of prey of Wisconsin 10904:Status reports: Accipiters 10447:Merlin (Falco columbarius) 10256:. The Auk, 92(1), 157–159. 9971:. Ecology, 60(5), 901–909. 9818:. Ecology, 84(2), 406–415. 9652:. The Auk, 42(4), 585–586. 9639:. J. Rap. Res., 25: 25–29. 9050:Rosenfield, R. N. (2019). 8796:. Phd, University of Utah. 8605:. The Auk, 60(4), 597–597. 8443:. The Auk, 83(3), 423–436. 8268:. The Auk, 88(4), 815–827. 8151:. Feederwatch News, 4:1–2. 7826:. Florida Audubon Society. 7169:. The Auk, 98(2), 270–281. 7064:Status reports: accipiters 6865:. Oxford University Press. 6587:Rosenfield, R. N. (2018). 6280:Rosenfield, L. J. (2006). 5443:(pp. 1–5). Springer, Cham. 4517:Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 3803:acres). Breeding hawks in 3250:Victoria, British Columbia 3091:Otospermophilus variegatus 3071:Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 2992: 2718:Melanerpes erythrocephalus 2526:Victoria, British Columbia 2392:, several species each of 2147:Victoria, British Columbia 1297:temperate deciduous forest 1290: 861:Cooper's hawk vocalization 501:Microspizias supercillocus 18: 13553: 13177: 13153:Interactive range map of 13053:The Sibley Guide to Birds 12894:. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary 12361:Trends in grouse research 12333:Edminster, F. C. (1939). 11959:. Avian Dis, 48, 570–580. 10989:. Florida Nat, 17, 21–31. 10976:. Ecography, 15: 358–372. 10868:Arizona and its bird life 10354:Olendorff, R. R. (1976). 9967:Ballinger, R. E. (1979). 9559:. The Auk, 101(1), 69–73. 9492:Birds of Washington state 9440:Chukar (Alectoris chukar) 9263:Errington, P. L. (1933). 8931:McNicholl, M. K. (2012). 7393:October 29, 2013, at the 5950:Howell, S. N. G. (2010). 5367:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien 5352:Snyder, N. F. R. (1974). 4574: 4242:Yellowstone National Park 3780:Grand Forks, North Dakota 3618:U.S. Breeding Bird Survey 3503:Pheucticus melanocephalus 3362:Storeria occipitomaculata 2601:Columbids and woodpeckers 2534:Grand Forks, North Dakota 1774:Yellowstone National Park 427:by the French naturalist 270: 261: 242: 235: 137:Scientific classification 135: 113: 104: 95: 90: 13139:Internet Bird Collection 12483:Bolgiano, N. C. (1997). 12286:Spofford, W. R. (1969). 11709:Reynolds, R. T. (1974). 11612:Plunkett, A. M. (1986). 10902:Reynolds, R. T. (1989). 10809:Postovit, H. R. (1979). 10796:Mockford, E. L. (1951). 10657:Driscoll, T. G. (2015). 10484:McCallum, D. A. (1994). 10045:Hennessy, S. P. (1978). 10019:Reynolds, R. T. (1983). 9607:Williams, N. R. (2011). 9328:Prawdzik, T. R. (1963). 8986:Westneat, D. F. (1992). 8746:Reynolds, R. T. (1978). 8601:Linduska, J. P. (1943). 8576:. Condor, 96: 1119–1120. 8572:Walsberg, G. E. (1994). 8047:Hawks, owls and wildlife 7967:Goodrich, L. J. (2005). 7707:. The Auk, 86(1), 35–40. 7564:. Ibis, 157(4), 860–870. 7145:Hennessy, S. P. (1978). 6034:Reynolds, R. T. (1972). 5487:Kenward, Robert (2006). 4663:: e.T22695656A93521264. 4216:Marin County, California 4162:Mycoplasma gallisepticum 4078:Longevity and parasitism 3293:Mexican free-tailed bats 3226:black-tailed jackrabbits 3083:Otospermophilus beecheyi 3027:Green Ridge State Forest 2887:Tympanuchus phasianellus 2424:and a huge diversity of 2089: 1641:to have originated from 1455:available wooded habitat 1231:, the southern parts of 1153:contiguous United States 1111:Distribution and habitat 842: 429:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 372:and sometimes reptiles. 334:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 13627:Birds described in 1828 12761:Dykstra, B. L. (1996). 12594:Franson, J. C. (2017). 12515:The migrations of hawks 12346:Brennan, L. A. (1991). 11797:Kennard, J. H. (1975). 11570:Millsap, B. A. (2018). 11335:Millsap, B. A. (1981). 11251:The Northern Naturalist 11124:Hamerstrom, F. (1972). 11085:Stewart, R. E. (1975). 11046:Kennedy, P. L. (1988). 10959:Kennedy, P. L. (1989). 10540:Darling, L. M. (2003). 9997:. Herpetologica, 31–37. 9910:Sprunt Jr., A. (1950). 9897:Leopold, A. S. (1944). 9711:. Raptor Res. 16:18–24. 9648:Johnson, C. E. (1925). 9581:Erskine, A. J. (1972). 9516:Moyles, D.L.J. (1979). 9202:Webster, M. D. (1999). 8973:Richardson, F. (1957). 8944:McGowan, K. J. (2001). 8899:Holroyd, G. L. (2002). 8805:Hailman, J. P. (2009). 8792:Kennedy, P. L. (1992). 8726:Sherrod, S. K. (1978). 8692:Stewart, A. C. (2003). 8290:Forbush, E. H. (1927). 7661:Millsap, B. A. (2018). 7612:Commons, K. A. (2017). 7586:Hamerstrom, F. (1957). 7384:Goodrich, L.J. (2010). 7198:Fischer, D. L. (1986). 7016:Kennedy, P. L. (1988). 6792:Garrido, O. H. (1985). 6678:. U of Minnesota Press. 6674:Roberts, T. S. (1932). 6665:. Birding, 16: 251–263. 5856:. The Wellfleet Press. 5746:. Lab. of Ornithology, 4537:Aphelocoma coerulescens 4513:lesser prairie chickens 4505:greater prairie chicken 4318:Hawk Mountain Sanctuary 4248:Status and conservation 3949: 3811: 3103:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 2879:Dendragapus fuliginosus 2722:red-bellied woodpeckers 2388:). About 15 species of 2305:), as well as on adult 2293:) and a few species of 2056:A Cooper's hawk with a 2020:). "Attackers" such as 1827: 1729:during autumn passage. 722: 12869:McAtee, W. L. (1935). 12620:O’Neil, T. A. (1988). 12526:Murphy, R. K. (1993). 11801:. Bird-banding, 55–73. 11700:. Kingbird 43:278–292. 11696:Rothstein, P. (1993). 11518:Madden, K. K. (2011). 11150:McConnell, S. (2003). 10985:Grimes, S. A. (1944). 10787:. Condor, 103:381–385. 10501:Borell, A. E. (1937). 10471:Stensrude, C. (1965). 10341:Peyton, S. B. (1945). 9663:Squirrels of the world 9490:Jewett, S. G. (1953). 8831:Ficken, M. S. (1989). 8439:Storer, R. W. (1966). 8264:Goslow, G. E. (1971). 7848:Kerlinger, P. (1989). 7752:. Iberia, 61, 187–196. 7512:Berger, D. D. (1957). 7000:Garner, H. D. (1999). 6874:Miller, A. H. (1955). 6794:Cuban endangered birds 6731:. USGS. Archived from 6159:Friedmann, H. (1950). 5316:Toland, Brian (1985). 4588:Cooper's hawk immature 4565:golden-cheeked warbler 4521:red-headed woodpeckers 4444: 4395: 4262: 4105:Agkistrodon contortrix 4059: 4033: 3971: 3883:in Maryland (66%) and 3821: 3774: 3706:Glaucidium brasilianum 3526: 3499:black-headed grosbeaks 3417: 3370:Pantherophis obsoletus 3238:Brachylagus idahoensis 3138:mice, some species of 3107:Eastern gray squirrels 3006: 2815:Callipepla californica 2778: 2714:red-headed woodpeckers 2689: 2623: 2381: 2263:Aphelocoma ultramarina 2242:Aphelocoma californica 2108: 2061: 1943:Odocoileus virginianus 1846: 1766:Cedar Grove, Wisconsin 1598: 1503: 1418: 1207:and possibly still in 1175:, the southern tip of 1120: 1030: 958: 854: 784:Cedar Grove, Wisconsin 778: 698: 619: 420: 13499:Paleobiology Database 13134:"Cooper's hawk media" 12650:Hager, S. B. (2009). 12552:Evans, D. L. (1982). 11574:. Condor, 120: 63–80. 11063:. Oologist, 58:26–27. 11059:Price, H. F. (1941). 10579:Bloom, P. H. (1994). 10527:Ligon, J. D. (1968). 10252:Wiley, J. W. (1975). 10234:Smith, D. G. (2002). 9884:Baker, J. K. (1962). 9801:Stirling, D. (2011). 9720:Bergstom, B. (1999). 9477:Bacon, B. R. (1981). 9341:Stoddard, H. (1931). 9289:Sullivan, K. (1985). 8957:Reese, J. G. (2015). 8860:Cowan, E. M. (2005). 8759:Bowen, R. V. (1997). 8413:Smith, A. P. (1915). 8307:. Am. Birds, 33: 836. 8277:Sustaita, D. (2008). 8233:Clark, R. J. (1977). 8204:Davis, W. M. (2000). 7915:Bates, K. K. (2001). 7861:Clark, W. S. (1985). 7835:Haugh, J. R. (1971). 7329:Beebe, F. L. (1974). 7245:James, R. D. (1984). 6984:Henny, C. J. (1990). 6931:. Contina, 31, 89–95. 6891:. Cotinga, 16, 14–26. 6515:Layne, J. N. (1986). 6469:Fitch, H. S. (1958). 6143:Raptors of New Mexico 5468:Olson, S. L. (2006). 4569:Setophaga chrysoparia 4553:Vermivora chrysoptera 4549:golden-winged warbler 4438: 4404:automobile collisions 4393: 4339:Breeding Bird Surveys 4331:Christmas Bird Counts 4260: 4057: 4031: 3957: 3897:Pseudotsuga menziesii 3819: 3772: 3726:northern saw-whet owl 3702:ferruginous pygmy owl 3678:whiskered screech-owl 3674:Megascops kennicottii 3658:Psiloscops flammeolus 3520: 3411: 3354:Sceloporus poinsettia 3346:Phrynosoma orbiculare 3318:Lerista bougainvillii 3314:Bougainville's skinks 3297:Tadarida brasiliensis 3246:Oryctolagus cuniculus 3222:Sylvilagus floridanus 3099:American red squirrel 3000: 2917:, a dozen species of 2857:, including even the 2772: 2684: 2666:, mourning doves and 2617: 2554:Empidonax oberholseri 2474:northern mockingbirds 2470:Cardinalis cardinalis 2379: 2367:Dolichonyx oryzivorus 2331:red-winged blackbirds 2303:Corvus brachyrhynchos 2238:California scrub jays 2102: 2055: 1840: 1613:, essentially all of 1605:, Cooper's hawk is a 1596: 1512:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1501: 1433:and treeless montane 1416: 1353:habitat fragmentation 1275:and perhaps northern 1199:, formerly east into 1118: 1089:Rupornis magnirostris 1016: 956: 853: 776: 696: 617: 582:, widespread through 415: 12856:McLeran, V. (2000). 12843:McElroy, H. (1977). 12633:Harness, R. (1996). 12303:Nagy, A. C. (1977). 10853:Asay, C. E. (1987). 10783:Boal, C. W. (2001). 10745:. Auk, 116: 830–835. 10618:Hertzel, A. (2003). 10345:. Condor, 47: 167.), 10172:Fremlin, K. (2018). 10156:Horvath, R. (2009). 10006:Cook, W. E. (1987). 9674:Hart, E. B. (1992). 8217:Mead, R. A. (1963). 8147:Dunn, E. H. (1991). 7538:Boal, C. W. (2001). 6687:Liguori, J. (2011). 6661:Clark. W.S. (1984). 6643:Liguori, J. (2005). 6423:Meng, H. K. (1951). 4829:Raptors of the World 4545:Hylocichla mustelina 4024:Development of young 3964:red-shouldered hawks 3831:Tillandsia usneoides 3682:Megascops trichopsis 3670:western screech-owls 3662:eastern screech-owls 3642:Elanoides forficatus 3638:swallow-tailed kites 3535:red-shouldered hawks 3491:Patagioenas fasciata 3475:Chiricahua Mountains 3462:Eurasian sparrowhawk 3350:crevice spiny lizard 3206:Sylvilagus nuttallii 3200:. Strong numbers of 3111:Sciurus carolinensis 3039:Neotamias townsendii 2726:Melanerpes carolinus 2664:Terre Haute, Indiana 2591:Psaltriparus minimus 2579:ruby-crowned kinglet 2502:Haemorhous mexicanus 2287:yellow-billed magpie 2275:Nucifraga columbiana 2191:Terre Haute, Indiana 2114:American goldfinches 2034:Terre Haute, Indiana 2032:were successful. In 1822:Johnson County, Iowa 1686:warming temperatures 1637:were determined via 1149:Cedar Lake, Manitoba 1145:Jasper National Park 656: 538:convergent evolution 385:anthropogenic causes 303:) is a medium-sized 13637:Fauna of California 11683:Dancey, H. (1993). 11548:. The Auk, 957–960. 11522:. Prescott College. 11249:Hohn, E.O. (1983). 11206:Condor, 98:123–132. 10866:Brandt, H. (1951). 10291:Miller, L. (1952). 10282:. The Auk, 200–208. 9293:. The Auk, 184–187. 8977:. The Murrelet, 37. 8316:Toland, B. (1986). 8000:. Auk, 60 :487–492. 6303:RoyalBCMuseum.bc.ca 5656:Order Falconiformes 5548:Newton, I. (2010). 5513:Pathak, V. (2018). 4600:Adult Cooper's hawk 4178:Leucocytozoon toddi 4131:, had the greatest 4113:Crotalus adamanteus 4064:southeastern Canada 3859:) was preferred in 3690:Micrathene whitneyi 3487:band-tailed pigeons 3426:sharp-shinned hawks 3378:Pituophis catenifer 3326:Diadophis punctatus 3202:mountain cottontail 3035:Townsend's chipmunk 2899:Meleagris gallopavo 2883:sharp-tailed grouse 2851:Phasianus colchicus 2835:Cyrtonyx montezumae 2827:Callipepla gambelii 2807:habitat destruction 2799:Colinus virginianus 2742:pileated woodpecker 2575:Auriparus flaviceps 2335:Agelaius phoeniceus 2279:black-billed magpie 2246:northern California 2226:Cyanocitta stelleri 2218:Cyanocitta cristata 1727:northwesterly winds 1663:Northern California 1659:Southern California 1643:mid-Atlantic states 1603:Northern Hemisphere 1557:Podilymbus podiceps 1101:red-shouldered hawk 1069:Accipiter gundlachi 592:Accipiter chilensis 107:Conservation status 49:readable prose size 19:For the chain, see 13543:Accipiter-cooperii 13247:accipiter-cooperii 13234:Accipiter_cooperii 13209:Accipiter cooperii 13179:Accipiter cooperii 13160:IUCN Red List maps 13155:Accipiter cooperii 13126:Accipiter cooperii 13078:Accipiter cooperii 13056:. Knopf. pp. 12832:A Rage for Falcons 12830:Bodio, S. (1984). 12684:(Vol. 28, No. 28). 12453:Jones, S. (1979). 11823:Keran, D. (1981). 11725:Accipiter cooperii 11674:. The Auk, 136(3). 11616:. Loon, 58: 55–60. 11477:. Condor, 461–463. 10238:. Stackpole Books. 9982:Snakes of Virginia 8877:. Condor, 287–302. 8667:Accipiter cooperii 8303:Gerig, J. (1979). 8251:Jones, S. (1979). 8237:. Auk, 94:142–143. 7878:. Stackpole Books. 6783:. PLOS ONE, 4(11). 6735:on January 2, 2020 5903:. Condor, 219–222. 5748:Cornell University 5717:Accipiter cooperii 5578:; Donsker, David; 5275:Accipiter cooperii 5113:Bent, A. C. 1938. 4649:Accipiter cooperii 4509:Tympanuchus cupido 4445: 4396: 4379:. Recent cases of 4263: 4237:Serratospiculoides 4060: 4034: 3972: 3889:Quercus laurifolia 3822: 3805:Oshkosh, Wisconsin 3775: 3746:Strix occidentalis 3714:Athene cunicularia 3694:northern pygmy owl 3547:rough-legged hawks 3527: 3418: 3322:ring-necked snakes 3230:Lepus californicus 3218:eastern cottontail 3198:cottontail rabbits 3055:antelope squirrels 3007: 2951:Larus delewarensis 2943:Anas platyrhynchos 2935:Calidris minutilla 2795:northern bobwhites 2779: 2777:by a Cooper's hawk 2746:Dryocopus pileatus 2738:Picoides pubescens 2690: 2624: 2622:, in New York City 2567:Cardellina pusilla 2546:Empidonax traillii 2542:willow flycatchers 2466:northern cardinals 2430:New World warblers 2382: 2355:eastern meadowlark 2343:Quiscalus quiscula 2271:Clark's nutcracker 2131:Turdus migratorius 2109: 2062: 1847: 1621:(but for southern 1599: 1553:pied-billed grebes 1504: 1419: 1323:, including small 1121: 1093:broad-winged hawks 1031: 1023:sharp-shinned hawk 978:Accipiter gentilis 970:Accipiter striatus 966:sharp-shinned hawk 959: 855: 779: 748:American southwest 699: 620: 526:Bering Land Bridge 493:monophyletic group 425:formally described 423:Cooper's hawk was 421: 393:chemical pollution 327:Accipiter striatus 323:sharp-shinned hawk 287: Non-breeding 91:Cooper's hawk 13594: 13593: 13486:Open Tree of Life 13171:Taxon identifiers 12845:Desert hawking II 11072:Call, M. (1978). 10505:. Condor, 39, 44. 10218:978-0-00-219493-8 9945:. Oikos, 407–411. 9872:10.1111/mam.12060 9167:978-1-4200-6444-5 8380:Meng, H. (1959). 8221:. Condor, 65:167. 6759:allaboutbirds.org 6339:978-0-226-05641-8 5934:Pyle, P. (2005). 5744:allaboutbirds.org 5580:Rasmussen, Pamela 5500:978-0-7136-6565-9 4843:978-0-7136-8026-3 4561:Setophaga cerulea 4533:Florida scrub jay 4417:Los Angeles basin 4354:Potential threats 4129:great horned owls 4003:Parental behavior 3960:American kestrels 3877:Fagus grandifolia 3730:Aegolius acadicus 3722:Aegolius funereus 3630:Falco columbarius 3606:Aquila chrysaetos 3575:Buteo albonotatus 3571:zone-tailed hawks 3553:) as well as the 3539:American kestrels 3435:old-growth forest 3431:northern goshawks 3364:) to the a young 3273:Mephitis mephitis 3194:rabbits and hares 3185:Rattus norvegicus 3047:Neotamias minimus 2947:ring-billed gulls 2811:California quails 2656:white-winged dove 2615: 2583:Regulus calendula 2550:dusky flycatchers 2518:Passer domesticus 2486:Melospiza melodia 2478:Mimus polyglottos 2458:silky-flycatchers 2426:American sparrows 2390:tyrant flycatcher 2319:Corvus ossifragus 2307:northwestern crow 2016:-hunters such as 1998:Buteo jamaicensis 1939:white-tailed deer 1758:Goshute Mountains 1754:Manzano Mountains 1746:Delaware Bayshore 1667:Lansing, Michigan 1611:Pacific Northwest 1549:Branta canadensis 1459:pigeons and doves 1439:human development 1392:Fagus grandifolia 1163:and northernmost 1097:Buteo platypterus 1057:Accipiter bicolor 972:) and the larger 949:Confusion species 870: 797:Goshute Mountains 734:sexual dimorphism 666:Pacific Northwest 413: 319:Mississippi River 292: 291: 130: 84: 83: 51:was 23,000 words. 13644: 13587: 13586: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13546: 13545: 13533: 13532: 13520: 13519: 13507: 13506: 13494: 13493: 13481: 13480: 13468: 13467: 13455: 13454: 13442: 13441: 13429: 13428: 13416: 13415: 13403: 13402: 13390: 13389: 13377: 13376: 13364: 13363: 13354: 13353: 13341: 13340: 13328: 13327: 13315: 13314: 13302: 13301: 13289: 13288: 13276: 13275: 13263: 13262: 13260:EB98812F50A648A1 13250: 13249: 13237: 13236: 13224: 13223: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13198: 13197: 13196: 13166: 13165: 13143: 13124:Cooper's hawk – 13094: 13092: 13090: 13071: 13035: 13028: 13022: 13015: 13009: 13002: 12996: 12989: 12983: 12976: 12970: 12963: 12957: 12950: 12944: 12937: 12931: 12924: 12918: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12892:hawkmountain.org 12880: 12874: 12867: 12861: 12854: 12848: 12841: 12835: 12828: 12822: 12811: 12805: 12798: 12792: 12785: 12779: 12772: 12766: 12759: 12753: 12746: 12737: 12730: 12724: 12717: 12711: 12704: 12698: 12691: 12685: 12674: 12668: 12661: 12655: 12648: 12642: 12631: 12625: 12618: 12612: 12605: 12599: 12592: 12586: 12579: 12573: 12566: 12557: 12550: 12544: 12537: 12531: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12505: 12497: 12488: 12481: 12475: 12464: 12458: 12451: 12445: 12438: 12429: 12422: 12416: 12409: 12403: 12396: 12390: 12383: 12377: 12370: 12364: 12357: 12351: 12344: 12338: 12331: 12325: 12324:. Auk 107:96–109 12318: 12312: 12301: 12295: 12284: 12278: 12271: 12265: 12258: 12252: 12245: 12239: 12232: 12226: 12219: 12213: 12206: 12200: 12193: 12187: 12180: 12174: 12167: 12161: 12154: 12145: 12138: 12132: 12125: 12119: 12112: 12106: 12099: 12093: 12086: 12080: 12073: 12067: 12060: 12054: 12047: 12041: 12034: 12028: 12021: 12015: 12008: 11999: 11992: 11986: 11979: 11973: 11966: 11960: 11953: 11947: 11940: 11934: 11927: 11921: 11914: 11908: 11901: 11892: 11885: 11879: 11868: 11857: 11850: 11844: 11837: 11828: 11821: 11815: 11808: 11802: 11795: 11789: 11782: 11776: 11769: 11763: 11756: 11750: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11720: 11714: 11707: 11701: 11694: 11688: 11681: 11675: 11668: 11659: 11652: 11646: 11639: 11633: 11626: 11617: 11610: 11604: 11597: 11591: 11584: 11575: 11568: 11562: 11555: 11549: 11542: 11536: 11529: 11523: 11516: 11507: 11500: 11494: 11487: 11478: 11471: 11465: 11458: 11452: 11445: 11436: 11429: 11423: 11416: 11410: 11403: 11397: 11386: 11369: 11362: 11356: 11349: 11340: 11333: 11322: 11315: 11309: 11302: 11296: 11289: 11280: 11273: 11267: 11260: 11254: 11247: 11241: 11230: 11224: 11213: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11187: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11161: 11155: 11148: 11142: 11135: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11109: 11103: 11096: 11090: 11083: 11077: 11070: 11064: 11057: 11051: 11044: 11035: 11028: 11003: 10996: 10990: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10964: 10957: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10931: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10900: 10891: 10884: 10871: 10864: 10858: 10851: 10836: 10829: 10814: 10807: 10801: 10794: 10788: 10781: 10766: 10759: 10746: 10739: 10733: 10726: 10720: 10713: 10704: 10697: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10668: 10662: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10636: 10629: 10623: 10616: 10610: 10603: 10597: 10590: 10584: 10577: 10571: 10564: 10558: 10551: 10545: 10538: 10532: 10525: 10519: 10512: 10506: 10499: 10493: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10463: 10456: 10450: 10443: 10437: 10430: 10421: 10414: 10405: 10401:American Kestrel 10396: 10390: 10383: 10377: 10370: 10359: 10352: 10346: 10339: 10333: 10326: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10289: 10283: 10276: 10270: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10239: 10236:Great Horned Owl 10232: 10223: 10222: 10199: 10190: 10183: 10177: 10170: 10161: 10160:. Ontario Birds. 10154: 10148: 10141: 10132: 10125: 10119: 10112: 10106: 10099: 10090: 10083: 10070: 10063: 10050: 10043: 10037: 10030: 10024: 10017: 10011: 10004: 9998: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9965: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9933: 9926: 9915: 9908: 9902: 9895: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9851: 9845: 9838: 9832: 9825: 9819: 9812: 9806: 9799: 9790: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9751: 9744: 9738: 9731: 9725: 9718: 9712: 9705: 9692: 9685: 9679: 9672: 9666: 9659: 9653: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9612: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9586: 9579: 9573: 9566: 9560: 9553: 9547: 9540: 9534: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9508: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9469: 9462: 9456: 9449: 9443: 9436: 9430: 9423: 9417: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9388: 9381: 9372: 9365: 9359: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9333: 9326: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9246: 9239: 9233: 9226: 9220: 9213: 9207: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9172: 9171: 9151: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9110: 9103: 9094: 9087: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9017: 9011: 9004: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8962: 8955: 8949: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8920: 8913: 8904: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8878: 8871: 8865: 8858: 8852: 8845: 8836: 8829: 8823: 8816: 8810: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8777: 8770: 8764: 8757: 8751: 8744: 8731: 8724: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8660: 8641: 8634: 8619: 8612: 8606: 8599: 8593: 8586: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8538: 8531: 8468: 8461: 8444: 8437: 8418: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8385: 8378: 8355: 8348: 8337: 8330: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8295: 8288: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8238: 8231: 8222: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8189: 8183: 8176: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8126: 8119: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8082: 8076: 8069: 8050: 8043: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8001: 7994: 7985: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7820: 7814: 7807: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7724: 7717: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7666: 7659: 7646: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7617: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7558: 7543: 7536: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7473: 7466: 7457: 7450: 7444: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7418: 7407: 7398: 7382: 7373: 7370: 7364: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7311: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7268: 7261: 7250: 7243: 7232: 7225: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7150: 7143: 7126: 7119: 7110: 7103: 7084: 7077: 7071: 7060: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7014: 7005: 6998: 6989: 6982: 6971: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6932: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6885: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6846: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6692: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6648: 6641: 6622: 6615: 6592: 6585: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6498: 6491: 6474: 6467: 6456: 6449: 6428: 6421: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6265: 6258: 6243: 6236: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6146: 6139: 6108: 6101: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6068: 6059: 6052: 6039: 6032: 6009: 6002: 5979: 5972: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5850: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5732: 5721: 5712: 5701: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5663: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5552:. A&C Black. 5546: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5484: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5404: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5322: 5313: 5278: 5271: 5118: 5111: 5090: 5083: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4848: 4847: 4834:Christopher Helm 4823: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4642: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4557:cerulean warbler 4501:American kestrel 4488:northern goshawk 4460:, harvesting of 4289:changing climate 4193:white blood cell 4050:Breeding success 3989:Buteo swainsonii 3968:red-tailed hawks 3943:solar irradiance 3698:Glaucidium gnoma 3654:flammulated owls 3594:Bubo virginianus 3590:great horned owl 3563:Falco peregrinus 3559:peregrine falcon 3555:northern harrier 3531:red-tailed hawks 3414:northern harrier 3330:whiptail lizards 3285:red-tailed hawks 3277:Carlsbad Caverns 3242:European rabbits 3126:flying squirrels 3051:ground squirrels 3019:eastern chipmunk 2959:Fulica americana 2847:common pheasants 2843:Alectoris chukar 2787:New World quails 2734:downy woodpecker 2710:Ithaca, New York 2702:Colaptes auratus 2698:northern flicker 2660:Zenaida asiatica 2640:Zenaida macroura 2616: 2563:Wilson's warbler 2490:dark-eyed juncos 2187:Ithaca, New York 2179:Sturnus vulgaris 1994:red-tailed hawks 1794:Kittatinny Ridge 1742:Falco sparverius 1738:American kestrel 1651:British Columbia 1463:invasive species 1443:industrial parks 1388:American beeches 1129:British Columbia 974:northern goshawk 872: 871: 852: 815:British Columbia 704:British Columbia 660: 484:Erythrotriorchis 414: 286: 281: Year-round 280: 274: 266: 248: 228:A. cooperii 145: 144: 124: 119: 118: 100: 88: 87: 79: 76: 70: 34: 33: 26: 13652: 13651: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13582: 13577: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13549: 13541: 13536: 13528: 13523: 13515: 13510: 13502: 13497: 13489: 13484: 13476: 13471: 13463: 13458: 13450: 13445: 13437: 13432: 13424: 13419: 13411: 13406: 13398: 13393: 13385: 13380: 13372: 13367: 13359: 13357: 13349: 13344: 13336: 13331: 13323: 13318: 13310: 13305: 13297: 13292: 13284: 13279: 13271: 13266: 13258: 13253: 13245: 13240: 13232: 13227: 13221: 13216: 13207: 13206: 13201: 13192: 13191: 13186: 13173: 13132: 13114: 13088: 13086: 13074: 13068: 13043: 13041:Further reading 13038: 13029: 13025: 13016: 13012: 13003: 12999: 12990: 12986: 12977: 12973: 12964: 12960: 12951: 12947: 12938: 12934: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12895: 12882: 12881: 12877: 12868: 12864: 12855: 12851: 12842: 12838: 12829: 12825: 12812: 12808: 12799: 12795: 12786: 12782: 12773: 12769: 12760: 12756: 12747: 12740: 12731: 12727: 12718: 12714: 12705: 12701: 12692: 12688: 12675: 12671: 12662: 12658: 12649: 12645: 12632: 12628: 12619: 12615: 12606: 12602: 12593: 12589: 12580: 12576: 12567: 12560: 12551: 12547: 12538: 12534: 12525: 12521: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12491: 12482: 12478: 12465: 12461: 12452: 12448: 12439: 12432: 12423: 12419: 12410: 12406: 12397: 12393: 12384: 12380: 12371: 12367: 12358: 12354: 12345: 12341: 12332: 12328: 12319: 12315: 12302: 12298: 12285: 12281: 12272: 12268: 12259: 12255: 12246: 12242: 12233: 12229: 12220: 12216: 12207: 12203: 12194: 12190: 12181: 12177: 12168: 12164: 12155: 12148: 12139: 12135: 12126: 12122: 12113: 12109: 12100: 12096: 12087: 12083: 12074: 12070: 12061: 12057: 12048: 12044: 12035: 12031: 12022: 12018: 12009: 12002: 11993: 11989: 11980: 11976: 11967: 11963: 11954: 11950: 11941: 11937: 11928: 11924: 11915: 11911: 11902: 11895: 11886: 11882: 11869: 11860: 11851: 11847: 11838: 11831: 11822: 11818: 11809: 11805: 11796: 11792: 11783: 11779: 11770: 11766: 11757: 11753: 11744: 11740: 11721: 11717: 11708: 11704: 11695: 11691: 11682: 11678: 11669: 11662: 11653: 11649: 11640: 11636: 11627: 11620: 11611: 11607: 11598: 11594: 11585: 11578: 11569: 11565: 11556: 11552: 11543: 11539: 11530: 11526: 11517: 11510: 11501: 11497: 11488: 11481: 11472: 11468: 11459: 11455: 11446: 11439: 11430: 11426: 11417: 11413: 11404: 11400: 11387: 11372: 11363: 11359: 11350: 11343: 11334: 11325: 11316: 11312: 11303: 11299: 11290: 11283: 11274: 11270: 11261: 11257: 11248: 11244: 11231: 11227: 11214: 11210: 11201: 11197: 11188: 11184: 11175: 11171: 11162: 11158: 11149: 11145: 11136: 11132: 11123: 11119: 11110: 11106: 11097: 11093: 11084: 11080: 11071: 11067: 11058: 11054: 11045: 11038: 11029: 11006: 10997: 10993: 10984: 10980: 10971: 10967: 10958: 10954: 10945: 10941: 10932: 10923: 10914: 10910: 10901: 10894: 10885: 10874: 10865: 10861: 10852: 10839: 10830: 10817: 10808: 10804: 10795: 10791: 10782: 10769: 10760: 10749: 10740: 10736: 10727: 10723: 10714: 10707: 10698: 10691: 10682: 10678: 10669: 10665: 10656: 10652: 10643: 10639: 10630: 10626: 10617: 10613: 10604: 10600: 10591: 10587: 10578: 10574: 10565: 10561: 10552: 10548: 10539: 10535: 10526: 10522: 10513: 10509: 10500: 10496: 10483: 10479: 10470: 10466: 10457: 10453: 10444: 10440: 10431: 10424: 10415: 10408: 10397: 10393: 10384: 10380: 10371: 10362: 10353: 10349: 10340: 10336: 10327: 10312: 10303: 10299: 10290: 10286: 10277: 10273: 10264: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10203:Voous, Karel H. 10200: 10193: 10184: 10180: 10171: 10164: 10155: 10151: 10142: 10135: 10126: 10122: 10113: 10109: 10100: 10093: 10084: 10073: 10064: 10053: 10044: 10040: 10031: 10027: 10018: 10014: 10005: 10001: 9992: 9988: 9979: 9975: 9966: 9962: 9953: 9949: 9940: 9936: 9927: 9918: 9909: 9905: 9896: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9852: 9848: 9839: 9835: 9826: 9822: 9813: 9809: 9800: 9793: 9784: 9780: 9771: 9767: 9758: 9754: 9745: 9741: 9732: 9728: 9719: 9715: 9706: 9695: 9689:Tamias merriami 9686: 9682: 9676:Tamias dorsalis 9673: 9669: 9660: 9656: 9647: 9643: 9634: 9615: 9606: 9602: 9593: 9589: 9580: 9576: 9567: 9563: 9554: 9550: 9541: 9537: 9528: 9524: 9515: 9511: 9502: 9498: 9489: 9485: 9476: 9472: 9463: 9459: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9433: 9424: 9420: 9411: 9407: 9398: 9391: 9382: 9375: 9366: 9362: 9353: 9349: 9340: 9336: 9327: 9323: 9314: 9310: 9301: 9297: 9288: 9284: 9275: 9271: 9262: 9249: 9240: 9236: 9227: 9223: 9214: 9210: 9201: 9197: 9188: 9175: 9168: 9152: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9117: 9113: 9104: 9097: 9088: 9084: 9075: 9071: 9062: 9058: 9049: 9040: 9031: 9027: 9018: 9014: 9005: 8994: 8985: 8981: 8972: 8965: 8956: 8952: 8943: 8939: 8930: 8923: 8914: 8907: 8898: 8894: 8885: 8881: 8872: 8868: 8859: 8855: 8846: 8839: 8830: 8826: 8817: 8813: 8804: 8800: 8791: 8780: 8771: 8767: 8758: 8754: 8745: 8734: 8725: 8700: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8644: 8635: 8622: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8587: 8580: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8541: 8532: 8471: 8462: 8447: 8438: 8421: 8412: 8408: 8399: 8388: 8379: 8358: 8349: 8340: 8331: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8289: 8285: 8276: 8272: 8263: 8259: 8250: 8241: 8232: 8225: 8216: 8212: 8203: 8199: 8190: 8186: 8177: 8168: 8159: 8155: 8146: 8142: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8105: 8096: 8092: 8083: 8079: 8070: 8053: 8044: 8033: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8004: 7995: 7988: 7979: 7975: 7966: 7962: 7953: 7949: 7940: 7936: 7927: 7923: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7882: 7873: 7869: 7860: 7856: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7830: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7801: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7772: 7763: 7756: 7747: 7743: 7734: 7727: 7718: 7711: 7702: 7698: 7689: 7685: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7649: 7640: 7636: 7627: 7620: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7594: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7546: 7537: 7533: 7524: 7520: 7511: 7507: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7460: 7451: 7447: 7438: 7434: 7425: 7421: 7408: 7401: 7395:Wayback Machine 7383: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7354: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7297: 7288: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7197: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7153: 7144: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7104: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7015: 7008: 6999: 6992: 6983: 6974: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6939: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6886: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6860: 6856: 6847: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6673: 6669: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6625: 6616: 6595: 6586: 6539: 6530: 6523: 6514: 6501: 6492: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6450: 6431: 6422: 6367: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6268: 6259: 6246: 6237: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6111: 6102: 6091: 6082: 6078: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6042: 6033: 6012: 6003: 5982: 5973: 5958: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5907: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5851: 5768: 5759: 5755: 5734: 5733: 5724: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5582:, eds. (2020). 5573: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5550:The sparrowhawk 5547: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5463: 5454: 5447: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5405: 5394: 5384: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5320: 5314: 5281: 5272: 5121: 5112: 5093: 5084: 4891: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4851: 4844: 4824: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4643: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4601: 4598: 4589: 4586: 4577: 4496: 4471:ecological trap 4462:ponderosa pines 4453:loss of habitat 4369:Bioaccumulation 4356: 4344:turkey vultures 4326: 4305:organochlorines 4255: 4253:Historic status 4250: 4231:Serratospiculum 4121:West Nile virus 4097:venomous snakes 4080: 4052: 4026: 4005: 3985:Swainson's hawk 3952: 3913:redwood forests 3909:Pinus ponderosa 3814: 3767: 3762: 3495:American robins 3445:Jemez Mountains 3406: 3366:black rat snake 3305: 3023:Tamias striatus 2995: 2931:least sandpiper 2907: 2891:common pheasant 2871:Bonasa umbellus 2831:Montezuma quail 2775:common pheasant 2767: 2628:pigeon and dove 2605: 2603: 2359:Sturnella magna 2339:common grackles 2311:Corvus caurinus 2183:non-native bird 2175:common starling 2105:common starling 2097: 2092: 2050: 1922:binocular field 1835: 1833:Hunting methods 1830: 1707:mountain ridges 1691:Marin Headlands 1639:stable isotopes 1607:partial migrant 1591: 1533:bodies of water 1516:Accipiter nisus 1496: 1425:, parkland and 1349:Rocky mountains 1293: 1181:Baja California 1113: 1081:Buteo plagiatus 1073:buteonine hawks 1065:Gundlach's hawk 951: 890: 889: 881: 879: 878: 877: 876: 873: 866: 863: 856: 850: 845: 806:Marin Headlands 764:Bergmann's rule 730:Rocky mountains 725: 662: 612: 596:Gundlach's hawk 576:species complex 568:Rocky mountains 564:glacial refugia 553:A. c. mexicanus 403: 401: 342:big blue darter 288: 284: 282: 278: 276: 272: 257: 250: 244: 231: 194:Accipitriformes 139: 131: 120: 116: 109: 80: 74: 71: 52: 35: 31: 24: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 13650: 13640: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13575: 13559: 13557: 13555:Falco cooperii 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13534: 13521: 13508: 13495: 13482: 13469: 13456: 13443: 13430: 13417: 13404: 13391: 13378: 13365: 13355: 13342: 13329: 13316: 13303: 13290: 13277: 13264: 13251: 13238: 13225: 13214: 13199: 13183: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13163: 13162: 13150: 13144: 13130: 13121: 13113: 13112:External links 13110: 13109: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13095: 13072: 13066: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13023: 13010: 12997: 12984: 12971: 12958: 12945: 12932: 12919: 12905: 12875: 12862: 12849: 12836: 12823: 12806: 12793: 12780: 12767: 12754: 12738: 12725: 12712: 12699: 12686: 12669: 12656: 12643: 12641:(p. B4). IEEE. 12626: 12613: 12600: 12587: 12574: 12558: 12545: 12532: 12519: 12506: 12489: 12476: 12459: 12446: 12430: 12417: 12404: 12391: 12378: 12365: 12352: 12339: 12326: 12313: 12296: 12279: 12266: 12253: 12240: 12227: 12214: 12201: 12188: 12175: 12162: 12146: 12133: 12120: 12107: 12094: 12081: 12068: 12055: 12042: 12029: 12016: 12000: 11987: 11974: 11961: 11948: 11935: 11922: 11909: 11893: 11880: 11858: 11845: 11829: 11816: 11803: 11790: 11777: 11764: 11751: 11738: 11715: 11702: 11689: 11676: 11660: 11647: 11634: 11618: 11605: 11592: 11576: 11563: 11550: 11537: 11524: 11508: 11495: 11479: 11466: 11453: 11437: 11424: 11411: 11398: 11370: 11357: 11341: 11323: 11310: 11297: 11281: 11268: 11255: 11242: 11225: 11208: 11195: 11182: 11169: 11156: 11143: 11130: 11117: 11104: 11091: 11078: 11065: 11052: 11036: 11004: 10991: 10978: 10965: 10952: 10939: 10921: 10908: 10892: 10872: 10859: 10837: 10815: 10802: 10789: 10767: 10747: 10734: 10721: 10705: 10689: 10676: 10663: 10650: 10637: 10624: 10611: 10598: 10585: 10572: 10559: 10546: 10533: 10520: 10507: 10494: 10477: 10464: 10451: 10438: 10422: 10406: 10391: 10378: 10360: 10347: 10334: 10310: 10297: 10284: 10271: 10258: 10240: 10224: 10217: 10191: 10178: 10162: 10149: 10133: 10120: 10107: 10091: 10071: 10051: 10038: 10025: 10012: 9999: 9986: 9973: 9960: 9947: 9934: 9916: 9903: 9890: 9877: 9846: 9833: 9820: 9807: 9791: 9778: 9765: 9752: 9739: 9726: 9713: 9693: 9680: 9667: 9654: 9641: 9613: 9600: 9587: 9574: 9561: 9548: 9535: 9522: 9509: 9496: 9483: 9470: 9457: 9444: 9431: 9418: 9405: 9389: 9373: 9360: 9347: 9334: 9321: 9308: 9295: 9282: 9269: 9247: 9234: 9221: 9208: 9195: 9173: 9166: 9137: 9124: 9111: 9095: 9082: 9069: 9056: 9038: 9025: 9012: 8992: 8979: 8963: 8950: 8937: 8921: 8905: 8892: 8879: 8866: 8853: 8837: 8824: 8811: 8798: 8778: 8765: 8752: 8732: 8698: 8685: 8642: 8620: 8607: 8594: 8578: 8565: 8539: 8469: 8445: 8419: 8406: 8386: 8356: 8338: 8322: 8309: 8296: 8283: 8270: 8257: 8239: 8223: 8210: 8197: 8184: 8166: 8153: 8140: 8127: 8103: 8090: 8077: 8051: 8031: 8018: 8002: 7986: 7973: 7960: 7947: 7934: 7921: 7908: 7896: 7880: 7867: 7854: 7841: 7828: 7815: 7799: 7783: 7770: 7754: 7741: 7725: 7709: 7696: 7683: 7667: 7647: 7634: 7618: 7605: 7592: 7579: 7566: 7544: 7531: 7518: 7505: 7492: 7474: 7458: 7445: 7432: 7419: 7399: 7374: 7365: 7348: 7335: 7319: 7295: 7282: 7269: 7251: 7233: 7217: 7204: 7184: 7171: 7151: 7127: 7111: 7085: 7072: 7052: 7039: 7026: 7006: 6990: 6972: 6959: 6946: 6933: 6920: 6902: 6893: 6880: 6867: 6854: 6836: 6823: 6798: 6785: 6772: 6746: 6711: 6693: 6680: 6667: 6649: 6623: 6593: 6537: 6521: 6499: 6475: 6457: 6429: 6365: 6352: 6338: 6316: 6286: 6266: 6244: 6178: 6165: 6147: 6109: 6089: 6076: 6060: 6040: 6010: 5980: 5956: 5940: 5927: 5905: 5892: 5879: 5866: 5862:978-1555214722 5766: 5753: 5722: 5702: 5686: 5664: 5647: 5627: 5614: 5601: 5567: 5554: 5541: 5528: 5519: 5506: 5499: 5474: 5461: 5445: 5428: 5412: 5392: 5378: 5358: 5342: 5279: 5119: 5091: 4889: 4873: 4849: 4842: 4683: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4495: 4492: 4476:Trichomoniasis 4385:Lead poisoning 4355: 4352: 4348:Cathartes aura 4335:Bake Oven Knob 4325: 4324:Current status 4322: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4157:Trichomoniasis 4153:Trichomoniasis 4151:vulnerable to 4147:Trichomoniasis 4133:seroprevalence 4117:bone fractures 4093:tree collapses 4079: 4076: 4051: 4048: 4025: 4022: 4004: 4001: 3951: 3948: 3905:Ponderosa pine 3873:American beech 3869:Pinus echinata 3865:Shortleaf pine 3851:trees. Native 3813: 3810: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3734:long-eared owl 3666:Megascops asio 3483:Steller's jays 3405: 3402: 3358:redbelly snake 3304: 3301: 3095:Tree squirrels 3087:rock squirrels 3043:least chipmunk 2994: 2991: 2955:American coots 2937:) to an adult 2906: 2903: 2823:Gambel's quail 2766: 2763: 2730:South Carolina 2652:Columbina inca 2602: 2599: 2494:Junco hiemalis 2442:penduline tits 2283:Pica hudsonius 2222:Steller's jays 2127:American robin 2118:Spinus tristis 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2058:common grackle 2049: 2046: 1966:Columba livia) 1905:regional parks 1894:, then lastly 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1810:, falcons and 1590: 1587: 1569:corticosterone 1495: 1492: 1292: 1289: 1112: 1109: 1105:Buteo lineatus 1085:roadside hawks 1053:bicolored hawk 950: 947: 880: 874: 864: 859: 858: 857: 848: 847: 846: 844: 841: 789:Cape May Point 724: 721: 640:exposed stumps 611: 608: 580:bicolored hawk 444:William Cooper 440:Falco cooperii 418:Astur cooperii 400: 397: 338:William Cooper 300:Astur cooperii 290: 289: 283: 277: 275: Breeding 271: 268: 267: 259: 258: 251: 246:Astur cooperii 240: 239: 233: 232: 225: 223: 219: 218: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 133: 132: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 101: 93: 92: 82: 81: 61:it, or adding 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13649: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13585: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13544: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13409: 13405: 13401: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13356: 13352: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13230: 13226: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13195: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13167: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13122: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13107:9780292720916 13105: 13102: 13099: 13096: 13085: 13081: 13079: 13073: 13069: 13067:0-679-45122-6 13063: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13048:Sibley, David 13045: 13044: 13033: 13027: 13020: 13014: 13007: 13001: 12994: 12988: 12981: 12975: 12968: 12962: 12955: 12949: 12942: 12936: 12929: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12893: 12889: 12887: 12879: 12872: 12866: 12859: 12853: 12846: 12840: 12833: 12827: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12803: 12797: 12790: 12784: 12777: 12771: 12764: 12758: 12751: 12745: 12743: 12735: 12729: 12722: 12716: 12709: 12703: 12696: 12690: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12666: 12660: 12653: 12647: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12623: 12617: 12610: 12604: 12597: 12591: 12584: 12578: 12571: 12565: 12563: 12555: 12549: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12494: 12486: 12480: 12473: 12469: 12463: 12456: 12450: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12427: 12421: 12414: 12408: 12401: 12395: 12388: 12382: 12375: 12369: 12362: 12356: 12349: 12343: 12336: 12330: 12323: 12317: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12276: 12270: 12263: 12257: 12250: 12244: 12237: 12231: 12224: 12218: 12211: 12205: 12198: 12192: 12185: 12179: 12172: 12166: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12143: 12137: 12130: 12124: 12117: 12111: 12104: 12098: 12091: 12085: 12078: 12072: 12065: 12059: 12052: 12046: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12020: 12013: 12007: 12005: 11997: 11991: 11984: 11978: 11971: 11965: 11958: 11952: 11945: 11939: 11932: 11926: 11919: 11913: 11906: 11900: 11898: 11890: 11884: 11877: 11876:Urban Raptors 11873: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11855: 11849: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11826: 11820: 11813: 11807: 11800: 11794: 11787: 11781: 11774: 11768: 11761: 11755: 11748: 11742: 11735:(2): 460–463. 11734: 11730: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11706: 11699: 11693: 11686: 11680: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11657: 11651: 11644: 11638: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11615: 11609: 11602: 11596: 11589: 11583: 11581: 11573: 11567: 11560: 11554: 11547: 11541: 11534: 11528: 11521: 11515: 11513: 11505: 11499: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11476: 11470: 11463: 11457: 11450: 11444: 11442: 11434: 11428: 11421: 11415: 11408: 11402: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11367: 11361: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11320: 11314: 11307: 11301: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11278: 11272: 11265: 11259: 11252: 11246: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11222: 11218: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11186: 11179: 11173: 11166: 11160: 11153: 11147: 11140: 11134: 11127: 11121: 11114: 11108: 11101: 11095: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11069: 11062: 11056: 11049: 11043: 11041: 11033: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11001: 10995: 10988: 10982: 10975: 10969: 10962: 10956: 10949: 10943: 10936: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10918: 10912: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10889: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10812: 10806: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10764: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10744: 10738: 10731: 10725: 10718: 10712: 10710: 10702: 10696: 10694: 10686: 10680: 10673: 10667: 10660: 10654: 10647: 10641: 10634: 10628: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10602: 10595: 10589: 10582: 10576: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10550: 10543: 10537: 10530: 10524: 10517: 10511: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10487: 10481: 10474: 10468: 10461: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10435: 10429: 10427: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10403: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10382: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10357: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10301: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10268: 10262: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10220: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10198: 10196: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10130: 10124: 10117: 10111: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10048: 10042: 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9990: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9964: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9938: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9860:Mammal Review 9857: 9850: 9843: 9837: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9811: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9782: 9775: 9769: 9762: 9756: 9749: 9743: 9736: 9730: 9723: 9717: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9690: 9684: 9677: 9671: 9664: 9658: 9651: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9578: 9571: 9565: 9558: 9552: 9545: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9519: 9513: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9474: 9467: 9461: 9454: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9428: 9422: 9415: 9409: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9331: 9325: 9318: 9312: 9305: 9299: 9292: 9286: 9279: 9273: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9244: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9218: 9212: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9092: 9086: 9079: 9073: 9066: 9060: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9035: 9029: 9022: 9016: 9009: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8989: 8983: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8960: 8954: 8947: 8941: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8902: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8834: 8828: 8821: 8815: 8808: 8802: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8695: 8689: 8670: 8668: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8617: 8611: 8604: 8598: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8466: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8280: 8274: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8157: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8131: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8094: 8087: 8081: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7957: 7951: 7944: 7938: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7812: 7806: 7804: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7780: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7528: 7522: 7515: 7509: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7455: 7449: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7369: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7316: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7082: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6897: 6890: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6690: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6356: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5738:Cooper's Hawk 5731: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429:Synurbization 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4400:electrocution 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3966:(line 3) and 3965: 3961: 3956: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861:Massachusetts 3858: 3857:Pinus strobus 3854: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3771: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710:burrowing owl 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614:Procyon lotor 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551:Buteo lagopus 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:invertebrates 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:spiny lizards 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269:striped skunk 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:pygmy rabbits 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:Rattus rattus 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156:kangaroo rats 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3119:Sciurus niger 3116: 3115:fox squirrels 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3003:tree squirrel 2999: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Bubulcus ibis 2964: 2963:cattle egrets 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:ruffed grouse 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2676:north Florida 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:mourning dove 2633: 2629: 2621: 2620:mourning dove 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:house sparrow 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:house finches 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:song sparrows 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:American crow 2296: 2292: 2291:Pica nuttalli 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2101: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2048:Prey spectrum 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1900:Stevens Point 1897: 1893: 1892:woodland edge 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:chicken farms 1861: 1860:North Florida 1857: 1853: 1844: 1843:house sparrow 1839: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782:Bridger Range 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748:locations of 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Pinus strobus 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331:woodlands in 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307:, especially 1306: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:south Florida 1254: 1253:New Hampshire 1250: 1249:Massachusetts 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203:and south to 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:south Florida 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1028: 1025:(right) with 1024: 1021:and a female 1020: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 955: 946: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 909: 905: 900: 896: 888: 886: 862: 840: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 816: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 740: 735: 731: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 691: 689: 684: 678: 676: 672: 667: 661: 654: 650: 645: 641: 637: 636:utility poles 633: 629: 625: 616: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 558: 557:Upper Midwest 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 532: 527: 523: 518: 514: 513: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 479: 474: 472: 467: 463: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438: 437:binomial name 434: 430: 426: 419: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:birds of prey 313:. As in many 312: 311: 306: 302: 301: 296: 295:Cooper's hawk 269: 265: 260: 255: 249: 247: 241: 238: 237:Binomial name 234: 230: 229: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 134: 128: 123: 122:Least Concern 112: 108: 103: 99: 94: 89: 86: 78: 75:February 2023 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 46: 44: 39:This article 37: 28: 27: 22: 13554: 13478:coopers-hawk 13361:coopers-hawk 13178: 13154: 13137: 13125: 13089:February 22, 13087:. Retrieved 13077: 13052: 13031: 13026: 13018: 13013: 13005: 13000: 12992: 12987: 12979: 12974: 12966: 12961: 12953: 12948: 12940: 12935: 12927: 12922: 12914: 12908: 12896:. 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JHU Press. 9662: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9636: 9608: 9603: 9595: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9569: 9564: 9556: 9551: 9543: 9538: 9530: 9525: 9517: 9512: 9504: 9499: 9491: 9486: 9478: 9473: 9465: 9460: 9452: 9447: 9439: 9434: 9426: 9421: 9413: 9408: 9400: 9384: 9368: 9363: 9355: 9350: 9342: 9337: 9329: 9324: 9316: 9311: 9303: 9298: 9290: 9285: 9277: 9272: 9264: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9224: 9216: 9211: 9203: 9198: 9190: 9158: 9155: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9114: 9106: 9090: 9085: 9077: 9072: 9064: 9059: 9051: 9033: 9028: 9020: 9015: 9007: 8987: 8982: 8974: 8958: 8953: 8945: 8940: 8932: 8916: 8900: 8895: 8887: 8882: 8874: 8869: 8861: 8856: 8848: 8832: 8827: 8819: 8814: 8806: 8801: 8793: 8773: 8768: 8760: 8755: 8747: 8727: 8693: 8688: 8676:. 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Comistock. 7277: 7272: 7264: 7246: 7228: 7212: 7207: 7199: 7179: 7174: 7166: 7146: 7122: 7106: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7047: 7042: 7034: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7001: 6985: 6967: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6941: 6936: 6928: 6923: 6896: 6888: 6883: 6875: 6870: 6862: 6857: 6849: 6831: 6826: 6814:. Retrieved 6810: 6801: 6793: 6788: 6780: 6775: 6763:. Retrieved 6758: 6749: 6739:November 18, 6737:. Retrieved 6733:the original 6728: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6644: 6618: 6588: 6532: 6516: 6494: 6470: 6452: 6424: 6360: 6355: 6343:. Retrieved 6329: 6326: 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6302: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6261: 6239: 6173: 6168: 6160: 6145:. UNM Press. 6142: 6104: 6084: 6079: 6071: 6055: 6035: 6005: 5975: 5951: 5935: 5930: 5922: 5900: 5895: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5853: 5761: 5756: 5743: 5737: 5716: 5697: 5681: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5592:. 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Retrieved 4660: 4654: 4648: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4529:Vireo bellii 4528: 4525:Bell's vireo 4516: 4508: 4497: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4448: 4446: 4413:translocated 4397: 4357: 4347: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4294: 4264: 4235: 4229: 4219: 4208: 4197:heterophiles 4189:Lake Ontario 4184:Haemoproteus 4182: 4181:and 62% had 4176: 4170: 4167:bird feeders 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4125:herpes virus 4112: 4104: 4081: 4068:North Dakota 4061: 4044: 4035: 4017: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3925: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3893:Douglas firs 3888: 3876: 3868: 3856: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3827:Spanish moss 3823: 3796: 3784: 3776: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3629: 3613: 3605: 3602:golden eagle 3598: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3543:broad-winged 3528: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3439: 3421: 3419: 3377: 3374:gopher snake 3369: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3325: 3317: 3306: 3296: 3280: 3272: 3254: 3245: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3205: 3184: 3176: 3164: 3152:jumping mice 3133: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3090: 3082: 3075:North Dakota 3070: 3062: 3046: 3038: 3022: 3008: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2942: 2934: 2908: 2898: 2886: 2878: 2875:sooty grouse 2870: 2850: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2814: 2798: 2780: 2745: 2737: 2725: 2717: 2701: 2691: 2659: 2651: 2639: 2625: 2595:hummingbirds 2590: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2553: 2545: 2517: 2510:Spinus pinus 2509: 2506:pine siskins 2501: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2450:treecreepers 2383: 2366: 2358: 2342: 2334: 2318: 2310: 2302: 2290: 2285:), possibly 2282: 2274: 2262: 2259:Mexican jays 2241: 2225: 2217: 2199: 2178: 2139:Lopez Island 2130: 2117: 2110: 2063: 2021: 2017: 1997: 1989: 1978:aquatic prey 1965: 1947: 1942: 1926:tandem hunts 1918: 1913:bird feeders 1909:golf courses 1896:open country 1872:bird feeders 1848: 1815: 1807: 1741: 1731: 1723:Great Plains 1715:Florida Keys 1697:(but unlike 1694: 1671: 1635:Florida Keys 1623:South Dakota 1600: 1582: 1556: 1548: 1545:Canada goose 1515: 1507: 1505: 1484:Pennsylvania 1431:cloud forest 1420: 1391: 1383: 1376:Appalachians 1357: 1351:after human 1301:mixed forest 1294: 1229:South Dakota 1157:Great Plains 1135:, Manitoba, 1133:Saskatchewan 1122: 1104: 1096: 1088: 1080: 1068: 1056: 1047: 1036: 1032: 1006: 1002:birdwatchers 981: 977: 969: 961: 960: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 894: 891: 882: 819: 780: 759: 752:North Dakota 742: 738: 726: 708:North Dakota 700: 687: 679: 674: 623: 621: 591: 588:Chilean hawk 571: 552: 546: 516: 510: 504: 500: 488: 482: 476: 470: 465: 462:Accipitridae 455: 452:chicken hawk 439: 422: 417: 374: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350:flying cross 349: 346:chicken hawk 345: 341: 331: 326: 308: 299: 298: 294: 293: 245: 243: 227: 226: 214: 204:Accipitridae 85: 72: 40: 13460:Neotropical 13434:NatureServe 13382:iNaturalist 13203:Wikispecies 12898:January 28, 9583:Buffleheads 5576:Gill, Frank 5490:The Goshawk 4541:wood thrush 4458:Black Hills 4443:population. 4419:around the 4409:bird strike 4221:Sarcocystis 4205:eosinophils 4138:Avipoxvirus 4085:hypothermia 3800:Albuquerque 3754:Strix varia 3742:spotted owl 3583:cotton rats 3523:mockingbird 3398:butterflies 3148:cotton rats 3132:, commoner 3053:(including 2983:kingfishers 2911:water birds 2905:Other birds 2895:wild turkey 2803:overhunting 2750:mixed flock 2694:woodpeckers 2538:Flycatchers 2446:aegithalids 2422:cardinalids 2351:meadowlarks 2347:Black Hills 2060:as its prey 1992:(including 1945:) carcass. 1876:forest edge 1814:, but many 1778:Lipan Point 1682:Great Lakes 1678:south Texas 1631:New England 1551:) and even 1480:Casa Grande 1451:urban parks 1427:scrub areas 1380:white pines 1345:floodplains 1339:woodlands, 1333:dry country 1245:New England 1227:, southern 1141:Nova Scotia 1131:, Alberta, 925:eeeeeeee-oo 895:keh-keh-keh 837:hallux claw 683:supercilium 610:Description 604:paraspecies 561:Pleistocene 534:sparrowhawk 473:or harriers 63:subheadings 13601:Categories 13570:Q109563275 13538:Xeno-canto 9866:(3): 160. 6765:August 21, 6345:August 21, 6309:August 21, 5594:August 27, 5437:Accipiters 4832:. London: 4618:References 4449:Accipiters 4425:wind farms 4373:pollutants 4313:Accipiters 4309:Accipiters 4210:Haematozoa 4172:Salmonella 4101:copperhead 4089:windstorms 4018:Lynx rufus 3962:(line 1), 3931:or even a 3885:laurel oak 3853:white pine 3848:Eucalyptus 3750:barred owl 3718:boreal owl 3646:gray hawks 3512:Accipiters 3479:Accipiters 3471:Accipiters 3466:Accipiters 3449:New Mexico 3440:Accipiters 3422:Accipiters 3382:amphibians 3308:hawks. In 3303:Other prey 3289:large owls 3210:New Mexico 3173:black rats 3165:Peromyscus 3135:Peromyscus 2863:ptarmigans 2783:galliforms 2765:Galliforms 2706:New Mexico 2668:rock doves 2648:Inca doves 2558:Chickadees 2406:nuthatches 2371:grasslands 2234:New Mexico 2202:passerines 2143:Washington 2066:vertebrate 2024:and large 2022:Accipiters 1962:rock doves 1931:scavenging 1884:fencelines 1808:Accipiters 1799:Fat stores 1786:Gulf Coast 1750:New Jersey 1711:coastlines 1695:Accipiters 1627:Great Lake 1453:and other 1423:open woods 1273:Costa Rica 1217:Washington 1201:Nuevo Leon 1169:Gulf Coast 1077:gray hawks 994:large crow 990:small crow 982:Accipiters 942:Accipiters 929:tseeeee-ar 885:media help 822:wing chord 793:New Jersey 756:New Jersey 743:Accipiters 688:Accipiters 549:subspecies 433:Bordentown 391:and other 389:pesticides 381:fledglings 366:swift hawk 358:quail hawk 59:condensing 11223:(p. 499). 4466:Accipiter 4377:Vancouver 4299:, mostly 4276:gamebirds 4268:poisoning 4226:Helminths 4201:monocytes 4107:) and an 4039:Siblicide 4010:Accipiter 3970:(line 4). 3938:mistletoe 3901:mistletoe 3843:grapevine 3792:nighthawk 3788:courtship 3738:Asio otus 3634:southeast 3507:Accipiter 3181:brown rat 3160:nocturnal 3015:Chipmunks 2971:nightjars 2919:shorebird 2859:grassland 2672:bluebirds 2530:Milwaukee 2462:longspurs 2363:bobolinks 2315:fish crow 2042:chipmunks 1888:Tennessee 1762:hawkwatch 1589:Migration 1565:nighthawk 1561:migratory 1508:Accipiter 1488:Tennessee 1435:grassland 1372:waterways 1364:clearings 1341:farmlands 1321:woodlands 1309:foothills 1269:Nicaragua 1261:Guatemala 1237:Wisconsin 1233:Minnesota 1205:Michoacán 1189:Chihuahua 1125:provinces 1048:Accipiter 1007:Accipiter 962:Accipiter 904:nighthawk 768:longitude 760:Accipiter 739:Accipiter 712:Wisconsin 677:species. 675:Accipiter 644:blue-gray 572:Accipiter 566:with the 531:Old World 522:ancestors 517:Accipiter 497:tiny hawk 489:Accipiter 466:Accipiter 310:Accipiter 254:Bonaparte 222:Species: 160:Kingdom: 154:Eukaryota 67:talk page 55:splitting 53:Consider 13564:Wikidata 13512:Species+ 13439:2.100417 13426:22695656 13400:10197090 13273:22695656 13268:BirdLife 13188:Wikidata 13050:(2000). 8678:June 13, 7391:Archived 5369:(1828). 5335:June 13, 4484:falconry 4365:warfarin 4361:dieldrin 4297:biocides 4278:such as 4272:shooting 4195:counts ( 3917:tan-oaks 3760:Breeding 3620:and the 3454:Missouri 3310:Arkansas 3130:woodrats 3031:Maryland 2755:deermice 2522:Michigan 2398:swallows 2214:blue jay 2195:Michigan 2163:thrushes 2151:Berkeley 2030:Missouri 2002:velocity 1958:sparrows 1880:woodland 1868:feedlots 1852:Michigan 1812:harriers 1804:Flocking 1790:Veracruz 1734:Cape May 1703:thermals 1494:Behavior 1408:Arkansas 1400:Maryland 1329:riparian 1325:woodlots 1281:Colombia 1265:Honduras 1241:Michigan 1209:Guerrero 1197:Coahuila 1171:states, 1075:such as 1043:coloring 671:melanism 653:cinnamon 542:Cape May 478:Harpagus 399:Taxonomy 354:hen hawk 200:Family: 174:Chordata 170:Phylum: 164:Animalia 150:Domain: 127:IUCN 3.1 43:too long 13584:9197895 13351:2480621 13255:Avibase 13194:Q862896 13058:112–113 6816:June 3, 4381:cyanide 4014:bobcats 3933:woodrat 3686:elf owl 3626:merlins 3610:raccoon 3390:beetles 3338:Durango 3214:Durango 3169:Burnaby 3144:lemming 3011:mammals 2993:Mammals 2987:parrots 2975:trogons 2939:mallard 2839:chukars 2587:bushtit 2532:and in 2454:dippers 2434:shrikes 2386:biomass 2327:icterid 2323:mobbing 2267:flicker 2255:Arizona 2250:mobbing 2206:corvids 2167:species 2159:exurban 2084:pigeons 2080:Indiana 2070:mammals 2038:parties 2026:falcons 2010:viscera 1986:gracile 1974:harrier 1950:rabbits 1935:carrion 1898:. 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