22:
240:
283:
that the actual figure is unknown. Archaeologist Susan Martin wrote that "“The competent excavation of many prehistoric archaeological sites in the Lake
Superior basin reveals the continuous use of copper throughout the prehistoric time range, in association with all of the other items of material culture (projectile points, pottery and the like) that are without a doubt the products of native technologies. Many of these sites have been dated reliably by radiocarbon means.... Clearly, copper-working continues up until the years of aboriginal contact with seventeenth-century Europeans. The speculators could at least acknowledge these facts rather than pretend that the association of copper with indigenous people doesn’t exist.”
372:
931:'s Upper Peninsula. Construction work started in 2010, with commercial production commencing 2014 and anticipated to last up to nine years. After mining is finished the site will be reclaimed. The mine is expected to produce 360 million pounds of nickel, 295 million pounds of copper and small amounts of other metals over its nine-year mine life (2014 to Q4 2023). Other base metals include platinum, palladium, and cobalt. Ores will be processed at the Humboldt Mill in Michigamme Township. The concentrate is loaded into covered train cars and shipped to smelters in either Canada or Europe.
494:
356:
607:). Although amygdaloid and conglomerate deposits tended to be lower-grade than the fissure deposits, they were much larger, and could be mined much more efficiently, with the ore blasted out, hoisted to the surface, and sent to stamp mills located at a different site. Amygdaloid and conglomerate mining turned out to be much more productive and profitable than fissure mining, and the majority of highly successful mines were on amygdaloid or conglomerate lodes. The first mine to successfully mine a stratiform ore body was the
854:(EPA), which had previously held that it had no role in the permitting, reversed itself, and stated that White Pine would have to apply for a federal permit. White Pine, which had already started to recover copper from the pilot project, suspended solution mining in October 1996, and applied for to the EPA for the permit. In May 1997 the company withdrew the EPA permit application, saying that further permitting delays had made the project uneconomical, and announced plans to begin reclamation of the mine site.
388:
680:
dewatered several old ones in hopes of finding additional wealth, but none were successful. Later that year, Calumet and Hecla's mine workers went out on strike, and the new owners closed the mines for good. Only the Copper Range company's White Pine mine remained open, and its ore was mostly copper sulfides, rather than native copper. Michigan's native copper industry was essentially dead, after producing 11 billion pounds (5.0 million metric tons) of copper.
1968:
337:
771:
73:
519:
501:
571:
553:
535:
54:
945:
Orvana estimates that approximately one billion pounds of copper are present at their site, along with smaller quantities of silver. Studies indicate that 800 million pounds (360,000 metric tons) of copper can be extracted, as well as 3,456,000 ounces of silver. Production would last 13 years,
617:
While the most successful fissure mines had been at the north and south ends of the district, the conglomerate and amygdaloid mines, which produced the great majority of
Michigan copper, were concentrated in the center of the district, almost all in Houghton County. The most productive conglomerate
282:
revealed the existence of copper producing pits and hammering stones which were used to work the copper. Some authors have suggested that as much as 1.5 billion pounds of copper was extracted during this period, but some archaeologists consider such high figures as "ill-constructed estimates" and
481:
up to hundreds of tons. To extract a single mass of copper, miners could spend months chiseling it into pieces small enough to hoist out of the mine. Although they were pure copper, removing the masses took a great deal of effort, and was sometimes not even profitable. The majority of the copper
679:
and became the company's
Calumet division. By this time the Calumet and Hecla's original conglomerate workings had been abandoned and stamp sand reclamation had ended. The mines did not even produce enough copper to supply the company's internal demand. The company opened several new shafts and
473:
In
Keweenaw County, the fissure lodes were nearly vertical mineralized zones with strike nearly perpendicular to that of the enclosing basalts and conglomerates. In Ontonagon County, by contrast, the fissures had strikes nearly parallel to, and dips slightly steeper than, the surrounding beds.
465:
Although the copper-mining region stretched about 100 miles from northeast to southwest, the most productive early mines, working fissure veins, were those at the north end in
Keweenaw County (such as the Central, Cliff, and Phoenix mines), or at the south end in Ontonagon County (such as the
793:
had been known since the 1800s. But the ore grades were too low, the ore mineral particles too small, and the copper was largely in sulfides instead of native copper. All these conditions made the shale deposits uneconomical, although repeated attempts were made to mine the shale at the
668:, when wartime demand pushed copper prices higher. The end of the war brought an end to high prices, and nearly all companies closed, leaving only the Calumet and Hecla, Quincy, and Copper Range mining companies. Both Calumet and Hecla and Quincy survived largely by reprocessing the
861:. The University of Montana undertook extensive efforts to restore and revegetate the barren landscape from 1997 to 1999, but it is unclear whether this has been successful. The university has published a detailed report of its project. Satellite images are available at (
753:
sites which are slowly being rehabilitated. Mines also required a great deal of wood, for supports in mine tunnels, housing, and steam generation. Virtually every part of the Copper
Country was cleared of timber, to the extent that only a few small areas of
820:
predominated in the lower part of the beds. The mine was very successful, producing more than 1.8 million metric tons (4.0 billion pounds) of copper during its life. The White Pine mine, the last major copper mine in
Michigan, shut down in 1995.
719:. As the mines began to close, the Copper Country lost its major economic base. The population declined sharply as miners, shop owners, and others supported by the industry left the area, leaving many small ghost towns along the mineral range.
482:
recovered was "barrel copper" (pieces broken from the rock and hand sorted in the "rock house," and shipped to the smelter in barrels), and finer copper broken loose from the rock in stamp mills and separated by gravity in "buddles" or "jigs."
703:, an opulent opera house which hosted famous plays and acts from across the world. Many wealthy mine managers built mansions which still line the streets of former mining towns. Some towns which existed primarily due to copper mining include
946:
based on those reserves. The project was then bought by
Highland Copper Company, a Montreal-based exploration company in 2014 and an updated feasibility report is underway and permits for the project are forthcoming by the end of 2018.
327:
The copper pits abandoned by Native
Americans led early miners to most of the first successful mines. "All the principal ore deposits were thus known before 1900, and each was discovered in exposures at or close to grass roots."
914:
In addition to sedimentary copper ores that dominate the Upper
Peninsula, Eagle Mine is a high-grade magmatic nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) sulfide-bearing deposit discovered by Rio Tinto in 2002 and later sold to Lundin Mining (2013).
618:
and amygdaloid mines were located along a strip about two miles (3.2 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) long, from the Champion mine on the southwest to the Ahmeek mine on the northeast, passing through the towns of
444:
was the nation's leading producer of copper. In most years from 1850 through 1881, Michigan produced more than three-quarters of the nation's copper, and in 1869 produced more than 95% of the country's copper.
453:
Commercial production began in 1844 at the Phoenix mine. Most early miners began with little knowledge or planning, and few mines ever saw production, much less profit. The first successful copper mine, the
290:
people, who did not mine copper. According to Chippewa traditions, they had much earlier supplanted the original miners. The first written account of copper in Michigan was given by French missionary
21:
942:
On March 13, 2013, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) issued Orvana Corporation, of Toronto, Ont. final permits to begin mining north of Wakefield, in Gogebic County.
231:
is the term for an ore sample that contains the pure copper and pure silver in the same piece of rock; it is only found in the native copper deposits of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
722:
Tourism, education, and logging are now the major industries. The copper industry left many abandoned mines and buildings across the Copper Country. Some of these are now part of the
1413:
239:
426:, was extensively explored, and a smelter built, but no mining of any importance took place there. Some copper mineralization was found in Keweenawan rocks farther southwest in
1290:
Bornhorst, Theodore J.; Paces, James B.; Grant, Norman K.; Obradovich, John D.; Huber, N. King (May 1988). "Age of Native Copper Mineralization, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan".
762:) are left. Formerly cleared lands have been left to regrow, to the extent that many parcels of land are now being harvested on a limited basis by timber and paper companies.
836:. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality approved the permit in May 1996, and White Pine installed a pilot in-situ leaching project. Native Americans of the
1616:
614:
The most productive deposit, the Calumet conglomerate, was opened by the Calumet and Hecla mining company in 1865. "Large scale production ceased in 1939."
1382:
180:
in age and belong to the Keweenawan Series. The first six years of mining exploited the fissure deposits, then gave way to the amygdaloidal deposits.
851:
1578:
1261:
805:
began large-scale mining at the White Pine mine, near the old Nonesuch mine. The deposit is a stratiform deposit in the lower 15 m of the
1511:
2013:
1318:
278:
between 5000 BCE and 1200 BCE. The natives used this copper to produce tools. Archaeological expeditions in the Keweenaw Peninsula and
1492:
864:
1029:
1609:
493:
1337:
119:. The Copper Country is highly unusual among copper-mining districts, because copper is predominantly found in the form of pure
1850:
934:
Eagle Mine was the first operation to be permitted under Michigan's Non-Ferrous Metallic Mining Law, better known as Part 632.
1896:
1871:
248:
92:
172:
beds. This series of lava "is at least 15,000 feet thick in the Michigan copper district" and consists of "several hundred
2023:
1602:
660:
Annual production peaked in 1916 at 266 million pounds (121,000 metric tons) of copper. Most mines closed during the
999:
586:
263:
42:
1206:
1034:
1009:
741:
Copper mining also took a significant impact on the environment. Mine rock processing operations left many fields of
723:
1390:
1891:
1039:
642:
1137:
1901:
1886:
1591:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, observations from EPA site visit May 5 and 6, 1992
1024:
41:
became an important industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its rise marked the start of copper mining as
1116:
695:
The copper industry was, for over 100 years, the life blood of the Copper Country. The town of Red Jacket (now
256:
133:
that form the copper ore at almost every other copper-mining district. The copper deposits occur in rocks of
1227:
994:
458:, began operations in 1845, and many others quickly followed. These first mines worked copper-filled fissure
187:(copper sulfide) was sometimes present, and, especially in the Mohawk mine, copper arsenide minerals such as
310:. When American prospectors arrived in the 1840s, pieces of copper were found in streams or on the ground.
2028:
1921:
1881:
1770:
1198:
1108:
1019:
1014:
837:
341:
683:
Several companies attempted to reopen copper mines during the next two decades, including attempts by the
2018:
1625:
1440:
1176:
977:
349:
633:
In the early 20th century, copper companies began to consolidate. With very few exceptions, such as the
1765:
1760:
1755:
1720:
1679:
1588:
969:
790:
407:
84:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1710:
858:
672:
left from older mining operations, leaching out copper left by more primitive processing techniques.
427:
415:
411:
1916:
1725:
1364:"Environmental Justice Case Study: Solution Mining in White Pine, MI and the Bad River Reservation"
846:
684:
1705:
1654:
654:
646:
321:
320:
in 1843, the publicity of the Ontonagon Boulder back east, and a federal mineral land office at
1800:
1715:
1700:
1520:
600:
433:
Copper mining in the Upper Peninsula boomed, and from 1845 until 1887 (when it was exceeded by
169:
142:
812:
and the upper 2 m of the underlying Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The principal ore mineral was
1745:
1735:
1496:
1004:
406:
Mining took place along a belt that stretched about 100 miles southwest to northeast through
371:
1876:
1684:
1659:
802:
650:
376:
8:
1855:
1845:
1669:
1664:
1341:
924:
700:
317:
26:
1987:
1805:
1674:
1649:
1639:
1418:
916:
619:
508:
380:
355:
345:
271:
96:
738:, are open as tourist attractions. Many other mining lands are simply left abandoned.
403:) reported on the copper deposits in 1841, which quickly began a rush of prospectors.
1982:
1952:
1810:
1644:
1495:(Press release). Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. 13-319. Archived from
1202:
1112:
920:
857:
The tailings impoundment at the White Pine Mine is presently the site of significant
755:
746:
696:
638:
627:
623:
542:
396:
313:
303:
154:
832:
to recover an additional 900 million pounds (410,000 metric tons) of copper by
1977:
1942:
1553:
1299:
825:
775:
661:
1072:. Vol. 1. New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers. pp. 303–325.
687:. None of these attempts lasted more than a couple of years or proved profitable.
1906:
1830:
1466:
1102:
981:
965:
955:
307:
112:
1840:
1790:
1558:
1303:
809:
786:
759:
727:
641:, the mines in the Copper Country came under the control of two companies: the
459:
441:
434:
364:
298:
region prized copper nuggets that they found there. Indians guided missionary
291:
286:
By the time the first European explorers arrived, the area was the home of the
212:
161:
116:
1594:
2007:
1992:
1825:
1815:
1795:
879:
866:
829:
817:
795:
778:
735:
716:
478:
467:
423:
387:
360:
299:
295:
267:
224:
125:
80:
76:
38:
1068:
White, Walter S. (1968). "The Native-Copper Deposits of Northern Michigan".
1513:
Feasibility Study of the Copperwood Project, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA
1122:
708:
665:
173:
146:
1573:
1363:
1835:
1104:
Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans
806:
731:
712:
704:
634:
608:
560:
419:
279:
177:
134:
745:, some of which grew so large as to become hazards to navigation in the
336:
1820:
1149:
1083:
813:
742:
669:
455:
184:
65:
1926:
1370:. University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment.
841:
750:
252:
192:
188:
138:
61:
57:
1138:"The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan"
1972:
1967:
1911:
1277:
Strangers and Sojurners: A History of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula
973:
961:
928:
664:
as a result of depressed copper prices. Many mines reopened during
595:
In the 1850s, mining began on stratiform native copper deposits in
438:
287:
275:
165:
104:
34:
160:
The native copper deposits originate in fissures, steeply dipping
824:
The company applied to government agencies to continue mining by
676:
596:
400:
216:
208:
200:
130:
1319:"Upper Peninsula Journal; Yes, They're Yoopers, and Proud of It"
25:
Cupriferous amygdaloidal basalt, "Shot copper." Wolverine Mine,
1510:
Keane, Joseph M.; Milne, Steve; Kerr, Thomas (March 21, 2012).
770:
220:
219:. A number of copper mines also contained a notable amount of
204:
196:
150:
120:
108:
72:
1368:
SNRE 492 Course Section of the Environmental Justice Institute
675:
By 1968 the formerly great Calumet and Hecla was purchased by
1583:
1414:"Company Wants to Grow Quality Medical Marijuana in Old Mine"
1289:
895:
In 2012, SubTerra used the mine for pharmaceutical research.
833:
244:
603:
and in the upper zones of basalt lava flows (locally called
53:
844:
blockaded rail shipments of sulfuric acid to the mine (see
1519:. Tucson, AZ: K D Engineering. Q431-01-028. Archived from
1245:. Vol. 8. Houghton, MI: Horace Stevens. p. 1466.
850:); the mine began receiving acid shipments by truck. The
168:
top portion of the Portage Lake Lava Series lava tops and
111:
is found almost exclusively in the western portion of the
88:
1224:
Mining Methods and Practice in the Michigan Copper Mines
344:
miners worked in the mines of the "Copper Belt" of the
1589:
Mine Site Visit: Copper Range Company White Pine Mine
1550:
Black-Americans in Michigan's Copper Mining Narrative
1279:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 286.
183:
Although native copper was the dominant ore mineral,
690:
1084:"Halfbreed: Halfbreed mineral information and data"
898:The July 7th 2021 edition of the local news outlet
16:Important industry in the 19th and 20th centuries
2005:
699:) used a portion of its budget surplus to build
430:, but no successful mines were developed there.
1624:
1509:
1335:
266:were the first to mine and work the copper of
137:age, in a thick sequence of northwest-dipping
1610:
1552:(Thesis). Michigan Technological University.
1491:Casey, Steve; Wurfel, Brad (March 19, 2013).
1336:Silfven, Ken; Johnson, Robin (May 28, 1996).
306:, a 1.5-ton piece of native copper along the
227:form and naturally alloyed with the copper.
1262:Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
1070:Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1967
1493:"Permit Signed for Copperwood Mine Project"
1490:
1617:
1603:
1170:
1030:Lists of copper mines in the United States
789:at the south end of the Copper Country in
129:) rather than the copper oxides or copper
1557:
1188:
1186:
968:mine targeting gold and zinc deposits in
331:
1380:
769:
386:
370:
354:
335:
238:
71:
52:
20:
1274:
1255:
1240:
1192:
1173:A History of Metals in Colonial America
1100:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
518:
316:'s 1841 copper report, followed by the
294:in 1667. He noted that Indians of the
2006:
1316:
1183:
1135:
781:crystals from the old White Pine mine.
749:. Most of these sterile sands are now
485:
462:that cut across stratigraphic layers.
1872:Chippewa County International Airport
1598:
1547:
1221:
1067:
500:
477:The miners sometimes found masses of
243:Copper knife, spearpoints, awls, and
43:a major industry in the United States
1441:"Mining set to return to White Pine"
1411:
1317:Binder, David (September 14, 1995).
1052:
852:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
570:
774:Spectacular specimen of elongated,
552:
247:made from copper deposits mined by
13:
2014:Copper mining in the United States
1541:
1000:Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
960:The Back Forty Mine is a proposed
949:
937:
904:Mining set to return to White Pine
765:
234:
14:
2040:
1567:
1090:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
1035:Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway
1010:Keweenaw National Historical Park
724:Keweenaw National Historical Park
691:Economic and environmental impact
1966:
1892:Houghton County Memorial Airport
1040:Fort Wilkins Historic State Park
643:Calumet and Hecla Mining Company
569:
551:
533:
517:
499:
492:
448:
391:Michigan mined copper production
176:flows." The district rocks are
1503:
1484:
1459:
1447:. Keweenaw Report. July 7, 2021
1433:
1405:
1374:
1356:
1340:(Press release). Archived from
1329:
1310:
1283:
1268:
1025:List of Copper Country smelters
534:
1249:
1234:
1215:
1164:
1148:(2–3): 119–138. Archived from
1129:
1094:
1076:
923:, about 25 miles northwest of
1:
1584:Quincy Mine Hoist Association
1412:Egan, Paul (April 22, 2012).
1381:Williams, Tom (August 2004).
1228:United States Bureau of Mines
1171:Mulholland, James A. (1981).
1046:
995:Minong Mine Historic District
972:in the South Central part of
909:
395:The Michigan State Geologist
1922:Sawyer International Airport
1199:Wayne State University Press
1109:University of Michigan Press
1101:Cleland, Charles E. (1992).
1020:List of Copper Country mills
1015:List of Copper Country mines
838:Bad River Indian Reservation
7:
2024:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1887:Gogebic–Iron County Airport
1626:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1275:Thurner, Arthur W. (1994).
1241:Stevens, Horace J. (1909).
1177:University of Alabama Press
987:
350:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
10:
2045:
1304:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.3.619
1256:Courter, Ellis W. (1992).
1230:. p. 3. Bulletin 306.
1142:The Michigan Archaeologist
953:
726:. Some mines, such as the
399:(later to become mayor of
324:kicked off the mine rush.
115:, in an area known as the
85:Ontonagon County, Michigan
48:
1961:
1948:Copper mining in Michigan
1935:
1902:International Rail Bridge
1864:
1783:
1693:
1632:
1471:Lundin Mining Corporation
1258:Michigan's Copper Country
1136:Martin, Susan R. (1995).
880:46.7883083°N 89.5299917°W
859:environmental degradation
590:Copper mining in Michigan
428:Douglas County, Wisconsin
375:Copper being loaded onto
1917:Portage Lake Lift Bridge
1574:Adventure Mining Company
1559:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/531
847:Bad River Train Blockade
685:Homestake Mining Company
87:. An example of the raw
1548:Pelto, Brendan (2017).
1193:Lankton, Larry (2010).
885:46.7883083; -89.5299917
422:, on the north side of
782:
392:
384:
368:
352:
332:Modern mining industry
260:
100:
69:
30:
1387:Ecosystem Restoration
1344:on September 29, 2007
1005:Italian Hall disaster
773:
390:
374:
358:
339:
242:
75:
60:nugget, a mixture of
56:
24:
1897:International Bridge
1877:Delta County Airport
1393:on December 12, 2012
1222:Crane, W.R. (1929).
803:Copper Range Company
651:Copper Range Company
587:class=notpageimage|
367:of Michigan in 1905.
153:associated with the
103:Within the state of
2029:History of Michigan
1856:Straits of Mackinac
1846:Porcupine Mountains
1526:on December 3, 2013
1338:"DEQ Press Release"
1264:. pp. 136–137.
1243:The Copper Handbook
1152:on February 7, 2016
876: /
785:The copper-bearing
701:The Calumet Theatre
486:Stratiform deposits
318:Treaty of La Pointe
257:Late Archaic period
99:, 4000 to 1000 BCE.
27:Kearsarge, Michigan
2019:Mining in Michigan
1988:Southeast Michigan
1806:Keweenaw Peninsula
1445:keweenawreport.com
1419:Detroit Free Press
1323:The New York Times
1201:. pp. 13–14.
919:is located on the
902:has the headline:
783:
393:
385:
381:Houghton, Michigan
369:
353:
346:Keweenaw Peninsula
272:Keweenaw Peninsula
261:
259:, 3000 BC-1000 BC.
199:minerals included
101:
97:Old Copper Complex
70:
31:
2001:
2000:
1983:Northern Michigan
1953:Verso Corporation
1811:Keweenaw Waterway
1499:on April 3, 2013.
1383:"White Pine Mine"
1179:. pp. 41–42.
921:Yellow Dog Plains
756:old-growth forest
747:Keweenaw Waterway
397:Douglass Houghton
340:Mid-19th century
314:Douglass Houghton
304:Ontonagon Boulder
68:and native copper
2036:
1978:Central Michigan
1971:
1970:
1943:Cleveland-Cliffs
1680:Sault Ste. Marie
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1563:
1561:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1292:Economic Geology
1287:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1065:
970:Menominee County
891:
890:
888:
887:
886:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
826:in-situ leaching
791:Ontonagon County
662:Great Depression
579:
573:
572:
563:
555:
554:
545:
537:
536:
527:
521:
520:
511:
503:
502:
496:
264:Native Americans
249:Native Americans
149:beds, and flood
93:Native Americans
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1965:
1957:
1931:
1907:Mackinac Bridge
1860:
1851:St. Marys River
1831:Menominee River
1779:
1689:
1628:
1623:
1570:
1544:
1542:Further reading
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
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1396:
1394:
1379:
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1315:
1311:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1195:Hollowed Ground
1191:
1184:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1053:
1049:
1044:
990:
982:Menominee River
978:Upper Peninsula
958:
956:Back Forty Mine
952:
950:Back Forty Mine
940:
938:Copperwood Mine
912:
900:Keweenaw Report
884:
882:
878:
875:
870:
867:
865:
863:
862:
768:
766:White Pine mine
693:
593:
592:
591:
589:
583:
582:
581:
580:
577:
574:
566:
565:
564:
559:
556:
548:
547:
546:
541:
538:
530:
529:
528:
526:White Pine mine
525:
522:
514:
513:
512:
507:
504:
488:
451:
334:
308:Ontonagon River
237:
235:Native American
155:Keweenawan Rift
113:Upper Peninsula
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1865:Transportation
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Pictured Rocks
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Copper Country
1787:
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1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
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1763:
1758:
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1634:
1633:Central cities
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1568:External links
1566:
1565:
1564:
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1538:
1537:
1502:
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1458:
1432:
1404:
1373:
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1298:(3): 619–625.
1282:
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1207:
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1175:. University:
1163:
1128:
1117:
1111:. p. 18.
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954:Main article:
951:
948:
939:
936:
911:
908:
810:Nonesuch Shale
787:Nonesuch Shale
776:spinel-twinned
767:
764:
760:Estivant Pines
728:Adventure mine
692:
689:
585:
584:
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575:
568:
567:
558:
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515:
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498:
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490:
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484:
450:
447:
442:Copper Country
435:Butte, Montana
365:Copper Country
359:Miners at the
333:
330:
292:Claude Allouez
236:
233:
215:, and various
117:Copper Country
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2041:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
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1994:
1993:West Michigan
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1826:Lake Michigan
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1816:Lake Superior
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1796:Gogebic Range
1794:
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1655:Iron Mountain
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1579:Delaware mine
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1107:. Ann Arbor:
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889:
871:89°31′47.97″W
868:46°47′17.91″N
860:
855:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:sulfuric acid
827:
822:
819:
818:native copper
815:
811:
808:
804:
799:
797:
796:Nonesuch Mine
792:
788:
780:
777:
772:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
736:Delaware mine
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
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706:
702:
698:
688:
686:
681:
678:
677:Universal Oil
673:
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652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:conglomerates
598:
588:
562:
544:
510:
509:Eagle project
495:
483:
480:
479:native copper
475:
471:
469:
468:Minesota Mine
463:
461:
457:
449:Fissure veins
446:
443:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
424:Lake Superior
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
389:
382:
378:
373:
366:
362:
361:Tamarack Mine
357:
351:
347:
343:
338:
329:
325:
323:
322:Copper Harbor
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:Claude Dablon
297:
296:Lake Superior
293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Lake Superior
265:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
232:
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194:
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186:
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167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:conglomerates
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
126:native copper
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:glacial drift
78:
77:Native copper
74:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
44:
40:
39:copper mining
36:
28:
23:
19:
1947:
1882:Ford Airport
1801:Grand Island
1549:
1530:November 17,
1528:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1512:
1505:
1497:the original
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1331:
1322:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1223:
1217:
1194:
1172:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1145:
1141:
1131:
1123:Google Books
1121:– via
1103:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
980:next to the
959:
944:
941:
933:
913:
903:
899:
897:
894:
856:
845:
840:in northern
823:
801:In 1955 the
800:
784:
740:
721:
694:
682:
674:
666:World War II
659:
655:Portage Lake
647:Portage Lake
632:
616:
613:
604:
594:
578:Central mine
476:
472:
464:
452:
432:
405:
394:
326:
312:
285:
274:of northern
262:
228:
182:
174:flood basalt
170:conglomerate
159:
124:
102:
79:nugget from
32:
18:
1836:Mount Arvon
1771:Schoolcraft
1260:. Lansing:
1197:. Detroit:
883: /
816:, although
807:Proterozoic
732:Quincy Mine
635:Quincy Mine
609:Quincy Mine
605:amygdaloids
561:Quincy Mine
420:Isle Royale
280:Isle Royale
178:Precambrian
135:Precambrian
2008:Categories
1821:Lake Huron
1685:St. Ignace
1660:Iron River
1397:August 28,
1156:August 31,
1118:0472064479
1088:Mindat.org
1047:References
917:Eagle Mine
910:Eagle Mine
814:chalcocite
758:like (the
743:stamp sand
734:, and the
670:stamp sand
456:Cliff mine
418:counties.
223:, both in
185:chalcocite
166:amygdaloid
164:or in the
139:sandstones
91:worked by
66:algodonite
1927:Soo Locks
1784:Geography
1766:Ontonagon
1761:Menominee
1756:Marquette
1721:Dickinson
1670:Menominee
1665:Marquette
1425:April 24,
1348:August 6,
964:metallic
925:Marquette
842:Wisconsin
751:superfund
717:Ontonagon
653:south of
645:north of
611:in 1856.
408:Ontonagon
377:a steamer
255:from the
253:Wisconsin
229:Halfbreed
193:domeykite
189:mohawkite
62:domeykite
58:Mohawkite
1973:Michigan
1912:MarqTran
1751:Mackinac
1741:Keweenaw
1731:Houghton
1711:Chippewa
1694:Counties
1675:Munising
1650:Houghton
1640:Escanaba
988:See also
974:Michigan
962:open-pit
929:Michigan
828:, using
709:Houghton
620:Houghton
599:-pebble
439:Michigan
416:Keweenaw
412:Houghton
288:Chippewa
276:Michigan
270:and the
217:zeolites
213:chlorite
131:sulfides
105:Michigan
35:Michigan
1936:Economy
1726:Gogebic
1645:Hancock
1476:May 15,
1467:"Eagle"
1451:July 9,
966:sulfide
713:Hancock
705:Calumet
697:Calumet
639:Hancock
628:Calumet
624:Hancock
597:felsite
543:Calumet
401:Detroit
383:, c1905
363:in the
348:of the
342:Cornish
302:to the
209:epidote
201:calcite
151:basalts
123:metal (
95:of the
49:Geology
1706:Baraga
1205:
1115:
779:copper
715:, and
649:, and
626:, and
437:) the
414:, and
225:native
221:silver
205:quartz
197:Gangue
121:copper
109:copper
1716:Delta
1701:Alger
1524:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
927:, in
834:SX-EW
460:veins
245:spade
162:veins
1746:Luce
1736:Iron
1532:2013
1478:2019
1453:2021
1427:2012
1399:2007
1350:2007
1203:ISBN
1158:2017
1113:ISBN
191:and
1554:doi
1300:doi
976:'s
892:).
637:at
470:).
379:in
251:in
195:.
147:ash
89:ore
45:.
33:In
2010::
1469:.
1443:.
1416:.
1385:.
1366:.
1321:.
1296:83
1294:.
1226:.
1185:^
1146:41
1144:.
1140:.
1086:.
1054:^
984:.
906:.
798:.
730:,
711:,
707:,
657:.
630:.
622:,
410:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
157:.
145:,
141:,
107:,
83:,
64:,
37:,
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1562:.
1556::
1534:.
1480:.
1455:.
1429:.
1401:.
1352:.
1325:.
1306:.
1302::
1211:.
1160:.
1125:.
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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