39:
27:
264:. By heating the copper, the atoms in the metal are relaxed, and thus able to align themselves in a more uniform fashion. This allows for easier shaping of the metal. In order to keep this uniformity within the metal, it is cooled rapidly. This prevents the atoms from moving around and causing tension in the structure of the metal. Unlike ferrous metals—which must be cooled slowly to anneal—copper can be cooled slowly in air or quickly by quenching in water.
138:
220:
86:
Anthropologists believe copper to be the first metal used by humans due to its softness and ease of manipulation. In antiquity, copper's durability and resistance to rust or corrosion proved valuable. Copper's relationship with man is thought to date back over six thousand years. Coppersmith is one
148:
Most coppersmiths can create, from a pattern, copper wares from a sheet of copper. They can also repair, clean and re-tin copper cookware interiors. Some copper smiths make barrels. Some coppersmiths will specialize in specific forms or items, such as a particular type of biscuit oven or mug or
255:
Copper is generally considered to be a soft metal, meaning it can be worked without heating. Over a period of working the metal in this way it can "work-harden". This means that the atoms within the copper are compressed and irregular in their arrangement. This causes stress in the metal and
243:. Coppersmith work started waning in the late 1970s and early 1980s and those in the sheetmetal trade began doing the coppersmith's work, the practices used being similar to those in the
152:
Apprentices would start learning the trade usually around 8 or 9 years old. Typical duties of a youth in the copper shop would include tasks such as breaking coke or
247:
trade. Coppersmiths in recent years have turned to pipe work, not only in copper but also stainless steel and aluminium, particularly in the aircraft industry.
432:
117:
rollers. Copper sheet was then available in a much more versatile and easy form for creating copper wares. By the 1700s, coppersmiths lived in the
394:
38:
334:
Fuller, John. Art of
Coppersmithing: A Practical Treatise on Working Sheet Copper into all Forms. Astragal Press, Lakeville MN. 1993.
149:
kettle. In the 1700 and 1800s, coppersmiths typically had a few apprentices in various stages of learning the trade working together.
90:
Copper was particularly worked in
England, with ores smelted in Wales as early as the 1500s. Copper was found in great quantities in
125:'s regulation of copper and other goods to the Americas. Sheet metal production was prohibited in the colonies as well before the
425:
256:
eventually cracking the metal along these stress points. In order for the copper to be worked to any extensive degree it must be
298:
Fuller, John. Art of
Coppersmithing. Astragal Press, Lakeville MN. 1993. Reprinting from original work published in 1894.
418:
387:
367:
339:
323:
303:
236:
194:, kettles (cooking, brewing, dying, fish and hatter), stew, fry and sauce pans, warming pans or kettledrum bowls;
260:. This process involves heating the metal and then rapidly cooling it in water. The cooling stage is known as
380:
20:
680:
654:
541:
536:
257:
685:
572:
156:
blocks, scouring copper pieces to prepare them for tinning, and polishing hammers and tools.
142:
8:
126:
26:
359:
356:
The Art of
Coppersmithing: A Practical Treatise on Working Sheet Copper into all Forms
629:
624:
363:
335:
319:
299:
118:
280:
Smith, Webster B. Sixty
Centuries of Copper. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd, London. 1965.
526:
198:
187:
674:
228:
223:
A coppern weather vane created by using traditional coppersmithing techniques
190:, tobacco jars, tea and coffee pots, jugs, vases, trays, frames, rose bowls,
122:
103:
91:
362:)Mendham, NJ: Astragal Press, 1993. (reprint of the original 1894 edition).
592:
480:
403:
212:
208:
180:
153:
289:
2 Tubal-cain, who forged all implements of copper and iron, Genesis 4:22 .
167:
there are a number of centers where the coppersmith trade has flourished.
602:
597:
490:
114:
99:
43:
649:
644:
582:
531:
505:
460:
455:
441:
30:
A coppersmith at work in the last workshop of brassware subsisting in
639:
634:
470:
261:
587:
500:
475:
232:
113:
Coppersmithing as a trade benefited strongly from the invention of
75:
170:
659:
619:
546:
521:
244:
240:
191:
183:, overmantels, fenders, decorative panels, and challenge shields;
137:
95:
78:
that uses tinsmithing tools and techniques to make copper items.
219:
577:
495:
485:
372:
160:
107:
59:
31:
567:
562:
202:
164:
67:
63:
71:
46:, Germany; the oldest units are from the period around 1850
121:, but did not have access to much sheet copper due to the
211:, ship sheathing, copper mugs, ladles, funnels, basins,
87:
of the few trades that have a mention in the Bible.
672:
171:Examples of objects made by modern coppersmiths
426:
388:
433:
419:
395:
381:
227:Notable copper styles in the UK include
218:
136:
37:
25:
250:
58:, is a person who makes artifacts from
673:
159:In regions where copper is mined like
16:Person who makes artifacts from copper
414:
376:
318:Masthof Press, Morgantown PA. 1968.
197:awnings, light fixtures, fountains,
132:
74:. The term "redsmith" is used for a
13:
14:
697:
402:
328:
308:
292:
283:
274:
1:
348:
42:Workshop of a coppersmith in
440:
316:American Copper & Brass.
21:Coppersmith (disambiguation)
7:
10:
702:
106:, which was recorded by a
81:
18:
615:
555:
514:
448:
410:
360:online electronic version
267:
179:jewellery, sculptures,
224:
145:
47:
35:
655:Tools and terminology
222:
186:plates and cookware,
140:
98:, as well as archaic
41:
29:
251:Properties of copper
110:missionary in 1659.
19:For other uses, see
314:Kauffman, Henry J.
141:A coppern plate by
127:American Revolution
225:
146:
54:, also known as a
48:
36:
668:
667:
611:
610:
133:Coppersmith trade
119:American colonies
693:
681:Arts occupations
435:
428:
421:
412:
411:
397:
390:
383:
374:
373:
342:
332:
326:
312:
306:
296:
290:
287:
281:
278:
701:
700:
696:
695:
694:
692:
691:
690:
671:
670:
669:
664:
607:
551:
527:Pattern welding
510:
444:
439:
406:
401:
351:
346:
345:
333:
329:
313:
309:
297:
293:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
253:
201:, cupolas, and
188:cigarette cases
175:These include:
173:
135:
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
699:
689:
688:
683:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
557:
553:
552:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
516:
512:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
450:
446:
445:
438:
437:
430:
423:
415:
408:
407:
400:
399:
392:
385:
377:
371:
370:
354:Fuller, John.
350:
347:
344:
343:
327:
307:
291:
282:
272:
271:
269:
266:
252:
249:
217:
216:
206:
195:
184:
172:
169:
134:
131:
83:
80:
70:of copper and
66:. Brass is an
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
698:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
558:
554:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
517:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
451:
447:
443:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
413:
409:
405:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:1-879335-37-9
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
341:
340:1-879335-37-9
337:
331:
325:
324:1-883294-22-3
321:
317:
311:
305:
304:1-879335-37-9
301:
295:
286:
277:
273:
265:
263:
259:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
181:weather vanes
178:
177:
176:
168:
166:
162:
157:
155:
150:
144:
139:
130:
128:
124:
123:British Crown
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
104:Lake Superior
101:
97:
94:, especially
93:
92:North America
88:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
40:
33:
28:
22:
686:Coppersmiths
593:Steam hammer
465:
404:Metalworking
355:
330:
315:
310:
294:
285:
276:
254:
226:
215:, glue pots.
213:coal scuttle
209:butter churn
174:
158:
154:sal ammoniac
151:
147:
143:John Pearson
112:
100:copper mines
89:
85:
55:
51:
49:
625:Fabrication
603:Trip hammer
598:Swage block
583:Hardy tools
491:Silversmith
486:Pewtersmith
466:Coppersmith
199:range hoods
115:sheet metal
52:coppersmith
44:Cloppenburg
675:Categories
645:Metallurgy
532:Planishing
506:Whitesmith
461:Bladesmith
456:Blacksmith
349:References
640:Machining
635:Jewellery
515:Processes
481:Locksmith
471:Goldsmith
262:quenching
34:, Belgium
650:Smithing
588:Pritchel
501:Tinsmith
476:Gunsmith
442:Smithing
258:annealed
245:plumbing
233:Cornwall
76:tinsmith
660:Welding
630:Forming
620:Casting
547:Swaging
542:Sinking
537:Raising
522:Forging
241:Cumbria
237:Keswick
192:timpani
96:Montana
82:History
56:brazier
578:Hammer
573:Fuller
496:Tinker
449:Smiths
366:
338:
322:
302:
229:Newlyn
203:stills
161:Iberia
108:Jesuit
60:copper
32:Dinant
568:Forge
563:Anvil
556:Tools
268:Notes
165:India
102:near
68:alloy
64:brass
364:ISBN
336:ISBN
320:ISBN
300:ISBN
235:and
163:and
72:zinc
62:and
358:. (
239:in
231:in
677::
129:.
50:A
434:e
427:t
420:v
396:e
389:t
382:v
205:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
