1447:
4822:
that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and
Egyptian communities And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.
8087:
3025:
2947:(or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time.
1459:
3075:
2432:
1374:
2150:
3319:, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.
7295:
1690:
3354:
7230:
component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among
Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
2102:
1778:
2625:
82:
297:
7662:
3499:
542:
3485:
3471:
2373:, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain. Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in
248:
3342:
3202:
1989:
3323:
ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the
Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.
1472:
mummies was also compared with that of earlier
Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations. Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".
2979:"In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in."
3040:. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day. Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial
2265:, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. As the civil war raged throughout the 1990s, the government focused its religious fervor on the south. Although experiencing discrimination, the Copts and other long-established Christian groups in the north had fewer restrictions than other types of Christians in the
2849:
building mosques. Copts face ethnic and racial discrimination as they are called Adma Zarqa or blue bone and كوفت From Coptic ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios, “Copt”). Hence a doublet of قبطي (ʔibṭi) and in fact the more native form, but apparently adopted by the Arabs in a mocking manner and is still used today by racists in Egypt.
4821:
were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the
Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates
4804:
But what we really want to know is to what extent the
Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek
3322:
Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that
Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern
2852:
The Coptic community has been targeted by hate crimes by
Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one Muslim
2396:
placed the entire population of non-Muslim
Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services. In 2011, there were three Coptic churches
2868:
reported increasing waves of mob attacks by
Muslims against Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any
1846:
nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10 to 20 percent of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab,
5114:
ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim
3626:
reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the
3209:
The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various
2938:
to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the
2998:
In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and
2974:
page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts". The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first
7229:
The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own
1471:
According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum
2252:
Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic
2210:
in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom, and they extended their original roles as artisans and merchants into trading, banking, engineering, medicine, and the civil service. Proficiency in business and administration made them a privileged minority. However, the return of
4548:"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority."
2848:
were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for
2364:
is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion. As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population," with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the
1716:
army. Local resistance by the Egyptians however began to materialize shortly thereafter and would last until at least the 9th century. Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century, as a result of the
4059:
The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of
3281:-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians. E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans. The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked
2004:
Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as
2927:(January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in higher positions in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion.
2939:
ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from
1975:
Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. Some scholars see Pharaonism as shaped by
1143:
forming around 5 to 20 percent of the population. They pride themselves on the apostolicity of the Egyptian Church: its founder was the first in an unbroken chain of patriarchs. The main body has been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the 5th century AD.
1902:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the
2975:
elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying,
4685:, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28.
5520:
5203:
2835:
in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952
3326:
An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.
732:. Historically, the Copts suffered from "waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances". Persecution is significantly involved in the
3621:
reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the
1180:
around 42 AD. The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the
3006:, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According to the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors.
3210:
agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the
3183:. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the
6369:
3637:
reported that figures for the population of Egyptian Copts "range between 4.7 and 7.1 million, comprising between six and nine per cent of the population, though some estimates put the proportion at as much as 10 to 20 per
2334:
said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000, about 1% of the Sudanese population, but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.
5317:
The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment
1261:. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before
3226:, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year
2876:
Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.
3264:
Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority. Most ethnic Copts are
2229:
law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims. After the overthrow of Nimeiry, Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the
3214:
or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.
7442:(I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community.
4673:"The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ."
4431:
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015).
6251:
2995:
and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.
2853:
were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo". In February 2001 a new Coptic church and 35 houses belonging to Christians were burned.
2357:
Living in countries with Muslim majorities (Egypt, Sudan, Libya), the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity.
1808:, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs.
5232:
In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.
6740:"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood"
4275:
Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam
5251:
2198:
Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under
1867:
types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were
1299:
By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Since then pilgrims have visited the Egyptian
6799:
6970:
The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.
6646:"Egypt's Coptic Christians report fresh attacks on churches: Christian leaders blame Muslim Brotherhood supporters for arson and other attacks, including shooting death of teenage girl"
3245:, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is
7780:
1811:
Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the
6377:
2819:
1792:
Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of
3230:
became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for
2044:
was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in
4342:
1129:
7108:"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent"
3989:
Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."
6575:
7028:
5369:
7156:
6178:
3296:. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts,
5983:
3943:
2970:
reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". More than 45 churches across Egypt were attacked. The
8086:
5630:
Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt. Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites
1139:
The Copts are one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Although integrated in the larger Egyptian nation state, the Copts have survived as a distinct
2873:, a Bedouin mob of Muslims tried to attack Copts, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars.
2163:
has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants. Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities, including
5830:
Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.).
3307:
A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in
2477:
5127:
Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert
803:, but limited representation in military and security agencies. The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Christians and
787:
While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and
4869:
1205:, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into Coptic (then known as
8268:
2033:", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans.
4090:
7921:
2812:
6242:
5796:
Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators".
3315:
component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the
1276:. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example. The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were
2029:
remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "
341:
6218:
2569:
was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox. In
6607:
4042:
Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.
2238:
with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.
5889:
4498:
Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22
1931:
estimated the family's net worth at $ 36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher
2962:. According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century.
7463:
Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004
5939:
5925:
2955:
2805:
2049:
1446:
5727:
5244:
1847:
and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.
7647:
2715:
1475:
Modern day Copts use predominantly Arabic and Coptic, the latter being the direct descendent of the Ancient Egyptian language. For instance, the
975:
761:
528:
6795:
5757:
4634:
2899:
and Environment Minister Magued George during former president Mubarak's rule. There also used to be one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the
5707:
4716:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech."
7058:
6627:
6442:
6343:
4174:
2303:, dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition; Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during a
6161:
4140:
2860:, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the
6072:
5148:
5405:
8491:
8180:
6517:
2550:
2473:
2249:, but he refused. Thousands attended his funeral, and the execution was taken as a warning by many Copts, who began to flee the country.
446:
6839:
6500:
3662:
2245:
was executed for illegal possession of foreign currency. Before his execution, he had been offered amnesty and money if he converted to
6186:
8551:
7914:
6063:
3167:
every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the
6671:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt"
6462:
6481:
5691:
3947:
3256:
To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).
7734:
5387:
4926:
Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.).
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3700:
2272:
As of 2010, the Coptic Church in Sudan was officially registered with the government, and exempt from property tax. In 2005, the
570:
492:
487:
6773:
5980:
8379:
8250:
7575:
7242:
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24).
8278:
8273:
7038:
6923:
6871:
5186:
5158:
5103:
By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...
5017:
4987:
4666:
4526:
4375:
4184:
3633:
reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts). In 2017, the
2984:
2304:
6039:
3910:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8404:
8374:
7907:
6003:
5991:
3960:
1352:
1119:
6695:
6645:
6557:
6120:
4350:
2777:
2519:
1587:, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the
466:
265:
6822:"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)"
6021:
1559:
has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three
8546:
8240:
6998:"Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt"
2988:
2919:, who are extremely successful businessmen and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, are Copts. In 2002, under the
2488:
population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.
2253:
emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of
4860:
2577:; the first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country. In
7495:
7471:
7422:
7388:
6721:
6670:
5598:
5310:
5285:
5096:
5071:
5046:
4799:
4325:
4296:
4268:
4240:
4150:
3159:. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of
7402:
6085:
4777:
Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.".
2907:, and is the first Coptic governor in decades due to the higher concentration of Copts in Upper Egypt. In addition,
8414:
7729:
7719:
7299:
4311:
Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946)
4054:
3383:
2398:
2288:
2276:(GNU) named a Coptic Orthodox priest to a government position, though the ruling Islamist party remained dominant.
2202:
at the end of the 19th century. As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt
1785:
During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the
1241:, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as
1123:
482:
472:
456:
7157:"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan"
8526:
8521:
8516:
8496:
8103:
8072:
5779:
5135:ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"
4596:
4346:
4115:
3921:
2037:
1596:
962:
880:
647:
7059:"Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history"
3817:
2951:
2292:
1815:
in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are
8541:
8531:
8185:
7724:
6541:
5911:
5447:
5423:
4903:
2735:
2041:
1572:
1237:
School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar
477:
6604:
6398:
5495:
4002:"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'"
1437:
Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.
8536:
8192:
5471:
4001:
3850:
2273:
2071:
261:
8486:
8476:
8260:
8235:
7244:"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations"
6316:
6291:
5893:
4035:
3316:
3071:). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited.
2861:
2561:'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000. As of 2017,
2515:
2690:
1399:
in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.
1392:
reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the Hellenized Middle East.
913:). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt,
8218:
8175:
8135:
8111:
8018:
6103:
The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition
4618:
3744:
2725:
2530:(diocese organized in 2002). There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019.
2074:
1801:
968:
563:
3024:
1804:, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive
8116:
8023:
8008:
7568:
7317:
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020).
5863:
3567:
3056:
by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.
2705:
1993:
1289:
888:
745:
5908:
Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources
5876:
2611:
2465:), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia.
2443:). There are about 1–2 million Egyptian born Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the
8013:
7621:
7183:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape"
4631:
4433:"The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape"
3870:
3274:
2323:
2030:
1880:
1316:
886:
878:
753:
38:
3074:
7408:
6624:
6439:
6068:
4695:
3888:
3796:
2720:
2574:
2393:
2199:
2061:
1917:
and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian
1734:
1718:
1604:
1580:
1015:
702:
42:
6158:
5591:
Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I
4768:
Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships
8394:
8204:
8003:
7518:
Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries"
3552:
3292:
Maternally, Hassan (2009) found that Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the
2865:
2700:
2495:
was 35,000. By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in
2481:
2406:
1600:
1588:
1568:
374:
6997:
6459:
6057:
5762:
Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.
1074:
8313:
8044:
7984:
7629:
7611:
7592:
5783:
5521:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"
5409:
5204:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"
4205:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt"
3562:
3527:
3266:
3222:
marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of
3144:
3068:
3064:
2710:
2414:
2296:
2231:
2070:
was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959 when it was granted its own patriarch by the
1932:
1872:
1856:
1579:. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria
1458:
1403:
1389:
933:
792:
749:
737:
613:
556:
523:
518:
513:
236:
232:
213:
6521:
6497:
5851:(eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39.
5586:
5007:
4977:
4365:
3269:. According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the
7561:
6843:
6140:
5125:
5034:
4962:
Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in
4893:
4656:
4516:
3874:
3634:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3379:
3357:
3278:
3234:
or "Year of the Martyrs"). The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (
2896:
2880:
2740:
2644:
2639:
2565:
was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts. In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of
2352:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2300:
2144:
2092:
2018:
1793:
1772:
1684:
1246:
1242:
1222:
694:
679:
671:
663:
655:
651:
643:
6861:
5370:"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'"
3205:
Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'
2113:
772:
as a whole; they also contributed to the "social and political life and key debates such as
8255:
8197:
8153:
8049:
7930:
7857:
7815:
7194:
5956:
4814:
4682:
4444:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3270:
2935:
2695:
2685:
2594:
2511:
2500:
2318:, estimated that about 4% of Sudanese population was Christian; the majority of these were
2308:
2207:
1742:
1627:
was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as
1624:
1620:
1497:Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ: ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ
1214:
729:
627:
401:
17:
7548:
7303:
7294:
6796:"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'"
5834:. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113.
4928:
Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta
4614:
3736:
2573:, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the
1925:, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008,
1576:
1038:
902:
8:
7943:
7775:
7750:
6478:
6247:
5905:
3504:
3060:
2832:
2649:
2280:
2192:
1944:
1940:
1864:
1721:
onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes, such as the
1608:
1161:
1133:
910:
800:
546:
316:
7490:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
7198:
5642:
4448:
2431:
1257:, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative
8349:
8170:
8140:
8054:
7947:
7867:
7810:
7805:
7704:
7639:
7505:
7354:
7278:
7243:
7215:
7182:
7132:
7107:
6580:
5919:
5673:
5540:
5351:
5223:
4882:
H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.
4473:
4432:
3629:
3184:
3148:
2931:
2841:
2664:
2654:
2507:
1899:
1831:
1717:
intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there. From the
1560:
1426:ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ
1373:
1340:
1285:
1097:. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name.
710:
462:
396:
386:
6765:
4091:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt"
4071:
3682:
2999:
financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."
1532:
Our Father Who art in heaven: hallowed be Thy name: Thy kingdom come: Thy will be done
1018:(639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion.
967:(reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/,
956:(lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form probably comes from
8435:
8245:
7836:
7820:
7795:
7603:
7491:
7467:
7418:
7384:
7358:
7346:
7338:
7283:
7265:
7220:
7137:
7081:
7034:
6919:
6867:
6857:
6272:
6200:
5809:
5594:
5544:
5391:
5306:
5281:
5227:
5182:
5154:
5092:
5067:
5042:
5013:
4983:
4899:
4795:
4662:
4522:
4478:
4460:
4371:
4292:
4264:
4236:
4180:
4146:
3718:
3547:
3407:
3397:
3156:
3037:
3019:
2730:
2598:
2491:
In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of
2067:
1884:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1556:
1344:
1277:
1250:
1140:
983:
941:
848:
721:
720:
Following the Muslim conquest, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to
406:
369:
356:
7661:
7334:
6370:"African Billionaire Fortunes Decline On New FORBES List Of The Continent's Richest"
5940:
First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.
3163:(Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth
2837:
2191:. Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations. They have occasionally faced forced
1100:
In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of
8208:
8125:
7714:
7709:
7330:
7273:
7255:
7210:
7202:
7127:
7119:
7073:
7009:
6600:
6415:
5801:
5567:
5532:
5343:
5215:
4499:
4468:
4452:
4321:
3308:
3286:
3049:
2930:
While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to
2680:
2453:
Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (
2370:
2001:
1888:
1805:
1668:
1648:
1636:
1476:
1382:
1258:
777:
452:
442:
6739:
5743:
5150:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
5035:"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516"
4846:
2291:, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy. However, a
2149:
2022:
1432:Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν.
208:
8213:
7888:
7872:
7841:
7790:
7760:
7696:
7509:
7485:
7481:
7461:
7414:
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text
7412:
7378:
7260:
6913:
6631:
6611:
6561:
6504:
6485:
6446:
6165:
6043:
5987:
5615:
5558:
van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?",
4833:
Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by
4638:
4204:
4078:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3517:
3211:
3180:
3140:
3134:
3041:
3033:
3015:
2992:
2924:
2785:
2772:
2492:
2485:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2402:
2319:
1962:
1903:
1835:
1786:
1644:
1484:
1407:
1348:
1308:
1265:, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write.
1186:
1053:
1030:
957:
945:
894:
833:
733:
706:
604:
587:
497:
411:
361:
351:
326:
255:
219:
203:
8409:
7319:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups"
6821:
6107:
Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies
6007:
4549:
3886:
In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone:
3078:
Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC
1883:
around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a
1402:
Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the
8481:
8440:
8298:
7955:
7785:
7686:
7681:
7676:
6518:"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004–2005)"
4941:
3758:
3425:
3387:
3282:
3164:
2912:
2908:
2790:
2659:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2389:
2361:
2262:
2235:
2222:
2138:
2086:
2014:
1918:
1766:
1738:
1694:
1300:
1281:
1225:. The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in Africa.
1182:
996:
714:
675:
667:
659:
437:
432:
427:
346:
6554:
5536:
5347:
5219:
1509:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ: ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ
1315:, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the
8470:
8308:
8303:
8064:
8039:
7939:
7342:
7269:
7013:
6567:
6466:
6125:
6025:
5813:
5571:
5003:
4464:
3973:
3597:
3557:
3435:
3419:
3373:
3336:
2916:
2870:
2764:
2759:
2469:
2242:
1922:
1816:
1812:
1480:
1418:
1368:
1194:
816:
7318:
5805:
4503:
3353:
2518:, 2018). The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969; the
1800:(a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Egyptians (Copts) to enroll in the army.
1689:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8158:
8148:
8121:
8095:
7959:
7800:
7770:
7350:
7287:
7224:
7141:
7085:
7030:
Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics
6982:
6863:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
5039:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500)
4518:
The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome
4482:
3490:
3476:
3455:
3449:
3403:
3168:
3122:
2944:
2545:
2010:
1895:
1824:
1698:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1584:
1564:
1411:
1356:
1320:
1269:
1234:
1202:
1173:
1153:
631:
381:
336:
6894:
1971:, which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian,
1894:
According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated
1538:
And forgive us our trespasses: as we forgive those who trespass against us
1528:
In the Name of the Father: and the Son: and the Holy Spirit: One God: Amen
8445:
8419:
7971:
7963:
7951:
7123:
5780:
Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State
3413:
3160:
3111:
3090:
3053:
3045:
3004:
Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance
2959:
2900:
2888:
2570:
2554:
2410:
2374:
2284:
2266:
2006:
1977:
1907:
1868:
1777:
1304:
1273:
1218:
1198:
1190:
1094:
1011:
773:
698:
391:
6983:"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic"
6963:
6605:
Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity
4407:
4176:
The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East
2557:
district of Amman had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians. As of 2012, the
2101:
1073:"Copt" has also been connected to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos (
8455:
8450:
8389:
8318:
8228:
8163:
7899:
7755:
7077:
6344:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages"
6233:
5890:
Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks
5355:
5331:
5009:
Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate
4834:
4810:
3522:
3443:
3393:
3227:
3100:
2857:
2845:
2315:
2261:
verse. In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim
2188:
2184:
1968:
1956:
1876:
1820:
1493:Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ: ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ: ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ
1339:
around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters.
1312:
1238:
1210:
1165:
1101:
1000:
769:
741:
725:
690:
624:
321:
7549:
U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt
7206:
6939:
6193:
5789:
5728:
The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan
4456:
4322:"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs""
3928:
2581:, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in
81:
8399:
8339:
7765:
6285:
6283:
6281:
3825:
3577:
3367:
3346:
2966:
2582:
2523:
1713:
1660:
1396:
1336:
1293:
1233:
The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The
1022:
914:
826:
781:
331:
7487:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
6440:
Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday
1417:
The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the
8384:
8354:
8323:
7995:
7975:
7967:
7862:
6102:
3513:
3196:
3172:
3152:
3117:
3106:
3096:
2971:
2212:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2154:
1914:
1843:
1838:, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic.
1546:
For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.
1177:
788:
757:
7241:
6278:
5906:
Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012).
2954:
and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were
8223:
6089:
4818:
4806:
4740:
4725:
3908:
In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France:
3498:
3429:
3341:
3277:
clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local
3249:
29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30.
3219:
3086:
2920:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2496:
2258:
2172:
1972:
1632:
1262:
804:
541:
7440:
The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity
7431:
Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator)
4956:
4142:
Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity
2314:
In 2023, Fikiru Mehari, an researcher for the Christian charity
1193:
that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the
944:, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in
736:
due to historic and current conflicts. Most Copts adhere to the
7543:
7399:
Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia
5996:
5708:
Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War
4347:
Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3253:
is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way.
3250:
3201:
2987:
and marry Muslim men. In 2009 the Washington, D.C. based group
2578:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2257:
dress laws. A Coptic child was flogged for failing to recite a
2226:
2219:
prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.
2216:
2168:
1988:
1936:
1927:
1860:
1839:
1781:
President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)
1592:
1406:
in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from
1378:
1254:
1169:
1128:
796:
296:
7538:
7533:
5877:
Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?
4261:
The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau
3663:
Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness
2072:
Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa
1635:. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled
1513:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ
1147:
784:", and they have historically flourished in business affairs.
6040:"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence"
5990:
plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the
5758:"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians"
3959:
plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the
3439:
3223:
3176:
2940:
2892:
2884:
2378:
2254:
2246:
2203:
2160:
2045:
1797:
1750:
1709:
1705:
1672:
1540:
And lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil one
1332:
1328:
1324:
1157:
1010:
in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in
920:
765:
639:
635:
5981:
middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com
3179:, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced
1311:, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in
8344:
5832:
Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution
4734:
2904:
2382:
2215:
in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an
1591:
with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of
1082:
992:
979:
108:
400,000-500,000 (previously); a smaller number (as of 2018)
6866:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
4305:
2588:
2206:, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The
7316:
5795:
5303:
The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture
4607:
4565:
1754:
1014:(as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the
7553:
5692:
Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian
5617:
The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs
5064:
Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218-1250
4688:
4430:
2472:
is St. Mark in Toronto; it was built in 1964. The first
2195:, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number.
1213:
constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the
6542:
Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity
5643:"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians"
4658:
Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion
4314:
3143:, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the
5115:
attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.
4964:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
3889:"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990"
3811:
3809:
3683:
Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws
3151:
as its official calendar (with different names). This
1745:
Christians included closing and demolishing churches,
1583:, who played the major role in the formulation of the
1268:
Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to
1059:
1050:
960:
7449:
Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.
6625:
Egypt allows converts to revert to Christianity on ID
6317:"United States Commission on Int'l Religious Freedom"
4930:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35.
4588:
3880:
3701:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians"
3028:
Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church
2537:, the United Kingdom, France (45,000), South Africa.
7105:
6696:"Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution"
4975:
4578:
3801:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
3466:
1521:Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ. Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.
1221:'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the
1105:
1068:
863:
852:
837:
618:
598:
7417:. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing.
5635:
3806:
2522:is organized into two dioceses, the first based in
2405:; during that time, Islamist militants such as the
1003:for the city of Memphis and the region around it).
6758:
6241:
4859:
4235:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161.
3865:
3863:
705:in 639–646 AD. Copts have historically spoken the
7056:
5849:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States
4728:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt
4072:Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136
3803:, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018)
2036:The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church,
1871:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the
8468:
6820:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
6719:
4203:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
3974:"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone"
3845:
3843:
2958:on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by
1834:led some army officers in a coup d'état against
1228:
1209:). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD,
685:Originally referring to all Egyptians, the term
634:who have primarily inhabited the area of modern
7383:(2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press.
6995:
6940:"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation"
6479:Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt
6337:
6335:
6333:
5668:
5666:
5664:
4743:Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek
3904:
3902:
3860:
2856:In 2006, one person attacked three churches in
1303:to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives.
7380:Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study
7174:
7052:
7050:
6576:"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity"
6014:
5847:Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in
5702:
5700:
4805:community coexisted So should we assume that
4400:
4364:Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003).
4343:"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office""
3657:
3655:
2526:(diocese organized in 1999) and the second in
2397:in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the
2153:Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in
1947:encouraged the accumulation of human capital.
1667:branch, which led to their persecution by the
986:
768:as well as the modernization of Egypt and the
7915:
7569:
6915:Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era
6722:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt"
5557:
5089:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517)
5002:
4625:
4580:el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir
4494:
4492:
4389:
4387:
4337:
4335:
4289:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517)
4173:Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15).
3840:
3103:and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church.
2813:
2241:In February 1991, a Coptic pilot working for
991:), the name of the temple complex of the god
564:
7520:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7180:
6766:"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt"
6498:Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt
6399:The World's Billionaires: #396 Samih Sawiris
6330:
6309:
6073:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
5924:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5843:
5841:
5829:
5661:
5278:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival
5091:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54.
5066:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76.
4969:
4944:(1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam".
4741:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020).
4726:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004).
4514:
4363:
4291:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54.
4172:
4138:
3899:
3285:clade (15%), as well as the archaic African
3059:Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the
1796:in the early 19th century. He abolished the
868:
857:
842:
7504:
7047:
6956:
6141:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel"
6121:"Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland"
5697:
5061:
5012:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–.
4370:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145.
3871:Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith
3677:
3675:
3652:
2474:Coptic Orthodox church in the United States
2369:, 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the
2326:with a "smattering" of Coptic Orthodox and
2055:
1655:as erroneous and referred to themselves as
1595:to the rest of the Christian churches. The
1410:; there was a great deal of intracommunity
1148:Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt
791:. In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher
23:
7922:
7908:
7576:
7562:
7522:(Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography
7480:
7106:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015).
6850:
6179:"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased"
5859:
5857:
5593:. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff.
5531:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869.
5525:Comparative Studies in Society and History
5329:
5214:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869.
5208:Comparative Studies in Society and History
5153:. Princeton University Press. p. 48.
5086:
5037:. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.).
4996:
4719:
4619:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
4521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
4489:
4384:
4367:Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?
4332:
4286:
4139:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017).
3452:, Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon.
2895:'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister
2820:
2806:
2040:, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012,
571:
557:
80:
24:
7454:Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity
7277:
7259:
7214:
7181:Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015).
7131:
7066:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6887:
6746:. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
6732:
6064:Report on International Religious Freedom
5838:
5825:
5823:
5722:
5720:
5250:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011.
5245:"Religion and Education Around the World"
4792:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction
4714:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642
4597:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?"
4508:
4472:
4230:
4116:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?"
3792:
3790:
3788:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3376:, Egyptian-American musician and academic
2510:population has been estimated at 30,000 (
2287:) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member
1678:
764:. The Copts played a central role in the
7929:
7020:
6996:El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020).
6911:
6243:"Coptic Christians attacked in churches"
6221:. The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002
5979:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain
5774:
5772:
5770:
5300:
5172:
5170:
4966:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78
4898:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71.
4784:
4408:"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt"
4254:
4252:
4233:Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt
4198:
4196:
3941:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3711:
3672:
3352:
3340:
3300:is most frequent (28%), followed by the
3241:Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year
3200:
3073:
3023:
2991:published a study of the abductions and
2430:
2148:
2132:
2080:
1987:
1863:index, and a stronger representation in
1823:and Secretary General of the Wafd Party
1776:
1760:
1688:
1567:were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The
1372:
1127:
662:account for roughly 5–15 percent of the
32:This is an accepted version of this page
7407:
7057:Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008).
6693:
6687:
6668:
6201:"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial"
6118:
6050:
5854:
5275:
5237:
4940:
4895:A History of Christian–Muslim Relations
4891:
4594:
4226:
4224:
4113:
3851:The Americanization of an Ancient Faith
3685:, Associated Press (November 15, 2019).
3661:Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif,
2589:Persecution and discrimination in Egypt
1855:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher
1614:
678:similarly account for 1 percent of the
266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
8469:
7459:
6643:
6341:
5992:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)
5820:
5755:
5717:
5613:
5560:Church History & Religious Culture
5518:
5388:"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family"
5201:
4976:John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002).
4258:
3971:
3961:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)
3911:"Qui sont les coptes en France ?"
3761:. Minority Rights Group. October 2017.
3729:
3688:
3446:businessman, investor and billionaire.
3187:but have different numbers and names.
1573:St. Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria
1550:
821:The English language adopted the word
642:since antiquity. They are the largest
7903:
7557:
7376:
6856:
6239:
5767:
5694:, Voice of America (October 9, 2019).
5176:
5167:
5032:
4925:
4655:OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018).
4515:Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963).
4249:
4193:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4065:
3765:
3422:, heir to the Sarofim family fortune.
3273:. The remainder mainly belong to the
3063:of the native Egyptian Churches (the
2983:Coptic women and girls are abducted,
2891:. Previously, only two Copts were in
2392:is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the
2274:Sudanese government of National Unity
1272:was the creation and organization of
1049:in the Sahidic dialect; cf. Egyptian
7026:
6819:
6573:
6289:
5746:, Minority Rights Group (June 2018).
5584:
5330:Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982).
5146:
4857:
4595:Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011).
4221:
4202:
4055:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"
4047:
2887:'s foreign minister under President
2543:has a minor community of Copts; the
2468:The first Coptic Orthodox church in
2234:overthrew the elected government of
2096:
1120:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
92:Regions with significant populations
59:Ethnoreligious group in North Africa
7154:
6798:. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14.
6776:from the original on March 22, 2017
6720:Egyptian Streets (16 August 2013).
6119:Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004).
5519:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014).
5202:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014).
4654:
4132:
3815:
3267:Coptic Oriental Orthodox Christians
2606:Part of a series of articles on the
2520:Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia
2484:shortly afterward. As of 2018, the
2435:St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in
1607:(431 AD) was presided over by
1599:(381 AD) was presided over by
1571:(325 AD) was presided over by
1347:in the 6th century on the model of
974:), literally "estate/palace of the
869:
858:
843:
799:, and a stronger representation in
608:
56:
8492:Indigenous peoples of North Africa
7452:Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August.
7447:Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide.
7369:
6367:
6185:. 13 December 2005. Archived from
5406:"The richest men in Africa – 2009"
4851:
4702:. Columbia University Press. 2011.
4159:
3719:"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed"
3330:
3175:formally reformed the calendar of
2989:Christian Solidarity International
2551:Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church
1967:Many Coptic intellectuals hold to
1757:for those who refused to convert.
57:
8563:
7527:
6669:Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013).
6574:Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008).
6342:Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010).
6159:Church Building Regulations Eased
5496:"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com"
5448:"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com"
5424:"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com"
4861:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt"
4615:"Egypt from "The World Factbook""
4349:. August 15, 2008. Archived from
4326:United States Department of State
3944:"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site"
3893:New South Wales Consolidated Acts
3598:List of prominent Copts worldwide
3082:Dialects of the Coptic language:
2533:Smaller communities are found in
1983:
1555:The major contributions that the
1168:, shortly after the ascension of
126:1–2 million (estimates vary)
8552:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
8085:
7660:
7310:
7298: This article incorporates
7293:
7235:
7148:
7099:
6989:
6975:
6932:
6905:
6895:"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs"
6832:
6813:
6788:
6713:
6662:
6637:
6617:
6594:
6547:
6535:
6510:
6491:
6471:
6452:
6432:
6408:
6392:
6361:
6273:Egypt church attacks spark anger
6265:
6211:
6171:
6151:
6133:
6112:
6095:
6079:
6032:
6004:"Come Across And Help Us Book 2"
5973:
5949:
5932:
5899:
5882:
5869:
4872:from the original on 2017-06-20.
4145:. Univ of South Carolina Press.
3972:Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015).
3497:
3483:
3469:
3036:is the most recent stage of the
2623:
2330:adherents. A 2018 report by the
2289:Transitional Sovereignty Council
2100:
1850:
1536:Give us this day our daily bread
1505:ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ
1501:Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ
1457:
1445:
1362:
1152:According to ancient tradition,
1124:History of Christianity in Egypt
540:
295:
246:
8241:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
8033:Independent Churches/Communions
7433:Christians and Jews Under Islam
7335:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348
7155:Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan.
6802:from the original on 2018-09-13
6644:Chulov, Martin (Aug 15, 2013).
6292:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians"
6254:from the original on 2022-01-11
6086:Germany's growing Coptic Church
5749:
5737:
5684:
5607:
5578:
5551:
5512:
5488:
5472:"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com"
5464:
5440:
5416:
5398:
5380:
5362:
5323:
5294:
5269:
5257:from the original on 2016-12-22
5195:
5140:
5118:
5108:
5080:
5055:
5026:
4934:
4919:
4885:
4876:
4839:
4827:
4771:
4762:
4749:
4706:
4676:
4648:
4571:
4559:
4542:
4424:
4357:
4280:
4107:
4083:
4028:
4016:
3994:
3965:
3935:
2338:
2307:. Many became refugees or were
2038:Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria
1601:Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria
1351:, although in a stricter form.
1156:was introduced to present day
885:reflects the historical Coptic
644:Christian denomination in Egypt
268: instead of Coptic letters.
8265:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
7511:History of the Byzantine State
7466:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
7323:Forensic Science International
6899:Coptic Orthodox Church Network
6460:Egypt's Endangered Christians.
6240:Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006).
5912:Christian Research Association
5756:Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016).
4645:. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
4554:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4114:Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16).
3751:
3611:
3190:
2950:In August 2013, following the
2401:, at least 200,000 Christians
1943:emphasis on literacy and that
1619:In 451 AD, following the
689:became synonymous with native
13:
1:
6694:Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015).
6564:Ahram Weekly, 3 – May 9, 2007
5866:, CBC News (January 4, 2011).
5585:Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003).
5179:Minorities in the Middle East
5062:Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010).
4661:. Paulist Press. p. 87.
4037:History of Christianity:Sudan
3645:
3458:, Egyptian-French politician.
2285:Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh
1992:Egyptian Coptic monks at the
1950:
1651:, however, rejected the term
1395:By the time of Roman emperor
1229:Contributions to Christianity
709:, a direct descendant of the
670:account for 1 percent of the
8415:Essence–energies distinction
8236:Christianization of Bulgaria
7460:Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006).
7261:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976
7112:Genome Biology and Evolution
7027:Held, Colbert (2018-10-03).
6840:"The Coptic Studies' Corner"
6290:Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010).
5894:Special Broadcasting Service
5879:, ABC News (April 10, 2017).
5147:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015).
5033:Teule, Herman G. B. (2013).
4982:. Routledge. pp. 109–.
4231:Etheredge, Laura S. (2011).
4179:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4022:
3604:
2417:violently persecuted Copts.
2305:civil war that began in 2023
1172:and during the reign of the
1060:
1051:
987:
961:
915:
810:
599:
7:
8512:Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya
8507:Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan
8502:Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt
8219:Antiochian Greek Christians
8117:Christianization of Georgia
8112:Christianization of Armenia
8019:Assyrian Church of the East
7648:Evangelical Church of Egypt
6503:September 28, 2008, at the
6445:September 30, 2007, at the
5864:Coptic Christians in Canada
5332:"The Copts in Modern Egypt"
4979:A History of Medieval Islam
4579:
3745:Central Intelligence Agency
3462:
3363:Some famous Copts include:
3259:
3128:
3114:(also known as Subakhmimic)
3009:
2420:
2225:'s introduction of Islamic
1534:On earth as it is in heaven
1106:
1069:
969:Egyptological pronunciation
940:), itself derives from the
864:
853:
838:
762:Evangelical Church of Egypt
619:
10:
8568:
8269:15th–16th centuries schism
8193:Oriental Orthodox Churches
8024:Ancient Church of the East
8009:Oriental Orthodox Churches
7534:Worldwide Coptic Directory
7514:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
6912:Declercq, Georges (2000).
6610:November 21, 2011, at the
6157:WorldWide Religious News.
5181:. McFarland. p. 144.
4794:, p. 184. Addison Wesley,
4745:. De Gruyter. p. 447.
3568:International Coptic Union
3370:, prominent civil engineer
3334:
3194:
3132:
3013:
2985:forced to convert to Islam
2726:Alexandria and Tanta, 2017
2592:
2549:reported in 2005 that the
2424:
2390:Coptic population in Libya
2342:
2142:
2136:
2090:
2084:
2059:
1994:American Colony, Jerusalem
1960:
1954:
1910:of Egypt were Christians.
1770:
1764:
1682:
1643:and later Jacobites after
1366:
1290:Shenouda the Archimandrite
1117:
1113:
1078:
1034:
937:
928:The Greek term for Egypt,
921:
814:
591:
222:(liturgical and ancestral)
8547:Ancient peoples of Africa
8428:
8332:
8291:
8102:
8083:
8063:
8032:
8014:Eastern Catholic Churches
7994:
7983:
7937:
7881:
7850:
7829:
7743:
7695:
7669:
7658:
7638:
7620:
7602:
7591:
7583:
7377:Betts, Robert B. (1978).
7002:Media, War & Conflict
6560:October 15, 2008, at the
5986:January 21, 2009, at the
5537:10.1017/S0010417514000425
5348:10.1080/00263208208700503
5305:. Routledge. p. 83.
5220:10.1017/S0010417514000425
5177:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
5087:N. Swanson, Mark (2010).
4287:N. Swanson, Mark (2010).
4263:. Yale University Press.
3627:Egyptian population. The
2934:, "Egyptians are able to
2883:was a Copt who served as
2324:Episcopal Church of Sudan
2031:Coptic Evangelical Church
1842:'s mainstream policy was
1597:Council of Constantinople
1483:is recited in the native
1404:Islamic conquest of Egypt
1317:Eastern Orthodox Churches
1217:was recognized as one of
1110:in the historical sense.
832:, which derives from the
825:in the 17th century from
231:
226:
199:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
154:
146:
138:
130:
120:
112:
104:
96:
91:
79:
71:
70:
7397:Capuani, Massimo et al.
7162:. University of Khartoum
7014:10.1177/1750635219866137
6069:U.S. Department of State
5961:U.S. Department of State
5614:Matson, G. Olaf (1925).
5572:10.1163/187124109x407934
5280:. Springer. p. 30.
5276:B. Rugh, Andrea (2016).
4858:Shea, Nina (June 2017).
4712:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman,
4259:Lyster, William (2013).
3400:actor of Coptic origins.
3155:is based on the ancient
2394:U.S. Department of State
2068:Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2062:Christianity in Ethiopia
2056:Copts in modern Ethiopia
2025:congregations. The term
1996:, between 1898 and 1914.
1719:Muslim conquest of Egypt
1542:In Christ Jesus our Lord
1016:Muslim conquest of Egypt
893:) an Arabisation of the
756:, in communion with the
746:Oriental Orthodox Church
703:Muslim conquest of Egypt
39:latest accepted revision
8251:Eastern Orthodox Church
8205:Saint Thomas Christians
8004:Eastern Orthodox Church
7403:excerpt and text search
6630:April 16, 2009, at the
6416:"Africa's Billionaires"
6296:The Wall Street Journal
6164:March 18, 2009, at the
6109:, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020).
5806:10.5339/connect.2013.22
5301:M. Farag, Lois (2013).
4946:Israel Oriental Studies
4790:Victor J. Katz (1998).
4504:10.5339/connect.2013.22
3553:Copto-Arabic literature
2866:The Wall Street Journal
2482:Jersey City, New Jersey
2208:Anglo-Egyptian invasion
1712:who faced off with the
1589:Patriarch of Alexandria
1577:Saint Hosius of Córdoba
1517:Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅
760:; others belong to the
754:Eastern Catholic Church
547:Christianity portal
276:Part of a series on the
8527:Ethnic groups in Libya
8522:Ethnic groups in Sudan
8517:Ethnic groups in Egypt
8497:Coptic Orthodox Church
8050:True Orthodox churches
8045:Spiritual Christianity
7630:Coptic Catholic Church
7612:Coptic Orthodox Church
7539:Copts United Newspaper
6046:on September 26, 2011.
5784:The Century Foundation
5336:Middle Eastern Studies
4892:Goddard, Hugh (2000).
4585:. Vol. 2. Cairo, 1954.
4550:Coptic Orthodox Church
4077:July 19, 2008, at the
4057:. CNN. 10 April 2017.
3563:Coptic Orthodox Church
3528:Coptic Catholic Church
3456:Hossam Boutros Messiha
3416:, American Politician.
3360:
3350:
3206:
3145:Coptic Orthodox Church
3079:
3069:Coptic Catholic Church
3065:Coptic Orthodox Church
3029:
2981:
2450:
2360:The Coptic population
2297:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
2232:National Islamic Front
2157:
2019:Eastern Rite Catholics
2000:Today, members of the
1997:
1935:and relatively higher
1933:educational attainment
1881:religion and education
1857:educational attainment
1782:
1701:
1679:Arab conquest of Egypt
1659:. The majority of the
1548:
1525:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1390:Faiyum mummy portraits
1385:
1359:as a rite of passage.
1294:Pachomius the Cenobite
1136:
801:white-collar job types
795:, a relatively higher
793:educational attainment
750:Coptic Catholic Church
738:Coptic Orthodox Church
734:Copts' ethnic identity
519:Coptic Catholic Church
514:Coptic Orthodox Church
254:This article contains
237:Coptic Catholic Church
233:Coptic Orthodox Church
8542:Ethnoreligious groups
8532:Christian terminology
8073:Eastern Protestantism
7946:that developed since
6772:. December 17, 2010.
6555:"Fraud, not Freedom".
5778:Michael Wahid Hanna,
5412:on 21 September 2017.
5342:(2). JSTOR: 158–179.
5041:. Brill. p. 10.
4730:. Brill. p. 165.
4700:Columbia Encyclopedia
4353:on December 12, 2012.
4328:. September 30, 2008.
3875:Religion News Service
3635:Minority Rights Group
3593:Christianity in Libya
3588:Christianity in Sudan
3583:Christianity in Egypt
3573:List of Coptic saints
3380:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
3358:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
3356:
3344:
3204:
3099:: The dialect of the
3077:
3027:
2977:
2897:Youssef Boutros Ghali
2881:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
2645:Human rights in Egypt
2640:Christianity in Egypt
2434:
2353:Christianity in Libya
2349:Christianity in Sudan
2345:Christianity in Egypt
2343:Further information:
2332:Minority Rights Group
2328:Africa Inland Mission
2301:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
2293:military coup in 2019
2152:
2145:Christianity in Sudan
2143:Further information:
2133:Copts in modern Sudan
2093:Christianity in Libya
2091:Further information:
2081:Copts in modern Libya
1991:
1780:
1773:Christianity in Egypt
1771:Further information:
1761:Copts in modern Egypt
1743:persecution of Coptic
1708:was conquered by the
1692:
1685:Islamization of Egypt
1526:
1489:
1452:An Egyptiot centurion
1435:
1430:
1423:
1377:An Egyptiot man with
1376:
1367:Further information:
1323:, who translated the
1131:
1104:began using the term
978:("double" spirit) of
815:Further information:
724:ranged from relative
8537:North African people
8198:Council of Chalcedon
7944:Christian traditions
7931:Eastern Christianity
7302:available under the
6477:Human Rights Watch.
6465:January 7, 2003, at
6449:. December 20, 2002.
6168:. December 13, 2005.
6028:on January 31, 2011.
5620:. Vester. p. 20
4683:Eusebius of Caesarea
4621:. September 4, 2008.
4577:qtd. in M. Hussein.
3822:LookLex Encyclopedia
3707:. February 16, 2015.
2862:Ministry of Interior
2595:Persecution of Copts
2514:, 2017) to 100,000 (
2501:Greater Toronto Area
2377:, especially around
2309:internally displaced
2217:Islamic constitution
2009:(known in Arabic as
1923:Orascom conglomerate
1859:, relatively higher
1625:Church of Alexandria
1621:Council of Chalcedon
1615:Council of Chalcedon
1215:Church of Alexandria
1021:The Coptic name for
693:in light of Egypt's
628:ethnoreligious group
179:United Arab Emirates
174:25,000–30,000 (2006)
8487:Egyptian Christians
8477:Afroasiatic peoples
7974:, and parts of the
7506:Ostrogorsky, George
7199:2015NatSR...5E9996D
6918:. Isd. p. 80.
6544:. November 03, 2003
6380:on January 10, 2017
6189:on 17 October 2007.
6183:Compass Direct News
6101:Andreas Schmoller,
6010:on October 8, 2008.
5678:www.sudanupdate.org
5376:. 11 November 2019.
4779:Am J Phys Anthropol
4601:Pew Research Center
4449:2015NatSR...5E9996D
4120:Pew Research Center
3725:. 22 December 2004.
3705:Wall Street Journal
3667:Wall Street Journal
3624:Wall Street Journal
3619:Wall Street Journal
3505:Christianity portal
3345:Halim El-Dabh at a
3061:liturgical language
2869:of the attacks. In
2650:Secularism in Egypt
2367:Wall Street Journal
2322:and members of the
2281:Sudanese revolution
2193:conversion to Islam
2050:St Mark's Cathedral
1945:Coptic Christianity
1941:Coptic Christianity
1913:A number of Coptic
1887:in institutions of
1609:Cyril of Alexandria
1561:ecumenical councils
1551:Ecumenical councils
1141:religious community
776:, good governance,
713:that was spoken in
672:Sudanese population
664:population of Egypt
67:
29:Page version status
8171:Church of the East
8141:Ecumenical council
8092:Christ Pantocrator
7948:Early Christianity
7409:Charles, Robert H.
7187:Scientific Reports
7124:10.1093/gbe/evv118
7078:10.1002/ajpa.20876
6581:The New York Times
6484:2008-11-14 at the
6219:"Copts Under Fire"
6092:(January 7, 2017).
5896:(January 7, 2018).
5712:Christianity Today
5006:(3 October 2014).
4637:2016-03-24 at the
4437:Scientific Reports
3741:The World Factbook
3630:CIA World Factbook
3361:
3351:
3207:
3185:Ethiopian calendar
3080:
3030:
2956:widespread attacks
2932:Human Rights Watch
2844:. Until recently,
2842:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2665:Terrorism in Egypt
2655:Judiciary of Egypt
2612:Modern persecution
2508:Coptic Australians
2451:
2158:
2112:. You can help by
1998:
1900:upper-middle class
1832:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1783:
1702:
1605:Council of Ephesus
1563:in the history of
1386:
1335:while en route to
1305:St Basil the Great
1286:Macarius the Great
1197:writings found in
1137:
877:(where the Arabic
778:educational reform
529:Evangelical Church
65:
35:
8464:
8463:
8436:Sign of the cross
8246:Turkic Christians
8081:
8080:
7897:
7896:
7837:Egyptian language
7670:Traditional areas
7656:
7655:
7604:Oriental Orthodox
7438:Ibrahim, Vivian.
7207:10.1038/srep09996
7040:978-0-429-97307-9
6965:Britannica: Copts
6925:978-2-503-51050-7
6873:978-1-139-48635-4
6634:. February, 2008.
6275:, April 15, 2006.
5946:(March 18, 2019).
5888:Hannah Sinclair,
5734:(April 28, 2023).
5690:Mohammed Alamin,
5649:. 4 November 2012
5188:978-0-7864-1375-1
5160:978-1-4008-6558-1
5019:978-0-8014-5529-2
4989:978-1-134-93005-0
4668:978-1-58768-744-0
4528:978-0-521-09973-8
4457:10.1038/srep09996
4377:978-0-8028-1020-5
4186:978-1-5381-2418-5
3931:. March 10, 2014.
3929:"La Chiesa copta"
3877:(April 25, 2017).
3869:Shenaz Kermalli,
3849:Shira Telushkin,
3669:(April 29, 2017).
3548:Coptic literature
3408:Egyptian-Canadian
3398:Egyptian-American
3384:Secretary-General
3294:macrohaplogroup N
3243:without exception
3157:Egyptian calendar
3038:Egyptian language
3020:Egyptian language
3002:According to the
2833:Religious freedom
2830:
2829:
2696:Nag Hammadi, 2010
2673:Terrorist attacks
2617:Coptic Christians
2599:Religion in Egypt
2130:
2129:
1885:university degree
1747:forced conversion
1731:Fatimid Caliphate
1727:Abbasid Caliphate
1723:Umayyad Caliphate
1649:non-Chalcedonians
1637:non-Chalcedonians
1569:Council of Nicaea
1557:See of Alexandria
1464:An Egyptiot woman
1408:Egyptian language
1353:Coptic Christians
1345:Benedictine Order
1278:Anthony the Great
1045:and as ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
1037:), is realized in
942:Egyptian language
847:"the Copts" with
680:Libyan population
617:
597:
581:
580:
262:rendering support
242:
241:
100:10 million (2019)
47:28 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
8559:
8256:East–West Schism
8209:Malankara Church
8126:Byzantine Empire
8094:(circa 1261) in
8089:
7992:
7991:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7901:
7900:
7664:
7622:Eastern Catholic
7600:
7599:
7578:
7571:
7564:
7555:
7554:
7515:
7501:
7482:Meyendorff, John
7477:
7428:
7394:
7363:
7362:
7314:
7308:
7297:
7291:
7281:
7263:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7218:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7161:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7118:(7): 1940–1950.
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6944:copticchurch.net
6936:
6930:
6929:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6842:. Archived from
6836:
6830:
6829:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6726:Egyptian Streets
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6700:Hudson Institute
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6675:Egyptian Streets
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6641:
6635:
6621:
6615:
6601:Associated Press
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6571:
6565:
6553:Shahine, Gihan.
6551:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6520:. Archived from
6514:
6508:
6495:
6489:
6475:
6469:
6456:
6450:
6438:ArabicNews.com.
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6412:
6406:
6405:. March 5, 2008.
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6376:. Archived from
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6339:
6328:
6327:
6321:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6287:
6276:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6245:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6207:. July 30, 2001.
6197:
6191:
6190:
6175:
6169:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6116:
6110:
6099:
6093:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6042:. Archived from
6036:
6030:
6029:
6024:. Archived from
6018:
6012:
6011:
6006:. Archived from
6000:
5994:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5953:
5947:
5944:Catholic Outlook
5936:
5930:
5929:
5923:
5915:
5903:
5897:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5852:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5798:QScience Connect
5793:
5787:
5776:
5765:
5764:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5724:
5715:
5704:
5695:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5670:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5625:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5408:. Archived from
5402:
5396:
5395:
5394:on 7 April 2010.
5390:. Archived from
5384:
5378:
5377:
5374:Arabian Business
5366:
5360:
5359:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4973:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4652:
4646:
4641:<Online>.
4629:
4623:
4622:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4512:
4506:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4087:
4081:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3946:. Archived from
3939:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3917:. 16 March 2017.
3906:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3878:
3867:
3858:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3824:. Archived from
3813:
3804:
3794:
3763:
3762:
3759:"Copts in Egypt"
3755:
3749:
3748:
3747:. 10 April 2023.
3733:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3697:
3686:
3681:Noha Elhennawy,
3679:
3670:
3659:
3639:
3615:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3349:festival in 2009
3309:Northeast Africa
2993:forced marriages
2952:3 July 2013 coup
2925:Coptic Christmas
2822:
2815:
2808:
2701:Alexandria, 2011
2691:Saint Fana, 2008
2686:Alexandria, 2005
2627:
2626:
2603:
2602:
2399:Libyan civil war
2371:Associated Press
2125:
2122:
2104:
2097:
2066:In Ethiopia the
2002:non-Chalcedonian
1889:higher education
1865:white collar job
1735:Mamluk Sultanate
1704:In 641 AD,
1663:belonged to the
1523:
1461:
1449:
1383:Ptolemaic empire
1259:Biblical studies
1109:
1080:
1072:
1067:The Arabic word
1063:
1057:
1036:
990:
966:
939:
924:
923:
918:
892:
884:
872:
871:
867:
861:
860:
856:
846:
845:
841:
766:Arab Renaissance
758:Holy See of Rome
730:open persecution
711:Demotic Egyptian
650:, as well as in
622:
612:
610:
602:
596:romanized:
595:
593:
573:
566:
559:
545:
544:
299:
284:
273:
272:
250:
249:
84:
74:
68:
64:
21:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8424:
8355:Filioque clause
8328:
8287:
8214:Arab Christians
8136:Proto-orthodoxy
8098:
8090:
8077:
8059:
8028:
7986:
7979:
7933:
7928:
7898:
7893:
7889:Coptic calendar
7877:
7851:Writing systems
7846:
7842:Coptic language
7825:
7739:
7691:
7665:
7652:
7634:
7616:
7594:
7587:
7582:
7530:
7525:
7498:
7474:
7425:
7391:
7372:
7370:Further reading
7367:
7366:
7315:
7311:
7254:(8): e1006976.
7240:
7236:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7149:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7088:
7061:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7025:
7021:
6994:
6990:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6946:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6926:
6910:
6906:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6858:Allen, James P.
6855:
6851:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6805:
6803:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6749:
6747:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6692:
6688:
6679:
6677:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6652:
6642:
6638:
6632:Wayback Machine
6622:
6618:
6612:Wayback Machine
6599:
6595:
6586:
6584:
6572:
6568:
6562:Wayback Machine
6552:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6527:
6525:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6505:Wayback Machine
6496:
6492:
6486:Wayback Machine
6476:
6472:
6458:Freedom House.
6457:
6453:
6447:Wayback Machine
6437:
6433:
6424:
6422:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6340:
6331:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6166:Wayback Machine
6156:
6152:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6117:
6113:
6100:
6096:
6084:
6080:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6022:"CopticMission"
6020:
6019:
6015:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5988:Wayback Machine
5978:
5974:
5965:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5937:
5933:
5917:
5916:
5904:
5900:
5887:
5883:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5846:
5839:
5828:
5821:
5794:
5790:
5777:
5768:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5726:Fikiru Mehari,
5725:
5718:
5706:Jayson Casper,
5705:
5698:
5689:
5685:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5623:
5621:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5583:
5579:
5566:(1–3): 279–90,
5556:
5552:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5480:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5328:
5324:
5313:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5145:
5141:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4957:
4942:Lapidus, Ira M.
4939:
4935:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4866:Foreign Affairs
4856:
4852:
4845:Chronicles, by
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4789:
4785:
4781:129 (4): 529-43
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4755:Walker, Susan,
4754:
4750:
4739:
4735:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4707:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4639:Wayback Machine
4630:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4593:
4589:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4497:
4490:
4429:
4425:
4416:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4395:Motherland Lost
4393:Samuel Tadros,
4392:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4160:
4153:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4079:Wayback Machine
4070:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3982:
3980:
3970:
3966:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3868:
3861:
3848:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3828:on 4 March 2016
3818:"Coptic Church"
3816:Kjeilen, Tore.
3814:
3807:
3795:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3673:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3543:Coptic language
3538:Coptic identity
3533:Coptic diaspora
3518:Greek mythology
3503:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3339:
3333:
3331:Prominent Copts
3311:. Known as the
3289:lineage (15%).
3262:
3212:Julian Calendar
3199:
3193:
3181:Julian calendar
3141:Coptic calendar
3137:
3135:Coptic calendar
3131:
3042:Egyptian Arabic
3034:Coptic language
3022:
3016:Coptic language
3014:Main articles:
3012:
2903:governorate of
2864:. In May 2010,
2826:
2795:
2773:Mohammed Hegazy
2769:
2624:
2614:
2601:
2593:Main articles:
2591:
2575:1952 revolution
2486:Coptic American
2480:, was built in
2446:Coptic diaspora
2441:Greater Houston
2437:Bellaire, Texas
2429:
2427:Coptic diaspora
2423:
2407:Ansar al-Sharia
2355:
2341:
2320:Roman Catholics
2279:After the 2018
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2110:needs expansion
2095:
2089:
2083:
2064:
2058:
2042:Bishop Tawadros
2015:Roman Catholics
1986:
1965:
1963:Coptic identity
1959:
1953:
1904:medical doctors
1853:
1787:Armenian millet
1775:
1769:
1763:
1687:
1681:
1645:Jacob Baradaeus
1617:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1485:Coptic language
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1371:
1365:
1349:Saint Pachomius
1309:Caesarea Mazaca
1231:
1150:
1132:Coptic icon of
1126:
1118:Main articles:
1116:
1039:Fayyumic Coptic
958:Middle Egyptian
953:
946:Mycenaean Greek
897:word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ
830:Coptus, Cophtus
819:
813:
707:Coptic language
577:
539:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
282:
271:
270:
269:
260:Without proper
251:
247:
235:
218:
214:Literary Arabic
204:Egyptian Arabic
87:
86:Coptic diaspora
75:
72:
63:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8565:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8441:Divine Liturgy
8438:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8263:
8258:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8211:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8036:
8034:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7998:
7989:
7981:
7980:
7956:Eastern Europe
7938:
7935:
7934:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7701:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7597:
7589:
7588:
7581:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7528:External links
7526:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7502:
7496:
7478:
7472:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7423:
7405:
7395:
7389:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7309:
7234:
7173:
7147:
7098:
7072:(3): 316–323.
7046:
7039:
7019:
6988:
6974:
6968:, 3 May 2024,
6955:
6931:
6924:
6904:
6886:
6872:
6849:
6846:on 2012-04-19.
6831:
6812:
6787:
6757:
6744:15 August 2013
6731:
6712:
6686:
6661:
6636:
6616:
6593:
6566:
6546:
6534:
6509:
6490:
6470:
6451:
6431:
6407:
6391:
6368:Vinton, Kate.
6360:
6329:
6308:
6277:
6264:
6232:
6210:
6192:
6170:
6150:
6132:
6111:
6094:
6078:
6049:
6031:
6013:
5995:
5972:
5948:
5938:Mary Brazell,
5931:
5898:
5881:
5875:Steven Viney,
5868:
5853:
5837:
5819:
5788:
5786:(May 9, 2019).
5766:
5748:
5744:Copts in Sudan
5736:
5716:
5714:(May 2, 2023).
5696:
5683:
5660:
5634:
5606:
5599:
5577:
5550:
5511:
5500:www.forbes.com
5487:
5476:www.forbes.com
5463:
5452:www.forbes.com
5439:
5428:www.forbes.com
5415:
5397:
5379:
5361:
5322:
5311:
5293:
5286:
5268:
5236:
5194:
5187:
5166:
5159:
5139:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5079:
5072:
5054:
5047:
5025:
5018:
4995:
4988:
4968:
4955:
4933:
4918:
4904:
4884:
4875:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4783:
4770:
4761:
4748:
4733:
4718:
4705:
4696:"Circumcision"
4687:
4675:
4667:
4647:
4624:
4606:
4587:
4570:
4558:
4541:
4527:
4507:
4488:
4423:
4412:britannica.com
4399:
4383:
4376:
4356:
4331:
4313:
4304:
4297:
4279:
4269:
4248:
4241:
4220:
4192:
4185:
4158:
4151:
4131:
4106:
4082:
4064:
4046:
4027:
4015:
4004:. 12 July 2015
3993:
3964:
3934:
3920:
3898:
3879:
3859:
3839:
3805:
3764:
3750:
3728:
3710:
3687:
3671:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3494:
3480:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3433:
3426:Naguib Sawiris
3423:
3417:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3388:United Nations
3377:
3371:
3335:Main article:
3332:
3329:
3261:
3258:
3192:
3189:
3165:epagomenal day
3133:Main article:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3091:Upper Egyptian
3011:
3008:
2913:Nassef Sawiris
2909:Naguib Sawiris
2901:Upper Egyptian
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2791:Zakaria Botros
2788:
2782:
2780:
2778:Bahaa el-Akkad
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:Crime in Egypt
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2590:
2587:
2499:, many in the
2493:Canadian Copts
2476:, also called
2463:Copts in Libya
2461:), and Libya (
2459:Copts in Sudan
2455:Copts in Egypt
2425:Main article:
2422:
2419:
2340:
2337:
2263:Friday prayers
2236:Sadiq al-Mahdi
2223:Gaafar Nimeiry
2213:militant Islam
2139:Copts in Sudan
2137:Main article:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2121:September 2024
2107:
2105:
2087:Copts in Libya
2085:Main article:
2082:
2079:
2060:Main article:
2057:
2054:
1985:
1984:Church affairs
1982:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1939:index, due to
1921:that owns the
1919:Sawiris family
1873:Egyptian banks
1852:
1849:
1767:Copts in Egypt
1765:Main article:
1762:
1759:
1739:Ottoman Empire
1695:Hanging Church
1683:Main article:
1680:
1677:
1616:
1613:
1552:
1549:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1364:
1361:
1355:practice male
1307:Archbishop of
1301:Desert Fathers
1282:Paul of Thebes
1230:
1227:
1223:Church in Rome
1183:Gospel of John
1149:
1146:
1115:
1112:
988:ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ
951:
905:) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ
812:
809:
748:. The smaller
715:late antiquity
676:Copts in Libya
668:Copts in Sudan
630:indigenous to
579:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
550:
549:
536:
535:
534:
533:
532:
531:
521:
516:
508:
507:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
460:
450:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
417:
416:
415:
414:
412:Writing system
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
378:
377:
372:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
311:
310:
306:
305:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
287:
286:
278:
277:
264:, you may see
252:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
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171:United Kingdom
168:
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156:
152:
151:
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140:
136:
135:
134:500,000 (2018)
132:
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106:
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8325:
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8309:New Testament
8307:
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8304:Old Testament
8302:
8300:
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8290:
8280:
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8110:
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8107:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8088:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8065:Protestantism
8062:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8040:Old Believers
8038:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8025:
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8020:
8017:
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8010:
8007:
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7957:
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7940:Cultural area
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7735:South America
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7598:
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7595:denominations
7590:
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7497:9780881410556
7493:
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7473:9783857100406
7469:
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7458:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7445:Kamil, Jill.
7444:
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7424:9781889758879
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7386:
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7248:PLOS Genetics
7245:
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7087:
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7079:
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7053:
7051:
7042:
7036:
7033:. Routledge.
7032:
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7015:
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7007:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6978:
6971:
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6697:
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6672:
6665:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6620:
6614:. 2008-02-09.
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6550:
6543:
6538:
6524:on 2007-09-12
6523:
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6487:
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6468:
6467:archive.today
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6248:The Telegraph
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6145:parshan.co.il
6142:
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6126:SWI swissinfo
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5989:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5927:
5921:
5914:. p. 78.
5913:
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5600:9780520240698
5596:
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5308:
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5287:9781137566133
5283:
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5098:9789774160936
5094:
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5073:9780805440737
5069:
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5048:9789004252783
5044:
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5015:
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5010:
5005:
5004:Marina Rustow
4999:
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4847:John of Nikiû
4842:
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4797:
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4632:NLG Solutions
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4298:9789774160936
4294:
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4270:9789774160936
4266:
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4242:9789774160936
4238:
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4152:9781611177855
4148:
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4110:
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4039:
4038:
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4024:
4019:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3950:on 2009-01-21
3949:
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3938:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3857:(March 2018).
3856:
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3676:
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3656:
3651:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3617:In 2017, the
3614:
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3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
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3558:Coptic Museum
3556:
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3436:Samih Sawiris
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:Fayez Sarofim
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
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3374:Halim El-Dabh
3372:
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3343:
3338:
3337:List of Copts
3328:
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3232:Anno Martyrum
3229:
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3218:The Feast of
3216:
3213:
3203:
3198:
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3083:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:Sa'idi Arabic
3047:
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3039:
3035:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2960:Sunni Muslims
2957:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Samih Sawiris
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:Marsa Matrouh
2867:
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2800:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:Master Malati
2763:
2761:
2760:Sidhom Bishay
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Abbasia, 2016
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Maspero, 2011
2709:
2707:
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2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
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2489:
2487:
2483:
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2470:North America
2466:
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2460:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:Islamic State
2412:
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2277:
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2260:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:Sudan Airways
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
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2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2108:This section
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:, 60% of the
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:Socioeconomic
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Salama Moussa
1814:
1813:Coptic Museum
1809:
1807:
1806:Isma'il Pasha
1803:
1802:Pope Cyril IV
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Chalcedonians
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:, along with
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:Coptic Church
1478:
1477:Lord's Prayer
1473:
1460:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:Coptic Church
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:Coptic Greeks
1363:Coptic Greeks
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:New Testament
1192:
1189:and found in
1188:
1185:, written in
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1041:as ⲗⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
965:
964:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
934:Ancient Greek
931:
926:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
882:
876:
866:
855:
850:
840:
835:
831:
828:
824:
818:
817:Name of Egypt
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
621:
615:
606:
601:
589:
585:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
552:
551:
548:
543:
538:
537:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:Protestantism
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
506:Denominations
505:
504:
499:
496:
494:
493:South America
491:
489:
488:North America
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
443:United States
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
419:
418:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
312:
308:
307:
298:
289:
288:
285:
280:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
259:
257:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
215:
212:
210:
209:Saʽidi Arabic
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:45,000 (2017)
157:
153:
150:75,000 (2003)
149:
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142:50,000 (2017)
141:
137:
133:
131:United States
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
83:
78:
69:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
8370:Nestorianism
8365:Dyophysitism
8360:Miaphysitism
8350:Apophaticism
8314:Deuterocanon
8159:Paulicianism
8149:Nestorianism
8130:
8122:Roman Empire
8096:Hagia Sophia
8091:
7776:Encyclopedia
7751:Architecture
7584:
7544:Coptic Cairo
7519:
7510:
7486:
7462:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7413:
7398:
7379:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7292:
7251:
7247:
7237:
7228:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7164:. Retrieved
7150:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7089:. Retrieved
7069:
7065:
7029:
7022:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6977:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6947:. Retrieved
6943:
6934:
6914:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6877:. Retrieved
6862:
6852:
6844:the original
6834:
6825:
6815:
6804:. Retrieved
6790:
6778:. Retrieved
6769:
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6743:
6734:
6725:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6699:
6689:
6678:. Retrieved
6674:
6664:
6653:. Retrieved
6650:The Guardian
6649:
6639:
6619:
6596:
6585:. Retrieved
6579:
6569:
6549:
6537:
6526:. Retrieved
6522:the original
6512:
6493:
6473:
6454:
6434:
6423:. Retrieved
6419:
6410:
6402:
6394:
6382:. Retrieved
6378:the original
6373:
6363:
6351:. Retrieved
6347:
6323:
6311:
6299:. Retrieved
6295:
6267:
6256:. Retrieved
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6213:
6204:
6195:
6187:the original
6182:
6173:
6153:
6147:(in Hebrew).
6144:
6135:
6124:
6114:
6106:
6097:
6081:
6061:
6052:
6044:the original
6034:
6026:the original
6016:
6008:the original
5998:
5975:
5964:. Retrieved
5960:
5951:
5943:
5934:
5907:
5901:
5884:
5871:
5848:
5831:
5800:(2013): 22.
5797:
5791:
5761:
5751:
5739:
5731:
5711:
5686:
5677:
5651:. Retrieved
5646:
5637:
5629:
5622:. Retrieved
5616:
5609:
5590:
5580:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5503:. Retrieved
5499:
5490:
5479:. Retrieved
5475:
5466:
5455:. Retrieved
5451:
5442:
5431:. Retrieved
5427:
5418:
5410:the original
5400:
5392:the original
5382:
5373:
5364:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5316:
5302:
5296:
5277:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5239:
5231:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5178:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5110:
5102:
5088:
5082:
5063:
5057:
5038:
5028:
5008:
4998:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4894:
4887:
4878:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4803:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4773:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4678:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4627:
4609:
4600:
4590:
4583:
4573:
4568:s.v. "Copt".
4561:
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4517:
4510:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4415:, retrieved
4411:
4402:
4394:
4366:
4359:
4351:the original
4316:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4260:
4232:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:
4175:
4141:
4134:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:
4109:
4098:. Retrieved
4095:Ahram Online
4094:
4085:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4023:Minahan 2002
4018:
4006:. Retrieved
3996:
3988:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:
3967:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:the original
3937:
3923:
3914:
3892:
3882:
3855:The Atlantic
3854:
3830:. Retrieved
3826:the original
3821:
3800:
3797:Sudan: Copts
3753:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3666:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3491:Libya portal
3477:Egypt portal
3450:Magdi Yacoub
3404:Mena Massoud
3362:
3325:
3321:
3312:
3306:
3302:haplogroup T
3291:
3271:Haplogroup J
3263:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3217:
3208:
3147:and also by
3138:
3123:Oxyrhynchite
3089:: Theban or
3081:
3058:
3031:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2945:Christianity
2929:
2923:government,
2879:
2875:
2855:
2851:
2831:
2786:Mark Gabriel
2736:Helwan, 2017
2706:Imbaba, 2011
2681:Kosheh, 2000
2616:
2546:Jordan Times
2544:
2539:
2532:
2505:
2490:
2467:
2452:
2444:
2387:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2339:Demographics
2313:
2283:, one Copt (
2278:
2271:
2251:
2240:
2221:
2200:Mahdist rule
2197:
2159:
2118:
2114:adding to it
2109:
2065:
2035:
2026:
2021:, and other
2011:Evangelicals
1999:
1966:
1926:
1912:
1893:
1879:study about
1854:
1829:
1825:Makram Ebeid
1810:
1794:Muhammad Ali
1791:
1784:
1753:, and heavy
1703:
1699:Coptic Cairo
1653:Monophysites
1641:Monophysites
1618:
1603:, while the
1585:Nicene Creed
1565:Christianity
1554:
1545:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:as follows:
1474:
1470:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1412:bilingualism
1401:
1394:
1387:
1357:circumcision
1343:founded the
1341:St. Benedict
1321:Saint Jerome
1298:
1270:Christianity
1267:
1235:Catechetical
1232:
1206:
1203:Middle Egypt
1154:Christianity
1151:
1138:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1020:
1007:
1005:
971:
954:-ku-pi-ti-jo
949:
929:
927:
906:
898:
875:quftī, qiftī
874:
854:qubṭī, qibṭī
829:
822:
820:
797:wealth index
786:
719:
695:Islamization
686:
684:
632:North Africa
600:niremənkhēmi
583:
582:
317:Architecture
281:
253:
121:
62:Ethnic group
46:
37:This is the
31:
8446:Iconography
8420:Metousiosis
8279:2018 schism
8274:1996 schism
7972:South India
7964:East Africa
7952:Middle East
7858:Hieroglyphs
7816:Persecution
7811:Nationalism
7806:Monasticism
6705:17 February
6353:November 8,
6348:foxnews.com
5624:7 September
5261:13 December
3444:Montenegrin
3414:Dina Powell
3279:Afroasiatic
3191:Coptic year
3161:Ptolemy III
3112:Lycopolitan
3054:Upper Egypt
3046:Lower Egypt
2889:Anwar Sadat
2838:coup d'état
2741:Minya, 2018
2731:Minya, 2017
2716:Libya, 2015
2571:Switzerland
2411:Nusra Front
2375:Upper Egypt
2007:Protestants
1978:Orientalism
1908:pharmacists
1869:accountants
1836:King Farouk
1657:Miaphysites
1274:monasticism
1243:Athenagoras
1219:Christendom
1199:Oxyrhynchus
1191:Upper Egypt
1095:Upper Egypt
1075:Koinē Greek
1012:Roman Egypt
982:" (compare
972:Hut-ka-Ptah
839:qubṭ / qibṭ
836:collective
774:pan-Arabism
699:Arabization
648:Middle East
592:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
402:Persecution
397:Nationalism
387:Monasticism
366:Literature
187:Netherlands
73:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
8471:Categories
8456:Omophorion
8451:Asceticism
8405:Hypostasis
8390:Philokalia
8319:Septuagint
8292:Scriptures
8229:Ghassanids
8164:Bogomilism
8154:Iconoclasm
8055:Tolstoyans
7996:Communions
7968:Asia Minor
7821:Philosophy
7796:Literature
7640:Protestant
7329:: 110348.
7166:13 October
7091:14 October
6949:2018-03-17
6806:2017-12-25
6780:January 1,
6680:2013-08-16
6655:2013-08-16
6587:2008-10-07
6528:2007-09-12
6425:2019-09-28
6384:10 January
6258:2008-10-07
6246:. London:
5966:2018-03-17
5732:The Tablet
5653:4 November
5505:2019-02-06
5481:2019-02-06
5457:2019-02-06
5433:2019-02-06
4911:20 January
4905:1566633400
4835:Al-Maqrizi
4811:Diophantus
4534:16 October
4214:2020-06-15
4125:2023-11-14
4100:2019-10-30
3954:2008-08-16
3832:30 January
3646:References
3523:Coptic art
3394:Rami Malek
3236:Anno Mundi
3228:Diocletian
3195:See also:
3101:Nile Delta
2858:Alexandria
2846:Christians
2457:), Sudan (
2403:fled Libya
2316:Open Doors
2189:Wad Medani
2185:Port Sudan
1969:Pharaonism
1961:See also:
1957:Pharaonism
1951:Pharaonism
1877:Pew Center
1821:Louis Awad
1669:Byzantines
1665:Miaphysite
1581:Athanasius
1414:in Egypt.
1331:, came to
1313:Asia Minor
1239:Pantanaeus
1211:Christians
1166:Alexandria
1102:Pharaonism
1058:, Demotic
1027:remənkhēmi
1001:synecdoche
963:ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ
851:adjective
770:Arab world
742:Alexandria
701:after the
691:Christians
407:Philosophy
8400:Theotokos
8340:Hesychasm
8145:Heresies
7987:divisions
7766:Coptology
7705:Australia
7593:Christian
7411:(2007) .
7359:219586129
7343:1872-6283
7304:CC BY 4.0
7270:1553-7404
7008:: 50–69.
6750:22 August
6225:August 2,
6058:"Lebanon"
5920:cite book
5814:2223-506X
5545:145603557
5228:145603557
4465:2045-2322
4397:, ch 3–4.
4060:Churches.
4008:1 October
3605:Footnotes
3578:Coptology
3428:, CEO of
3368:Hani Azer
3347:Cleveland
2967:USA Today
2583:Jerusalem
2524:Melbourne
2295:, led by
1973:Pharaonic
1830:In 1952,
1714:Byzantine
1661:Egyptians
1397:Caracalla
1337:Jerusalem
1085:; Coptic
1061:rmṯ n kmỉ
1047:remənkēme
1043:lemenkēmi
1035:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
1023:Egyptians
1008:Aigýptios
1006:The term
922:Αἰγύπτιος
916:Aigýptios
899:aiguption
862:, plural
827:Neo-Latin
811:Etymology
782:democracy
726:tolerance
625:Christian
614:romanized
463:Australia
332:Coptology
195:Languages
147:Australia
122:Diaspora:
8385:Phronema
8333:Theology
8324:Peshitta
7976:Far East
7882:Calendar
7863:Hieratic
7830:Language
7791:Identity
7761:Calendar
7697:Diaspora
7508:(1956).
7484:(1989).
7351:32521421
7306:license.
7288:28837655
7225:26017457
7142:26108492
7086:18618658
6860:(2010).
6826:Refworld
6800:Archived
6774:Archived
6770:BBC News
6628:Archived
6608:Archived
6558:Archived
6501:Archived
6482:Archived
6463:Archived
6443:Archived
6252:Archived
6205:BBC News
6162:Archived
5984:Archived
5957:"Kuwait"
5647:BBC News
5252:Archived
4870:Archived
4635:Archived
4483:26017457
4443:: 9996.
4209:Refworld
4075:Archived
4025:, p. 467
3915:La Croix
3723:BBC News
3514:Aegyptus
3463:See also
3440:Egyptian
3382:, sixth
3260:Genetics
3197:Computus
3173:Augustus
3171:Emperor
3153:calendar
3149:Ethiopia
3129:Calendar
3118:Fayyumic
3107:Akhmimic
3097:Bohairic
3067:and the
3010:Language
2972:Facebook
2632:Overview
2512:ABC News
2478:St. Mark
2421:Diaspora
2362:in Egypt
2181:Omdurman
2177:Khartoum
2165:Al Obeid
2155:Khartoum
2075:Cyril VI
2023:Orthodox
1915:business
1844:pan-Arab
1633:Melkites
1207:Egyptian
1178:Claudius
1176:emperor
1162:St. Mark
1134:St. Mark
984:Akkadian
938:Αἴγυπτος
930:Aígyptos
907:kuptaion
903:Bohairic
789:Islamism
646:and the
623:) are a
609:الْقِبْط
498:Diaspora
467:churches
457:churches
447:churches
362:Language
357:Toponymy
352:Identity
327:Calendar
227:Religion
43:reviewed
8429:Worship
8380:Theoria
8375:Theosis
8224:Melkite
8186:Mongols
8104:History
7950:in the
7868:Demotic
7786:History
7781:Fasting
7744:Culture
7435:, 1997.
7401:(2002)
7279:5587336
7216:4446898
7195:Bibcode
7133:4524485
6301:June 4,
6090:DW News
6075:. 2013.
5674:"Copts"
5356:4282879
4819:Hypatia
4807:Ptolemy
4759:, p. 24
4757:op cit.
4474:4446898
4445:Bibcode
4417:30 July
3983:12 July
3737:"Egypt"
3430:Orascom
3386:of the
3304:(17%).
3220:Neyrouz
3087:Sahidic
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