Copts - Knowledge

1447: 4822:

that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.

8087: 3025: 2947:(or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time. 1459: 3075: 2432: 1374: 2150: 3319:, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians. 7295: 1690: 3354: 7230:

component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence

2102: 1778: 2625: 82: 297: 7662: 3499: 542: 3485: 3471: 2373:, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain. Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in 248: 3342: 3202: 1989: 3323:

ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.

1472:

mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations. Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".

2979:"In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in." 3040:. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day. Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial 2265:, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. As the civil war raged throughout the 1990s, the government focused its religious fervor on the south. Although experiencing discrimination, the Copts and other long-established Christian groups in the north had fewer restrictions than other types of Christians in the 2849:

building mosques. Copts face ethnic and racial discrimination as they are called Adma Zarqa or blue bone and كوفت From Coptic ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios, “Copt”). Hence a doublet of قبطي (ʔibṭi) and in fact the more native form, but apparently adopted by the Arabs in a mocking manner and is still used today by racists in Egypt.

4821:

were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates

4804:

But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek

3322:

Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern

2852:

The Coptic community has been targeted by hate crimes by Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one Muslim

2396:

placed the entire population of non-Muslim Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services. In 2011, there were three Coptic churches

2868:

reported increasing waves of mob attacks by Muslims against Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any

1846:

nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10 to 20 percent of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab,

5114:

ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

3626:

reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the

3209:

The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various

2938:

to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the

2998:

In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and

2974:

page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts". The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first

7229:

The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own

1471:

According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum

2252:

Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic

2210:

in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom, and they extended their original roles as artisans and merchants into trading, banking, engineering, medicine, and the civil service. Proficiency in business and administration made them a privileged minority. However, the return of

4548:"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." 2848:

were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for

2364:

is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion. As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population," with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the

1716:

army. Local resistance by the Egyptians however began to materialize shortly thereafter and would last until at least the 9th century. Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century, as a result of the

4059:

The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of

3281:-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians. E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans. The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked 2004:

Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as

2927:(January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in higher positions in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion. 2939:

ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from

1975:

Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. Some scholars see Pharaonism as shaped by

1143:

forming around 5 to 20 percent of the population. They pride themselves on the apostolicity of the Egyptian Church: its founder was the first in an unbroken chain of patriarchs. The main body has been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the 5th century AD.

1902:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the 2975:

elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying,

4685:, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. 5520: 5203: 2835:

in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952

3326:

An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.

732:. Historically, the Copts suffered from "waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances". Persecution is significantly involved in the 3621:

reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the

1180:

around 42 AD. The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the

3006:, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According to the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors. 3210:

agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the

3183:. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the 6369: 3637:

reported that figures for the population of Egyptian Copts "range between 4.7 and 7.1 million, comprising between six and nine per cent of the population, though some estimates put the proportion at as much as 10 to 20 per

2334:

said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000, about 1% of the Sudanese population, but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.

5317:

The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment

1261:. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before 3226:, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year 2876:

Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.

3264:

Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority. Most ethnic Copts are

2229:

law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims. After the overthrow of Nimeiry, Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the

3214:

or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.

7442:(I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community. 4673:"The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ." 4431:

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015).

6251: 2995:

and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.

2853:

were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo". In February 2001 a new Coptic church and 35 houses belonging to Christians were burned.

2357:

Living in countries with Muslim majorities (Egypt, Sudan, Libya), the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity.

1808:, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs. 5232:

In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.

6740:"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood" 4275:

Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

5251: 2198:

Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under

1867:

types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were

1299:

By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Since then pilgrims have visited the Egyptian

6799: 6970:

The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

6646:"Egypt's Coptic Christians report fresh attacks on churches: Christian leaders blame Muslim Brotherhood supporters for arson and other attacks, including shooting death of teenage girl" 3245:, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is 7780: 1811:

Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the

6377: 2819: 1792:

Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of

3230:

became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for

2044:

was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in

4342: 1129: 7108:"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent" 3989:

Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."

6575: 7028: 5369: 7156: 6178: 3296:. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts, 5983: 3943: 2970:

reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". More than 45 churches across Egypt were attacked. The

8086: 5630:

Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt. Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites

1139:

The Copts are one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Although integrated in the larger Egyptian nation state, the Copts have survived as a distinct

2873:, a Bedouin mob of Muslims tried to attack Copts, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars. 2163:

has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants. Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities, including

5830:

Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.).

3307:

A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in

2477: 5127:

Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert

803:, but limited representation in military and security agencies. The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Christians and 787:

While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and

4869: 1205:, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into Coptic (then known as 8268: 2033:", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans. 4090: 7921: 2812: 6242: 5796:

Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators".

3315:

component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the

1276:. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example. The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were 2029:

remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "

341: 6218: 2569:

was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox. In

6607: 4042:

Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.

2238:

with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.

5889: 4498:

Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22

1931:

estimated the family's net worth at $ 36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher

2962:. According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century. 7463:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004

5939: 5925: 2955: 2805: 2049: 1446: 5727: 5244: 1847:

and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.

7647: 2715: 1475:

Modern day Copts use predominantly Arabic and Coptic, the latter being the direct descendent of the Ancient Egyptian language. For instance, the

975: 761: 528: 6795: 5757: 4634: 2899:

and Environment Minister Magued George during former president Mubarak's rule. There also used to be one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the

5707: 4716:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." 7058: 6627: 6442: 6343: 4174: 2303:, dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition; Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during a 6161: 4140: 2860:, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the 6072: 5148: 5405: 8491: 8180: 6517: 2550: 2473: 2249:, but he refused. Thousands attended his funeral, and the execution was taken as a warning by many Copts, who began to flee the country. 446: 6839: 6500: 3662: 2245:

was executed for illegal possession of foreign currency. Before his execution, he had been offered amnesty and money if he converted to

6186: 8551: 7914: 6063: 3167:

every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the

6671:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt" 6462: 6481: 5691: 3947: 3256:

To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).

7734: 5387: 4926:

Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.).

4074: 3700: 2272:

As of 2010, the Coptic Church in Sudan was officially registered with the government, and exempt from property tax. In 2005, the

570: 492: 487: 6773: 5980: 8379: 8250: 7575: 7242:

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24).

8278: 8273: 7038: 6923: 6871: 5186: 5158: 5103:

By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

5017: 4987: 4666: 4526: 4375: 4184: 3633:

reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts). In 2017, the

2984: 2304: 6039: 3910: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8404: 8374: 7907: 6003: 5991: 3960: 1352: 1119: 6695: 6645: 6557: 6120: 4350: 2777: 2519: 1587:, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the 466: 265: 6822:"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)" 6021: 1559:

has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three

8546: 8240: 6998:"Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt" 2988: 2919:, who are extremely successful businessmen and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, are Copts. In 2002, under the 2488:

population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.

2253:

emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of

4860: 2577:; the first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country. In 7495: 7471: 7422: 7388: 6721: 6670: 5598: 5310: 5285: 5096: 5071: 5046: 4799: 4325: 4296: 4268: 4240: 4150: 3159:. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of 7402: 6085: 4777:

Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.".

2907:, and is the first Coptic governor in decades due to the higher concentration of Copts in Upper Egypt. In addition, 8414: 7729: 7719: 7299: 4311:

Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946)

4054: 3383: 2398: 2288: 2276:(GNU) named a Coptic Orthodox priest to a government position, though the ruling Islamist party remained dominant. 2202:

at the end of the 19th century. As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt

1785:

During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the

1241:, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as 1123: 482: 472: 456: 7157:"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" 8526: 8521: 8516: 8496: 8103: 8072: 5779: 5135:ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims" 4596: 4346: 4115: 3921: 2037: 1596: 962: 880: 647: 7059:"Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" 3817: 2951: 2292: 1815:

in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are

8541: 8531: 8185: 7724: 6541: 5911: 5447: 5423: 4903: 2735: 2041: 1572: 1237:

School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar

477: 6604: 6398: 5495: 4002:"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'" 1437:

Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.

8536: 8192: 5471: 4001: 3850: 2273: 2071: 17: 261: 42: 8486: 8476: 8260: 8235: 7244:"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations" 6316: 6291: 5893: 4035: 3316: 3071:). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited. 2861: 2561:'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000. As of 2017, 2515: 2690: 1399:

in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.

1392:

reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the Hellenized Middle East.

913:). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt, 8218: 8175: 8135: 8111: 8018: 6103:

The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition

4618: 3744: 2725: 2530:(diocese organized in 2002). There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019. 2074: 1801: 968: 563: 3024: 1804:, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive 8116: 8023: 8008: 7568: 7317:

Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020).

5863: 3567: 3056:

by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.

2705: 1993: 1289: 888: 745: 5908:

Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources

5876: 2611: 2465:), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia. 2443:). There are about 1–2 million Egyptian born Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the 8013: 7621: 7183:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 4631: 4433:"The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 3870: 3274: 2323: 2030: 1880: 1316: 886: 878: 753: 38: 3074: 7408: 6624: 6439: 6068: 4695: 3888: 3796: 2720: 2574: 2393: 2199: 2061: 1917:

and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian

1734: 1718: 1604: 1580: 1015: 702: 6158: 5591:

Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I

4768:

Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships

8394: 8204: 8003: 7518:

Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries"

3552: 3292:

Maternally, Hassan (2009) found that Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the

2865: 2700: 2495:

was 35,000. By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in

2481: 2406: 1600: 1588: 1568: 374: 6997: 6459: 6057: 5762:

Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.

1074: 8313: 8044: 7984: 7629: 7611: 7592: 5783: 5521:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 5409: 5204:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 4205:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt" 3562: 3527: 3266: 3222:

marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of

3144: 3068: 3064: 2710: 2414: 2296: 2231: 2070:

was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959 when it was granted its own patriarch by the

1932: 1872: 1856: 1579:. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria 1458: 1403: 1389: 933: 792: 749: 737: 613: 556: 523: 518: 513: 236: 232: 213: 6521: 6497: 5851:(eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39. 5586: 5007: 4977: 4365: 3269:. According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the 7561: 6843: 6140: 5125: 5034: 4962:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

4893: 4656: 4516: 3874: 3634: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3572: 3379: 3357: 3278: 3234:

or "Year of the Martyrs"). The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (

2896: 2880: 2740: 2644: 2639: 2565:

was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts. In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of

2352: 2348: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2300: 2144: 2092: 2018: 1793: 1772: 1684: 1246: 1242: 1222: 694: 679: 671: 663: 655: 651: 643: 6861: 5370:"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'" 3205:

Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'

2113: 772:

as a whole; they also contributed to the "social and political life and key debates such as

8255: 8197: 8153: 8049: 7930: 7857: 7815: 7194: 5956: 4814: 4682: 4444: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3270: 2935: 2695: 2685: 2594: 2511: 2500: 2318:, estimated that about 4% of Sudanese population was Christian; the majority of these were 2308: 2207: 1742: 1627:

was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as

1624: 1620: 1497:Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ: ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ 1214: 729: 627: 401: 7548: 7303: 7294: 6796:"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'" 5834:. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113. 4928:

Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta

4614: 3736: 2573:, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the 1925:, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008, 1576: 1038: 902: 8: 7943: 7775: 7750: 6478: 6247: 5905: 3504: 3060: 2832: 2649: 2280: 2192: 1944: 1940: 1864: 1721:

onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes, such as the

1608: 1161: 1133: 910: 800: 546: 316: 7490:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

7198: 5642: 4448: 2431: 1257:, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative 8349: 8170: 8140: 8054: 7947: 7867: 7810: 7805: 7704: 7639: 7505: 7354: 7278: 7243: 7215: 7182: 7132: 7107: 6580: 5919: 5673: 5540: 5351: 5223: 4882:

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

4473: 4432: 3629: 3184: 3148: 2931: 2841: 2664: 2654: 2507: 1899: 1831: 1717:

intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there. From the

1560: 1426:ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ 1373: 1340: 1285: 1097:. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name. 710: 462: 396: 386: 6765: 4091:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt" 4071: 3682: 2999:

financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."

1532:

Our Father Who art in heaven: hallowed be Thy name: Thy kingdom come: Thy will be done

1018:(639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion. 967:(reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/, 956:(lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form probably comes from 8435: 8245: 7836: 7820: 7795: 7603: 7491: 7467: 7418: 7384: 7358: 7346: 7338: 7283: 7265: 7220: 7137: 7081: 7034: 6919: 6867: 6857: 6272: 6200: 5809: 5594: 5544: 5391: 5306: 5281: 5227: 5182: 5154: 5092: 5067: 5042: 5013: 4983: 4899: 4795: 4662: 4522: 4478: 4460: 4371: 4292: 4264: 4236: 4180: 4146: 3718: 3547: 3407: 3397: 3156: 3037: 3019: 2730: 2598: 2491:

In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of

2067: 1884: 1746: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1556: 1344: 1277: 1250: 1140: 983: 941: 848: 721: 720:

Following the Muslim conquest, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to

406: 369: 356: 7661: 7334: 6370:"African Billionaire Fortunes Decline On New FORBES List Of The Continent's Richest" 5940:

First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.

3163:(Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth 2837: 2191:. Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations. They have occasionally faced forced 1100:

In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of

8208: 8125: 7714: 7709: 7330: 7273: 7255: 7210: 7202: 7127: 7119: 7073: 7009: 6600: 6415: 5801: 5567: 5532: 5343: 5215: 4499: 4468: 4452: 4321: 3308: 3286: 3049: 2930:

While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to

2680: 2453:

Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (

2370: 2001: 1888: 1805: 1668: 1648: 1636: 1476: 1382: 1258: 777: 452: 442: 6739: 5743: 5150:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 5035:"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516" 4846: 2291:, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy. However, a 2149: 2022: 1432:Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν. 208: 8213: 7888: 7872: 7841: 7790: 7760: 7696: 7509: 7485: 7481: 7461: 7414:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

7412: 7378: 7260: 6913: 6631: 6611: 6561: 6504: 6485: 6446: 6165: 6043: 5987: 5615: 5558:

van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?",

4833:

Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by

4638: 4204: 4078: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3517: 3211: 3180: 3140: 3134: 3041: 3033: 3015: 2992: 2924: 2785: 2772: 2492: 2485: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2402: 2319: 1962: 1903: 1835: 1786: 1644: 1484: 1407: 1348: 1308: 1265:, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write. 1186: 1053: 1030: 957: 945: 894: 833: 733: 706: 604: 587: 497: 411: 361: 351: 326: 255: 219: 203: 8409: 7319:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups" 6821: 6107:

Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies

6007: 4549: 3886:

In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone:

3078:

Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC

1883:

around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a

1402:

Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the

8481: 8440: 8298: 7955: 7785: 7686: 7681: 7676: 6518:"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004–2005)" 4941: 3758: 3425: 3387: 3282: 3164: 2912: 2908: 2790: 2659: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2389: 2361: 2262: 2235: 2222: 2138: 2086: 2014: 1918: 1766: 1738: 1694: 1300: 1281: 1225:. The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in Africa. 1182: 996: 714: 675: 667: 659: 437: 432: 427: 346: 6554: 5536: 5347: 5219: 1509:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ: ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ 1315:, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the 8470: 8308: 8303: 8064: 8039: 7939: 7342: 7269: 7013: 6567: 6466: 6125: 6025: 5813: 5571: 5003: 4464: 3973: 3597: 3557: 3435: 3419: 3373: 3336: 2916: 2870: 2764: 2759: 2469: 2242: 1922: 1816: 1812: 1480: 1418: 1368: 1194: 816: 7318: 5805: 4503: 3353: 2518:, 2018). The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969; the 1800:(a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Egyptians (Copts) to enroll in the army. 1689: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8158: 8148: 8121: 8095: 7959: 7800: 7770: 7350: 7287: 7224: 7141: 7085: 7030:

Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics

6982: 6863:

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

5039:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500)

4518:

The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome

4482: 3490: 3476: 3455: 3449: 3403: 3168: 3122: 2944: 2545: 2010: 1895: 1824: 1698: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1584: 1564: 1411: 1356: 1320: 1269: 1234: 1202: 1173: 1153: 631: 381: 336: 6894: 1971:, which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, 1894:

According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated

1538:

And forgive us our trespasses: as we forgive those who trespass against us

1528:

In the Name of the Father: and the Son: and the Holy Spirit: One God: Amen

8445: 8419: 7971: 7963: 7951: 7123: 5780:

Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State

3413: 3160: 3111: 3090: 3053: 3045: 3004:

Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance

2959: 2900: 2888: 2570: 2554: 2410: 2374: 2284: 2266: 2006: 1977: 1907: 1868: 1777: 1304: 1273: 1218: 1198: 1190: 1094: 1011: 773: 698: 391: 6983:"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic" 6963: 6605:

Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity

4407: 4176:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

2557:

district of Amman had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians. As of 2012, the

2101: 1073:"Copt" has also been connected to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos ( 8455: 8450: 8389: 8318: 8228: 8163: 7899: 7755: 7077: 6344:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages" 6233: 5890:

Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks

5355: 5331: 5009:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

4834: 4810: 3522: 3443: 3393: 3227: 3100: 2857: 2845: 2315: 2261:

verse. In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim

2188: 2184: 1968: 1956: 1876: 1820: 1493:Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ: ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ: ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ 1339:

around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters.

1312: 1238: 1210: 1165: 1101: 1000: 769: 741: 725: 690: 624: 321: 7549:

U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt

7206: 6939: 6193: 5789: 5728:

The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan

4456: 4322:"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"" 3928: 2581:, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in 81: 8399: 8339: 7765: 6285: 6283: 6281: 3825: 3577: 3367: 3346: 2966: 2582: 2523: 1713: 1660: 1396: 1336: 1293: 1233:

The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The

1022: 914: 826: 781: 331: 7487:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

6440:

Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday

1417:

The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the

8384: 8354: 8323: 7995: 7975: 7967: 7862: 6102: 3513: 3196: 3172: 3152: 3117: 3106: 3096: 2971: 2212: 2180: 2176: 2164: 2154: 1914: 1843: 1838:, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. 1546:

For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.

1177: 788: 757: 7241: 6278: 5906:

Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012).

2954:

and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were

8223: 6089: 4818: 4806: 4740: 4725: 3908:

In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France:

3498: 3429: 3341: 3277:

clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local

3249:

29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30.

3219: 3086: 2920: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2496: 2258: 2172: 1972: 1632: 1262: 804: 541: 7440:

The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity

7431:

Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator)

4956: 4142:

Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity

2314:

In 2023, Fikiru Mehari, an researcher for the Christian charity

1193:

that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the

944:, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in 736:

due to historic and current conflicts. Most Copts adhere to the

7543: 7399:

Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia

5996: 5708:

Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War

4347:

Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs

3253:

is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way.

3250: 3201: 2987:

and marry Muslim men. In 2009 the Washington, D.C. based group

2578: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2257:

dress laws. A Coptic child was flogged for failing to recite a

2226: 2219:

prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.

2216: 2168: 1988: 1936: 1927: 1860: 1839: 1781:

President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)

1592: 1406:

in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from

1378: 1254: 1169: 1128: 796: 296: 7538: 7533: 5877:

Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?

4261:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

3663:

Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness

2072:

Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa

1635:. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled 1513:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ 1147: 784:", and they have historically flourished in business affairs. 6040:"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence" 5990:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

5758:"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians" 3959:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

3439: 3223: 3176: 2940: 2892: 2884: 2378: 2254: 2246: 2203: 2160: 2045: 1797: 1750: 1709: 1705: 1672: 1540:

And lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil one

1332: 1328: 1324: 1157: 1010:

in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in

920: 765: 639: 635: 5981:

middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com

3179:, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced 1311:, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in 8344: 5832:

Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution

4734: 2904: 2382: 2215:

in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an

1591:

with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of

1082: 992: 979: 108:

400,000-500,000 (previously); a smaller number (as of 2018)

6866:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 4305: 2588: 2206:, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The 7316: 5795: 5303:

The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture

4607: 4565: 1754: 1014:(as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the 7553: 5692:

Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian

5617:

The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs

5064:

Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218-1250

4688: 4430: 2472:

is St. Mark in Toronto; it was built in 1964. The first

2195:, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number. 1213:

constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the

6542:

Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity

5643:"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians" 4658:

Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion

4314: 3143:, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the 5115:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

4964:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3889:"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990" 3811: 3809: 3683:

Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws

3151:

as its official calendar (with different names). This

1745:

Christians included closing and demolishing churches,

1583:, who played the major role in the formulation of the 1268:

Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to

1059: 1050: 960: 7449:

Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.

6625:

Egypt allows converts to revert to Christianity on ID

6317:"United States Commission on Int'l Religious Freedom" 4930:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35. 4588: 3880: 3701:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians" 3028:

Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church

2537:, the United Kingdom, France (45,000), South Africa. 7105: 6696:"Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution" 4975: 4578: 3801:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples

3466: 1521:Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ. Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ. 1221:'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the 1105: 1068: 863: 852: 837: 618: 598: 7417:. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. 5635: 3806: 2522:is organized into two dioceses, the first based in 2405:; during that time, Islamist militants such as the 1003:for the city of Memphis and the region around it). 6758: 6241: 4859: 4235:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. 3865: 3863: 705:in 639–646 AD. Copts have historically spoken the 7056: 5849:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States 4728:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt 4072:Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136 3803:, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018) 2036:The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, 1871:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the 8468: 6820:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6719: 4203:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 3974:"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone" 3845: 3843: 2958:on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by 1834:led some army officers in a coup d'état against 1228: 1209:). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, 685:Originally referring to all Egyptians, the term 634:who have primarily inhabited the area of modern 7383:(2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. 6995: 6940:"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation" 6479:Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt 6337: 6335: 6333: 5668: 5666: 5664: 4743:Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek 3904: 3902: 3860: 2856:In 2006, one person attacked three churches in 1303:to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives. 7380:Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study 7174: 7052: 7050: 6576:"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity" 6014: 5847:Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in 5702: 5700: 4805:community coexisted So should we assume that 4400: 4364:Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). 4343:"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"" 3657: 3655: 2526:(diocese organized in 1999) and the second in 2397:in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the 2153:Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in 1947:encouraged the accumulation of human capital. 1667:branch, which led to their persecution by the 986: 768:as well as the modernization of Egypt and the 7915: 7569: 6915:Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era 6722:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt" 5557: 5089:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 5002: 4625: 4580:el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir 4494: 4492: 4389: 4387: 4337: 4335: 4289:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4173:Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). 3840: 3103:and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church. 2813: 2241:In February 1991, a Coptic pilot working for 991:), the name of the temple complex of the god 564: 7520:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7180: 6766:"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt" 6498:Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt 6399:The World's Billionaires: #396 Samih Sawiris 6330: 6309: 6073:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 5924:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5843: 5841: 5829: 5661: 5278:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival 5091:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 5066:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76. 4969: 4944:(1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". 4741:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020). 4726:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004). 4514: 4363: 4291:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 4172: 4138: 3899: 3285:clade (15%), as well as the archaic African 3059:Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the 1796:in the early 19th century. He abolished the 868: 857: 842: 7504: 7047: 6956: 6141:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 6121:"Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland" 5697: 5061: 5012:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. 4370:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. 3871:Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith 3677: 3675: 3652: 2474:Coptic Orthodox church in the United States 2369:, 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the 2326:with a "smattering" of Coptic Orthodox and 2055: 1655:as erroneous and referred to themselves as 1595:to the rest of the Christian churches. The 1410:; there was a great deal of intracommunity 1148:Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt 791:. In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher 23: 7922: 7908: 7576: 7562: 7522:(Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography 7480: 7106:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). 6850: 6179:"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased" 5859: 5857: 5593:. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff. 5531:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5525:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5329: 5214:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5208:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5153:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5086: 5037:. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). 4996: 4719: 4619:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4489: 4384: 4367:Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? 4332: 4286: 4139:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). 3452:, Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon. 2895:'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister 2820: 2806: 2040:, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012, 571: 557: 80: 24: 7454:Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity 7277: 7259: 7214: 7181:Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). 7131: 7066:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6887: 6746:. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 6732: 6064:Report on International Religious Freedom 5838: 5825: 5823: 5722: 5720: 5250:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. 5245:"Religion and Education Around the World" 4792:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 4714:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642 4597:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 4508: 4472: 4230: 4116:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 3792: 3790: 3788: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3376:, Egyptian-American musician and academic 2510:population has been estimated at 30,000 ( 2287:) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member 1678: 764:. The Copts played a central role in the 7929: 7020: 6996:El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). 6911: 6243:"Coptic Christians attacked in churches" 6221:. The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002 5979:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 5774: 5772: 5770: 5300: 5172: 5170: 4966:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78 4898:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. 4784: 4408:"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt" 4254: 4252: 4233:Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt 4198: 4196: 3941:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3711: 3672: 3352: 3340: 3300:is most frequent (28%), followed by the 3241:Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year 3200: 3073: 3023: 2991:published a study of the abductions and 2430: 2148: 2132: 2080: 1987: 1863:index, and a stronger representation in 1823:and Secretary General of the Wafd Party 1776: 1760: 1688: 1567:were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The 1372: 1127: 662:account for roughly 5–15 percent of the 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7407: 7057:Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). 6693: 6687: 6668: 6201:"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial" 6118: 6050: 5854: 5275: 5237: 4940: 4895:A History of Christian–Muslim Relations 4891: 4594: 4226: 4224: 4113: 3851:The Americanization of an Ancient Faith 3685:, Associated Press (November 15, 2019). 3661:Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, 2589:Persecution and discrimination in Egypt 1855:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher 1614: 678:similarly account for 1 percent of the 266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 8469: 7459: 6643: 6341: 5992:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 5820: 5755: 5717: 5613: 5560:Church History & Religious Culture 5518: 5388:"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family" 5201: 4976:John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). 4258: 3971: 3961:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 3911:"Qui sont les coptes en France ?" 3761:. Minority Rights Group. October 2017. 3729: 3688: 3446:businessman, investor and billionaire. 3187:but have different numbers and names. 1573:St. Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria 1550: 821:The English language adopted the word 642:since antiquity. They are the largest 7903: 7557: 7376: 6856: 6239: 5767: 5694:, Voice of America (October 9, 2019). 5176: 5167: 5032: 4925: 4655:OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018). 4515:Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963). 4249: 4193: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4065: 3765: 3422:, heir to the Sarofim family fortune. 3273:. The remainder mainly belong to the 3063:of the native Egyptian Churches (the 2983:Coptic women and girls are abducted, 2891:. Previously, only two Copts were in 2392:is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the 2274:Sudanese government of National Unity 1272:was the creation and organization of 1049:in the Sahidic dialect; cf. Egyptian 7026: 6819: 6573: 6289: 5746:, Minority Rights Group (June 2018). 5584: 5330:Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). 5146: 4857: 4595:Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). 4221: 4202: 4055:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?" 4047: 2887:'s foreign minister under President 2543:has a minor community of Copts; the 2468:The first Coptic Orthodox church in 2234:overthrew the elected government of 2096: 1120:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 92:Regions with significant populations 59:Ethnoreligious group in North Africa 7154: 6798:. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14. 6776:from the original on March 22, 2017 6720:Egyptian Streets (16 August 2013). 6119:Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004). 5519:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 5202:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 4654: 4132: 3815: 3267:Coptic Oriental Orthodox Christians 2606:Part of a series of articles on the 2520:Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia 2484:shortly afterward. As of 2018, the 2435:St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in 1607:(431 AD) was presided over by 1599:(381 AD) was presided over by 1571:(325 AD) was presided over by 1347:in the 6th century on the model of 974:), literally "estate/palace of the 869: 858: 843: 799:, and a stronger representation in 608: 56: 8492:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 7452:Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. 7447:Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide. 7369: 6367: 6185:. 13 December 2005. Archived from 5406:"The richest men in Africa – 2009" 4851: 4702:. Columbia University Press. 2011. 4159: 3719:"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed" 3330: 3175:formally reformed the calendar of 2989:Christian Solidarity International 2551:Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church 1967:Many Coptic intellectuals hold to 1757:for those who refused to convert. 57: 8563: 7527: 6669:Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013). 6574:Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). 6342:Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). 6159:Church Building Regulations Eased 5496:"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5448:"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5424:"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com" 4861:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt" 4615:"Egypt from "The World Factbook"" 4349:. August 15, 2008. Archived from 4326:United States Department of State 3944:"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site" 3893:New South Wales Consolidated Acts 3598:List of prominent Copts worldwide 3082:Dialects of the Coptic language: 2533:Smaller communities are found in 1983: 1555:The major contributions that the 1168:, shortly after the ascension of 126:1–2 million (estimates vary) 8552:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 8085: 7660: 7310: 7298: This article incorporates 7293: 7235: 7148: 7099: 6989: 6975: 6932: 6905: 6895:"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs" 6832: 6813: 6788: 6713: 6662: 6637: 6617: 6594: 6547: 6535: 6510: 6491: 6471: 6452: 6432: 6408: 6392: 6361: 6273:Egypt church attacks spark anger 6265: 6211: 6171: 6151: 6133: 6112: 6095: 6079: 6032: 6004:"Come Across And Help Us Book 2" 5973: 5949: 5932: 5899: 5882: 5869: 4872:from the original on 2017-06-20. 4145:. Univ of South Carolina Press. 3972:Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). 3497: 3483: 3469: 3036:is the most recent stage of the 2623: 2330:adherents. A 2018 report by the 2289:Transitional Sovereignty Council 2100: 1850: 1536:Give us this day our daily bread 1505:ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ 1501:Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ 1457: 1445: 1362: 1152:According to ancient tradition, 1124:History of Christianity in Egypt 540: 295: 246: 8241:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 8033:Independent Churches/Communions 7433:Christians and Jews Under Islam 7335:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348 7155:Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. 6802:from the original on 2018-09-13 6644:Chulov, Martin (Aug 15, 2013). 6292:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians" 6254:from the original on 2022-01-11 6086:Germany's growing Coptic Church 5749: 5737: 5684: 5607: 5578: 5551: 5512: 5488: 5472:"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5464: 5440: 5416: 5398: 5380: 5362: 5323: 5294: 5269: 5257:from the original on 2016-12-22 5195: 5140: 5118: 5108: 5080: 5055: 5026: 4934: 4919: 4885: 4876: 4839: 4827: 4771: 4762: 4749: 4706: 4676: 4648: 4571: 4559: 4542: 4424: 4357: 4280: 4107: 4083: 4028: 4016: 3994: 3965: 3935: 2338: 2307:. Many became refugees or were 2038:Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria 1601:Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria 1351:, although in a stricter form. 1156:was introduced to present day 885:reflects the historical Coptic 644:Christian denomination in Egypt 268: instead of Coptic letters. 8265:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 7511:History of the Byzantine State 7466:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 7323:Forensic Science International 6899:Coptic Orthodox Church Network 6460:Egypt's Endangered Christians. 6240:Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006). 5912:Christian Research Association 5756:Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). 4645:. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 4554:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4114:Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16). 3751: 3611: 3190: 2950:In August 2013, following the 2401:, at least 200,000 Christians 1943:emphasis on literacy and that 1619:In 451 AD, following the 689:became synonymous with native 13: 1: 6694:Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015). 6564:Ahram Weekly, 3 – May 9, 2007 5866:, CBC News (January 4, 2011). 5585:Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). 5179:Minorities in the Middle East 5062:Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010). 4661:. Paulist Press. p. 87. 4037:History of Christianity:Sudan 3645: 3458:, Egyptian-French politician. 2285:Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh 1992:Egyptian Coptic monks at the 1950: 1651:, however, rejected the term 1395:By the time of Roman emperor 1229:Contributions to Christianity 709:, a direct descendant of the 670:account for 1 percent of the 8415:Essence–energies distinction 8236:Christianization of Bulgaria 7460:Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006). 7261:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976 7112:Genome Biology and Evolution 7027:Held, Colbert (2018-10-03). 6840:"The Coptic Studies' Corner" 6290:Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010). 5894:Special Broadcasting Service 5879:, ABC News (April 10, 2017). 5147:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). 5033:Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). 4982:. Routledge. pp. 109–. 4231:Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). 4179:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4022: 3604: 2417:violently persecuted Copts. 2305:civil war that began in 2023 1172:and during the reign of the 1060: 1051: 987: 961: 915: 810: 599: 7: 8512:Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya 8507:Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan 8502:Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt 8219:Antiochian Greek Christians 8117:Christianization of Georgia 8112:Christianization of Armenia 8019:Assyrian Church of the East 7648:Evangelical Church of Egypt 6503:September 28, 2008, at the 6445:September 30, 2007, at the 5864:Coptic Christians in Canada 5332:"The Copts in Modern Egypt" 4979:A History of Medieval Islam 4579: 3745:Central Intelligence Agency 3462: 3363:Some famous Copts include: 3259: 3128: 3114:(also known as Subakhmimic) 3009: 2420: 2225:'s introduction of Islamic 1534:On earth as it is in heaven 1106: 1069: 969:Egyptological pronunciation 940:), itself derives from the 864: 853: 838: 762:Evangelical Church of Egypt 619: 10: 8568: 8269:15th–16th centuries schism 8193:Oriental Orthodox Churches 8024:Ancient Church of the East 8009:Oriental Orthodox Churches 7534:Worldwide Coptic Directory 7514:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 6912:Declercq, Georges (2000). 6610:November 21, 2011, at the 6157:WorldWide Religious News. 5181:. McFarland. p. 144. 4794:, p. 184. Addison Wesley, 4745:. De Gruyter. p. 447. 3568:International Coptic Union 3370:, prominent civil engineer 3334: 3194: 3132: 3013: 2985:forced to convert to Islam 2726:Alexandria and Tanta, 2017 2592: 2549:reported in 2005 that the 2424: 2390:Coptic population in Libya 2342: 2142: 2136: 2090: 2084: 2059: 1994:American Colony, Jerusalem 1960: 1954: 1910:of Egypt were Christians. 1770: 1764: 1682: 1643:and later Jacobites after 1366: 1290:Shenouda the Archimandrite 1117: 1113: 1078: 1034: 937: 928:The Greek term for Egypt, 921: 814: 591: 222:(liturgical and ancestral) 8547:Ancient peoples of Africa 8428: 8332: 8291: 8102: 8083: 8063: 8032: 8014:Eastern Catholic Churches 7994: 7983: 7937: 7881: 7850: 7829: 7743: 7695: 7669: 7658: 7638: 7620: 7602: 7591: 7583: 7377:Betts, Robert B. (1978). 7002:Media, War & Conflict 6560:October 15, 2008, at the 5986:January 21, 2009, at the 5537:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5348:10.1080/00263208208700503 5305:. Routledge. p. 83. 5220:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5177:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 5087:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4287:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4263:. Yale University Press. 3627:Egyptian population. The 2934:, "Egyptians are able to 2883:was a Copt who served as 2324:Episcopal Church of Sudan 2031:Coptic Evangelical Church 1842:'s mainstream policy was 1597:Council of Constantinople 1483:is recited in the native 1404:Islamic conquest of Egypt 1317:Eastern Orthodox Churches 1217:was recognized as one of 1110:in the historical sense. 832:, which derives from the 825:in the 17th century from 231: 226: 199: 194: 186: 178: 170: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 120: 112: 104: 96: 91: 79: 71: 70: 7397:Capuani, Massimo et al. 7162:. University of Khartoum 7014:10.1177/1750635219866137 6069:U.S. Department of State 5961:U.S. Department of State 5614:Matson, G. Olaf (1925). 5572:10.1163/187124109x407934 5280:. Springer. p. 30. 5276:B. Rugh, Andrea (2016). 4858:Shea, Nina (June 2017). 4712:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, 4259:Lyster, William (2013). 3400:actor of Coptic origins. 3155:is based on the ancient 2394:U.S. Department of State 2068:Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2062:Christianity in Ethiopia 2056:Copts in modern Ethiopia 2025:congregations. The term 1996:, between 1898 and 1914. 1719:Muslim conquest of Egypt 1542:In Christ Jesus our Lord 1016:Muslim conquest of Egypt 893:) an Arabisation of the 756:, in communion with the 746:Oriental Orthodox Church 703:Muslim conquest of Egypt 39:latest accepted revision 8251:Eastern Orthodox Church 8205:Saint Thomas Christians 8004:Eastern Orthodox Church 7403:excerpt and text search 6630:April 16, 2009, at the 6416:"Africa's Billionaires" 6296:The Wall Street Journal 6164:March 18, 2009, at the 6109:, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020). 5806:10.5339/connect.2013.22 5301:M. Farag, Lois (2013). 4946:Israel Oriental Studies 4790:Victor J. Katz (1998). 4504:10.5339/connect.2013.22 3553:Copto-Arabic literature 2866:The Wall Street Journal 2482:Jersey City, New Jersey 2208:Anglo-Egyptian invasion 1712:who faced off with the 1589:Patriarch of Alexandria 1577:Saint Hosius of Córdoba 1517:Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅ 760:; others belong to the 754:Eastern Catholic Church 547:Christianity portal 276:Part of a series on the 8527:Ethnic groups in Libya 8522:Ethnic groups in Sudan 8517:Ethnic groups in Egypt 8497:Coptic Orthodox Church 8050:True Orthodox churches 8045:Spiritual Christianity 7630:Coptic Catholic Church 7612:Coptic Orthodox Church 7539:Copts United Newspaper 6046:on September 26, 2011. 5784:The Century Foundation 5336:Middle Eastern Studies 4892:Goddard, Hugh (2000). 4585:. Vol. 2. Cairo, 1954. 4550:Coptic Orthodox Church 4077:July 19, 2008, at the 4057:. CNN. 10 April 2017. 3563:Coptic Orthodox Church 3528:Coptic Catholic Church 3456:Hossam Boutros Messiha 3416:, American Politician. 3360: 3350: 3206: 3145:Coptic Orthodox Church 3079: 3069:Coptic Catholic Church 3065:Coptic Orthodox Church 3029: 2981: 2450: 2360:The Coptic population 2297:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2232:National Islamic Front 2157: 2019:Eastern Rite Catholics 2000:Today, members of the 1997: 1935:and relatively higher 1933:educational attainment 1881:religion and education 1857:educational attainment 1782: 1701: 1679:Arab conquest of Egypt 1659:. The majority of the 1548: 1525: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1390:Faiyum mummy portraits 1385: 1359:as a rite of passage. 1294:Pachomius the Cenobite 1136: 801:white-collar job types 795:, a relatively higher 793:educational attainment 750:Coptic Catholic Church 738:Coptic Orthodox Church 734:Copts' ethnic identity 519:Coptic Catholic Church 514:Coptic Orthodox Church 254:This article contains 237:Coptic Catholic Church 233:Coptic Orthodox Church 8542:Ethnoreligious groups 8532:Christian terminology 8073:Eastern Protestantism 7946:that developed since 6772:. December 17, 2010. 6555:"Fraud, not Freedom". 5778:Michael Wahid Hanna, 5412:on 21 September 2017. 5342:(2). JSTOR: 158–179. 5041:. Brill. p. 10. 4730:. Brill. p. 165. 4700:Columbia Encyclopedia 4353:on December 12, 2012. 4328:. September 30, 2008. 3875:Religion News Service 3635:Minority Rights Group 3593:Christianity in Libya 3588:Christianity in Sudan 3583:Christianity in Egypt 3573:List of Coptic saints 3380:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3358:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3356: 3344: 3204: 3099:: The dialect of the 3077: 3027: 2977: 2897:Youssef Boutros Ghali 2881:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 2645:Human rights in Egypt 2640:Christianity in Egypt 2434: 2353:Christianity in Libya 2349:Christianity in Sudan 2345:Christianity in Egypt 2343:Further information: 2332:Minority Rights Group 2328:Africa Inland Mission 2301:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 2293:military coup in 2019 2152: 2145:Christianity in Sudan 2143:Further information: 2133:Copts in modern Sudan 2093:Christianity in Libya 2091:Further information: 2081:Copts in modern Libya 1991: 1780: 1773:Christianity in Egypt 1771:Further information: 1761:Copts in modern Egypt 1743:persecution of Coptic 1708:was conquered by the 1692: 1685:Islamization of Egypt 1526: 1489: 1452:An Egyptiot centurion 1435: 1430: 1423: 1377:An Egyptiot man with 1376: 1367:Further information: 1323:, who translated the 1131: 1104:began using the term 978:("double" spirit) of 815:Further information: 724:ranged from relative 8537:North African people 8198:Council of Chalcedon 7944:Christian traditions 7931:Eastern Christianity 7302:available under the 6477:Human Rights Watch. 6465:January 7, 2003, at 6449:. December 20, 2002. 6168:. December 13, 2005. 6028:on January 31, 2011. 5620:. Vester. p. 20 4683:Eusebius of Caesarea 4621:. September 4, 2008. 4577:qtd. in M. Hussein. 3822:LookLex Encyclopedia 3707:. February 16, 2015. 2862:Ministry of Interior 2595:Persecution of Copts 2514:, 2017) to 100,000 ( 2501:Greater Toronto Area 2377:, especially around 2309:internally displaced 2217:Islamic constitution 2009:(known in Arabic as 1923:Orascom conglomerate 1859:, relatively higher 1625:Church of Alexandria 1621:Council of Chalcedon 1615:Council of Chalcedon 1215:Church of Alexandria 1021:The Coptic name for 693:in light of Egypt's 628:ethnoreligious group 179:United Arab Emirates 174:25,000–30,000 (2006) 8487:Egyptian Christians 8477:Afroasiatic peoples 7974:, and parts of the 7506:Ostrogorsky, George 7199:2015NatSR...5E9996D 6918:. Isd. p. 80. 6544:. November 03, 2003 6380:on January 10, 2017 6189:on 17 October 2007. 6183:Compass Direct News 6101:Andreas Schmoller, 6010:on October 8, 2008. 5678:www.sudanupdate.org 5376:. 11 November 2019. 4779:Am J Phys Anthropol 4601:Pew Research Center 4449:2015NatSR...5E9996D 4120:Pew Research Center 3725:. 22 December 2004. 3705:Wall Street Journal 3667:Wall Street Journal 3624:Wall Street Journal 3619:Wall Street Journal 3505:Christianity portal 3345:Halim El-Dabh at a 3061:liturgical language 2869:of the attacks. In 2650:Secularism in Egypt 2367:Wall Street Journal 2322:and members of the 2281:Sudanese revolution 2193:conversion to Islam 2050:St Mark's Cathedral 1945:Coptic Christianity 1941:Coptic Christianity 1913:A number of Coptic 1887:in institutions of 1609:Cyril of Alexandria 1561:ecumenical councils 1551:Ecumenical councils 1141:religious community 776:, good governance, 713:that was spoken in 672:Sudanese population 664:population of Egypt 67: 29:Page version status 8171:Church of the East 8141:Ecumenical council 8092:Christ Pantocrator 7948:Early Christianity 7409:Charles, Robert H. 7187:Scientific Reports 7124:10.1093/gbe/evv118 7078:10.1002/ajpa.20876 6581:The New York Times 6484:2008-11-14 at the 6219:"Copts Under Fire" 6092:(January 7, 2017). 5896:(January 7, 2018). 5712:Christianity Today 5006:(3 October 2014). 4637:2016-03-24 at the 4437:Scientific Reports 3741:The World Factbook 3630:CIA World Factbook 3361: 3351: 3207: 3185:Ethiopian calendar 3080: 3030: 2956:widespread attacks 2932:Human Rights Watch 2844:. Until recently, 2842:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2665:Terrorism in Egypt 2655:Judiciary of Egypt 2612:Modern persecution 2508:Coptic Australians 2451: 2158: 2112:. You can help by 1998: 1900:upper-middle class 1832:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1783: 1702: 1605:Council of Ephesus 1563:in the history of 1386: 1335:while en route to 1305:St Basil the Great 1286:Macarius the Great 1197:writings found in 1137: 877:(where the Arabic 778:educational reform 529:Evangelical Church 65: 35: 8464: 8463: 8436:Sign of the cross 8246:Turkic Christians 8081: 8080: 7897: 7896: 7837:Egyptian language 7670:Traditional areas 7656: 7655: 7604:Oriental Orthodox 7438:Ibrahim, Vivian. 7207:10.1038/srep09996 7040:978-0-429-97307-9 6965:Britannica: Copts 6925:978-2-503-51050-7 6873:978-1-139-48635-4 6634:. February, 2008. 6275:, April 15, 2006. 5946:(March 18, 2019). 5888:Hannah Sinclair, 5734:(April 28, 2023). 5690:Mohammed Alamin, 5649:. 4 November 2012 5188:978-0-7864-1375-1 5160:978-1-4008-6558-1 5019:978-0-8014-5529-2 4989:978-1-134-93005-0 4668:978-1-58768-744-0 4528:978-0-521-09973-8 4457:10.1038/srep09996 4377:978-0-8028-1020-5 4186:978-1-5381-2418-5 3931:. March 10, 2014. 3929:"La Chiesa copta" 3877:(April 25, 2017). 3869:Shenaz Kermalli, 3849:Shira Telushkin, 3669:(April 29, 2017). 3548:Coptic literature 3408:Egyptian-Canadian 3398:Egyptian-American 3384:Secretary-General 3294:macrohaplogroup N 3243:without exception 3157:Egyptian calendar 3038:Egyptian language 3020:Egyptian language 3002:According to the 2833:Religious freedom 2830: 2829: 2696:Nag Hammadi, 2010 2673:Terrorist attacks 2617:Coptic Christians 2599:Religion in Egypt 2130: 2129: 1885:university degree 1747:forced conversion 1731:Fatimid Caliphate 1727:Abbasid Caliphate 1723:Umayyad Caliphate 1649:non-Chalcedonians 1637:non-Chalcedonians 1569:Council of Nicaea 1557:See of Alexandria 1464:An Egyptiot woman 1408:Egyptian language 1353:Coptic Christians 1345:Benedictine Order 1278:Anthony the Great 1045:and as ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ 1037:), is realized in 942:Egyptian language 847:"the Copts" with 680:Libyan population 617: 597: 581: 580: 262:rendering support 242: 241: 100:10 million (2019) 47:28 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 8559: 8256:East–West Schism 8209:Malankara Church 8126:Byzantine Empire 8094:(circa 1261) in 8089: 7992: 7991: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7664: 7622:Eastern Catholic 7600: 7599: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7555: 7554: 7515: 7501: 7482:Meyendorff, John 7477: 7428: 7394: 7363: 7362: 7314: 7308: 7297: 7291: 7281: 7263: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7218: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7118:(7): 1940–1950. 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6944:copticchurch.net 6936: 6930: 6929: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6842:. Archived from 6836: 6830: 6829: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6726:Egyptian Streets 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6700:Hudson Institute 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6675:Egyptian Streets 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6641: 6635: 6621: 6615: 6601:Associated Press 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6571: 6565: 6553:Shahine, Gihan. 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6520:. Archived from 6514: 6508: 6495: 6489: 6475: 6469: 6456: 6450: 6438:ArabicNews.com. 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6412: 6406: 6405:. March 5, 2008. 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6376:. Archived from 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6207:. July 30, 2001. 6197: 6191: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6099: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6042:. Archived from 6036: 6030: 6029: 6024:. Archived from 6018: 6012: 6011: 6006:. Archived from 6000: 5994: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5953: 5947: 5944:Catholic Outlook 5936: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5915: 5903: 5897: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5798:QScience Connect 5793: 5787: 5776: 5765: 5764: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5724: 5715: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5670: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5408:. Archived from 5402: 5396: 5395: 5394:on 7 April 2010. 5390:. Archived from 5384: 5378: 5377: 5374:Arabian Business 5366: 5360: 5359: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4652: 4646: 4641:<Online>. 4629: 4623: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4512: 4506: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4087: 4081: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3946:. Archived from 3939: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3917:. 16 March 2017. 3906: 3897: 3896: 3884: 3878: 3867: 3858: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3824:. Archived from 3813: 3804: 3794: 3763: 3762: 3759:"Copts in Egypt" 3755: 3749: 3748: 3747:. 10 April 2023. 3733: 3727: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3686: 3681:Noha Elhennawy, 3679: 3670: 3659: 3639: 3615: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3349:festival in 2009 3309:Northeast Africa 2993:forced marriages 2952:3 July 2013 coup 2925:Coptic Christmas 2822: 2815: 2808: 2701:Alexandria, 2011 2691:Saint Fana, 2008 2686:Alexandria, 2005 2627: 2626: 2603: 2602: 2399:Libyan civil war 2371:Associated Press 2125: 2122: 2104: 2097: 2066:In Ethiopia the 2002:non-Chalcedonian 1889:higher education 1865:white collar job 1735:Mamluk Sultanate 1704:In 641 AD, 1663:belonged to the 1523: 1461: 1449: 1383:Ptolemaic empire 1259:Biblical studies 1109: 1080: 1072: 1067:The Arabic word 1063: 1057: 1036: 990: 966: 939: 924: 923: 918: 892: 884: 872: 871: 867: 861: 860: 856: 846: 845: 841: 766:Arab Renaissance 758:Holy See of Rome 730:open persecution 711:Demotic Egyptian 650:, as well as in 622: 612: 610: 602: 596:romanized: 595: 593: 573: 566: 559: 545: 544: 299: 284: 273: 272: 250: 249: 84: 74: 68: 64: 21: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8424: 8355:Filioque clause 8328: 8287: 8214:Arab Christians 8136:Proto-orthodoxy 8098: 8090: 8077: 8059: 8028: 7986: 7979: 7933: 7928: 7898: 7893: 7889:Coptic calendar 7877: 7851:Writing systems 7846: 7842:Coptic language 7825: 7739: 7691: 7665: 7652: 7634: 7616: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7530: 7525: 7498: 7474: 7425: 7391: 7372: 7370:Further reading 7367: 7366: 7315: 7311: 7254:(8): e1006976. 7240: 7236: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7025: 7021: 6994: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6858:Allen, James P. 6855: 6851: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6667: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6642: 6638: 6632:Wayback Machine 6622: 6618: 6612:Wayback Machine 6599: 6595: 6586: 6584: 6572: 6568: 6562:Wayback Machine 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6505:Wayback Machine 6496: 6492: 6486:Wayback Machine 6476: 6472: 6458:Freedom House. 6457: 6453: 6447:Wayback Machine 6437: 6433: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6340: 6331: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6166:Wayback Machine 6156: 6152: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6117: 6113: 6100: 6096: 6084: 6080: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6022:"CopticMission" 6020: 6019: 6015: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5988:Wayback Machine 5978: 5974: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5937: 5933: 5917: 5916: 5904: 5900: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5846: 5839: 5828: 5821: 5794: 5790: 5777: 5768: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5726:Fikiru Mehari, 5725: 5718: 5706:Jayson Casper, 5705: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5583: 5579: 5566:(1–3): 279–90, 5556: 5552: 5517: 5513: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4957: 4942:Lapidus, Ira M. 4939: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4866:Foreign Affairs 4856: 4852: 4845:Chronicles, by 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4789: 4785: 4781:129 (4): 529-43 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4755:Walker, Susan, 4754: 4750: 4739: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4639:Wayback Machine 4630: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4490: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4395:Motherland Lost 4393:Samuel Tadros, 4392: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4171: 4160: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4122: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4079:Wayback Machine 4070: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3966: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3909: 3907: 3900: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3861: 3848: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3828:on 4 March 2016 3818:"Coptic Church" 3816:Kjeilen, Tore. 3814: 3807: 3795: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3543:Coptic language 3538:Coptic identity 3533:Coptic diaspora 3518:Greek mythology 3503: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3339: 3333: 3331:Prominent Copts 3311:. Known as the 3289:lineage (15%). 3262: 3212:Julian Calendar 3199: 3193: 3181:Julian calendar 3141:Coptic calendar 3137: 3135:Coptic calendar 3131: 3042:Egyptian Arabic 3034:Coptic language 3022: 3016:Coptic language 3014:Main articles: 3012: 2903:governorate of 2864:. In May 2010, 2826: 2795: 2773:Mohammed Hegazy 2769: 2624: 2614: 2601: 2593:Main articles: 2591: 2575:1952 revolution 2486:Coptic American 2480:, was built in 2446:Coptic diaspora 2441:Greater Houston 2437:Bellaire, Texas 2429: 2427:Coptic diaspora 2423: 2407:Ansar al-Sharia 2355: 2341: 2320:Roman Catholics 2279:After the 2018 2147: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2110:needs expansion 2095: 2089: 2083: 2064: 2058: 2042:Bishop Tawadros 2015:Roman Catholics 1986: 1965: 1963:Coptic identity 1959: 1953: 1904:medical doctors 1853: 1787:Armenian millet 1775: 1769: 1763: 1687: 1681: 1645:Jacob Baradaeus 1617: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1485:Coptic language 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1371: 1365: 1349:Saint Pachomius 1309:Caesarea Mazaca 1231: 1150: 1132:Coptic icon of 1126: 1118:Main articles: 1116: 1039:Fayyumic Coptic 958:Middle Egyptian 953: 946:Mycenaean Greek 897:word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ 830:Coptus, Cophtus 819: 813: 707:Coptic language 577: 539: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 282: 271: 270: 269: 260:Without proper 251: 247: 235: 218: 214:Literary Arabic 204:Egyptian Arabic 87: 86:Coptic diaspora 75: 72: 63: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8565: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8441:Divine Liturgy 8438: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8263: 8258: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8211: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7989: 7981: 7980: 7956:Eastern Europe 7938: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7597: 7589: 7588: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7528:External links 7526: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7502: 7496: 7478: 7472: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7309: 7234: 7173: 7147: 7098: 7072:(3): 316–323. 7046: 7039: 7019: 6988: 6974: 6968:, 3 May 2024, 6955: 6931: 6924: 6904: 6886: 6872: 6849: 6846:on 2012-04-19. 6831: 6812: 6787: 6757: 6744:15 August 2013 6731: 6712: 6686: 6661: 6636: 6616: 6593: 6566: 6546: 6534: 6509: 6490: 6470: 6451: 6431: 6407: 6391: 6368:Vinton, Kate. 6360: 6329: 6308: 6277: 6264: 6232: 6210: 6192: 6170: 6150: 6132: 6111: 6094: 6078: 6049: 6031: 6013: 5995: 5972: 5948: 5938:Mary Brazell, 5931: 5898: 5881: 5875:Steven Viney, 5868: 5853: 5837: 5819: 5788: 5786:(May 9, 2019). 5766: 5748: 5744:Copts in Sudan 5736: 5716: 5714:(May 2, 2023). 5696: 5683: 5660: 5634: 5606: 5599: 5577: 5550: 5511: 5500:www.forbes.com 5487: 5476:www.forbes.com 5463: 5452:www.forbes.com 5439: 5428:www.forbes.com 5415: 5397: 5379: 5361: 5322: 5311: 5293: 5286: 5268: 5236: 5194: 5187: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5117: 5107: 5097: 5079: 5072: 5054: 5047: 5025: 5018: 4995: 4988: 4968: 4955: 4933: 4918: 4904: 4884: 4875: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4783: 4770: 4761: 4748: 4733: 4718: 4705: 4696:"Circumcision" 4687: 4675: 4667: 4647: 4624: 4606: 4587: 4570: 4558: 4541: 4527: 4507: 4488: 4423: 4412:britannica.com 4399: 4383: 4376: 4356: 4331: 4313: 4304: 4297: 4279: 4269: 4248: 4241: 4220: 4192: 4185: 4158: 4151: 4131: 4106: 4082: 4064: 4046: 4027: 4015: 4004:. 12 July 2015 3993: 3964: 3934: 3920: 3898: 3879: 3859: 3839: 3805: 3764: 3750: 3728: 3710: 3687: 3671: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3494: 3480: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3433: 3426:Naguib Sawiris 3423: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3391: 3388:United Nations 3377: 3371: 3335:Main article: 3332: 3329: 3261: 3258: 3192: 3189: 3165:epagomenal day 3133:Main article: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3104: 3094: 3091:Upper Egyptian 3011: 3008: 2913:Nassef Sawiris 2909:Naguib Sawiris 2901:Upper Egyptian 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2791:Zakaria Botros 2788: 2782: 2780: 2778:Bahaa el-Akkad 2775: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2660:Crime in Egypt 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2590: 2587: 2499:, many in the 2493:Canadian Copts 2476:, also called 2463:Copts in Libya 2461:), and Libya ( 2459:Copts in Sudan 2455:Copts in Egypt 2425:Main article: 2422: 2419: 2340: 2337: 2263:Friday prayers 2236:Sadiq al-Mahdi 2223:Gaafar Nimeiry 2213:militant Islam 2139:Copts in Sudan 2137:Main article: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2121:September 2024 2107: 2105: 2087:Copts in Libya 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2060:Main article: 2057: 2054: 1985: 1984:Church affairs 1982: 1955:Main article: 1952: 1949: 1939:index, due to 1921:that owns the 1919:Sawiris family 1873:Egyptian banks 1852: 1849: 1767:Copts in Egypt 1765:Main article: 1762: 1759: 1739:Ottoman Empire 1695:Hanging Church 1683:Main article: 1680: 1677: 1616: 1613: 1552: 1549: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1364: 1361: 1355:practice male 1307:Archbishop of 1301:Desert Fathers 1282:Paul of Thebes 1230: 1227: 1223:Church in Rome 1183:Gospel of John 1149: 1146: 1115: 1112: 988:ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ 951: 905:) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ 812: 809: 748:. The smaller 715:late antiquity 676:Copts in Libya 668:Copts in Sudan 630:indigenous to 579: 578: 576: 575: 568: 561: 553: 550: 549: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 531: 521: 516: 508: 507: 503: 502: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 460: 450: 440: 435: 430: 422: 421: 417: 416: 415: 414: 412:Writing system 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 378: 377: 372: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 311: 310: 306: 305: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 287: 286: 278: 277: 264:, you may see 252: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 229: 228: 224: 223: 217: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171:United Kingdom 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 134:500,000 (2018) 132: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 61: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8564: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8309:New Testament 8307: 8305: 8304:Old Testament 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8065:Protestantism 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040:Old Believers 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7940:Cultural area 7936: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7735:South America 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715:United States 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:denominations 7590: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7497:9780881410556 7493: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7473:9783857100406 7469: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7445:Kamil, Jill. 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7424:9781889758879 7420: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7390:9780804207966 7386: 7382: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7248:PLOS Genetics 7245: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7033:. Routledge. 7032: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6978: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6614:. 2008-02-09. 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6524:on 2007-09-12 6523: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6467:archive.today 6464: 6461: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6274: 6268: 6253: 6249: 6248:The Telegraph 6244: 6236: 6220: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6146: 6145:parshan.co.il 6142: 6136: 6128: 6127: 6126:SWI swissinfo 6122: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5927: 5921: 5914:. p. 78. 5913: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5600:9780520240698 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5312:9781134666843 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5287:9781137566133 5283: 5279: 5272: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5098:9789774160936 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5073:9780805440737 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5048:9789004252783 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5004:Marina Rustow 4999: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4888: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4847:John of Nikiû 4842: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4800:0-321-01618-1 4797: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632:NLG Solutions 4628: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4308: 4300: 4298:9789774160936 4294: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4270:9789774160936 4266: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4242:9789774160936 4238: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4152:9781611177855 4148: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3950:on 2009-01-21 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3857:(March 2018). 3856: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3617:In 2017, the 3614: 3610: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Coptic Museum 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3481: 3478: 3467: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Samih Sawiris 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420:Fayez Sarofim 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374:Halim El-Dabh 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3337:List of Copts 3328: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3232:Anno Martyrum 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218:The Feast of 3216: 3213: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3050:Sa'idi Arabic 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2960:Sunni Muslims 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917:Samih Sawiris 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2871:Marsa Matrouh 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2765:Master Malati 2763: 2761: 2760:Sidhom Bishay 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2721:Abbasia, 2016 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711:Maspero, 2011 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:North America 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2415:Islamic State 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2243:Sudan Airways 2239: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2108:This section 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1906:, 60% of the 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1851:Socioeconomic 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Salama Moussa 1814: 1813:Coptic Museum 1809: 1807: 1806:Isma'il Pasha 1803: 1802:Pope Cyril IV 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Chalcedonians 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575:, along with 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1547: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481:Coptic Church 1478: 1477:Lord's Prayer 1473: 1460: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1419:Coptic Church 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369:Coptic Greeks 1363:Coptic Greeks 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:New Testament 1192: 1189:and found in 1188: 1185:, written in 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1041:as ⲗⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 965: 964: 959: 955: 947: 943: 935: 934:Ancient Greek 931: 926: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 882: 876: 866: 855: 850: 840: 835: 831: 828: 824: 818: 817:Name of Egypt 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 626: 621: 615: 606: 601: 589: 585: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 554: 552: 551: 548: 543: 538: 537: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524:Protestantism 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 506:Denominations 505: 504: 499: 496: 494: 493:South America 491: 489: 488:North America 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 468: 464: 461: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 443:United States 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 419: 418: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 308: 307: 298: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 275: 274: 267: 263: 259: 257: 238: 234: 230: 225: 221: 215: 212: 210: 209:Saʽidi Arabic 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158:45,000 (2017) 157: 153: 150:75,000 (2003) 149: 145: 142:50,000 (2017) 141: 137: 133: 131:United States 129: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 83: 78: 69: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 18:Coptic people 8370:Nestorianism 8365:Dyophysitism 8360:Miaphysitism 8350:Apophaticism 8314:Deuterocanon 8159:Paulicianism 8149:Nestorianism 8130: 8122:Roman Empire 8096:Hagia Sophia 8091: 7776:Encyclopedia 7751:Architecture 7584: 7544:Coptic Cairo 7519: 7510: 7486: 7462: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7413: 7398: 7379: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7292: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7228: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7150: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7089:. Retrieved 7069: 7065: 7029: 7022: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6977: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6947:. Retrieved 6943: 6934: 6914: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6877:. Retrieved 6862: 6852: 6844:the original 6834: 6825: 6815: 6804:. Retrieved 6790: 6778:. Retrieved 6769: 6760: 6748:. Retrieved 6743: 6734: 6725: 6715: 6703:. Retrieved 6699: 6689: 6678:. Retrieved 6674: 6664: 6653:. Retrieved 6650:The Guardian 6649: 6639: 6619: 6596: 6585:. Retrieved 6579: 6569: 6549: 6537: 6526:. Retrieved 6522:the original 6512: 6493: 6473: 6454: 6434: 6423:. Retrieved 6419: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6378:the original 6373: 6363: 6351:. Retrieved 6347: 6323: 6311: 6299:. Retrieved 6295: 6267: 6256:. Retrieved 6235: 6223:. Retrieved 6213: 6204: 6195: 6187:the original 6182: 6173: 6153: 6147:(in Hebrew). 6144: 6135: 6124: 6114: 6106: 6097: 6081: 6061: 6052: 6044:the original 6034: 6026:the original 6016: 6008:the original 5998: 5975: 5964:. Retrieved 5960: 5951: 5943: 5934: 5907: 5901: 5884: 5871: 5848: 5831: 5800:(2013): 22. 5797: 5791: 5761: 5751: 5739: 5731: 5711: 5686: 5677: 5651:. Retrieved 5646: 5637: 5629: 5622:. Retrieved 5616: 5609: 5590: 5580: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5503:. Retrieved 5499: 5490: 5479:. Retrieved 5475: 5466: 5455:. Retrieved 5451: 5442: 5431:. Retrieved 5427: 5418: 5410:the original 5400: 5392:the original 5382: 5373: 5364: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5316: 5302: 5296: 5277: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5239: 5231: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5178: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5110: 5102: 5088: 5082: 5063: 5057: 5038: 5028: 5008: 4998: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4894: 4887: 4878: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4803: 4791: 4786: 4778: 4773: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4678: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4627: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4583: 4573: 4568:s.v. "Copt". 4561: 4553: 4544: 4532:. Retrieved 4517: 4510: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4415:, retrieved 4411: 4402: 4394: 4366: 4359: 4351:the original 4316: 4307: 4288: 4282: 4274: 4260: 4232: 4212:. Retrieved 4208: 4175: 4141: 4134: 4123:. Retrieved 4119: 4109: 4098:. Retrieved 4095:Ahram Online 4094: 4085: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4023:Minahan 2002 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 3996: 3988: 3981:. Retrieved 3977: 3967: 3952:. Retrieved 3948:the original 3937: 3923: 3914: 3892: 3882: 3855:The Atlantic 3854: 3830:. Retrieved 3826:the original 3821: 3800: 3797:Sudan: Copts 3753: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3666: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3491:Libya portal 3477:Egypt portal 3450:Magdi Yacoub 3404:Mena Massoud 3362: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3302:haplogroup T 3291: 3271:Haplogroup J 3263: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3217: 3208: 3147:and also by 3138: 3123:Oxyrhynchite 3089:: Theban or 3081: 3058: 3031: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2949: 2945:Christianity 2929: 2923:government, 2879: 2875: 2855: 2851: 2831: 2786:Mark Gabriel 2736:Helwan, 2017 2706:Imbaba, 2011 2681:Kosheh, 2000 2616: 2546:Jordan Times 2544: 2539: 2532: 2505: 2490: 2467: 2452: 2444: 2387: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2339:Demographics 2313: 2283:, one Copt ( 2278: 2271: 2251: 2240: 2221: 2200:Mahdist rule 2197: 2159: 2118: 2114:adding to it 2109: 2065: 2035: 2026: 2021:, and other 2011:Evangelicals 1999: 1966: 1926: 1912: 1893: 1879:study about 1854: 1829: 1825:Makram Ebeid 1810: 1794:Muhammad Ali 1791: 1784: 1753:, and heavy 1703: 1699:Coptic Cairo 1653:Monophysites 1641:Monophysites 1618: 1603:, while the 1585:Nicene Creed 1565:Christianity 1554: 1545: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487:as follows: 1474: 1470: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1412:bilingualism 1401: 1394: 1387: 1357:circumcision 1343:founded the 1341:St. Benedict 1321:Saint Jerome 1298: 1270:Christianity 1267: 1235:Catechetical 1232: 1206: 1203:Middle Egypt 1154:Christianity 1151: 1138: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1066: 1046: 1042: 1026: 1020: 1007: 1005: 971: 954:-ku-pi-ti-jo 949: 929: 927: 906: 898: 875:quftī, qiftī 874: 854:qubṭī, qibṭī 829: 822: 820: 797:wealth index 786: 719: 695:Islamization 686: 684: 632:North Africa 600:niremənkhēmi 583: 582: 317:Architecture 281: 253: 121: 62:Ethnic group 46: 37:This is the 31: 8446:Iconography 8420:Metousiosis 8279:2018 schism 8274:1996 schism 7972:South India 7964:East Africa 7952:Middle East 7858:Hieroglyphs 7816:Persecution 7811:Nationalism 7806:Monasticism 6705:17 February 6353:November 8, 6348:foxnews.com 5624:7 September 5261:13 December 3444:Montenegrin 3414:Dina Powell 3279:Afroasiatic 3191:Coptic year 3161:Ptolemy III 3112:Lycopolitan 3054:Upper Egypt 3046:Lower Egypt 2889:Anwar Sadat 2838:coup d'état 2741:Minya, 2018 2731:Minya, 2017 2716:Libya, 2015 2571:Switzerland 2411:Nusra Front 2375:Upper Egypt 2007:Protestants 1978:Orientalism 1908:pharmacists 1869:accountants 1836:King Farouk 1657:Miaphysites 1274:monasticism 1243:Athenagoras 1219:Christendom 1199:Oxyrhynchus 1191:Upper Egypt 1095:Upper Egypt 1075:Koinē Greek 1012:Roman Egypt 982:" (compare 972:Hut-ka-Ptah 839:qubṭ / qibṭ 836:collective 774:pan-Arabism 699:Arabization 648:Middle East 592:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 402:Persecution 397:Nationalism 387:Monasticism 366:Literature 187:Netherlands 73:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 8471:Categories 8456:Omophorion 8451:Asceticism 8405:Hypostasis 8390:Philokalia 8319:Septuagint 8292:Scriptures 8229:Ghassanids 8164:Bogomilism 8154:Iconoclasm 8055:Tolstoyans 7996:Communions 7968:Asia Minor 7821:Philosophy 7796:Literature 7640:Protestant 7329:: 110348. 7166:13 October 7091:14 October 6949:2018-03-17 6806:2017-12-25 6780:January 1, 6680:2013-08-16 6655:2013-08-16 6587:2008-10-07 6528:2007-09-12 6425:2019-09-28 6384:10 January 6258:2008-10-07 6246:. London: 5966:2018-03-17 5732:The Tablet 5653:4 November 5505:2019-02-06 5481:2019-02-06 5457:2019-02-06 5433:2019-02-06 4911:20 January 4905:1566633400 4835:Al-Maqrizi 4811:Diophantus 4534:16 October 4214:2020-06-15 4125:2023-11-14 4100:2019-10-30 3954:2008-08-16 3832:30 January 3646:References 3523:Coptic art 3394:Rami Malek 3236:Anno Mundi 3228:Diocletian 3195:See also: 3101:Nile Delta 2858:Alexandria 2846:Christians 2457:), Sudan ( 2403:fled Libya 2316:Open Doors 2189:Wad Medani 2185:Port Sudan 1969:Pharaonism 1961:See also: 1957:Pharaonism 1951:Pharaonism 1877:Pew Center 1821:Louis Awad 1669:Byzantines 1665:Miaphysite 1581:Athanasius 1414:in Egypt. 1331:, came to 1313:Asia Minor 1239:Pantanaeus 1211:Christians 1166:Alexandria 1102:Pharaonism 1058:, Demotic 1027:remənkhēmi 1001:synecdoche 963:ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ 851:adjective 770:Arab world 742:Alexandria 701:after the 691:Christians 407:Philosophy 8400:Theotokos 8340:Hesychasm 8145:Heresies 7987:divisions 7766:Coptology 7705:Australia 7593:Christian 7411:(2007) . 7359:219586129 7343:1872-6283 7304:CC BY 4.0 7270:1553-7404 7008:: 50–69. 6750:22 August 6225:August 2, 6058:"Lebanon" 5920:cite book 5814:2223-506X 5545:145603557 5228:145603557 4465:2045-2322 4397:, ch 3–4. 4060:Churches. 4008:1 October 3605:Footnotes 3578:Coptology 3428:, CEO of 3368:Hani Azer 3347:Cleveland 2967:USA Today 2583:Jerusalem 2524:Melbourne 2295:, led by 1973:Pharaonic 1830:In 1952, 1714:Byzantine 1661:Egyptians 1397:Caracalla 1337:Jerusalem 1085:; Coptic 1061:rmṯ n kmỉ 1047:remənkēme 1043:lemenkēmi 1035:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 1023:Egyptians 1008:Aigýptios 1006:The term 922:Αἰγύπτιος 916:Aigýptios 899:aiguption 862:, plural 827:Neo-Latin 811:Etymology 782:democracy 726:tolerance 625:Christian 614:romanized 463:Australia 332:Coptology 195:Languages 147:Australia 122:Diaspora: 8385:Phronema 8333:Theology 8324:Peshitta 7976:Far East 7882:Calendar 7863:Hieratic 7830:Language 7791:Identity 7761:Calendar 7697:Diaspora 7508:(1956). 7484:(1989). 7351:32521421 7306:license. 7288:28837655 7225:26017457 7142:26108492 7086:18618658 6860:(2010). 6826:Refworld 6800:Archived 6774:Archived 6770:BBC News 6628:Archived 6608:Archived 6558:Archived 6501:Archived 6482:Archived 6463:Archived 6443:Archived 6252:Archived 6205:BBC News 6162:Archived 5984:Archived 5957:"Kuwait" 5647:BBC News 5252:Archived 4870:Archived 4635:Archived 4483:26017457 4443:: 9996. 4209:Refworld 4075:Archived 4025:, p. 467 3915:La Croix 3723:BBC News 3514:Aegyptus 3463:See also 3440:Egyptian 3382:, sixth 3260:Genetics 3197:Computus 3173:Augustus 3171:Emperor 3153:calendar 3149:Ethiopia 3129:Calendar 3118:Fayyumic 3107:Akhmimic 3097:Bohairic 3067:and the 3010:Language 2972:Facebook 2632:Overview 2512:ABC News 2478:St. Mark 2421:Diaspora 2362:in Egypt 2181:Omdurman 2177:Khartoum 2165:Al Obeid 2155:Khartoum 2075:Cyril VI 2023:Orthodox 1915:business 1844:pan-Arab 1633:Melkites 1207:Egyptian 1178:Claudius 1176:emperor 1162:St. Mark 1134:St. Mark 984:Akkadian 938:Αἴγυπτος 930:Aígyptos 907:kuptaion 903:Bohairic 789:Islamism 646:and the 623:) are a 609:الْقِبْط 498:Diaspora 467:churches 457:churches 447:churches 362:Language 357:Toponymy 352:Identity 327:Calendar 227:Religion 43:reviewed 8429:Worship 8380:Theoria 8375:Theosis 8224:Melkite 8186:Mongols 8104:History 7950:in the 7868:Demotic 7786:History 7781:Fasting 7744:Culture 7435:, 1997. 7401:(2002) 7279:5587336 7216:4446898 7195:Bibcode 7133:4524485 6301:June 4, 6090:DW News 6075:. 2013. 5674:"Copts" 5356:4282879 4819:Hypatia 4807:Ptolemy 4759:, p. 24 4757:op cit. 4474:4446898 4445:Bibcode 4417:30 July 3983:12 July 3737:"Egypt" 3430:Orascom 3386:of the 3304:(17%). 3220:Neyrouz 3087:Sahidic 2936:convert 2921:Mubarak 2840:led by 2749:Figures 2567:Austria 2563:Germany 2559:Lebanon 2553:in the 2497:Ontario 2259:Koranic 2173:Dongola 1479:in the 1263:Braille 1251:Didymus 1247:Clement 1114:History 999:(and a 997:Memphis 911:Sahidic 873:; Also 805:Muslims 722:convert 674:, and 620:al-qibṭ 616:: 465: ( 455: ( 445: ( 420:Regions 347:History 342:Fasting 309:Culture 8395:Praxis 8261:Raskol 7873:Coptic 7730:Europe 7720:Africa 7710:Canada 7494: 7470: 7456:(2010) 7421: 7387: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7286: 7276: 7268: 7223: 7213: 7140: 7130: 7084: 7037: 6922: 6879:19 May 6870: 6488:. 2005 6420:Forbes 6403:Forbes 6374:Forbes 6324:USCIRF 5812: 5597: 5543: 5354: 5309: 5284: 5226: 5185: 5157: 5095: 5070: 5045: 5016: 4986: 4952:: 257. 4902: 4815:Pappus 4798: 4665: 4556:. 2007 4525: 4481: 4471: 4463: 4374: 4295: 4267: 4239: 4183: 4149: 3638:cent." 3442:-born 3410:actor. 3313:Coptic 3251:Easter 3247:always 2579:Israel 2555:Abdali 2541:Jordan 2535:Kuwait 2528:Sydney 2413:, and 2351:, and 2227:Sharia 2187:, and 2169:Atbara 2027:Coptic 1937:wealth 1928:Forbes 1896:middle 1861:wealth 1840:Nasser 1741:; the 1737:, and 1647:. The 1623:, the 1593:Easter 1379:Anubis 1255:Origen 1253:, and 1187:Coptic 1170:Christ 1081:, now 1079:Κόπτος 1052:rmṯ n 1031:Coptic 895:Coptic 834:Arabic 780:, and 752:is an 605:Arabic 588:Coptic 483:Europe 473:Africa 453:Canada 375:Arabic 370:Coptic 256:Coptic 220:Coptic 190:10,000 182:10,000 166:30,000 155:France 139:Canada 116:60,000 8482:Copts 8410:Ousia 8299:Canon 8181:India 8176:China 8131:Copts 7985:Main 7960:North 7801:Music 7771:Cross 7687:Sudan 7682:Libya 7677:Egypt 7585:Copts 7355:S2CID 7193:: 8. 7160:(PDF) 7062:(PDF) 6623:AFP. 6320:(PDF) 6271:BBC. 6062:2012 5541:S2CID 5352:JSTOR 5255:(PDF) 5248:(PDF) 5224:S2CID 5131:(PDF) 4643:Egypt 3516:, in 3275:E1b1b 3224:Thout 3177:Egypt 3169:Roman 2941:Islam 2893:Egypt 2885:Egypt 2388:The 2379:Asyut 2267:south 2255:hijab 2247:Islam 2204:Islam 2161:Sudan 2046:Cairo 1798:Jizya 1755:taxes 1751:Islam 1710:Arabs 1706:Egypt 1673:Egypt 1333:Egypt 1329:Latin 1327:into 1325:Bible 1201:, in 1174:Roman 1158:Egypt 1093:) in 870:أقباط 865:aqbāṭ 849:nisba 744:, an 660:Copts 656:Libya 652:Sudan 640:Sudan 636:Egypt 584:Copts 438:Libya 433:Sudan 428:Egypt 392:Names 382:Music 337:Cross 283:Copts 258:text. 163:Italy 113:Libya 105:Sudan 97:Egypt 66:Copts 8345:Icon 7962:and 7725:Asia 7492:ISBN 7468:ISBN 7419:ISBN 7385:ISBN 7347:PMID 7339:ISSN 7300:text 7284:PMID 7266:ISSN 7221:PMID 7168:2016 7138:PMID 7093:2016 7082:PMID 7035:ISBN 6920:ISBN 6881:2014 6868:ISBN 6782:2011 6752:2013 6707:2018 6386:2017 6355:2010 6303:2010 6227:2015 5926:link 5810:ISSN 5655:2012 5626:2017 5595:ISBN 5307:ISBN 5282:ISBN 5263:2016 5183:ISBN 5155:ISBN 5093:ISBN 5068:ISBN 5043:ISBN 5014:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4913:2016 4900:ISBN 4817:and 4809:and 4796:ISBN 4663:ISBN 4536:2016 4523:ISBN 4479:PMID 4461:ISSN 4419:2023 4372:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4265:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4181:ISBN 4147:ISBN 4010:2019 3985:2015 3834:2016 3139:The 3048:and 3032:The 3018:and 2915:and 2905:Qena 2597:and 2506:The 2383:Qena 2381:and 2299:and 2017:and 1898:and 1875:. A 1693:The 1388:The 1292:and 1122:and 1107:qubṭ 1091:Keft 1089:and 1087:Kebt 1083:Qifṭ 1070:qibṭ 993:Ptah 980:Ptah 859:قبطى 823:Copt 697:and 687:Copt 654:and 638:and 478:Asia 7942:of 7756:Art 7331:doi 7327:313 7274:PMC 7256:doi 7211:PMC 7203:doi 7128:PMC 7120:doi 7074:doi 7070:137 7010:doi 5802:doi 5587:"7" 5568:doi 5533:doi 5344:doi 5318:... 5216:doi 4802:: " 4566:OED 4500:doi 4469:PMC 4453:doi 3978:BBC 3317:PCA 3283:R1b 3238:). 3052:in 3044:in 2943:to 2615:of 2516:SBS 2116:. 2048:'s 2013:), 1749:to 1697:in 1671:in 1639:or 1631:or 1296:. 1164:in 1160:by 1054:kmt 995:at 948:as 925:). 844:قبط 740:of 728:to 322:Art 45:on 8473:: 7970:, 7966:, 7958:, 7954:, 7353:. 7345:. 7337:. 7325:. 7321:. 7282:. 7272:. 7264:. 7252:13 7250:. 7246:. 7227:. 7219:. 7209:. 7201:. 7189:. 7185:. 7136:. 7126:. 7114:. 7110:. 7080:. 7068:. 7064:. 7049:^ 7006:13 7004:. 7000:. 6942:. 6897:. 6824:. 6768:. 6742:. 6724:. 6698:. 6673:. 6648:. 6603:. 6578:. 6418:. 6401:. 6372:. 6346:. 6332:^ 6322:. 6294:. 6280:^ 6250:. 6203:. 6181:. 6143:. 6123:. 6105:, 6088:, 6071:, 6067:. 6060:. 5959:. 5942:, 5922:}} 5918:{{ 5910:. 5892:, 5856:^ 5840:^ 5822:^ 5808:. 5782:, 5769:^ 5760:. 5730:, 5719:^ 5710:, 5699:^ 5676:. 5663:^ 5645:. 5628:. 5589:. 5564:89 5562:, 5539:. 5529:56 5527:. 5523:. 5498:. 5474:. 5450:. 5426:. 5372:. 5350:. 5340:18 5338:. 5334:. 5315:. 5230:. 5222:. 5212:56 5210:. 5206:. 5169:^ 5133:, 5101:. 4948:. 4868:. 4864:. 4813:, 4698:. 4617:. 4599:. 4552:. 4491:^ 4477:. 4467:. 4459:. 4451:. 4439:. 4435:. 4410:, 4386:^ 4345:. 4334:^ 4324:. 4273:. 4251:^ 4223:^ 4207:. 4195:^ 4161:^ 4118:. 4093:. 4040:, 3987:. 3976:. 3913:. 3901:^ 3891:. 3873:, 3862:^ 3853:, 3842:^ 3820:. 3808:^ 3799:, 3767:^ 3743:. 3739:. 3721:. 3703:. 3690:^ 3674:^ 3665:, 3654:^ 3438:, 3406:, 3396:, 3298:U6 2911:, 2585:. 2503:. 2409:, 2385:. 2347:, 2311:. 2269:. 2183:, 2179:, 2175:, 2171:, 2167:, 2077:. 2052:. 1980:. 1891:. 1827:. 1819:, 1789:. 1733:, 1729:, 1725:, 1675:. 1611:. 1421:: 1381:, 1319:. 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1249:, 1245:, 1077:: 1064:. 1033:: 1025:, 976:kꜣ 936:: 807:. 717:. 682:. 666:; 658:. 611:, 607:: 603:; 594:, 590:: 41:, 8207:/ 8124:/ 7978:. 7923:e 7916:t 7909:v 7577:e 7570:t 7563:v 7500:. 7476:. 7427:. 7393:. 7361:. 7333:: 7290:. 7258:: 7205:: 7197:: 7191:5 7170:. 7144:. 7122:: 7116:7 7095:. 7076:: 7043:. 7016:. 7012:: 6985:. 6952:. 6928:. 6901:. 6883:. 6828:. 6809:. 6784:. 6754:. 6728:. 6709:. 6683:. 6658:. 6590:. 6531:. 6507:. 6428:. 6388:. 6357:. 6326:. 6305:. 6261:. 6229:. 6129:. 5969:. 5928:) 5816:. 5804:: 5680:. 5657:. 5603:. 5575:. 5570:: 5547:. 5535:: 5508:. 5484:. 5460:. 5436:. 5358:. 5346:: 5290:. 5265:. 5218:: 5191:. 5163:. 5076:. 5051:. 5022:. 4992:. 4950:2 4915:. 4824:" 4671:. 4603:. 4538:. 4502:: 4485:. 4455:: 4447:: 4441:5 4380:. 4301:. 4245:. 4217:. 4189:. 4155:. 4128:. 4103:. 4012:. 3957:. 3895:. 3836:. 3432:. 3390:. 3287:B 3093:. 2821:e 2814:t 2807:v 2449:. 2439:( 2123:) 2119:( 1029:( 952:3 950:a 932:( 919:( 909:( 901:( 891:/ 889:p 887:/ 883:/ 881:f 879:/ 586:( 572:e 565:t 558:v 469:) 459:) 449:) 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index