620:, Australian law confers rights in works, also known as "Part III Works" (after the Part of the Act dealing with this): namely, literary works, musical works, artistic works, and dramatic works. It also confers rights in "other subject matter" (Part IV Subject Matter), which cover the kinds of material protected in some countries by 'neighbouring rights': sound recordings, films, broadcasts, and published editions. To be protected, material must fall into one of these exclusive categories. The rights in Part IV subject matters are more limited, because infringement requires exact copying of the actual subject matter (sound-alikes or remakes are not covered).
3051:
3036:
3021:
627:, different kinds of subject matter have different rights. Owners of copyright in works have rights to reproduce, publish (meaning publish for the first time), perform, and adapt the work, and communicate it to the public (including broadcast, or communicate by making available online). The rights of owners of copyright in artistic works are more limited (there is no right to control public display of artistic works). Owners of copyright in other subject matter have the exclusive right to make copies, to communicate them to the public, and to cause them to be heard/seen in public.
766:
eight
Australian government inquiries which have considered the question of whether fair use should be adopted in Australia. Six reviews have recommended Australia adopt a "Fair Use" model of copyright exceptions: two enquiries specifically into the Copyright Act (1998, 2014); and four broader reviews (both 2004, 2013, 2016). One review (2000) recommended against the introduction of fair use and another (2005) issued no final report. Two of the recommendations were specifically in response to the stricter copyright rules introduced as part of the
990:'s Copyright Law Review Committee completed a large review of Crown Copyright in April 2005. In summary, the Committee recommended that the Crown be treated like any other employer (i.e., owner of material produced by its employees), and that for certain materials (legislation, government reports, commissions of inquiry reports) either copyright be removed, or a generous and generalised licence be granted for re-use. As of early 2007, several governments appear to be considering the use of open licences modelled along the lines of the
685:, any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that was published after the death of the author will continue to subsist under copyright 70 years after the year of first publication. For example, if a work is published 10 years after the author's death, copyright would subsist for 70 years after first publication, that is 80 years after the author's death. It should also be noted indefinite copyright does not apply to artistic works.
24:
934:
author, the first owner of copyright is the employer (this is slightly different from the US works-made-for-hire doctrine: in
Australia, duration of copyright is still measured by the lifetime of the employee author). In 2004–2005, Australia also introduced some complicated provisions that give performers part ownership rights in sound recordings, and directors some limited ownership rights in relation to films.
3817:
3001:
535:. In particular, it strengthened anti-circumvention laws, for the first time making it illegal in Australia to circumvent technical measures used by copyright owners to restrict access to their works, and expanding the measures which count as technological restriction measures which may not be circumvented. Like the FTA language, the new anti-circumvention law is closely modelled on the US
656:, and certain other jurisdictions, but is longer than the "plus 50" minimum required by the Berne Convention and still applicable in many other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and many other Commonwealth countries, as well as China, Japan, and South Korea. The extension to "plus 70" does not apply to Crown copyright, to which the "plus 50" rule continues to apply.
945:(©) is not required on a work to gain copyright, but only the copyright owner is entitled to place a notice. It is useful in publishing the date of first publication and the owner. Where a copyright notice is used, the onus in infringement proceedings is on the defendant to show that copyright does not subsist or is not owned by the person stated in the notice.
1229:, such as provisions that permit reproduction of certain copyright materials by educational institutions, institutions assisting persons with certain disabilities, and government agencies. The Tribunal has jurisdiction to confirm or vary an existing or proposed voluntary licence scheme, or substitute a new scheme, where it has been referred to it by a party.
696:, which was passed on 15 June 2017, abolished the indefinite copyright term for unpublished works. As of 1 January 2019, unpublished works are out of copyright 70 years after the author's death if the author is known, or 70 years after creation otherwise. The period of 70 years is counted from the end of the relevant calendar year.
786:
In late 2006, Australia added several 'private copying' exceptions. It is no longer an infringement of copyright to record a broadcast to watch or listen at a more convenient time (s 111), or to make a copy of a sound recording for private and domestic use (e.g., copy onto a portable media player) (s
554:
and portable music players). Unlike some countries in Europe, or Canada, there is no fee or licence payment on players to compensate copyright owners for these private copies, although the exceptions are narrowly defined and do not allow, for example, making copies for friends or family. The Act also
432:
The 1980s and 1990s saw a range of inquiries into many aspects of copyright law. A key driver for those reviews was the establishment of the
Copyright Law Review Committee (CLRC) in 1983 as an advisory body for copyright reform. The CLRC was disbanded in 2005 by the Australian government after it had
1366:
1959 – The committee to
Consider What Alterations Are Desirable in the Copyright Law of the Commonwealth (Spicer Committee) delivers its final report. It recommends that the majority of provisions appearing in the Copyright Act 1956 (UK) should be adopted. However, another eight years
887:
A draft bill, the
Copyright Amendment (Indigenous Communal Moral Rights) Bill 2003 ("ICMR Bill"), was circulated to a limited set of stakeholders in 2003, but was seen as ineffective and unlikely to be passed into legislation because of a number of complications. Criticisms of the bill included that
418:
legislation pertaining to each state mandates that publishers of any kind must deposit copies of their publications in the
National Library of Australia as well as in the state or territory library in their jurisdiction. Until the 21st century, this has applied to all types of printed materials (and
400:
During its deliberation the Franki
Committee observed that because Australia was a net importer of copyrighted works it should be careful to not adopt too radical solutions. The Franki Committee recommended, amongst others, the adoption of a statutory licensing scheme. When commencing its review the
310:
provides that "the
Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to, inter alia, copyright, patents of inventions and designs, and trademarks". As an immediate consequence copyright law was no longer
1151:
to the artists as a group, in line with their wishes, and ordered that the rugs be released to them. This was the largest penalty awarded for copyright infringement against
Australian artists up to that time, and included compensation for cultural damage stemming from the unauthorised use of sacred
765:
While
Australian copyright exceptions are based on the Fair Dealing system, Since 1998 a series of Australian government inquiries have examined, and in most cases recommended, the introduction of a "flexible and open" Fair Use system into Australian copyright law. From 1998 to 2017 there have been
714:", copyright does not depend on the country of origin, the country of publication, or the nationality of the author. A work published in the US by a British author may still be in the public domain in Australia if the author died more than 70 years ago or died before 1955, whichever is the shorter.
688:
Photographs, sound recordings, films, and anonymous/pseudonymous works are copyrighted for 70 years from their first publication. Television and sound broadcasts are copyright for only 50 years after the year of their first broadcast (though the material contained in the broadcast may be separately
405:
to give to the author of a creative work his just reward for the benefit he has bestowed on the community and also to encourage the making of further creative works. On the other hand, as copyright in the nature of a monopoly, the law should ensure, as far as possible, that the rights conferred are
1274:
New equitable remuneration rates were decided with a starting point from the 1985 rate of 2 cents per page copied and adjusted for the Consumer Price Index, then further increased, on the basis of changing methods of teaching, technology and volume of copying. The new rate came into operation on 1
570:
The other notable change made by the Act was to expand the provisions concerning criminal copyright infringement. The Act introduced strict liability offences for some copyright infringements, and a system of "Infringement Notices" (on-the-spot fines). The stated aim of these provisions is to make
167:
which brought some, e.g. British authors, back into copyright). The consequence is that the work of an Australian author who died before 1955 is normally in the public domain in Australia. However the copyright of authors was extended to 70 years after death for those who died in 1955 or later, so
750:
Fair dealing is not the same as fair use. This has, for example, been interpreted by US courts to allow for reasonable personal use of works, e.g. media-shifting, which would not necessarily be permitted under Australia's fair dealing laws. Australian copyright law does, however, have a number of
933:
Copyright is free and automatic upon creation of the work. In general, the first owner of copyright will be the author (for literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works) or producer (for sound recordings and films) or broadcaster (for broadcasts). Under Australian law, where an employee is the
907:
and Robynne Quiggin set out the main ICIP issues for the Indigenous arts industry, which included the deficiencies of the Copyright Act with regard to Indigenous art. These include clashes between Australian law and Aboriginal customary laws; and the lack of a "foundation of interaction between
808:
Because Australian copyright law recognises temporary copies stored in computer memory as "reproductions" falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, there are also various exceptions for temporary copies made in the ordinary course of use or communication of digital copies of works.
1238:
monitoring, enforcing, and licensing their rights. A notable feature of some of the Australian collecting societies is that some are 'declared' to be the society with the function of being the sole collector of royalties under the statutory licences. The collecting societies in Australia are:
1237:
A number of copyright collecting societies operate in Australia. Collecting societies are established to collect royalties for uses of copyright material on behalf of authors and copyright owners: they assist to overcome the significant transaction costs that would face individual creators in
937:
In the case of a photograph commissioned for a "private or domestic purpose", the copyright will be owned by the commissioner of the work. The "private and domestic purposes" condition took effect on 30 July 1998, prior to this the copyright of all commissioned photographs was assigned to the
1697:
is passed. Effective January 2007, the Act (a) strengthens criminal infringement provisions, (b) adds new exceptions including for parody or satire, and private copying, (c) strengthens anti-circumvention law to make it more like the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (as required by the
1198:(2009) wrote that the case has been noted as an important one in Indigenous case law because of the damages awarded for the cultural harm done; however, the Act does not provide "judicial recognition of the nature and obligations of Indigenous groups in establishing copyright ownership".
746:
In order for a certain use to be a fair dealing, it must fall within one of these purposes and must also be 'fair'. What is fair will depend on all the circumstances, including the nature of the work, the nature of the use and the effect of the use on any commercial market for the work.
571:
copyright easier to enforce, particularly against commercial infringers. After concerns from user groups and the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, many strict liability offences that would have applied to non-commercial acts were removed from the final bill.
1190:"requires creators who are in a position to assert copyright ownership", which proves a problem where the designs had been created more than the specified time after the creator's death; in the case of many ancient designs, it is impossible to identify the creator. Erin Mackay of the
1037:
The indefinite copyright term for unpublished works was abolished by the Copyright (Disabilities and Other Measures) Act 2017. This part of the Act comes into effect on 1 January 2019. As of that date, Crown Copyright for unpublished works expires 50 years after it was
423:
formats as well). On 17 February 2016, the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. Most states and territories are as of 2020 reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.
2850:
726:. It is a use of a work specifically recognised as not being a copyright violation. In order to be a fair dealing under Australian law a use must fall within a range of specific purposes. These purposes vary by type of work, but the possibilities are:
593:
on 17 February 2016, by which the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. and most states and territories are reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.
4104:
959:
The Australian Commonwealth and State governments routinely own copyright in Australia. While this could be seen as being due to the concept of the Crown being traditionally paramount rather than the people, it is more influenced by the then
4274:
2764:
3787:
377:, and following recommendations of the Spicer Committee, which had been appointed by the Australian Attorney-General in 1958 to review the 1912 Act to see what changes were necessary for Australia to ratify the Brussels Act of the
1202:(T-shirts case) (1998) was the third case involving copyright law and ICIP, and was the subject of further legal analysis relating to the protecting Indigenous art, and its relationship to Indigenous communal moral rights (ICMR).
2215:
916:
From mid-2007, performers were granted moral rights in recordings of their performances, similar, but not identical, to the moral rights granted to authors. These were introduced as a result of Australia's ratification of the
563:, and an exception to allow certain non-commercial use by public sector institutions like universities, schools, art galleries and archives, provided that an Australian court decides an exception would be consistent with the
4296:
4030:
3454:
246:
1709, which awarded copyright protection to books, acted as a blueprint for the extension of copyright to new types of subject matter in the 18th and 19th Century. When copyright law was introduced into Australia in 1828
4262:
3976:
971:
The Australian government does not infringe copyright if its actions (or those of an authorised person) are for the government. A "relevant collecting society" may sample government copies and charge the government.
2842:
710:. An interesting consequence of this for the Internet is that a work may be in the public domain in the US but not in Australia, or vice versa. It is important to note that except for the works falling under the "
3691:
2985:
396:
and "to recommend any alterations to the Australian copyright law to effect a proper balance of interest between owners of copyright and the users of copyright material in respect of reprographic reproduction".
4185:
4013:
3600:
3565:
630:
Infringement occurs where a person does an act falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, without the authorisation of the copyright owner (assuming that one of the exceptions does not apply).
4197:
1334:. The Federal Parliament, pursuant to section 51(xviii) of the Australian Constitution, is granted the power to make laws with respect to "Copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks."
1265:(CAL): collects royalties for the reproduction of printed material, and in particular, administers the statutory licences that allow educational institutions to copy and communicate printed material;
751:
additional specific exceptions which permit uses which may fall outside of both fair dealing and fair use. For example, a number of exceptions exist which permit specific uses of computer software.
1152:
imagery, and in particular the "cultural hurt suffered by the artists as a result of the company’s persistent denial of their copyright". However no damages were ever paid to the artists or their
159:
Until 2004, copyright in Australia was based on the plus 50 law, which restricts works until 50 years after the author's death. In 2004 this was changed to a plus 70 law in line with the US and
4087:
3605:
3469:
1999:
2756:
479:
Highways to Change: Copyright in the New Communications Environment: report by the Copyright Convergence Group on technological advancement and the ability of legislation to cope with change
3615:
3575:
3560:
3532:
3489:
2397:
1578:
November 2003 – Three Australian students received criminal convictions for copyright infringement, receiving a mix of suspended sentences, a fine, and community service.
2205:
3499:
3313:
2370:
192:
804:
statutory (i.e. compulsory) licences that allow use by schools, universities, and others on payment of a licence fee set either by agreement or by the Copyright Tribunal (see below).
3595:
3555:
1268:
Educational institutions undertook to pay "equitable remuneration" to CAL for their right to make copies of literacy, dramatic, musical and artistic works for educational purposes.
1701:
June 2015 – The Copyright Amendment (Online Infringement) Bill 2015 introduced into parliament to curb online piracy passed with Coalition and Labor's support 37-13
3590:
3570:
1632:
8 February 2004 - Australia and the United States agree to text of bilateral free trade agreement (AUSFTA). The copyright-related parts of the Intellectual Property Chapter were:
888:
it failed to provide protection where copyright had expired, as well as elements of Indigenous culture and intellectual property (ICIP) where copyright did not apply, such as
542:
The Act also introduced a series of new exceptions into Australian copyright law. The best known are the private copying exceptions, which follow on from proposals by former
663:, the change to the "plus 70" rule is not retroactive, so that if copyright has expired before the coming into force of the amendment it is not revived. The result is that:
2267:
649:. Put simply, a "work" (i.e. a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work) entered the public domain 50 years following the year of the creator's death, with exceptions.
3138:
1456:
3464:
4131:
3746:
3610:
3514:
4291:
4204:
4099:
3782:
3758:
3585:
3509:
3357:
4192:
3714:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3474:
4025:
3580:
3537:
3459:
3259:
4269:
4257:
4143:
4008:
3903:
3866:
3770:
3207:
1550:
2504:
4180:
3971:
3686:
2237:
1251:
Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA): collects royalties for the owners of copyright in musical works for the performance of their musical works;
903:
The bill was set to be reintroduced in mid-2007, as existing legislation did not provide protection for Indigenous communal moral rights. A 2006 paper by
670:
Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died on or after 1 January 1955, will be out of copyright 70 years after the author's death.
2179:
678:
prevents copyright from arising in works that were published before 1 May 1969 where those works were not themselves subject to copyright at that time.
3648:
1248:
Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS): represents music publishers and writers from for rights in the reproduction of musical works;
613:
and other international copyright treaties. Thus there is an exhaustive set of types of material protected, and an exhaustive set of exclusive rights.
3318:
2980:
341:, which held that copyright was a creature of statute. The scope of the imperial copyright system (by changes in the UK Act) was expanded to include
3775:
767:
601:; that is, the copy must contain all content and functionality, without protection measures such as password protection or subscription paywalls.
1534:
706:(1998) defines an entirely different rule based on the year of first publication in the USA. Generally, anything published before 1926 is in the
282:, later states, had enacted copyright laws. In part this was done to mitigate the inadequacy of the protection afforded to Australian authors by
1662:
August 2004 – US Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act passes Senate, with amendments. References to documents and commentary.
4092:
1288:
384:
As of May 2020 the 1968 Act remains in force, but has been amended on a number of occasions. The first major review occurred in 1974 when the
3324:
1282:
689:
copyrighted). Most other works are also dated from the first publication/broadcast/performance where this occurred after the author's death.
3337:
2509:
922:
318:. Australia became part of the British imperial copyright system on 1 July 1912 when the Australian Copyright Act 1912 adopted the British
1256:
88:
41:
3751:
2621:
760:
373:
came into force on 1 May 1969. The 1968 Act was enacted following the collapse of the imperial system after the passage of the British
60:
3373:
2421:
1271:"Equitable remuneration" is should be fair and reasonable or just in all circumstances to both the copyright owner and the licensee.
860:
There have been various proposals in Australia for the recognition of "Indigenous communal moral rights" (ICMR), aimed at assisting
2804:
2353:
2279:
843:
the right to not have the work treated in a derogatory manner (this is a right to protect the honour and reputation of the author)
67:
4318:
3676:
3428:
3286:
2731:
1680:
1218:, consisting of three Federal Court judges who act as president and deputy president, and other members who are appointed by the
918:
703:
290:
was established in 1901. The laws operated in concurrency with the British copyright law that was in force in the colonies. The
3641:
1968:
1179:
1672:
December 2004 – Copyright Legislation Amendment Act passes, affecting parallel importing, temporary copies and
1297:, formerly the Visual Arts Copyright Collecting Agency (VISCOPY), which licensed the copyright in artistic works, merged with
2567:
2382:
1916:
1886:
1833:
1803:
1771:
1651:
Tighter controls on circumventing technological restriction of copyrighted material, with a possibility of public submissions
797:
a special division of exceptions applying to artworks in public places (to allow photography, incidental filming etc.) (see
652:
The Amendments changed the benchmark to "plus 70", which brought Australia into line with the United States of America, the
74:
3221:
546:
to allow people to record most television or radio program at home to watch at a later time with family or friends, and to
314:
The first Australian copyright statute enacted at the federal level was the Copyright Act 1905, which was a departure from
3763:
3362:
4345:
4123:
3861:
3799:
3063:
200:
1291:: set up in 1990 to administer statutory licences that let educational institutions copy from TV and radio for teaching.
1089:
The "Carpets Case" was one of three Federal Court judgments in the 1990s involving the use of copyright law relating to
3898:
231:
196:
56:
4409:
4404:
4383:
4313:
3634:
3397:
2658:
1906:
1876:
1823:
1793:
1761:
640:
532:
107:
794:
a special division of exceptions applying to computer programs (for interoperability, security testing, normal use),
4216:
4148:
4057:
3931:
3681:
2514:
2275:
1090:
1084:
855:
771:
597:
Under the legislation (section 195CD (1) (c) (i)), publishers are required to deposit digital publications without
536:
3719:
3352:
2622:"Northern Territory's 2020 Senior Australian of the Year Banduk Marika's ancestral stories retain their relevance"
2245:
1225:
The Tribunal's key function is to determine remuneration payable under the licence schemes provided for under the
2120:
4136:
2893:
3908:
3871:
2828:"Milpurrurru & Ors v Indofurn & Ors: Protecting expressions of Aboriginal folklore under copyright law"
1285:(PPCA): collects royalties for performers for the broadcast, communication or public playing of recorded music;
1132:
1080:
609:
Australian copyright law has been influenced significantly by the structure of English law, in addition to the
168:
that no more Australian authors will come out of copyright until 1 January 2026 (i.e. those who died in 1955).
45:
2894:"Indigenous traditional knowledge, copyright and art – shortcomings in protection and an alternative approach"
2446:
1214:, and has specific powers relating to royalties and licensing. It is an independent body, administered by the
872:(Indigenous intellectual property ICIP) of Indigenous peoples. After the individual moral rights legislation (
667:
Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died before 1 January 1955, is out of copyright.
4062:
3806:
1698:
Australia–US FTA), and (d) makes some changes to provisions affecting libraries and educational institutions.
1594:
1463:
The High Court struck down the 1989 levy as, essentially, badly located and unfair tax law and not a royalty.
1219:
987:
865:
215:
4370:
4330:
4003:
3998:
3878:
3479:
3346:
1718:
1324:
1147:, saying that the copyright infringements had been "plainly deliberate and calculated", awarded damages of
997:
Copyrights owned by the Crown in Australia have different durations to publicly held copyrights, as below:
818:
660:
483:
Stopping the Rip-Offs: intellectual Property Protection for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Peoples
3342:
4286:
4209:
4077:
3993:
3941:
3936:
3421:
2241:
1690:
liable for copyright infringement and hands down judgment in favour of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd.
3325:
Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee on the Provisions of the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006
81:
4067:
3961:
3951:
3915:
3831:
3671:
3195:
2943:
2879:
2717:
2422:
Indigenous cultural and intellectual property: The main issues for the Indigenous arts industry in 2006
1215:
1144:
2591:
825:. Only individuals may exercise moral rights. The moral rights provided under Australian law now are:
4082:
4052:
4020:
3883:
3731:
2210:
1673:
1645:
1618:
1379:
1320:
1316:
1117:
1068:
598:
287:
2086:
2020:
4303:
4281:
4252:
4226:
4170:
4160:
4037:
3841:
3794:
3726:
3698:
3216:
3171:
3148:
3122:
1728:
1598:
1262:
832:
the right to be clearly and reasonably prominently identified as the author, in any reasonable form
711:
4335:
4325:
4308:
4236:
4221:
4165:
4155:
3988:
3888:
3851:
3846:
3392:. Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law. Vol. 45. Cambridge University Press.
3228:
3175:
3152:
3126:
2685:
2477:
2336:
1723:
1614:
1435:
1331:
961:
835:
the right to avoid false attribution, where the work is falsely presented as being another's work
775:
645:
Before the 2004 Amendments, Australia used a "plus 50" rule to determine when a work entered the
307:
291:
235:
172:
138:(as amended), which applies the national law throughout Australia. Designs may be covered by the
34:
3330:
2795:
787:
109A), or make a copy of a literary work, magazine, or newspaper article for private use (43C).
4231:
4175:
4072:
4042:
3983:
3956:
3946:
3856:
3741:
3736:
3666:
3414:
2939:
2678:
1605:, Telstra BigPond and three Sydney Internet service providers. The investigation was backed by
861:
2559:
Practices of proximity : the appropriation of English in Australian indigenous literature
2542:
2472:
4047:
3893:
3264:
3245:
2935:
2931:
2705:
2701:
2373:. Indigenous Art - Securing the Future: Australia's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector.
2007:
1997:
1937:
1606:
1473:
1191:
1097:
1056:
869:
564:
315:
303:
295:
283:
248:
227:
188:
184:
3191:
2875:
2827:
1589:
and Brilliant Digital Entertainment in Australia were raided for copyright violations using
1352:(Imp), passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, is enacted into the law of Australia.
238:. Australian copyright law originates in British copyright law which was established by the
4340:
3836:
3212:
3167:
3144:
2797:
Minding culture: Case studies on intellectual property and traditional cultural expressions
388:
appointed the Copyright Law Committee, chaired by Justice Franki, to examine the impact of
330:
326:, including independent countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
214:, which requires that Australian publishers must lodge copies of their publications in the
3118:
1638:
Agreed standards for: copyright protection, copyright infringement, remedies and penalties
722:
The main exceptions to copyright infringement in Australia come under the general heading
329:
The 1911 Act made important changes in copyright law and practice. The 1911 Act abolished
8:
2331:
1126:
798:
338:
279:
124:
defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of creative and artistic works under
2709:
1590:
1312:
1113:
385:
374:
319:
239:
144:
134:
3314:
Factsheets from the Attorney-General's Department on the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006
3164:
Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association ("music on hold case")
1166:(1995) noted that the Carpets Case had represented an improvement on an earlier case,
3966:
3393:
2981:"Position Description of Non-judicial members of the Copyright Tribunal of Australia"
2654:
2573:
2563:
2428:
2378:
2301:
2060:
2034:
1912:
1882:
1829:
1799:
1767:
1602:
1383:
1130:, in a case that became known as the "carpets case". Officially it is referred to as
921:, which was required by the Australia's free trade agreement with Singapore, and the
877:
580:
551:
392:
on copyright law in Australia. The committee was also asked to examine the impact of
252:
1976:
1849:
1648:
and subscribers to deal with allegedly infringing copyright material on the Internet
1003:
Published literary, dramatic or musical works (includes published official records)
369:
The British Copyright Act 1911 continued to apply in Australia until the Australian
2901:
2823:
1586:
1400:
1298:
1163:
991:
942:
610:
378:
346:
234:. In turn Australian copyright law has influenced copyright law in Britain and the
3368:
1396:
1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 – various amendments
964:
acting as a copyright policy-making body in the 1950s, which was the basis of the
515:
Report on Intellectual Property legislation under Competition Principles Agreement
477:(2005). The CLRC also published reports on specific areas of copyright, including
3387:
1998:
Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (7 November 2006).
1140:
954:
897:
350:
243:
171:
The Australian legislation is based on the authority of section 51(xviii) of the
149:
2986:
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications
263:. Over the course of the 19th century it was extended to other works, including
1476:
artists whose designs had been used on rugs made in Vietnam by a Perth company.
893:
653:
543:
334:
323:
164:
160:
125:
3005:
2121:
http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/12971023745265e551e964e.pdf
1659:
9 February 2004 – Australia and the United States sign the FTA.
1120:, and five other artists or their estates moved to seek reparations under the
604:
4398:
2955:
2577:
2135:
1539:
1375:
1371:
1109:
889:
881:
707:
700:
646:
415:
364:
211:
176:
2427:(Report). Written for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board
333:
in unpublished works, hence completing the process that began with the 1774
3626:
3406:
3260:"Australian senate passes controversial anti-piracy, website-blocking laws"
1626:
1530:
1439:
723:
547:
420:
393:
342:
153:
1393:(Cth) is enacted. It repealed the 1912 and the accompanying 1911 statutes.
1059:
artist to have his copyright recognised in an Australian court. The case,
1047:
599:
Technological Protection Measures (TPM) or Digital Rights Management (DRM)
406:
not abused and that study, research and education are not unduly hampered.
163:, but this change was not made retroactive (unlike the 1995 change in the
2791:
2674:
2417:
1641:
WIPO Internet Treaties to be implemented by "entry into force" of the FTA
1564:
1359:
the High Court of Australia finds that the new UK copyright statute, the
1153:
904:
778:(PC) were with reference to strengthening Australia's "digital economy".
389:
272:
180:
1904:
1874:
1821:
1791:
1759:
1515:
Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act
1006:
50 years after the end of the year in which the work is first published
3089:
3004:
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a
2732:"Dr B Marika AO, trailblazing Yolngu artist and activist, dies aged 66"
1242:
260:
256:
1446:
in a third-party hardware lock was an infringement of a literary work.
2557:
2473:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law"
2332:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law"
976:
299:
264:
129:
1386:
without his permission. Compensation and credit were later supplied.
1363:, does not apply in Australia and the 1911 Imperial Act remains law.
1311:
1869 – First colonial copyright statute is passed in
23:
1183:
1157:
268:
193:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
2371:"Chapter 11 Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights"
1686:
September 2005 – Federal Court of Australia finds
1526:
1490:
1294:
1101:
3287:"Copyright amendments effective from 22 December 2017 | Library"
3242:
Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings Ltd
401:
Committee stated that the primary purpose of copyright law was:
2206:"Our copyright laws are holding us back, and there's a way out"
1484:
Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association
1348:(Cth) is passed. Pursuant to section 8 of that Act, the entire
1100:
artists had been reproduced without permission on rugs made in
980:
560:
556:
3321:(Commonwealth of Australia Law, Attorney General's Department)
2653:. Darwin, N.T.: Charles Darwin University Press. p. 159.
1548:
Federal Court decision ultimately upheld by the High Court in
1210:
The Copyright Tribunal of Australia was established under the
975:
The State governments follow different practices in regard to
908:
Indigenous community and user of the ICMR" in the draft bill.
821:
were recognised in Australian copyright legislation under the
3048:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3033:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3018:
Copyright Agency Limited v Queensland Department of Education
3000:
1905:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1875:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1822:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1792:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1760:
Davison, Mark J; Ann Louise Monnotti; Leanne Wiseman (2008).
1687:
1666:
1582:
1533:
do not contravene copyright, due to representations from the
1443:
1171:
1105:
226:
Australian copyright law has historically been influenced by
218:
and their respective state libraries, depending on location.
191:, but now also reflects international standards found in the
3139:
Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth
1706:
Copyright Amendment (Disability and Other Measures) Act 2017
1563:
Made some provisions for parallel importing, affecting the '
1498:
1998 (3x), and 1999 (2x) – various amendments
1457:
Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth
742:
parody or satire (added by the Copyright Amendment Act 2006)
574:
1622:
1195:
605:
Protected subject matter, exclusive rights and infringement
311:
established at state level, but by the federal parliament.
1409:
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 – various amendments
1357:
Copyright Owners Reproduction Society v E.M.I. (Australia)
2832:(1995) 2(1) Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law.
2691:
2238:"Productivity Commission Draft IP Report - the breakdown"
1610:
306:, concurrently with the states. Section 51(xviii) of the
2928:
Bulun Bulun v R & T Textiles Pty Ltd (T-Shirts case)
1676:' liability for taking down alleged infringing material.
1654:
Tougher on unauthorised satellite Pay-TV signal decoding
1071:
to be "original" and thereby protected under copyright.
427:
1489:
The High Court found that music-on-hold transmitted by
1327:
enact similar laws in 1878, 1879 and 1895 respectively.
433:
produced a number of reports. Notable reports include:
3208:
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment
3188:
Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment v Stevens
2843:"Case study 3: Terry Yumbulul and the ten-dollar note"
1551:
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment
1521:
Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment v Stevens
286:. The state laws continued to apply after the federal
3064:"Green light for Copyright Agency and Viscopy merger"
2865:
467:
Jurisdiction and Procedures of the Copyright Tribunal
278:
Prior to Australia's federation in 1901, a number of
2445:
Joseph, Samantha; Mackay, Erin (30 September 2006).
242:
through the Australian Courts Act 1828. The British
2555:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
1367:
pass before a new Australian statute is introduced.
849:
491:
Review of Australian Copyright Collecting Societies
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2730:Fitzgerald, Roxanne; Toomey, Jade (16 July 2021).
2648:
1096:In 1993, it was found that a number of designs by
199:and multilateral treaties, and more recently, the
187:. Historically, Australian copyright law followed
1182:, in terms of protection of Aboriginal works and
739:judicial proceedings or professional legal advice
659:Similar to the foreign reciprocity clause in the
4396:
3385:
3363:Australian Digital Alliance - Monthly IP Wrap-Up
3358:DFAT - AUSFTA Fact-sheet - Intellectual Property
2729:
2403:
1881:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–183.
1644:Fast-tracking copyright owners' engagement with
1535:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
1139:In 1994, after a trial lasting 14 days, Justice
1061:Yanggarriny Wunungmurra v. Peter Stripes Fabrics
1049:Yanggarriny Wunungmurra v. Peter Stripes Fabrics
2325:
2323:
694:Copyright (Disabilities and Other Measures) Act
520:
435:The meaning of Publication in the Copyright Act
2786:
2784:
2782:
2711:
1559:Copyright Amendment (Parallel Importation) Act
1424:1991, 1992 – various amendments
1011:Unpublished literary, dramatic, musical works
322:. The British 1911 Act applied throughout the
142:(as sculptures or drawings) as well as by the
3642:
3422:
2302:"Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000"
1479:1994 (3x) – various amendments
1283:Phonographic Performance Company of Australia
1091:Indigenous cultural and intellectual property
948:
868:. Legislation on moral rights applies to the
681:In Australia, according to section 33 of the
3656:
3436:
2667:
2444:
2416:
2365:
2363:
2320:
1030:50 years from the end of the year when made
1022:50 years from the end of the year when made
1014:Copyright subsists indefinitely (see below)
923:Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement
770:(AUSFTA), while the most recent two, by the
768:Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
2956:"About the Copyright Tribunal of Australia"
2818:
2816:
2814:
2779:
2644:
2642:
2615:
2613:
2440:
2438:
2174:
2172:
2164:Australian Intellectual Property Commentary
2140:Australian Intellectual Property Commentary
1911:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1828:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
1798:. Cambridge University Press. p. 181.
1766:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180.
1257:Christian Copyright Licensing International
874:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000
823:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000
463:Simplification of the Copyright Act: Part 2
459:Simplification of the Copyright Act: Part 1
3649:
3635:
3429:
3415:
3386:Greenleaf, Graham; Lindsay, David (2018).
2000:"Reference: Copyright Amendment Bill 2006"
1399:1984 – amendment, defined
761:History of Fair Use proposals in Australia
555:introduced a copyright exception allowing
3389:Public Rights: Copyright's Public Domains
3006:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2510:Attorney-General's Department (Australia)
2447:"Moral Rights and Indigenous Communities"
2360:
928:
870:cultural and intellectual property rights
864:to protect the integrity and sanctity of
575:2016 amendment to include digital formats
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
3331:Australian Copyright Act 1968 as amended
2989:. Australian Government. 4 February 2016
2811:
2805:World Intellectual Property Organization
2751:
2749:
2639:
2619:
2610:
2470:
2435:
2354:Australasian Legal Information Institute
2329:
2169:
1503:Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act
2651:Yalangbara : art of the Djang'kawu
2268:"Reviews that have considered fair use"
2035:"Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016"
1900:
1898:
1817:
1815:
1245:, consisting of the formerly separate:
1232:
919:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
704:Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
550:their music (make copies from CDs onto
4397:
3338:Chapter 17 of the Free Trade Agreement
3115:Autodesk Inc v Dyason ("AutoCAD case")
2891:
2835:
2203:
1973:National and State Libraries Australia
1963:
1961:
1959:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1842:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1704:22 December 2017 – The
1574:Designs (Consequential Amendments) Act
1509:Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act
1074:
1067:, which had previously not considered
499:Performers' Rights: Options for Reform
439:Use of Copyright materials by Churches
3630:
3410:
3257:
2790:
2746:
2673:
2649:Marika, Banduk; West, Margie (2008).
2218:from the original on 14 December 2016
1205:
754:
587:Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016
428:Copyright Law Review Committee (CLRC)
356:
2872:Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia
2822:
2543:"Rights and the Pictures Collection"
1908:Australian intellectual property law
1895:
1878:Australian intellectual property law
1825:Australian intellectual property law
1812:
1795:Australian intellectual property law
1763:Australian intellectual property law
1679:1 January 2005 – The
1168:Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia
880:, a commitment was given to Senator
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
3082:
2847:NSW Educational Standards Authority
2761:NSW Educational Standards Authority
2723:
2079:
1956:
1925:
1780:
1681:U.S.–Australia Free Trade Agreement
1156:, because the company was declared
1055:In 1983, Wunungmurra was the first
781:
201:U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement
13:
3379:
3374:Copyright laws need update for web
2757:"Case study 4: 'The carpets case'"
2471:Anderson, Jane (1 February 2004).
2420:; Quiggin, Robynne (10 May 2006).
2204:Martin, Peter (15 December 2016).
1683:(FTA) officially comes into force.
1438:judged that the reproduction of a
232:International copyright agreements
197:international copyright agreements
14:
4421:
4384:Category:Copyright law by country
3319:Copyright Amendment Act at ComLaw
2853:from the original on 2 March 2021
2767:from the original on 2 March 2021
2562:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2091:Australian Publishers Association
1581:7 February 2004 –
1469:
1108:-based company Indofurn Pty Ltd.
674:Additionally, section 210 of the
641:Copyright expiration in Australia
634:
533:US-Australia Free Trade Agreement
3815:
3682:International copyright treaties
2999:
2620:McLennan, Chris (15 July 2020).
2545:. National Library of Australia.
2276:Australian Law Reform Commission
1482:14 August 1997 –
1200:Bulun Bulun v R & T Textiles
1085:Indigenous intellectual property
1042:
856:Indigenous intellectual property
850:Indigenous communal moral rights
772:Australian Law Reform Commission
539:, although it is not identical.
537:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
451:Report of Journalists' Copyright
22:
3279:
3251:
3235:
3200:
3181:
3157:
3131:
3108:
3056:
3041:
3026:
3011:
2973:
2960:Copyright Tribunal of Australia
2948:
2921:
2885:
2584:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2497:
2464:
2306:Federal Register of Legislation
2294:
2260:
2230:
2197:
2156:
2145:
2125:
2114:
2111:Art. 7.1 Berne Convention.
2105:
2065:Federal Register of Legislation
2053:
2039:Federal Register of Legislation
2027:
1991:
1854:Federal Register of Legislation
1693:December 2006 –
1665:November 2004 –
1451:1993 – amendment
812:
717:
544:Attorney-General Philip Ruddock
298:power to make laws relating to
132:in Australia is defined in the
33:needs additional citations for
3455:Federated States of Micronesia
3353:Copyright Law Review Committee
3351:Australian Attorney-General's
2698:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
2244:. 16 June 2016. Archived from
1868:
1753:
1740:
1519:26 July 2002 –
1419:Levy introduced on blank tapes
1372:Dr David Malangi Daymirringu's
1133:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
1081:Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd
1:
3672:Copyright case law by country
2278:. 4 June 2013. Archived from
2185:. Australian Copyright Agency
2180:"Copyright Amendment Act2017"
1975:. 1 June 2019. Archived from
1942:National Library of Australia
1734:
1669:case starts in Federal Court.
1595:University of New South Wales
1472:", awarding damages to eight
1220:Governor-General of Australia
1174:clan artist Terry Yumbulul's
1069:Aboriginal Australian designs
1065:Australian Copyright Act 1968
911:
531:made changes required by the
216:National Library of Australia
156:in recordings of their work.
3677:Copyright lengths by country
3347:Australian Copyright Council
3125:330 (12 February 1992),
2942:193 (3 September 1998),
2596:National Museum of Australia
2556:Russo, Katherine E. (2010).
2451:Arts Law Centre of Australia
1969:"Legal deposit in Australia"
1719:Australian Copyright Council
1635:Longer duration of copyright
1493:was a copyright infringement
1414:Copyright Amendment Act 1989
661:European Union copyright law
529:Copyright Amendment Act 2006
522:Copyright Amendment Act 2006
455:Computer Software Protection
57:"Copyright law of Australia"
7:
3258:Grubb, Ben (22 June 2015).
2680:Copyright: The Carpets Case
2592:"Art and Indigenous rights"
2242:Australian Digital Alliance
1712:
1525:Federal Court decides that
1305:
1178:had been reproduced on the
988:Australian Attorney-General
896:; and neither did it cover
122:copyright law of Australia
10:
4426:
3369:Federal Court of Australia
3307:
3174:140 (14 August 1997),
1674:Internet Service Providers
1646:Internet Service Providers
1459:("blank tapes levy case").
1216:Federal Court of Australia
1145:Federal Court of Australia
1078:
952:
949:Government-owned copyright
853:
758:
638:
578:
362:
221:
4379:
4358:
4245:
4122:
4115:
3924:
3824:
3813:
3707:
3667:Copyright acts by country
3662:
3546:
3523:
3442:
3437:Copyright law of Oceania
3151:480 (11 March 1993),
3141:("blank tapes levy case")
2807:. pp. 8–27, 51, 135.
2716: (13 December 1994),
2211:The Sydney Morning Herald
2166:(at 8 March 2017) ¶5-520.
1619:Festival Mushroom Records
1380:Reserve Bank of Australia
1355:1958 – In
495:Bently and Sherman Report
390:reprographic reproduction
308:Commonwealth Constitution
288:Commonwealth of Australia
251:had been extended beyond
4410:Copyright law by country
4405:Australian copyright law
3699:Rule of the shorter term
3657:Copyright law by country
3601:Northern Mariana Islands
2377:(Report). 20 June 2007.
2152:Copyright Act 1968, s33.
2142:(at 8 March 2017) ¶5-520
1938:"What is legal deposit?"
1729:National edeposit system
1599:University of Queensland
1486:("music on hold case").
1263:Copyright Agency Limited
1118:Tim Payungka Tjapangarti
840:Integrity of authorship
712:Rule of the shorter term
3566:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3291:www.library.unsw.edu.au
3248: (5 September 2005)
3246:[2005] FCA 1242
2932:[1998] FCA 1082
2702:[1994] FCA 1544
2686:Alternative Law Journal
2478:Indigenous Law Bulletin
2375:Parliament of Australia
2337:Indigenous Law Bulletin
2330:Anderson, Jane (2004).
1850:"Australian Government"
1724:International copyright
1695:Copyright Amendment Act
1332:Federation of Australia
829:A right of attribution
776:Productivity Commission
507:Our Culture, Our Future
292:Australian Constitution
183:and established by the
173:Australian Constitution
3192:[2002] FCA 906
2876:[1991] FCA 332
2015:Cite journal requires
1572:2003 –
1557:2003 –
1513:2001 –
1507:2000 –
1501:2000 –
1454:1993 –
1427:1992 –
1412:1989 –
1389:1968 –
1370:1966 –
1344:1912 –
1337:1905 –
1330:1901 –
929:Ownership of copyright
471:Copyright and Contract
443:Performers' Protection
408:
3549:and other territories
3265:Sydney Morning Herald
3213:[2005] HCA 58
3194: (26 July 2002),
3168:[1997] HCA 41
3145:[1993] HCA 10
2892:Mackay, Erin (2009).
2878: (25 July 1991),
2493:– via Informit.
1474:Indigenous Australian
1429:Autodesk Inc v Dyason
1374:mortuary rites story
1192:Indigenous Law Centre
1079:Further information:
854:Further information:
565:Berne three-step test
403:
316:British copyright law
304:intellectual property
284:British copyright law
249:British copyright law
228:British copyright law
189:British copyright law
185:Australian Parliament
4088:United Arab Emirates
3119:[1992] HCA 2
2061:"Copyright Act 1968"
2002:. Committee Hansard.
1301:(see above) in 2017.
1233:Collecting societies
1104:and marketed by the
1063:was won against the
962:British Commonwealth
876:) was passed in the
790:Australia also has:
331:common law copyright
42:improve this article
2282:on 21 December 2016
2248:on 20 February 2017
1591:Anton Piller orders
1127:Trade Practices Act
1075:Carpets case (1994)
799:Freedom of Panorama
730:review or criticism
419:in some states, to
339:Donaldson v Beckett
280:Australian Colonies
4319:Russian Federation
3862:Dominican Republic
3343:Information Sheets
3222:"judgment summary"
2626:Bega District News
2308:. 21 December 2000
2132:Copyright Act 1968
2067:. 24 February 2016
2041:. 12 February 2016
1944:. 17 February 2016
1748:Copyright Act 1968
1708:becomes effective.
1431:("AutoCAD case").
1391:Copyright Act 1968
1361:Copyright Act 1956
1350:Copyright Act 1911
1346:Copyright Act 1912
1339:Copyright Act 1905
1212:Copyright Act 1968
1206:Copyright Tribunal
1122:Copyright Act 1968
1114:George Milpurrurru
966:Copyright Act 1968
866:Indigenous culture
755:Fair Use proposals
683:Copyright Act 1968
676:Copyright Act 1968
591:Copyright Act 1968
552:personal computers
412:Copyright Act 1968
386:Whitlam government
375:Copyright Act 1956
371:Copyright Act 1968
358:Copyright Act 1968
320:Copyright Act 1911
296:federal parliament
240:British parliament
208:Copyright Act 1968
135:Copyright Act 1968
4392:
4391:
4354:
4353:
3624:
3623:
3616:Wallis and Futuna
3524:Associated states
3231:. 6 October 2005.
3070:. 8 November 2017
2824:Blakeney, Michael
2677:(February 1995),
2569:978-1-4438-2161-2
2429:Australia Council
2384:978-0-642-71788-7
1918:978-0-521-61338-5
1888:978-0-521-61338-5
1835:978-0-521-61338-5
1805:978-0-521-61338-5
1773:978-0-521-61338-5
1603:Monash University
1593:, along with the
1325:Western Australia
1176:Morning Star Pole
1034:
1033:
884:to look at ICMR.
878:Australian Senate
862:Indigenous people
733:research or study
618:types of material
581:National edeposit
513:2000, long title
503:Janke Report 1999
497:1995, long title
489:1995, long title
253:literary property
118:
117:
110:
92:
4417:
4300:
4278:
4266:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4152:
4140:
4120:
4119:
4108:
4096:
4034:
4017:
3980:
3912:
3875:
3819:
3818:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3723:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3606:Pitcairn Islands
3576:French Polynesia
3561:Christmas Island
3490:Papua New Guinea
3470:Marshall Islands
3443:Sovereign states
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3255:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3204:
3198:
3185:
3179:
3161:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3094:John Fries Award
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:Copyright Agency
3060:
3054:
3050:(2002) AIPC 94,
3045:
3039:
3035:(2002) AIPC 13,
3030:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2952:
2946:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2902:UNSW Law Journal
2898:
2889:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2513:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:. 21 August 2019
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:on 21 March 2020
1965:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1587:Sharman Networks
1401:computer program
1378:was used by the
1341:(Cth) is passed.
1299:Copyright Agency
1164:Michael Blakeney
1150:
1000:
999:
992:Creative Commons
943:copyright notice
898:sound recordings
782:Other exceptions
625:exclusive rights
623:In terms of the
616:In terms of the
611:Berne Convention
379:Berne Convention
347:sound recordings
179:in Australia is
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4375:
4350:
4294:
4272:
4260:
4246:Other countries
4241:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4146:
4134:
4111:
4102:
4090:
4028:
4011:
3974:
3920:
3906:
3869:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3717:
3703:
3658:
3655:
3625:
3620:
3548:
3542:
3525:
3519:
3500:Solomon Islands
3438:
3435:
3400:
3382:
3380:Further reading
3365:- December 2002
3310:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3162:
3158:
3136:
3132:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3046:
3042:
3031:
3027:
3020:(2002) AIPC 5,
3016:
3012:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2821:
2812:
2803:. Study No. 1.
2800:
2789:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2696:
2692:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2570:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2517:on 6 March 2011
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2436:
2424:
2415:
2404:
2396:Index and PDFs
2389:
2387:
2385:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2347:
2345:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2272:www.alrc.gov.au
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2162:CCH Australia,
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1715:
1384:one dollar note
1321:New South Wales
1317:South Australia
1308:
1235:
1208:
1186:. However, the
1180:ten-dollar note
1170:1991, in which
1148:
1141:John von Doussa
1087:
1077:
1053:
1045:
1019:Artistic works
957:
955:Crown Copyright
951:
931:
914:
858:
852:
815:
784:
774:(ALRC) and the
763:
757:
720:
643:
637:
607:
583:
577:
525:
475:Crown Copyright
430:
367:
361:
351:motion pictures
244:Statute of Anne
224:
128:. The scope of
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4346:United Kingdom
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4141:
4128:
4126:
4124:European Union
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4023:
4018:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:related rights
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Norfolk Island
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:American Samoa
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3526:of New Zealand
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3278:
3250:
3234:
3199:
3180:
3156:
3130:
3107:
3081:
3055:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2972:
2947:
2920:
2884:
2864:
2834:
2810:
2778:
2763:. 1 May 2007.
2745:
2722:
2690:
2666:
2659:
2638:
2609:
2583:
2568:
2548:
2534:
2528:
2505:"Moral rights"
2496:
2463:
2434:
2402:
2383:
2359:
2319:
2293:
2259:
2229:
2196:
2168:
2155:
2144:
2124:
2113:
2104:
2078:
2052:
2026:
2017:|journal=
1990:
1955:
1924:
1917:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1856:. 27 June 1968
1841:
1834:
1811:
1804:
1779:
1772:
1752:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1523:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1234:
1231:
1207:
1204:
1160:and wound up.
1076:
1073:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
938:commissioner.
930:
927:
913:
910:
894:oral histories
892:or unrecorded
890:rock paintings
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
837:
836:
833:
814:
811:
806:
805:
802:
795:
783:
780:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
744:
743:
740:
737:
736:news-reporting
734:
731:
719:
716:
672:
671:
668:
654:European Union
639:Main article:
636:
635:Copyright term
633:
606:
603:
576:
573:
524:
519:
487:Simpson Report
429:
426:
360:
355:
335:House of Lords
324:British Empire
223:
220:
165:European Union
161:European Union
148:. Since 2007,
126:Australian law
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4422:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:United States
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:New Caledonia
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Easter Island
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3401:
3399:9781108577151
3395:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3215:, (2005) 224
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3196:Federal Court
3193:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3170:, (1997) 191
3169:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3147:, (1993) 176
3146:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3121:, (1992) 173
3120:
3116:
3111:
3096:. 17 May 2021
3095:
3091:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:Federal Court
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2880:Federal Court
2877:
2873:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2718:Federal Court
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2660:9780980384673
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2136:CCH Australia
2133:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
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3807:South Africa
3547:Dependencies
3533:Cook Islands
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2769:. Retrieved
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2675:Janke, Terri
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2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2508:
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2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2418:Janke, Terri
2388:. Retrieved
2374:
2352:– via
2346:. Retrieved
2341:
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2305:
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2280:the original
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1977:the original
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1627:Warner Music
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1470:carpets case
1468:1994 – The "
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154:moral rights
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40:Please help
35:verification
32:
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4331:Switzerland
4295: [
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4217:Netherlands
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2521:26 February
1565:grey market
1416:(repealed)
1154:next-of-kin
979:, fees and
905:Terri Janke
473:(2002) and
273:photographs
255:to include
181:federal law
4399:Categories
4292:Kyrgyzstan
4287:Kazakhstan
4205:Luxembourg
4100:Uzbekistan
4078:Tajikistan
3994:Kazakhstan
3942:Bangladesh
3937:Azerbaijan
3783:Mozambique
3759:Madagascar
3687:by country
3229:High Court
3176:High Court
3153:High Court
3127:High Court
2734:. ABC News
2485:(30): 8–10
2344:(30): 8–10
2222:6 February
2189:26 October
1735:References
1537:(ACCC) as
1436:High Court
1243:APRA AMCOS
1149:A$ 188,000
1098:Aboriginal
1057:Aboriginal
912:Performers
579:See also:
509:, and the
363:See also:
294:gives the
261:sculptures
257:engravings
150:performers
145:Design Act
68:newspapers
4366:Australia
4193:Lithuania
4068:Sri Lanka
3962:Indonesia
3952:Hong Kong
3916:Venezuela
3832:Argentina
3450:Australia
3296:3 January
2938:244; 157
2909:(1): 1–26
2602:30 August
2578:731223122
1607:Universal
1529:for Sony
1527:mod chips
977:licensing
817:In 2000,
300:copyright
265:paintings
130:copyright
4083:Thailand
4053:Pakistan
4026:Mongolia
4021:Malaysia
3884:Honduras
3825:Americas
3732:Cameroon
3465:Kiribati
3271:19 April
3008:licence.
2851:Archived
2794:(2003).
2765:Archived
2216:Archived
2134:, s210;
1746:s 33(2)
1713:See also
1313:Victoria
1306:Timeline
1184:folklore
1158:bankrupt
1093:(ICIP).
481:(1994),
469:(2002),
465:(1999),
461:(1998),
457:(1994),
453:(1994),
449:(1988),
445:(1987),
441:(1985),
437:(1984),
269:drawings
195:, other
4359:Oceania
4341:Ukraine
4304:Moldova
4282:Georgia
4270:Belarus
4258:Armenia
4253:Albania
4227:Romania
4171:Ireland
4161:Germany
4144:Belgium
4132:Austria
4038:Myanmar
4009:Lebanon
3904:Uruguay
3867:Ecuador
3842:Bolivia
3837:Bermuda
3795:Senegal
3771:Morocco
3727:Burundi
3611:Tokelau
3515:Vanuatu
3308:Sources
3100:21 July
3090:"About"
3074:11 July
2993:23 July
2965:23 July
2913:22 July
2857:23 July
2771:21 July
2738:16 July
2631:17 July
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2348:20 July
2312:20 July
2286:8 March
2252:7 March
1491:Telstra
1403:in the
1382:on the
1295:Viscopy
1143:in the
1102:Vietnam
994:model.
981:waivers
222:History
82:scholar
4336:Turkey
4326:Serbia
4309:Russia
4237:Sweden
4222:Poland
4181:Latvia
4166:Greece
4156:France
4116:Europe
3989:Jordan
3972:Israel
3889:Panama
3852:Canada
3847:Brazil
3708:Africa
3586:Hawaii
3510:Tuvalu
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