1775:; the public funding behind the study provided a necessary basis for its neutrality. 30,000 users, including minors between 14 and 17 years, were surveyed among September and October 2014. While a negative impact was found for the film industry, videogame sales were positively affected by illegal consumption, possibly due to "the industry being successful in converting illegal users to paying users" and employing player-oriented strategies (for example, by providing additional bonus levels or items in the gameplay for a fee); finally, no evidence was found for any claims of sales displacement in the other market sectors. According to the
2073:
fewer PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possessed the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continued to have the highest commercial value of such software at $ 8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $ 9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the
Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa had been pirated (excluding South Africa).
1206:(for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.
1920:, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$ 63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$ 9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.
104:
758:, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:
1269: – though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anti-circumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers. According to
578:
849:, "high prices for media goods, low incomes, and cheap digital technologies" are the chief factors that lead to the global spread of media piracy, especially in emerging markets. According to the study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcement's toward digital piracy.
922:
938:
1383:" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are "mere conduit", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European
74:
1425:: In this animation, the colored bars beneath all of the seven clients in the upper region above represent the file, with each color representing an individual piece of the file. After the initial pieces transfer from the seed (large system at the bottom), the pieces are individually transferred from client to client. The original seeder only needs to send out one copy of the file for all the clients to receive a copy.
1476:, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.
5285:
6015:
1418:
1618:, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.
593:" was used beginning in the 1980s, and is still being used. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the
1589:"Strengthen enforcement of IP laws with dedicated resources, including specialized enforcement units, training for law enforcement and judiciary officials, improved cross-border cooperation among law enforcement agencies, and fulfillment of obligations under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)."
743:-based company Apptricity which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid the company a total of $ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$ 50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the
1379:(2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as "
484:
1622:
copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include
1142:(NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $ 250,000 in
1913:(25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $ 14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $ 12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $ 2,446,000 was documented.
2064:, including the CD format replacement cycle; the shift from music specialty stores to wholesale suppliers of music and 'minimum advertised pricing'; and the economic expansion of 1991–2001. He believes that with the introduction of new digital technologies, the bubble burst, and the industry suffered as a result.
2010:, and Saudi Arabia, the last being included for the first time. The report said piracy is "causing considerable harm to EU businesses" and high economic losses have occurred in Argentina, China, Ecuador and India. It also informed Saudi Arabia has not "taken sufficient steps to stop the infringement" caused via
1961:, which believes the study is flawed and misleading. One argument against the research is that many music consumers only download music illegally. The IFPI also points out that music piracy affects not only online music sales but also multiple facets of the music industry, which is not addressed in the study.
2045:
study in 2000 found that "Napster users were 45 percent more likely to have increased their music purchasing habits than online music fans who don't use the software were." This indicated that users of peer-to-peer sharing did not hurt the profits of the music industry, but in fact may have increased
1936:
took $ 12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level
1801:
The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained
1797:
Following consultation with experts on copyright infringement, the United States
Government Accountability Office (GAO) clarified in 2010 that "estimating the economic impact of IP infringements is extremely difficult, and assumptions must be used due to the absence of data", while "it is difficult,
771:
executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained
1813:
Usually, movies are hot because a distributor has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars promoting the product in print and TV and other forms of advertising. The major
Hollywood studios spend millions on this process with marketing costs rivaling the costs of production. They are attempting then to
1222:
Although downloading or other private copying is sometimes permitted, public distribution – by uploading or otherwise offering to share copyright-protected content – remains illegal in most, if not all, countries. For example, in Canada, even though it was once legal to download any copyrighted file
1040:
In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just
1004:
in civil court, against alleged infringers directly or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services
Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright
807:
Although about three million computers get sold every year in China, people don't pay for the software. Someday they will, though. And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next
418:
system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology and the increasing reach of the
Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more
1953:
suggests that illegal music downloads have almost no effect on the number of legal music downloads. The study analyzed the behavior of 16,000 European music consumers and found that although music piracy negatively affects offline music sales, illegal music downloads had a positive effect on legal
1848:
However, a study conducted on data from sixteen countries between 2005 and 2013, many of which had enacted anti-piracy measures to increase box office revenues of movies, found no significant increases in any markets attributable to policy interventions, which calls into doubt the claimed negative
1555:
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies
3529:
Downloading music for personal, non-commercial purposes is arguably legal in Canada due to the private copying levy which places a levy on blank media such as blank CDs. The private copying levy does not extend to video, as it only covers sound recordings. Making a personal copy of a music CDs is
2072:
The 2011 Business
Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard estimated the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $ 59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $ 31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received
2030:
totaling $ 75 trillion – more than the global GDP – with the judge overseeing the case ruling that such claims were "absurd". The $ 75 trillion figure had been obtained by counting each song downloaded as an infringement of copyright. After the conclusion of the case, LimeWire
1613:
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and
1601:
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventive measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil and criminal legislation, and international
1570:
Evaluation of alleged copyright infringement in a court of law may be substantial; the time and costs required to apply these tests vary based on the size and complexity of the copyrighted material. Furthermore, there is no standard or universally accepted test; some courts have rejected the AFC
1567:(AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation does not affect copyright protection.
1546:
of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of
Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of
1493:
Article 10 of the Berne
Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice", including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and
762:
I think that if companies were willing to put that material out there, moving forward, consumers will follow. It's just that want to consume films online and they're ready to consume films that way and we're not necessarily offering them in that way. So it's the distribution models that need to
422:
Estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on other factors. Nevertheless, copyright holders, industry representatives, and legislators have long characterized copyright infringement as piracy or theft – language which some U.S. courts now regard as
1075:
was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit". Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of
1621:
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the
553:
procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright
4088:
1844:
study that only involved
Finnish participants, aged between seven and 84. The researchers, who worked with 6,000 participants, stated: "Movie pirates are also more likely to cut down their piracy if they feel they are harming the industry compared with people who illegally download music".
502:
The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. In 1668 publisher John
Hancock wrote of "some dishonest Booksellers, called Land-Pirats, who make it their practise to steal Impressions of other mens Copies" in the work
1779:
association, the study may have been censored: specifically, as of 2018, the European Commission has not published the results, except in the part where the film industry was found to be adversely affected by illegal content consumption. Access to the study was requested and obtained by
951:
extend copyright protections to authors of works. In countries with copyright legislation, enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. However, in several jurisdictions there are also criminal penalties for copyright infringement. According to the
1517:, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a
2053:, states that the connection between declining music sales and the creation of peer-to-peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a
568:
have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them."
783:
people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.
1059:
Punishment of copyright infringement varies case-by-case across countries. Convictions may include jail time and/or severe fines for each instance of copyright infringement. In the United States, willful copyright infringement carries a maximum fine of $ 150,000 per instance.
1240:
claims that statutory damages for non-commercial copyright infringement are capped at C$ 5,000 but this only applies to copies that have been made without the breaking of any "digital lock." However, this only applies to "bootleg distribution" and not non-commercial use.
1197:
of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommercial use. The Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of
1367:
The debate has shifted away from questions about liability for specific content, including that which may infringe copyright, towards whether online intermediaries should be generally responsible for content accessible through their services or infrastructure.
1429:
These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers, and marketers of
1442:. Torrent files do not contain copyrighted content, but they may refer to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of
1110:, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, and the EU, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement.
1005:
infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The
996:
Copyright infringement in civil law is any violation of the exclusive rights of the owner. In U.S. law, these rights include reproduction, preparation of derivative works, distribution of copies by sale or rental, and public performances or displays.
474:
granted a motion to deny the MPAA the usage of words whose appearance was primarily "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, serves no court purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury.
1364:. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs", "bulletin boards" or "online publishers", early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country.
6302:
1235:
Some countries, like Canada and Germany, have limited the penalties for non-commercial copyright infringement. For example, Germany has passed a bill to limit the fine for individuals accused of sharing movies and series to €800–900. Canada's
1020:
In the United States, copyright term has been extended many times over from the original term of 14 years with a single renewal allowance of 14 years, to the current term of the life of the author plus 70 years. If the work was produced under
1130:
laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole", wherein criminal charges of
399:. The copyright holder is usually the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.
856:
as of 2013, the issue of digital infringement has not merely been legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.
6472:
5985:
1484:
Copyright law does not grant authors and publishers absolute control over the use of their work. Only certain types of works and kinds of uses are protected; only unauthorized uses of protected works can be said to be infringing.
686:
Unavailability – no legitimate sellers providing the product in the language or country of the end-user: not yet launched there, already withdrawn from sales, never to be sold there, geographical restrictions on
1067:
procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale". Copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement.
6494:
6228:
1592:"Lead by example by using only fully licensed software, implementing software asset management (SAM) programs, and promoting the use of legal software in state-owned enterprises, and among all contractors and suppliers."
1923:
The GAO noted in 2010 that the BSA's research up until that year defined "piracy as the difference between total installed software and legitimate software sold, and its scope involved only packaged physical software."
1032:
to remedy copyright infringement with injunctions and the destruction of infringing products, and award damages. Some jurisdictions only allow actual, provable damages, and some, like the United States, allow for large
6460:
6174:
2490:
1806:(FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."
5889:
1293:(ISPs). However, questions of liability have also emerged in relation to other Internet infrastructure intermediaries, including Internet backbone providers, cable companies and mobile communications providers.
1088:
must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that
6383:
6211:
419:
on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize, as indirect infringers, the service providers and software distributors who are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.
1750:
funded a study to analyze "the extent to which unauthorised online consumption of copyrighted materials (music, audiovisual, books and video games) displaces sales of online and offline legal content", across
1556:
that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.
1530:
1209:
In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied be obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. In April 2014, the
6395:
1794:(BSA) claimed in its 2011 piracy study: "Public opinion continues to support intellectual property (IP) rights: Seven PC users in 10 support paying innovators to promote more technological advances."
772:
the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release."
1254:
619:– is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.
2076:
Some countries distinguish corporate piracy from private use, which is tolerated as a welfare service. This is the leading reason developing countries refuse to accept or respect copyright laws.
2006:
released a report on protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries. The report named as many as 13 countries, including Argentina, Brazil, China, Ecuador, India,
1150:
by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the
6285:
1257:
has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software,
4062:
2057:'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".
1446:, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.
511:. Over time the metaphor mostly used in the book-trade became more common, such that the use of the word 'pirate' itself to describe unauthorized publishing of books was attested to in
1214:
ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated."
546:
4776:
2604:
1586:"Modernize protections for software and other copyrighted materials to keep pace with new innovations such as cloud computing and the proliferation of networked mobile devices."
2486:
1119:
803:
software illegally will eventually pay for it, out of familiarity, as a country's economy develops and legitimate products become more affordable to businesses and consumers:
3317:
2080:, the president of Romania from 2004 to 2014, stated that "piracy helped the young generation discover computers. It set off the development of the IT industry in Romania."
1165:. These bills are aimed towards defeating websites that carry or contain links to infringing content, but have raised concerns about domestic abuse and internet censorship.
887:, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after
2464:
1472:
Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of
4283:
Ram D. Gopal and G. Lawrence Sanders. "International Software Piracy: Analysis of Key Issues and Impacts". Information Systems Research 9, no. 4 (December 1998): 380–397.
4920:
2038:
found that the "RIAA's request problematically assumes that every illegal download resulted in a lost sale", indicating profit/loss estimates were likely extremely off.
779:, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000
581:
A common explanation for why copyright infringement is not theft is that the original copyright holder still possesses the work they made, unlike the theft of an object.
3606:
6329:
5944:
6489:
6402:
6297:
5980:
5956:
1273:, it is legal to point users to DRM-stripping software and inform them how to use it because of lack of evidence that DRM stripping leads to copyright infringement.
728:
works does not require identification whereas downloads directly from the website of the copyright owner often require a valid email address and/or other credentials
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2908:
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5317:
4248:
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1506:. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to
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6341:
6206:
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3289:
3128:
6378:
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5884:
3069:
1958:
1469:, and case law on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) in relation to copyright infringement has emerged primarily in relation to these cases.
2022:
Some claims made by industry representatives have been criticized as overestimating the monetary loss caused by copyright infringement. In one example, the
4217:
463:. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.
168:
1398:
intermediaries have been denied access to safe harbor provisions in relation to copyright infringement. Legal action against such intermediaries, such as
2960:
1434:
networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the
2041:
Critics of industry estimates argue that those who use peer-to-peer sharing services, or practice "piracy" are actually more likely to pay for music. A
5846:
639:. The word itself had already been in use since the 16th century, referring to pirates, and meant "looting" or "plundering". This form of the word – a
1281:
Whether Internet intermediaries are liable for copyright infringement by their users is a subject of debate and court cases in a number of countries.
5523:
4489:"Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU – a Freedom of Information request to Secretariat General of the European Commission"
5973:
1823:
In 2008, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) reported that its six major member companies lost US$ 6.1 billion to piracy. A 2009
4707:
1937:
jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $ 422 million in tax revenue.
611:, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: ' an infringer of the copyright.'
4066:
363:
1178:
To an extent, copyright law in some countries permits downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use. Examples include
6290:
2520:
2254:
1602:
agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial
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4893:
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far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "
529:
The practice of labeling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the
517:
1017:
decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.
6627:
2238:
1063:
Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish
1054:
668:. Haran advocated the term in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than "copyright infringement", yet more appropriate than "theft".
153:
5949:
4542:
4016:, 219, 221 (U.S. 2003). in which the court describes fair use as a "free speech safeguard" and a "First Amendment accommodation"
1300:, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a
3397:
5255:
4849:
1028:
Article 50 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries enable
627:
The term "freebooting" has been used to describe the unauthorized copying of online media, particularly videos, onto websites such as
615:
The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain
3581:
2023:
1583:"Increase public education and raise awareness about software piracy and IP rights in cooperation with industry and law enforcement."
449:
is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement.
4013:
5488:
2386:
2157:
1037:
awards intended to deter would-be infringers and allow for compensation in situations where actual damages are difficult to prove.
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granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to produce
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2319:
2259:
1495:
1356:(ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as
271:
5099:
2748:
5839:
3565:"The amount of the levy payable for making private copies of a protected work may not take unlawful reproductions into account"
2232:
1564:
1449:
Since the late 1990s, copyright holders have taken legal actions against a number of peer-to-peer intermediaries, such as pir,
1223:
as long as it was for noncommercial use, it was still illegal to distribute the copyrighted files (e.g. by uploading them to a
1211:
948:
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3012:
1579:
The BSA outlined four strategies that governments can adopt to reduce software piracy rates in its 2011 piracy study results:
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4384:
3853:
3603:
3243:
2866:
2793:
2720:
229:
1983:
suffered "billions of dollars" of losses, following the unilateral cancellation of an exclusive contract it shared with the
1701:
marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. In 2006 a notable example of using
1135:
or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.
455:, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of
1840:, an annual loss figure of US$ 20.5 billion was cited for the movie industry. The article's basis is the results of a
286:
188:
5961:
4624:
McKenzie, Jordi (2017). "Graduated response policies to digital piracy: Do they increase box office revenues of movies?".
6543:
6321:
6059:
5997:
5565:
5022:
4199:
3356:
McDonald, Paul, and Janet Wasko. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. p.202
1107:
865:
There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs.
356:
4259:
3365:
McDonald, Paul, and Janet Wasko. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print.p.203
1827:
article then cited a loss figure of "roughly $ 20 billion a year" for Hollywood studios. According to a 2013 article in
6096:
5215:
4312:
4292:
4160:
3202:
2355:
2296:
2269:
2206:
2169:
2163:
1987:(AFC) for the past 10 years. The decision by the AFC to invalidate its license for broadcasting rights to air games in
1077:
818:
594:
3671:
3471:
3095:
6617:
6581:
6511:
5832:
4753:
2175:
1905:(91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. the U.S. (20%); 2.
1781:
953:
4947:
4113:
3272:
2856:
717:
Shopping experience – no legitimate sellers providing the product with the required quality through
6414:
6346:
6255:
6129:
5879:
5498:
3145:
2227:
1372:
904:
318:
143:
5917:
3930:
3900:
3870:
3813:
3783:
3753:
3723:
2628:
6602:
5381:
5196:
4513:"INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Observations on Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods"
4203:
3564:
3284:
3174:
3141:
2443:
1803:
1610:
laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.
599:
266:
6334:
4221:
3501:"United States of America v. David LaMacchia, Memorandum of Decision and Order on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss"
1563:
requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an
1521:, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative
6106:
6069:
5662:
5047:
4868:
2302:
2111:
1946:
found that the effect of music downloads on legal music sales was "statistically indistinguishable from zero".
1882:
1013:
349:
65:
5133:
2964:
1672:(entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in
710:) of restricting legitimate use (backups, usage on devices of different vendors, offline usage) or comes with
6260:
6004:
5503:
5371:
3458:
2416:
2329:
1194:
1809:
Deaner explained the importance of rewarding the "investment risk" taken by motion picture studios in 2014:
6568:
6528:
6201:
6196:
6076:
5598:
4784:
4599:
4352:
1984:
1942:
1874:
with a comparable installed base in Japan, "because it's a cartridge system there's virtually no piracy".
488:
3696:
2605:"The Persistence of Piracy: The Consequences for Creativity, for Culture, and for Sustainable Development"
6484:
6407:
6275:
6191:
6139:
6134:
5017:
4715:
3542:
2344:
1878:
1861:
1720:
1237:
1103:
infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.
884:
744:
680:
Pricing – unwillingness or inability to pay the price requested by the legitimate sellers
6563:
6265:
6159:
6149:
6113:
6029:
5869:
4986:
The Piracy Crusade: How the Music Industry's War on Sharing Destroys Markets and Erodes Civil Liberties
4720:
4488:
2151:
1814:
monetise through returns that can justify the investment in both the costs of promotion and production.
1798:
if not impossible, to quantify the net effect of counterfeiting and piracy on the economy as a whole."
1791:
1627:
1290:
1114:
768:
711:
4573:
1684:, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens.
42:
6280:
6250:
6218:
6081:
5929:
5812:
5712:
5608:
5430:
5361:
4974:
Aram Sinnreich, "Digital Music Subscriptions: Post-Napster Product Formats", Jupiter Research (2000).
4401:
2688:
2411:
2391:
1991:
came after the kingdom was accused of leading a piracy operation through its television broadcaster,
1603:
1395:
1353:
695:
555:
459:, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible
173:
38:
3960:
6612:
6501:
6479:
6450:
6424:
6368:
6358:
6235:
6039:
5992:
5924:
5896:
5667:
5570:
4433:
4033:
3280:
3259:
2546:
2339:
2217:
2099:
1841:
1631:
900:
795:, and Brent Schlender at the University of Washington in 1998, Bill Gates commented on piracy as a
748:
78:
3524:
1538:
service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary
735:
Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the
6533:
6523:
6506:
6434:
6419:
6363:
6353:
6186:
6086:
6049:
6044:
5798:
5508:
5403:
5346:
4679:
4473:
3405:
2222:
1829:
1776:
508:
178:
148:
138:
17:
1161:
broaden the definition of "willful infringement", and introduce felony charges for unauthorized
6607:
6429:
6373:
6270:
6240:
6181:
6154:
6144:
6054:
5939:
5934:
5864:
5618:
5603:
5478:
5445:
2105:
1706:
1560:
1407:
1158:
912:
876:
534:
407:
249:
82:
4961:
4652:
6632:
6245:
6091:
5613:
5518:
5483:
5326:
4550:
4374:
3644:
3136:
3039:
2212:
2093:
1950:
1866:
1623:
1615:
1473:
1422:
1151:
755:
456:
391:
without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain
95:
85:
3459:
Rethinking the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement's Criminal Copyright Enforcement Measures
2785:
2740:
2710:
2521:"Tribeca Film Festival programmer urges film industry to forget piracy and embrace internet"
1954:
music purchases. Without illegal downloading, legal purchases were about two percent lower.
6538:
6034:
5558:
5553:
5533:
3938:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3908:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3878:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3821:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3791:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3761:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3731:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
2837:
2396:
2307:
2128:
1860:
claimed in 1983 that software piracy cost it £2.9 million a year, 30% of its revenue.
1728:
1724:
1522:
1462:
1376:
1261:
or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a
1022:
471:
403:
4450:
2657:
880:
714:, which are removed in the unauthorized product, making it more desirable for the end-user
8:
5473:
5341:
3843:
3472:"The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement – Summary of Key Elements Under Discussion"
2371:
2003:
1747:
1673:
1411:
1403:
1025:
it may last 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is sooner.
718:
707:
688:
239:
4316:
4296:
4177:
5791:
5737:
5641:
5173:
5156:
5120:
4811:
4468:
4007:
3179:
3103:
2376:
2361:
2324:
2313:
2187:
2035:
1971:
1740:
1607:
1514:
1498:
for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either
1321:
1193:
The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the
1072:
916:
871:
323:
133:
113:
4144:"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)"
2882:
6622:
6164:
5672:
5435:
5240:
5221:
5200:
5177:
5089:
4989:
4830:
4660:
4637:
4380:
3849:
3239:
3047:
2862:
2789:
2716:
2401:
2381:
1702:
1698:
1677:
1643:
1507:
1443:
1380:
1336:, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example,
1301:
652:
648:
103:
5160:
4815:
4164:
4063:"You can't break copyright by looking at something online, Europe's top court rules"
2778:
2572:
2077:
2014:, like other countries have, to minimize the extent of financial and economic loss.
1833:, industry estimates in the United States range between $ 6.1B to $ 18.5B per year.
683:
Testing and evaluation – try before paying for what may be bad value
5752:
5697:
5657:
5538:
5376:
5148:
5069:
4801:
4793:
4633:
2773:
2736:
2669:
2117:
2042:
1980:
1885:(IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1.
1871:
1547:
consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.
1384:
1305:
1297:
1034:
956:'s 2021 IP Index, the nations with the lowest scores for copyright protection were
699:
608:
589:, "although such misuse has been rejected by legislatures and courts". The slogan "
561:
415:
402:
Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a
234:
5170:
The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package
5152:
4948:"LimeWire Settlement: RIAA, Record Labels Win $ 105M, But Artists May Not Benefit"
3845:
The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package
3500:
1870:
sold 20,000 copies for the Commodore 64 in the US, but 800,000 cartridges for the
1525:. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.
5784:
5747:
5582:
5440:
5356:
5295:
5103:
3610:
3339:
2986:
2123:
2061:
1857:
1688:
1535:
1435:
1266:
1262:
1162:
1081:
1042:
1007:
796:
703:
616:
590:
577:
545:
on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Article 61 of the 1994
530:
483:
396:
392:
244:
3070:"Piracy study shows illegal downloaders more likely to pay for films than music"
410:. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves
5742:
5707:
5682:
5423:
5396:
5386:
5094:
2935:
2089:
1756:
1647:
1341:
1199:
1183:
1143:
1127:
941:
908:
792:
731:
Freedom of information – opposition to copyright law in general
664:
291:
254:
183:
128:
4685:
4510:
4427:"Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU, Final Report"
4376:
Besides the Screen: Moving Images through Distribution, Promotion and Curation
3626:
1739:
Organizations disagree on the scope and magnitude of copyright infringement's
694:
Usefulness – the legitimate product comes with various means (
676:
Some of the motives for engaging in copyright infringement are the following:
603:(1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead,
6596:
5732:
5457:
4684:(YouTube). Game Developers Conference. Event occurs at 36:20. Archived from
4664:
4300:
3427:
3051:
2673:
2366:
2334:
1531:
Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd
1333:
538:
512:
313:
208:
5687:
4659:. Vol. 98, no. 1357. Reed Business Information. pp. 376–377.
5824:
5767:
5692:
5528:
5513:
5450:
5408:
5391:
5074:
4512:
2133:
1988:
1933:
1711:
1503:
1439:
1431:
1309:
1203:
930:
921:
834:
384:
339:
308:
303:
276:
198:
158:
3375:
2809:
1255:
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
888:
721:
and through a shopping system with the required level of user-friendliness
443:
are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of
5762:
5757:
5577:
5548:
5413:
4121:
2200:
1996:
1716:
1543:
1361:
1296:
In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include
1224:
1100:
1000:
In the United States, copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via
656:
644:
640:
565:
411:
298:
224:
193:
4333:
1614:
uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996
445:
5543:
5366:
4372:
4178:"Copyright in Open Source Software – Understanding the Boundaries"
3993:
3989:
3260:
The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement
2745:
Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman
2349:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1784:
1347:
1337:
1325:
1085:
788:
424:
4806:
4143:
2067:
937:
5418:
4869:"Feud Over Soccer Piracy Deepens as A.F.C. Ends BeIN Sports Contract"
3312:
2244:
2007:
1681:
1669:
1539:
1518:
1329:
1313:
1123:
1090:
985:
981:
821:, the first independent comparative study of media piracy focused on
800:
388:
259:
203:
123:
4469:"Did the EU Commission hide a study that did not suit their agenda?"
4032:. Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Archived from
3961:"Pirating copyrighted content is legal in Europe, if done correctly"
1417:
5493:
4797:
4777:"The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis"
3519:
2286:
2249:
2027:
1902:
1499:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1317:
1095:
1064:
961:
725:
628:
550:
542:
460:
335:
281:
118:
73:
883:'s regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of
547:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
525:'One who lives by pillage and robbing on the sea. Also a plagiary'
5805:
5702:
3340:"17 U.S. Code § 106 – Exclusive rights in copyrighted works"
1932:
In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that
1910:
1898:
1886:
1752:
1665:
1559:
In the United States, for example, copyright case law contains a
1399:
1139:
1001:
977:
969:
957:
866:
846:
780:
736:
660:
636:
632:
64:
For information on handling copyright concerns in Knowledge, see
4746:"Music Piracy Costs U.S. Economy $ 12.5 Billion, Report Reveals"
3931:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3901:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3871:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3814:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3784:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3754:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3724:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
2487:"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"
2461:"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"
1634:, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.
1387:
in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.
1093:
willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary
585:
Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as
5284:
4350:
3763:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). pp. 5–6
3170:
2138:
2011:
1992:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1258:
1187:
1179:
973:
926:
842:
838:
830:
822:
607:
interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft,
163:
5193:
Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates
4894:"European Commission calls out Saudi Arabia for sports piracy"
4120:. SCL – The IT Law Community (UK). 5 June 2014. Archived from
4114:"CJEU Judgment: No Copyright Infringement in Mere Web Viewing"
1743:
economic effects and public support for the copyright regime.
1438:
and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to
1120:
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
4511:
United States Government Accountability Office (April 2010).
4200:"Feature: 8 Cores on a Budget- Building a Better Workstation"
3880:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 10
3235:
Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives
2712:
Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives
2406:
1976:
1917:
1760:
1454:
1357:
1132:
1029:
965:
853:
826:
740:
586:
451:
4850:"Illegal Music Downloads Not Hurting Industry, Study Claims"
3940:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 9
3910:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 7
3823:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 5
3793:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 4
3733:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 2
2145:
1734:
5048:"Software piracy rate statistics – countries compared"
3461:
The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 102(1):67–117
2693:. T. Cox at the Lamb under the Royal-Exchange. p. 620.
1250:
891:, even though no one knew her name until many years later.
3481:. Swiss federation of Intellectual Property. November 2009
1916:
In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and
505:
A String of Pearls: or, The Best Things Reserved till Last
2291:
1957:
The study has received criticism, particularly from the
1849:
economic effects of digital piracy on the film industry.
4921:"Judge rules punitive damages against LimeWire 'absurd'"
4258:. Business Software Alliance (BSA). 2011. Archived from
3570:. Court of Justice of the European Union. 10 April 2014.
2610:. UNESCO e-Copyright Bulletin. p. 2. Archived from
2281:
Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
1949:
A report from 2013, released by the European Commission
944:
logo, a retaliation to the stereotypical image of piracy
712:
non-skippable advertisements and anti-piracy disclaimers
4708:"Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study"
3672:"It's Perfectly Legal to Tell People How to Remove DRM"
3428:"U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 5"
3013:"US Army settles in $ 180 million software piracy case"
1705:
marks resulted in a man being arrested for uploading a
1289:
Internet intermediaries were formerly understood to be
5253:
5010:"Shadow Market: 2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study"
4988:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 94–118.
4353:"Movie Studios Push to Unlock DVD Release Dates – WSJ"
4351:
Ethan Smith; Lauren A. E. Schuker (12 February 2010).
4321:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
5121:"PIRATE LIBRARIES and the fight for open information"
3262:
Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 24(2):469–518
3037:
2741:"Confusing Words and Phrases That Are Worth Avoiding"
1959:
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
1402:, are generally brought in relation to principles of
1202:
copyright-protected content from a legally purchased
1045:". Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.
4218:"3.3 The "Abstraction, Filtration, Comparison" Test"
2936:"Facebook announces new tools to tackle video theft"
1909:(21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5.
1818:
1348:
Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries
3627:"U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 12"
3376:"U.S. Copyright Office – Information Circular"
3273:"U.S. CHAMBER INTERNATIONAL IP INDEX 2021 (page 7)"
2987:"US agrees to pay $ 50m after 'piracy' of software"
2068:
Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets
1244:
869:-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a
5325:
3308:"Vietnam boosts intellectual property index score"
2777:
2017:
1571:Test, for example, in favor of narrower criteria.
5256:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy"
4451:"Expired UDL link – TED Tenders Electronic Daily"
2963:. Tcs.cam.ac.uk. 24 November 2011. Archived from
2810:"Photographic image of 'Piracy is Theft' cartoon"
2083:
1118:871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the
1076:commercial advantage or private financial gain" (
777:Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics
6594:
4522:. United States Government Accountability Office
4373:Virginia Crisp, Gabriel Menotti Gonring (2015).
3697:"Telling people how to remove DRM isn't illegal"
2902:
2900:
1727:on banknotes is used to prevent copying to make
1550:
1276:
860:
5239:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
5118:
4681:Classic Game Postmortem – Raid On Bungeling Bay
4644:
2598:
2596:
2594:
5213:
5167:
4774:
3448:Act of 6 January 1897, ch. 4, 29 Stat. 481-82.
3231:
2708:
2255:Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming
1852:
1650:(theatrical window), on average approximately
1352:Early court cases focused on the liability of
1168:
5840:
5311:
5190:
3928:
3898:
3868:
3811:
3781:
3751:
3721:
3493:
2897:
2034:In another decision, US District Court Judge
1284:
894:
357:
5854:
4540:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3067:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2690:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
2591:
2455:
2453:
2275:Criminal remedies for copyright infringement
2265:Copyrighted content on file sharing networks
2182:International Intellectual Property Alliance
518:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
4571:
4402:"Man nabbed for uploading Oscar 'screener'"
4056:
4054:
3929:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3899:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3869:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3812:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3782:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3752:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3722:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3200:
2861:. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
2603:Panethiere, Darrell (July–September 2005).
2239:Computer Associates Int. Inc. v. Altai Inc.
1995:, misappropriating sports content owned by
1964:
1927:
1528:In Europe, the copyright infringement case
1055:Criminal copyright law in the United States
154:Integrated circuit layout design protection
23:
5847:
5833:
5318:
5304:
4671:
3984:
3982:
3038:IDG Network World Inc (17 November 1997).
2768:
2766:
2602:
2547:"Game of Thrones: Another case for piracy"
2518:
2031:agreed to pay $ 105 million to RIAA.
1173:
763:catch up. People will pay for the content.
622:
554:infringement, particularly in relation to
364:
350:
77:An advertisement for copyright and patent
24:
5254:Abbott; Madigan; Mossoff; Osenga; Rosen.
4983:
4805:
4154:
4027:"Canada – U.S. Copyright Comparison"
3530:also covered by the private copying levy.
3305:
3220:
2697:
2544:
2479:
2450:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2146:Anti-copyright-infringement organizations
2141:, by major funders of scientific research
1735:Economic impact of copyright infringement
1637:
5489:Business models for open-source software
4829:Delehaye, Dominique (19 November 2013).
4828:
4623:
4368:
4366:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4051:
3848:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 104–106.
3238:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 211.
3201:Calugareanu, Ilinca (17 February 2014).
2784:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
2715:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 208.
2387:Trade group efforts against file sharing
2158:Canadian Alliance Against Software Theft
2060:Sinnreich cites multiple causes for the
1534:had two prongs; one concerned whether a
1416:
1304:, aggregators of various kinds, such as
1217:
1084:). To establish criminal liability, the
936:
920:
576:
482:
72:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
4962:United States of America v. Daniel Dove
4918:
4847:
4775:Oberholzer-Gee, Felix (February 2007).
4650:
4334:"Creative Commons – About The Licenses"
3979:
3615:Cap on Non-Commercial Copyright Damages
3232:Correa, Carlos Maria; Li, Xuan (2009).
3175:"Opinion | Stealing Books for the Poor"
3031:
2763:
2709:Correa, Carlos Maria; Li, Xuan (2009).
2655:
2320:Legal aspects of copyright infringement
2260:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
1999:since 2017, worth billions of dollars.
1494:education. The laws implementing these
767:In response to Cusumano's perspective,
272:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
14:
6595:
4677:
4597:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4093:Court of Justice of the European Union
3841:
3451:
3295:from the original on 14 December 2021.
3063:
3061:
2906:
2854:
2686:
2649:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2431:
2233:Comparison of anti-plagiarism software
2049:Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book
1790:In relation to computer software, the
1574:
1565:Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test
1488:
1390:
1212:Court of Justice of the European Union
487:Pirated edition of German philosopher
5828:
5678:Organization for Transformative Works
5299:
5234:
5119:Hamerman, Sarah (11 September 2015).
4945:
4866:
4700:
4399:
4363:
4277:
4256:2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study
4236:
4060:
3958:
3123:
3121:
3093:
2772:
2467:from the original on 30 November 2013
751:regularly to ensure full compliance.
478:
230:Artificial intelligence and copyright
5131:
4600:"Putting a Price Tag on Film Piracy"
4400:Olsen, Stefanie (22 February 2007).
3582:"Canada deems P2P downloading legal"
3129:"Media Piracy in Emerging Economies"
2933:
2735:
2493:from the original on 3 December 2013
1406:for copyright infringement, such as
1230:
572:
189:Supplementary protection certificate
5220:. Social Science Research Council.
5134:"Calculation in the pirate bazaars"
4919:Vijayan, Jaikumar (28 March 2011).
4856:– via entertainment.time.com.
4574:"Film piracy heads north of border"
4499:
4344:
4202:. 11 September 2008. Archived from
3669:
3398:"Piracy and Copyright in Australia"
3169:
3058:
2780:Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars
2538:
2505:
1513:Another example is the practice of
1271:Abby House Media Inc. v. Apple Inc.
812:
466:This was taken further in the case
56:
6628:Copyright infringement of software
5217:Media Piracy in Emerging Economies
5112:
4520:Report to Congressional Committees
3404:. 19 February 2015. Archived from
3144:. 2011. pp. i. Archived from
3118:
2842:Worldofstuart.excellentcontent.com
2447:(1985), 473 U.S. 207, pp. 217–218.
2356:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
2297:Federation Against Copyright Theft
2270:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
2213:Copy protection § Anti-piracy
2207:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
2170:Federation Against Copyright Theft
2164:Entertainment Software Association
1642:To maximize revenue, pre-COVID-19
1011:case did not overturn the earlier
819:Media Piracy in Emerging Economies
414:, is sometimes prosecuted via the
59:Illegal usage of copyrighted works
57:
6644:
6582:Category:Copyright law by country
5277:
5021:. 2012. p. 4. Archived from
4653:"Happy days for software pirates"
3344:LII / Legal Information Institute
3320:from the original on 4 April 2021
2656:Blayney, Peter W M (March 2022).
2176:Federation Against Software Theft
1819:Motion picture industry estimates
1782:Member of the European Parliament
6013:
5880:International copyright treaties
5499:Commercial use of copyleft works
5283:
5088:Nathan Davis (5 February 2007).
5082:
5062:
5040:
5002:
4977:
4968:
4954:
4752:. 22 August 2007. Archived from
4638:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.12.004
4626:Information Economics and Policy
3645:"Abbey House Media v. Apple Inc"
2751:from the original on 31 May 2010
2228:Center for Copyright Information
1836:In an early May 2014 article in
1373:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1245:DMCA and anti-circumvention laws
1071:The first criminal provision in
905:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
879:, a narrator for state TV under
319:Outline of intellectual property
144:Indigenous intellectual property
102:
5479:Alternative compensation system
5263:Regulatory Transparency Project
5197:The University of Chicago Press
5070:"Software Piracy (Infographic)"
4939:
4912:
4886:
4860:
4848:Rothman, Lily (21 March 2013).
4841:
4822:
4768:
4738:
4651:Gosnell, Kelvin (12 May 1983).
4617:
4591:
4565:
4534:
4481:
4461:
4443:
4419:
4393:
4326:
4306:
4286:
4249:"Shadow Market – In Brief"
4210:
4192:
4170:
4136:
4106:
4081:
4019:
3999:
3952:
3922:
3892:
3862:
3835:
3805:
3775:
3745:
3715:
3689:
3663:
3637:
3619:
3596:
3574:
3557:
3535:
3515:"Your Interview: Michael Geist"
3507:
3464:
3442:
3420:
3390:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3332:
3299:
3285:Global Innovation Policy Center
3265:
3252:
3194:
3163:
3142:Social Science Research Council
3087:
3005:
2979:
2953:
2927:
2875:
2848:
2830:
2802:
2729:
2680:
2018:Criticism of industry estimates
1804:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1723:dots for similar purposes. The
1693:
1048:
754:Cara Cusumano, director of the
5663:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5090:"Thanks for letting us pirate"
4867:Panja, Tariq (12 March 2019).
4541:Shea Serrano (19 March 2008).
3649:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3604:Copyright Infringement Advisor
3523:. 7 April 2008. Archived from
2934:Foxx, Chris (31 August 2015).
2621:
2565:
2303:Intellectual property in China
2112:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2084:Pro-free-culture organizations
1883:International Data Corporation
1479:
1014:Sony v. Universal City Studios
537:of London in 1557, received a
430:
66:Knowledge:Copyright violations
13:
1:
5870:Copyright case law by country
5504:Commons-based peer production
5372:Legal aspects of file sharing
5153:10.1080/17530350.2017.1352009
4946:Korte, Travis (17 May 2011).
4598:Bialik, Carl (6 April 2013).
3584:. CNET News. 12 December 2003
2424:
2417:World Anti-Piracy Observatory
2330:Missionary Church of Kopimism
1664:weeks, before the release to
1551:Non-infringing types of works
1277:Online intermediary liability
1195:Information Society Directive
875:article telling the story of
861:Motivations due to censorship
671:
492:
88:were still required in the US
5875:Copyright lengths by country
5599:Access to Knowledge movement
5214:Karaganis, Joe, ed. (2011).
4831:"The JRC in Seville (Spain)"
4785:Journal of Political Economy
4572:Bob Strauss (6 April 2009).
4061:Meyer, David (5 June 2014).
3959:Smith, Chris (6 June 2014).
3545:. Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska
3258:Irina D. Manta Spring 2011
3096:"The Bill & Warren Show"
3094:Gates, Bill (20 July 1998).
2907:Oremus, Will (8 July 2015).
2519:Matt Eaton (17 April 2014).
1985:Asian Football Confederation
1943:Journal of Political Economy
1122:which ruled that, under the
991:
775:In a study published in the
724:Anonymity –
7:
5141:Journal of Cultural Economy
5018:BSA (The Software Alliance)
4716:BSA (The Software Alliance)
4220:. Ladas.com. Archived from
3543:"Dozwolony użytek prywatny"
3099:(Digital newspaper archive)
3068:Samuel Gibbs (6 May 2014).
2909:"Facebook's Piracy Problem"
2345:Pirated movie release types
2193:
1853:Software industry estimates
1721:Machine Identification Code
1676:by couriers rather than by
1340:, a crucial element of the
1238:Copyright Modernization Act
1169:Non-commercial file sharing
595:United States Supreme Court
267:Idea–expression distinction
10:
6649:
4613:– via blogs.wsj.com.
3306:Dang Khoa (3 April 2021).
2545:Nick Ross (8 April 2014).
2152:Business Software Alliance
2087:
1792:Business Software Alliance
1686:
1628:GNU General Public License
1496:limitations and exceptions
1354:Internet service providers
1291:internet service providers
1285:Definition of intermediary
1157:Proposed laws such as the
1146:. The NET Act also raised
1115:United States v. LaMacchia
1052:
898:
895:Existing and proposed laws
769:Screen Producers Australia
691:and international shipping
427:or otherwise contentious.
406:process, or litigation in
63:
6577:
6556:
6443:
6320:
6313:
6122:
6022:
6011:
5905:
5865:Copyright acts by country
5860:
5776:
5725:
5713:Students for Free Culture
5650:
5634:
5627:
5609:Cultural environmentalism
5591:
5566:Prizes instead of patents
5466:
5362:Digital rights management
5334:
2855:Clough, Jonathan (2010).
2838:"CLASSIC ANTI-PIRACY ADS"
2412:Windows Genuine Advantage
2392:Trans-Pacific Partnership
1969:In a March 2019 article,
1632:Creative Commons licenses
1396:Peer-to-peer file sharing
799:, whereby people who use
787:In a public talk between
749:software licensing audits
556:peer-to-peer file sharing
379:(at times referred to as
6618:Organized crime activity
5897:Rule of the shorter term
5855:Copyright law by country
5668:Free Software Foundation
5132:Deka, Maitrayee (2017).
4984:Sinnreich, Aram (2013).
4065:. Gigaom. Archived from
3281:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
2961:"Interview: Gabe Newell"
2858:Principles of Cybercrime
2636:Assets.documentcloud.org
2444:Dowling v. United States
2340:Open Letter to Hobbyists
2218:Australian copyright law
2100:Free Software Foundation
2026:claimed damages against
1965:Media industry estimates
1928:Music industry estimates
1842:University of Portsmouth
1596:
1375:(1998) and the European
1186:(EU) member states like
954:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
901:History of copyright law
600:Dowling v. United States
39:latest accepted revision
5799:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
5509:Electronic sell-through
5404:Monopolies of knowledge
5347:Censorship by copyright
5168:Horten, Monica (2012).
4604:The Wall Street Journal
4474:European Digital Rights
3842:Horten, Monica (2012).
3402:Howard Smith of Geelong
2687:Bailey, Nathan (1736).
2223:Cable television piracy
1830:The Wall Street Journal
1777:European Digital Rights
1174:Legality of downloading
1140:No Electronic Theft Act
739:settled a lawsuit with
558:networks, as "piracy".
179:Plant genetic resources
149:Industrial design right
139:Geographical indication
6603:Copyright infringement
5813:The Internet's Own Boy
5619:Free software movement
5446:software patent debate
5352:Copyright infringement
5290:Copyright infringement
5235:Rosen, Ronald (2008).
5191:Johns, Adrian (2009).
4837:. European Commission.
4719:. 2007. Archived from
4578:Los Angeles Daily News
4379:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3602:For a discussion, see
2674:10.1093/library/22.3.3
2106:Open Source Initiative
1825:Los Angeles Daily News
1816:
1638:Protected distribution
1624:free software licenses
1561:substantial similarity
1426:
1408:contributory liability
1159:Stop Online Piracy Act
945:
934:
913:Stop Online Piracy Act
877:Irina Margareta Nistor
810:
765:
613:
582:
527:
499:
377:Copyright infringement
250:Criticism of copyright
174:Plant breeders' rights
89:
83:copyright registration
5614:Free-culture movement
5524:Libertarian positions
5519:Free-software license
5484:Anti-copyright notice
5327:Intellectual property
4678:Wright, Will (2011).
3609:13 April 2014 at the
3457:Miriam Bitton (2012)
3137:The American Assembly
2658:"Two Tales of Piracy"
2094:Free culture movement
2002:In January 2020, the
1951:Joint Research Centre
1867:Raid on Bungeling Bay
1811:
1802:that the sources – a
1687:Further information:
1646:typically began with
1616:WIPO Copyright Treaty
1474:peer-to-peer networks
1420:
1218:Legality of uploading
940:
924:
805:
760:
756:Tribeca Film Festival
651:" – was suggested by
605:
580:
541:giving the company a
523:
486:
457:intellectual property
96:Intellectual property
76:
6286:United Arab Emirates
5534:Open-design movement
5292:at Wikimedia Commons
4206:on 13 February 2010.
4014:537 U.S. 186
3040:"Surviving an audit"
2551:ABC technology+games
2463:. 29 November 2013.
2397:Video copy detection
2308:Internet Privacy Act
2129:Fight for the Future
1940:A 2007 study in the
1918:Ipsos Public Affairs
1877:According to a 2007
1729:counterfeit currency
1725:EURion constellation
1674:data storage devices
1523:copyright collective
1515:compulsory licensing
1377:E-Commerce Directive
1249:Title I of the U.S.
1108:ACTA trade agreement
1023:corporate authorship
472:Kathleen M. Williams
404:notice and take down
79:preparation services
5474:All rights reversed
5342:Artificial scarcity
5237:Music and Copyright
4338:creativecommons.org
4124:on 20 December 2014
3967:. Boy Genius Report
3503:. 28 December 1994.
3408:on 19 February 2015
3203:"VHS vs. Communism"
2967:on 26 November 2011
2372:Radio music ripping
2004:European Commission
1748:European Commission
1575:Preventive measures
1489:Non-infringing uses
1423:BitTorrent protocol
1412:vicarious liability
1404:secondary liability
1391:Peer-to-peer issues
719:online distribution
708:Blu-ray region code
689:online distribution
535:Stationers' Company
515:'s 1736 dictionary
240:Copyright abolition
29:Page version status
6517:Russian Federation
6060:Dominican Republic
5792:Good Copy Bad Copy
5738:Alexandra Elbakyan
5642:Copyright Alliance
5174:Palgrave Macmillan
5102:2011-08-17 at the
5028:on 1 November 2013
4950:. Huffington Post.
4927:on 9 February 2014
4873:The New York Times
4756:on 13 October 2012
4688:on 28 October 2021
4553:on 21 October 2013
4224:on 27 January 2012
4008:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3703:. 12 December 2014
3651:. 10 December 2014
3527:on 12 April 2008.
3479:transparency paper
3207:The New York Times
3180:The New York Times
2993:. 28 November 2013
2617:on 16 August 2008.
2377:Software copyright
2362:Product activation
2325:Licence laundering
2314:Jacobsen v. Katzer
2188:Copyright Alliance
2051:The Piracy Crusade
1975:reported that the
1972:The New York Times
1709:copy of the movie
1680:. The data can be
1608:anti-circumvention
1427:
1322:web search engines
1138:The United States
1073:U.S. copyright law
946:
935:
917:Software copyright
583:
500:
332:Higher categories:
324:Outline of patents
90:
35:
6590:
6589:
6552:
6551:
5822:
5821:
5721:
5720:
5673:Open Rights Group
5288:Media related to
5246:978-0-19-533836-2
5227:978-0-9841257-4-6
5206:978-0-226-40118-8
5183:978-0-230-32171-7
5078:. 22 August 2011.
4995:978-1-62534-052-8
4965:, 7 November 2008
4900:. 28 January 2020
4898:Broadband TV News
4386:978-1-137-47103-1
4317:§ 512(a)–(d)
4297:§ 514(f)–(g)
4265:on 19 August 2014
4069:on 7 January 2018
3988:Berne Convention
3855:978-0-230-32171-7
3670:Higgins, Parker.
3245:978-1-84844-663-2
3173:(13 March 2013).
3019:. 2 December 2013
2915:. The Slate Group
2885:. Merriam-Webster
2868:978-0-521-72812-6
2795:978-0-19-538564-9
2737:Stallman, Richard
2722:978-1-84844-663-2
2402:Video game piracy
2382:Software cracking
1703:Coded Anti-Piracy
1699:Coded Anti-Piracy
1678:data transmission
1644:film distribution
1508:freedom of speech
1302:moderation system
1231:Relaxed penalties
1148:statutory damages
925:Demonstration in
881:Nicolae Ceauşescu
549:(TRIPs) requires
374:
373:
47:12 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
6640:
6498:
6476:
6464:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6350:
6338:
6318:
6317:
6306:
6294:
6232:
6215:
6178:
6110:
6073:
6017:
6016:
6001:
5989:
5977:
5965:
5953:
5921:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5753:Richard Stallman
5698:Public Knowledge
5658:Creative Commons
5632:
5631:
5539:Open music model
5320:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5287:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5260:
5250:
5231:
5210:
5187:
5164:
5138:
5128:
5106:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5014:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4923:. Archived from
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4781:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4549:. Archived from
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4517:
4508:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4439:on 21 June 2018.
4438:
4432:. Archived from
4431:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4310:
4304:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4253:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:on 30 April 2013
4038:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3133:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2783:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2118:Creative Commons
2056:
2043:Jupiter Research
1981:beIN Media Group
1872:Nintendo Famicom
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1385:Telecoms Package
1306:news aggregators
1298:Internet portals
1035:statutory damage
813:Developing world
617:exclusive rights
562:Richard Stallman
497:
494:
416:criminal justice
397:derivative works
393:exclusive rights
383:) is the use of
366:
359:
352:
235:Brand protection
169:Peasants' rights
106:
92:
91:
81:from 1906, when
21:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6613:Organized crime
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6573:
6548:
6492:
6470:
6458:
6444:Other countries
6439:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6344:
6332:
6309:
6300:
6288:
6226:
6209:
6172:
6118:
6104:
6067:
6018:
6014:
6009:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5947:
5915:
5901:
5856:
5853:
5823:
5818:
5785:Steal This Film
5772:
5748:Lawrence Lessig
5717:
5646:
5623:
5587:
5583:Video on demand
5462:
5357:Copyright troll
5330:
5324:
5280:
5267:
5265:
5258:
5247:
5228:
5207:
5184:
5136:
5115:
5113:Further reading
5110:
5109:
5104:Wayback Machine
5087:
5083:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5050:. Nation Master
5046:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4955:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4917:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4865:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4827:
4823:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4750:InformationWeek
4744:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4672:
4649:
4645:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4543:"Movie Pirates"
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4509:
4500:
4495:. 27 July 2017.
4487:
4486:
4482:
4467:
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4462:
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4425:
4424:
4420:
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4408:
4398:
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4387:
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4364:
4349:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4311:
4307:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4159:
4155:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4089:"Case C‑360/13"
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4059:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:Article 10
3987:
3980:
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3968:
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3913:
3911:
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3897:
3893:
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3881:
3873:
3867:
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3856:
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3826:
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3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:Wayback Machine
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3430:. Copyright.gov
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3378:. Copyright.gov
3374:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3230:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3151:on 22 June 2016
3148:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3059:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2771:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2707:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2629:"Omnibus Order"
2627:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2196:
2148:
2124:Demand Progress
2096:
2088:Main articles:
2086:
2070:
2062:economic bubble
2054:
2020:
1967:
1930:
1855:
1821:
1737:
1696:
1691:
1689:Copy protection
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1630:(GPL), and the
1606:technology and
1599:
1577:
1553:
1542:created by the
1536:news aggregator
1491:
1482:
1436:torrent tracker
1393:
1350:
1287:
1279:
1263:copy protection
1247:
1233:
1220:
1176:
1171:
1163:media streaming
1057:
1051:
1043:copyright troll
1008:MGM v. Grokster
994:
919:
899:Main articles:
897:
885:American movies
863:
815:
797:means to an end
704:DVD region code
674:
625:
591:Piracy is theft
575:
531:Statute of Anne
495:
481:
468:MPAA v. Hotfile
433:
370:
334:
330:
245:Copyright troll
134:Farmers' rights
114:Authors' rights
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6646:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6544:United Kingdom
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6339:
6326:
6324:
6322:European Union
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6221:
6216:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5990:
5978:
5966:
5954:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5890:related rights
5887:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Rick Falkvinge
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5708:Shadow library
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5683:The Pirate Bay
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5604:Anti-copyright
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5424:Bioprospecting
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5279:
5278:External links
5276:
5275:
5274:
5251:
5245:
5232:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5188:
5182:
5165:
5147:(5): 450–461.
5129:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5081:
5061:
5039:
5001:
4994:
4976:
4967:
4953:
4938:
4911:
4885:
4859:
4840:
4835:EU Science Hub
4821:
4798:10.1086/511995
4767:
4737:
4726:on 24 May 2013
4699:
4670:
4643:
4616:
4590:
4564:
4533:
4498:
4480:
4460:
4442:
4418:
4392:
4385:
4362:
4343:
4325:
4313:17 U.S.C.
4305:
4293:17 U.S.C.
4285:
4276:
4235:
4209:
4191:
4169:
4167:, for example.
4161:17 U.S.C.
4153:
4135:
4105:
4080:
4050:
4018:
3998:
3978:
3951:
3921:
3891:
3861:
3854:
3834:
3804:
3774:
3744:
3714:
3688:
3662:
3636:
3618:
3595:
3573:
3556:
3534:
3506:
3492:
3463:
3450:
3441:
3419:
3389:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3331:
3298:
3264:
3251:
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3219:
3193:
3162:
3117:
3086:
3057:
3030:
3004:
2978:
2952:
2926:
2896:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2829:
2801:
2794:
2774:Patry, William
2762:
2728:
2721:
2696:
2679:
2648:
2620:
2590:
2577:Dictionary.com
2564:
2537:
2504:
2478:
2449:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2404:
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2257:
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2203:
2197:
2195:
2192:
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2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2090:Anti-copyright
2085:
2082:
2078:Traian Băsescu
2069:
2066:
2036:James P. Jones
2019:
2016:
1966:
1963:
1929:
1926:
1901:(92%); and 5.
1858:Psion Software
1854:
1851:
1820:
1817:
1757:United Kingdom
1736:
1733:
1695:
1692:
1648:movie theaters
1639:
1636:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1552:
1549:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1392:
1389:
1349:
1346:
1342:World Wide Web
1286:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1265:scheme may be
1246:
1243:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1200:space shifting
1184:European Union
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1078:17 U.S.C.
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
993:
990:
949:Most countries
942:The Pirate Bay
929:in support of
909:Protect IP Act
896:
893:
872:New York Times
862:
859:
814:
811:
793:Warren Buffett
733:
732:
729:
722:
715:
692:
684:
681:
673:
670:
665:Hello Internet
655:and podcaster
624:
621:
574:
571:
489:Alfred Schmidt
480:
477:
470:, where Judge
432:
429:
412:counterfeiting
372:
371:
369:
368:
361:
354:
346:
343:
342:
329:
328:
327:
326:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
295:
294:
292:Right to quote
289:
284:
279:
269:
264:
263:
262:
255:Bioprospecting
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
219:
218:
217:Related topics
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
184:Related rights
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
129:Database right
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6645:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:Copyright law
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
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6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
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6312:
6304:
6299:
6296:
6292:
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6284:
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6279:
6277:
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6269:
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6264:
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6239:
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6234:
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6213:
6208:
6205:
6203:
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6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
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6171:
6168:
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6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
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6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6100:
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6097:United States
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1440:torrent files
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1152:Copyright Act
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623:"Freebooting"
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579:
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539:royal charter
536:
533:in 1710, the
532:
526:
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514:
513:Nathan Bailey
510:
509:Thomas Brooks
506:
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387:protected by
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314:Public domain
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209:Utility model
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28:
19:
6633:File sharing
6261:Saudi Arabia
6005:South Africa
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5768:Aaron Swartz
5693:Pirate Party
5651:Pro-copyleft
5529:Open content
5514:Free content
5414:Orphan works
5409:Music piracy
5351:
5266:. Retrieved
5262:
5236:
5216:
5192:
5169:
5144:
5140:
5124:
5095:APC Magazine
5093:
5084:
5075:TorrentFreak
5073:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5023:the original
5016:
5004:
4985:
4979:
4970:
4960:
4956:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4925:the original
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4902:. Retrieved
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4758:. Retrieved
4754:the original
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4721:the original
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4690:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4680:
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4629:
4625:
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4607:. Retrieved
4603:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4577:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4551:the original
4546:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4519:
4493:AsktheEU.org
4492:
4483:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4434:the original
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4405:
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4375:
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4346:
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4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4260:the original
4255:
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4222:the original
4212:
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4194:
4184:20 September
4182:. Retrieved
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4122:the original
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4092:
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4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4041:. Retrieved
4034:the original
4021:
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3969:. Retrieved
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3942:. Retrieved
3937:
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3825:. Retrieved
3820:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3790:
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3765:. Retrieved
3760:
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3735:. Retrieved
3730:
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3705:. Retrieved
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3679:. Retrieved
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3653:. Retrieved
3648:
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3586:. Retrieved
3576:
3559:
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3537:
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3525:the original
3518:
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3483:. Retrieved
3478:
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3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3401:
3392:
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3370:
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3311:
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3178:
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3153:. Retrieved
3146:the original
3135:
3108:. Retrieved
3102:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3074:The Guardian
3073:
3043:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2990:
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2912:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:"Freebooter"
2877:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2804:
2779:
2753:. Retrieved
2744:
2731:
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2635:
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2134:Pirate Party
2075:
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2021:
2001:
1989:Saudi Arabia
1970:
1968:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1934:music piracy
1931:
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1915:
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1838:The Guardian
1837:
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1828:
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1712:Flushed Away
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1471:
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1444:magnet links
1432:peer-to-peer
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1310:universities
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931:file sharing
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835:South Africa
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6529:Switzerland
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5763:Peter Sunde
5758:Peter Suber
5578:Share-alike
5549:Open source
5544:Open patent
4792:(1): 1–42.
4128:21 December
4098:21 December
4073:20 December
4043:14 February
3971:20 December
3944:1 September
3914:1 September
3884:1 September
3827:1 September
3797:1 September
3767:1 September
3737:1 September
3707:30 November
3681:30 November
3655:30 November
3588:27 December
3412:19 February
3212:18 February
2822:22 February
2668:(1): 3–24.
2662:The Library
2641:22 February
2497:30 November
2471:30 November
2201:Abandonware
1997:beIN Sports
1862:Will Wright
1626:, like the
1544:web browser
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1381:safe harbor
1362:pornography
1225:P2P network
1101:Misdemeanor
726:downloading
700:region lock
657:Brady Haran
649:bootlegging
645:freeloading
641:portmanteau
566:GNU Project
496: 1970
431:Terminology
408:civil court
299:Orphan work
225:Abandonware
194:Trade dress
86:formalities
6597:Categories
6490:Kyrgyzstan
6485:Kazakhstan
6403:Luxembourg
6298:Uzbekistan
6276:Tajikistan
6192:Kazakhstan
6140:Bangladesh
6135:Azerbaijan
5981:Mozambique
5957:Madagascar
5885:by country
5688:Piratbyrån
5436:biological
5367:Gripe site
5054:27 January
4904:28 January
4807:1808/10115
4228:27 January
3434:27 January
3382:27 January
3324:24 January
3110:16 January
2971:27 January
2425:References
2350:Plagiarism
1907:Luxembourg
1897:(92%); 4.
1895:Azerbaijan
1893:(92%); 3.
1891:Bangladesh
1889:(93%); 2.
1864:said that
1785:Felix Reda
1741:free rider
1707:screener's
1463:BitTorrent
1338:hyperlinks
1326:chat rooms
1267:actionable
1128:cybercrime
1086:prosecutor
1082:§ 506
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6391:Lithuania
6266:Sri Lanka
6160:Indonesia
6150:Hong Kong
6114:Venezuela
6030:Argentina
5592:Movements
5419:Biopiracy
5125:The Media
4760:27 August
4665:0262-4079
4609:9 October
3549:1 January
3313:VnExpress
3052:0887-7661
2245:Copyfraud
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801:Microsoft
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6281:Thailand
6251:Pakistan
6224:Mongolia
6219:Malaysia
6082:Honduras
6023:Americas
5930:Cameroon
5571:contests
5559:software
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5494:Copyleft
5467:Concepts
5451:trolling
5441:software
5329:activism
5161:56318191
5100:Archived
4878:12 March
4816:14114650
4730:21 April
4632:: 1–11.
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4557:21 April
4526:21 April
4411:9 August
4269:21 April
4148:zvon.org
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3520:CBC News
3318:Archived
3290:Archived
3186:28 April
3023:21 April
3017:Fox News
2997:21 April
2991:BBC News
2940:BBC News
2776:(2009).
2749:Archived
2583:21 April
2573:"piracy"
2557:21 April
2530:21 April
2525:ABC News
2491:Archived
2465:Archived
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2250:Copyleft
2194:See also
2028:LimeWire
1903:Zimbabwe
1500:fair use
1467:Limewire
1459:SoulSeek
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1318:archives
1096:mens rea
1065:criminal
1002:lawsuits
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867:Romanian
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629:Facebook
597:held in
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543:monopoly
479:"Piracy"
461:property
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6557:Oceania
6539:Ukraine
6502:Moldova
6480:Georgia
6468:Belarus
6456:Armenia
6451:Albania
6425:Romania
6369:Ireland
6359:Germany
6342:Belgium
6330:Austria
6236:Myanmar
6207:Lebanon
6102:Uruguay
6065:Ecuador
6040:Bolivia
6035:Bermuda
5993:Senegal
5969:Morocco
5925:Burundi
5806:TPB AFK
5703:Sci-Hub
5431:Patents
5382:digital
5032:1 April
4692:9 April
4357:Wsj.com
4118:Scl.org
3965:Bgr.com
3676:Gizmodo
3171:Hua, Yu
3155:1 April
3104:Fortune
2945:9 March
2919:9 March
2889:24 July
2817:Ntk.net
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1753:Germany
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1666:Blu-ray
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1519:royalty
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659:in the
647:" and "
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6524:Serbia
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6364:Greece
6354:France
6314:Europe
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6170:Israel
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5387:music
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1597:Legal
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5270:2021
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