Le Corbusier - Knowledge

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the Ville Contemporaine, a city of three million inhabitants, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris. His plan featured tall office towers surrounded by lower residential blocks in a park setting. He reported that "analysis leads to such dimensions, to such a new scale, and to such the creation of an urban organism so different from those that exist, that it that the mind can hardly imagine it." The Ville Contemporaine, presenting an imaginary city in an imaginary location, did not attract the attention that Le Corbusier wanted. For his next proposal, the Plan Voisin (1925), he took a much more provocative approach; he proposed to demolish a large part of central Paris and replace it with a group of sixty-story cruciform office towers surrounded by parkland. This idea shocked most viewers, as it was certainly intended to do. The plan included a multi-level transportation hub that included depots for buses and trains, as well as highway intersections, and an airport. Le Corbusier had the fanciful notion that commercial airliners would land between the huge skyscrapers. He segregated pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways and created an elaborate road network. Groups of lower-rise zigzag apartment blocks, set back from the street, were interspersed among the office towers. Le Corbusier wrote: "The centre of Paris, currently threatened with death, threatened by exodus, is, in reality, a diamond mine...To abandon the centre of Paris to its fate is to desert in face of the enemy."

1636:, and followed the principles that he had studied before the war, proposing a giant reinforced-concrete framework into which modular apartments would fit like bottles into a bottle rack. Like the Villa Savoye, the structure was poised on concrete pylons though, because of the shortage of steel to reinforce the concrete, the pylons were more massive than usual. The building contained 337 duplex apartment modules to house a total of 1,600 people. Each module was three storeys high and contained two apartments, combined so each had two levels (see diagram above). The modules ran from one side of the building to the other and each apartment had a small terrace at each end. They were ingeniously fitted together like pieces of a Chinese puzzle, with a corridor slotted through the space between the two apartments in each module. Residents had a choice of twenty-three different configurations for the units. Le Corbusier designed furniture, carpets and lamps to go with the building, all purely functional; the only decoration was a choice of interior colours. The only mildly decorative features of the building were the ventilator shafts on the roof, which Le Corbusier made to look like the smokestacks of an ocean liner, a functional form that he admired. 2695:"In addition to setting the stage for infrastructural developments to come, Le Corbusier's blueprints and models, while not so well-regarded by urban planners and street dwellers alike, also examined the sociological side of cities in great detail. World War II left millions dead and transformed the urban landscape throughout much of Europe, from England to the Soviet Union, and housing on a mass scale was necessary. Le Corbusier personally took this as a challenge to accommodate the masses on an unprecedented scale. This mission statement manifested itself in the form of "Cité Radieuse" (The Radiant City), located in Marseille, France. The construction of this utopian sanctuary was dependent on the destruction of traditional neighbourhoods – he showed no regard for French cultural heritage and tradition. Entire neighbourhoods were ravaged to make way for these dense, uniform concrete blocks. If he had his way, Paris' elite Marais community would have been destroyed. In addition, the theme of segregation that plagued earlier models of Le Corbusier's continued in this supposed utopian vision, with the wealthy elite being the only ones to access the luxuries of modernism." 814: 795: 456: 1959:

residential, commercial and industrial areas, along with parks and transportation infrastructure. In the middle was the capitol, a complex of four major government buildings; the Palace of the National Assembly, the High Court of Justice; the Palace of Secretariat of Ministers, and the Palace of the Governor. For financial and political reasons, the Palace of the Governor was dropped well into the construction of the city, throwing the final project somewhat off-balance. From the beginning, Le Corbusier worked, as he reported, "Like a forced labourer." He dismissed the earlier American plan as "Faux-Moderne" and overly filled with parking spaces and roads. He intended to present what he had learned in forty years of urban study, and also to show the French government the opportunities they had missed in not choosing him to rebuild French cities after the War. His design made use of many of his favourite ideas: an architectural promenade, incorporating the local landscape and the sunlight and shadows into the design; the use of the

2654:"He called it the Ville Radieuse, the Radiant City. Despite the poetic title, his urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible and simplistic. Wherever it was tried—in Chandigarh by Le Corbusier himself or in Brasilia by his followers—it failed. Standardization proved inhuman and disorienting. The open spaces were inhospitable; the bureaucratically imposed plan was socially destructive. In the US, the Radiant City took the form of vast urban-renewal schemes and regimented public housing projects that damaged the urban fabric beyond repair. Today, these megaprojects are being dismantled, as superblocks give way to rows of houses fronting streets and sidewalks. Downtowns have discovered that combining, not separating, different activities is the key to success. So is the presence of lively residential neighbourhoods, old as well as new. Cities have learned that preserving history makes more sense than starting from zero. It has been an expensive lesson, and not one that Le Corbusier intended, but it too is part of his legacy." 775: 919:. He presented his ideas for the future of architecture in a series of maxims, declarations, and exhortations, pronouncing that "a grand epoch has just begun. There exists a new spirit. There already exist a crowd of works in the new spirit, they are found especially in industrial production. Architecture is suffocating in its current uses. "Styles" are a lie. Style is a unity of principles which animates all the work of a period and which result in a characteristic spirit...Our epoch determines each day its style..-Our eyes, unfortunately, don't know how to see it yet," and his most famous maxim, "A house is a machine to live in." Most of the many photographs and drawings in the book came from outside the world of traditional architecture; the cover showed the promenade deck of an ocean liner, while others showed racing cars, aeroplanes, factories, and the huge concrete and steel arches of 1676: 2904: 1026:"Ornament and crime", and quoted Loos's dictum, "The more a people are cultivated, the more decor disappears." He attacked the deco revival of classical styles, what he called "Louis Philippe and Louis XVI moderne"; he condemned the "symphony of color" at the Exposition, and called it "the triumph of assemblers of colors and materials. They were swaggering in colors... They were making stews out of fine cuisine." He condemned the exotic styles presented at the Exposition based on the art of China, Japan, India and Persia. "It takes energy today to affirm our western styles." He criticized the "precious and useless objects that accumulated on the shelves" in the new style. He attacked the "rustling silks, the marbles which twist and turn, the vermilion whiplashes, the silver blades of Byzantium and the Orient...Let's be done with it!" 1029:"Why call bottles, chairs, baskets and objects decorative?" Le Corbusier asked. "They are useful tools....The decor is not necessary. Art is necessary." He declared that in the future the decorative arts industry would produce only "objects which are perfectly useful, convenient, and have a true luxury which pleases our spirit by their elegance and the purity of their execution and the efficiency of their services. This rational perfection and precise determinate creates the link sufficient to recognize a style." He described the future of decoration in these terms: "The idea is to go work in the superb office of a modern factory, rectangular and well-lit, painted in white Ripolin (a major French paint manufacturer); where healthy activity and laborious optimism reign." He concluded by repeating "Modern decoration has no decoration". 2011: 1254:. Le Corbusier described Pessac as "A little like a Balzac novel", a chance to create a whole community for living and working. The Fruges quarter became his first laboratory for residential housing; a series of rectangular blocks composed of modular housing units located in a garden setting. Like the unit displayed at the 1925 Exposition, each housing unit had its own small terrace. The earlier villas he constructed all had white exterior walls, but for Pessac, at the request of his clients, he added colour; panels of brown, yellow and jade green, coordinated by Le Corbusier. Originally planned to have some two hundred units, it finally contained about fifty to seventy housing units, in eight buildings. Pessac became the model on a small scale for his later and much larger Cité Radieuse projects. 2026: 1539: 1983:(1952–61), which faced the High Court at the other end of a five hundred meter esplanade with a large reflecting pool in the front. This building features a central courtyard, over which is the main meeting hall for the Assembly. On the roof on the rear of the building is a signature feature of Le Corbusier, a large tower, similar in form to the smokestack of a ship or the ventilation tower of a heating plant. Le Corbusier added touches of colour and texture with an immense tapestry in the meeting hall and a large gateway decorated with enamel. He wrote of this building, "A Palace magnificent in its effect, from the new art of raw concrete. It is magnificent and terrible; terrible meaning that there is nothing cold about it to the eyes." 975:. In his new journal, Le Corbusier vividly denounced the decorative arts: "Decorative Art, as opposed to the machine phenomenon, is the final twitch of the old manual modes, a dying thing." To illustrate his ideas, he and Ozenfant decided to create a small pavilion at the Exposition, representing his idea of the future urban housing unit. A house, he wrote, "is a cell within the body of a city. The cell is made up of the vital elements which are the mechanics of a house...Decorative art is antistandardizational. Our pavilion will contain only standard things created by industry in factories and mass-produced, objects truly of the style of today...my pavilion will therefore be a cell extracted from a huge apartment building." 1866:

benches in a plain, unfinished concrete box, with light coming through a single square in the roof and six small bands on the sides. The Crypt beneath has intense blue, red and yellow walls, and illumination by sunlight channelled from above. The monastery has other unusual features, including floor to ceiling panels of glass in the meeting rooms, window panels that fragmented the view into pieces, and a system of concrete and metal tubes like gun barrels which aimed sunlight through coloured prisms and projected it onto the walls of the sacristy and to the secondary altars of the crypt on the level below. These were whimsically termed the ""machine guns" of the sacristy and the "light cannons" of the crypt.

707: 2071:), simultaneously published in four languages. He received growing recognition for his pioneering work in modernist architecture: in 1959 a successful international campaign was launched to have his Villa Savoye, threatened with demolition, declared a historic monument; it was the first time that a work by a living architect had received this distinction. In 1962, in the same year as the dedication of the Palace of the Assembly in Chandigarh, the first retrospective exhibit on his work was held at the National Museum of Modern Art in Paris. In 1964, in a ceremony held in his atelier on rue de Sèvres, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur by Culture Minister 1167:, in a landscape surrounded by trees and a large lawn, the house is an elegant white box poised on rows of slender pylons, surrounded by a horizontal band of windows which fill the structure with light. The service areas (parking, rooms for servants and laundry room) are located under the house. Visitors enter a vestibule from which a gentle ramp leads to the house itself. The bedrooms and salons of the house are distributed around a suspended garden; the rooms look both out at the landscape and into the garden, which provides additional light and air. Another ramp leads up to the roof, and a stairway leads down to the cellar under the pillars. 1405: 1569: 1551: 1995: 2498: 2627:: "The Jews are having a bad time. I occasionally feel sorry. But it appears their blind lust for money has rotted the country." He was also accused of belittling the Muslim population of Algeria, then part of France. When Le Corbusier proposed a plan for the rebuilding of Algiers, he condemned the existing housing for European Algerians, complaining that it was inferior to that inhabited by indigenous Algerians: "the civilized live like rats in holes" while "the barbarians live in solitude, in well-being." His plan for rebuilding Algiers was rejected, and thereafter Le Corbusier mostly avoided politics. 1022:). The book was a spirited attack on the very idea of decorative art. His basic premise, repeated throughout the book, was: "Modern decorative art has no decoration." He attacked with enthusiasm the styles presented at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts: "The desire to decorate everything about one is a false spirit and an abominable small perversion....The religion of beautiful materials is in its final death agony...The almost hysterical onrush in recent years toward this quasi-orgy of decor is only the last spasm of a death already predictable." He cited the 1912 book of the Austrian architect 1914: 1778: 1396:, demolished on Stalin's orders. Le Corbusier contributed a highly original plan, a low-level complex of circular and rectangular buildings and a rainbow-like arch from which the roof of the main meeting hall was suspended. To Le Corbusier's distress, his plan was rejected by Stalin in favour of a plan for a massive neoclassical tower, the highest in Europe, crowned with a statue of Vladimir Lenin. The Palace was never built; construction was stopped by World War II, a swimming pool took its place, and after the collapse of the USSR the cathedral was rebuilt on its original site. 1798: 1746:

insisted. Niemeyer then submitted his plan, Plan 32, with the office building and councils and General Assembly in separate buildings. After much discussion, the Committee chose Niemeyer's plan but suggested that he collaborate with Le Corbusier on the final project. Le Corbusier urged Niemeyer to put the General Assembly Hall in the centre of the site, though this would eliminate Niemeyer's plan to have a large plaza in the centre. Niemeyer agreed with Le Corbusier's suggestion, and the headquarters was built, with minor modifications, according to their joint plan.

1365: 738:, with a stairway providing access to each level on one side of the floor plan. The system was originally designed to provide large numbers of temporary residences after World War I, producing only slabs, columns and stairways, and residents could build exterior walls with the materials around the site. He described it in his patent application as "a juxtiposable system of construction according to an infinite number of combinations of plans. This would permit, he wrote, "the construction of the dividing walls at any point on the façade or the interior." 1968:

and finish the raw concrete, particularly when important visitors were coming to the site. At one point one thousand workers were employed on the site of the High Court of Justice. Le Corbusier wrote to his mother, "It is an architectural symphony which surpasses all my hopes, which flashes and develops under the light in a way which is unimaginable and unforgettable. From far, from up close, it provokes astonishment; all made with raw concrete and a cement cannon. Adorable, and grandiose. In all the centuries no one has seen that."

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and the white walls and lack of decoration were in sharp contrast with the other buildings on the hillside. The interior spaces were organized around the four pillars of the salon in the centre, foretelling the open interiors he would create in his later buildings. The project was more expensive to build than he imagined; his parents were forced to move from the house within ten years and relocate to a more modest house. However, it led to a commission to build an even more imposing villa in the nearby village of

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interior decoration and choose the furniture. Following the precepts of Auguste Perret, he built the structure out of reinforced concrete and filled the gaps with brick. The centre of the house is a large concrete box with two semicolumn structures on both sides, which reflects his ideas of pure geometrical forms. A large open hall with a chandelier occupied the centre of the building. "You can see," he wrote to Auguste Perret in July 1916, "that Auguste Perret left more in me than Peter Behrens."

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second-floor access from the ground level. Here, as in other projects from this period, he also designed the façades to include large uninterrupted banks of windows. The house used a rectangular plan, with exterior walls that were not filled by windows but left as white, stuccoed spaces. Le Corbusier and Jeanneret left the interior aesthetically spare, with any movable furniture made of tubular metal frames. Light fixtures usually comprised single, bare bulbs. Interior walls also were left white.

566: 932: 1488:, then part of France. This plan, like his Rio Janeiro plan, called for the construction of an elevated viaduct of concrete, carrying residential units, which would run from one end of the city to the other. This plan, unlike his early Plan Voisin, was more conservative, because it did not call for the destruction of the old city of Algiers; the residential housing would be over the top of the old city. This plan, like his Paris plans, provoked discussion but never came close to realization. 1345:, after considerable editing by Le Corbusier and others, was finally published in 1943 and became an influential text for city planners in the 1950s and 1960s. The group met once more in Paris in 1937 to discuss public housing and was scheduled to meet in the United States in 1939, but the meeting was cancelled because of the war. The legacy of the CIAM was a roughly common style and doctrine which helped define modern architecture in Europe and the United States after World War II. 2490:. He defined human-limb objects as: "Extensions of our limbs and adapted to human functions that are type-needs and type-functions, therefore type-objects and type-furniture. The human-limb object is a docile servant. A good servant is discreet and self-effacing to leave his master free. Certainly, works of art are tools, beautiful tools. And long live the good taste manifested by choice, subtlety, proportion, and harmony". He further declared: "Chairs are architecture, sofas are 217: 6375: 58: 1758: 2157: 2309:: from the "astonishingly beautiful assemblage of buildings" that was Stockholm, for example, Le Corbusier saw only "frightening chaos and saddening monotony." He dreamed of "cleaning and purging" the city, bringing "a calm and powerful architecture"—referring to steel, plate glass, and reinforced concrete. Although Le Corbusier's designs for Stockholm did not succeed, later architects took his ideas and partly "destroyed" the city with them. 2197: 940: 6840: 6830: 990:', his provocative plan for rebuilding a large part of the centre of Paris. He proposed to bulldoze a large area north of the Seine and replace the narrow streets, monuments and houses with giant sixty-story cruciform towers placed within an orthogonal street grid and park-like green space. His scheme was met with criticism and scorn from French politicians and industrialists, although they were favourable to the ideas of 6820: 1097: 613:, for the engraver Louis Fallet, a friend of his teacher Charles L'Eplattenier. Located on the forested hillside near Chaux-de-fonds, it was a large chalet with a steep roof in the local alpine style and carefully crafted coloured geometric patterns on the façade. The success of this house led to his construction of two similar houses, the Villas Jacquemet and Stotzer, in the same area. 983:

decorated with a few cubist paintings and a few pieces of mass-produced commercially available furniture, entirely different from the expensive one-of-a-kind pieces in the other pavilions. The chief organizers of the Exposition were furious and built a fence to partially hide the pavilion. Le Corbusier had to appeal to the Ministry of Fine Arts, which ordered that fence be taken down.

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architecture teacher in the Art School was architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusier's earliest house designs. He reported later that it was the art teacher L'Eplattenier who made him choose architecture. "I had a horror of architecture and architects," he wrote. "...I was sixteen, I accepted the verdict and I obeyed. I moved into architecture."

2705: 742: 1518:) in size, made with metal frames, and were designed to be mass-produced and then transported to the site, where they would be inserted into frameworks of steel and stone; The government insisted on stone walls to win the support of local building contractors. The standardisation of apartment buildings was the essence of what Le Corbusier termed the 632:, which made a lifelong impression on him. "I would have liked to live in one of what they called their cells," he wrote later. "It was the solution for a unique kind of worker's housing, or rather for a terrestrial paradise." He travelled to Paris, and for fourteen months between 1908 and 1910 he worked as a draftsman in the office of the architect 2140:. At the time of his death several projects were on the drawing board: the church of Saint-Pierre in Firminy, finally completed in modified form in 2006, a Palace of Congresses for Strasbourg (1962–65) and a hospital in Venice (1961–1965), which were never built. Le Corbusier designed an art gallery beside the lake in Zürich for gallery owner 1976:

partly practical. Since there were no modern building cranes at the time of construction, the ramp was the only way to get materials to the top of the construction site. The Secretariat had two features which were borrowed from his design for the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille: concrete grill sunscreens over the windows and a roof terrace.

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small loggia with a concrete sunscreen looking out at the countryside. The centrepiece of the convent is the chapel, a plain box of concrete, which he called his "Box of miracles." Unlike the highly finished façade of the Unité d'Habitation, the façade of the chapel is raw, unfinished concrete. He described the building in a letter to

723:, Le Corbusier taught at his old school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds. He concentrated on theoretical architectural studies using modern techniques. In December 1914, along with the engineer Max Dubois, he began a serious study of the use of reinforced concrete as a building material. He had first discovered concrete working in the office of 2785:

War II period because they justified and lent intellectual support to the desire to raze traditional urban spaces for high density, high-profit urban concentration. The freeways connected this new urbanism to low density, low cost, highly profitable suburban locales available to be developed for middle-class single-family housing.

390:. He was born in Switzerland to French speaking Swiss parents, and acquired French nationality by naturalization on 19 September 1930. His career spanned five decades, in which he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, as well as North and South America. He considered that "the roots of modern architecture are to be found in 1514:, won the passage of French law on public housing, calling for the construction of 260,000 new housing units within five years. Le Corbusier immediately began to design a new type of modular housing unit, which he called the Maison Loucheur, which would be suitable for the project. These units were forty-five square metres (480 1194:, meaning that the floor space was free to be configured into rooms without concern for supporting walls. The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of ribbon windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding garden, which constitute the fourth point of his system. The fifth point was the 545:, Le Corbusier lacked formal training as an architect. He was attracted to the visual arts; at the age of fifteen, he entered the municipal art school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds which taught the applied arts connected with watchmaking. Three years later he attended the higher course of decoration, founded by the painter 2743:. Le Corbusier's plans were adopted by builders of public housing in Europe and the United States. In Great Britain, urban planners turned to Le Corbusier's "Cities in the Sky" as a cheaper method of building public housing from the late 1950s. Le Corbusier criticized any effort at ornamentation of the buildings. 2305:(The Radiant City) in 1935. Perhaps the most significant difference between the Contemporary City and the Radiant City is that the latter abandoned the class-based stratification of the former; housing was now assigned according to family size, not economic position. Some have read dark overtones into 2288:) you find a veritable architectural promenade, offering constantly varying aspects, unexpected, sometimes astonishing." The promenade at Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier wrote, both in the interior of the house and on the roof terrace, often erased the traditional difference between the inside and outside. 1224:

jury declared it was unable to pick a single winner, and the project was given instead to the top five architects, who were all neoclassicists. Le Corbusier was not discouraged; he presented his plans to the public in articles and lectures to show the opportunity that the League of Nations had missed.

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As jobs migrated to the suburbs, these urban-village dwellers effectively found themselves stranded without freeway-access points in their communities or public mass transit that could economically reach suburban job centres. Late in the post-War period, suburban job centres found labour shortages to

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Le Corbusier harmonized and lent credence to the idea of space as a set of destinations between which mankind moved continuously. He gave credibility to the automobile as a transporter and freeway in urban spaces. His philosophies were useful to urban real estate developers in the American post-World

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The Secretariat, the largest building that housed the government offices, was constructed between 1952 and 1958. It is an enormous block 250 metres (820 feet) long and eight levels high, served by a ramp which extends from the ground to the top level. The ramp was designed to be partly sculptural and

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Le Corbusier's design called for the use of raw concrete, whose surface was not smoothed or polished and which showed the marks of the forms in which it dried. Pierre Jeanneret wrote to his cousin that he was in a continual battle with the construction workers, who could not resist the urge to smooth

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Le Corbusier, as always, was rhapsodic about his project; "It will be a city of trees," he wrote, "of flowers and water, of houses as simple as those at the time of Homer, and of a few splendid edifices of the highest level of modernism, where the rules of mathematics will reign." His plan called for

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in Italy, in 1907 and 1910 during his early travels. He wanted to recreate, he wrote, an ideal place "for meditation and contemplation". He also learned from the monastery, he wrote, that "standardization led to perfection", and that "all of his life a man labours under this impulse: to make the home

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enveloped Europe, Le Corbusier devoted more and more time to his ideas for urban design and planned cities. He believed that his new, modern architectural forms would provide an organizational solution that would raise the quality of life for the working classes. In 1922 he had presented his model of

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in 1930: "the plan is pure, exactly made for the needs of the house. It has its correct place in the rustic landscape of Poissy. It is Poetry and lyricism, supported by technique." The house had its problems; the roof persistently leaked, due to construction faults; but it became a landmark of modern

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at the Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret studio. In 1929 the trio prepared the "House fittings" section for the Decorative Artists Exhibition and asked for a group stand, renewing and widening the 1928 avant-garde group idea. This was refused by the Decorative Artists Committee. They resigned and founded

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Le Corbusier placed systems of harmony and proportion at the centre of his design philosophy, and his faith in the mathematical order of the universe was closely bound to the golden section and the Fibonacci series, which he described as "rhythms apparent to the eye and clear in their relations with

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in Paris with 46 units of student housing, (1929–33). He designed furniture to go with the building; the main salon was decorated with a montage of black-and-white photographs of nature. In 1948, he replaced this with a colourful mural he painted himself. In Geneva, he built a glass-walled apartment

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In 1928, Le Corbusier took a major step toward establishing modernist architecture as the dominant European style. Le Corbusier had met with many of the leading German and Austrian modernists during the competition for the League of Nations in 1927. In the same year, the German Werkbund organized an

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Missing from this scheme of movement was connectivity between isolated urban villages created for the lower-middle and working classes, and the destination points in Le Corbusier's plan: suburban and rural areas, and urban commercial centres. As designed, the freeways travelled over, at, or beneath

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was a standard model of the human form which Le Corbusier devised to determine the correct amount of living space needed for residents in his buildings. It was also his rather original way of dealing with differences between the metric system and the British or American system since the Modulor was

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The High Court of Justice, begun in 1951, was finished in 1956. The building was radical in its design; a parallelogram topped with an inverted parasol. Along the walls were high concrete grills 1.5 metres (4 feet 11 inches) thick which served as sunshades. The entry featured a monumental

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were in a single block in the centre of the site. He lobbied hard for his project, and asked the younger Brazilian architect, Niemeyer, to support and assist him with his plan. Niemeyer, to help Le Corbusier, refused to submit his design and did not attend the meetings until the Director, Harrison,

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or "radiant city", in a new book published in 1935. The Radiant City was similar to his earlier Contemporary City and Plan Voisin, with the difference that residences would be assigned by family size, rather than by income and social position. In his 1935 book, he developed his ideas for a new kind

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Between 1928 and 1934, as Le Corbusier's reputation grew, he received commissions to construct a wide variety of buildings. In 1928 he received a commission from the Soviet government to construct the headquarters of the Tsentrosoyuz, or central office of trade unions, a large office building whose

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in Geneva with a plan for an innovative lakeside complex of modernist white concrete office buildings and meeting halls. There were 337 projects in competition. It appeared that the Corbusier's project was the first choice of the architectural jury, but after much behind-the-scenes manoeuvring, the

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The book became a manifesto for those who opposed the more traditional styles of the decorative arts; In the 1930s, as Le Corbusier predicted, the modernized versions of Louis Philippe and Louis XVI furniture and the brightly coloured wallpapers of stylized roses were replaced by a more sober, more

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underlying his designs. The plan was never seriously considered, but it provoked discussion concerning how to deal with the overcrowded poor working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, and it later saw the partial realization in the housing developments built in the Paris suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.

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In 1912, he began his most ambitious project: a new house for his parents, also located on the forested hillside near La-Chaux-de-Fonds. The Jeanneret-Perret house was larger than the others, and in a more innovative style; the horizontal planes contrasted dramatically with the steep alpine slopes,

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He took Leonardo's suggestion of the golden ratio in human proportions to an extreme: he sectioned his model human body's height at the navel with the two sections in golden ratio, then subdivided those sections in golden ratio at the knees and throat; he used these golden ratio proportions in the

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in the centre of the Exposition. The plot was forested, and exhibitors could not cut down trees, so Le Corbusier built his pavilion with a tree in the centre, emerging through a hole in the roof. The building was a stark white box with an interior terrace and square glass windows. The interior was

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Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier did not build anything, concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, he and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres. They set up an architectural practice together. From 1927 to 1937 they worked together with

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For some critics, the urbanism of Le Corbusier was the model for a fascist state. These critics cited Le Corbusier himself when he wrote that "not all citizens could become leaders. The technocratic elite, the industrialists, financiers, engineers, and artists would be located in the city centre,

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in 1957: "I'm taken with the idea of a "box of miracles"....as the name indicates, it is a rectangular box made of concrete. It doesn't have any of the traditional theatrical tricks, but the possibility, as its name suggests, to make miracles." The interior of the chapel is extremely simple, only

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The building was designed not just to be a residence but to offer all the services needed for living. On every third floor, between the modules, there was a wide corridor, like an interior street, which ran the length of the building. This served as a sort of commercial street, with shops, eating

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Thanks to his passionate articles in L'Esprit Nouveau, his participation in the 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition and the conferences he gave on the new spirit of architecture, Le Corbusier had become well known in the architectural world, though he had only built residences for wealthy clients. In

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Le Corbusier's grand ambitions collided with the ideas and budget of his client and led to bitter conflicts. Schwob went to court and denied Le Corbusier access to the site, or the right to claim to be the architect. Le Corbusier responded, "Whether you like it or not, my presence is inscribed in

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that the extravagant heights of Le Corbusier's skyscrapers had no reason for existence apart from the fact that they had become technological possibilities. The open spaces in his central areas had no reason for existence either, Mumford wrote, since on the scale he imagined, there was no motive

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The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." The largest of the many Open Hand sculptures that Le Corbusier created is a 26-meter-high (85 ft) version in Chandigarh,

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Le Corbusier used raw concrete to construct the convent, which is placed on the side of a hill. The three blocks of dormitories are U, closed by the chapel, with a courtyard in the centre. The Convent has a flat roof and is placed on sculpted concrete pillars. Each of the residential cells has a

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Le Corbusier first visited the remote mountain site of Ronchamp in May 1950, saw the ruins of the old chapel, and drew sketches of possible forms. He wrote afterwards: "In building this chapel, I wanted to create a place of silence, of peace, of prayer, of interior joy. The feeling of the sacred

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of Finland. No one attended from the United States. A second meeting was organized in 1930 in Brussels by Victor Bourgeois on the topic "Rational methods for groups of habitations". A third meeting, on "The functional city", was scheduled for Moscow in 1932, but was cancelled at the last minute.

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Under this system, the structure of the house did not have to appear on the outside but could be hidden behind a glass wall, and the interior could be arranged in any way the architect liked. After it was patented, Le Corbusier designed several houses according to the system, which was all white

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Le Corbusier began teaching himself by going to the library to read about architecture and philosophy, visiting museums, sketching buildings, and constructing them. In 1905, he and two other students, under the supervision of their teacher, René Chapallaz, designed and built his first house, the

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during the 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition in Paris, and admired the construction of Melnikov's constructivist USSR pavilion, the only truly modernist building in the Exposition other than his own Esprit Nouveau pavilion. At Melnikov's invitation, he travelled to Moscow, where he found that his

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Le Corbusier was concerned about problems he saw in industrial cities at the turn of the 20th century. He thought industrial housing techniques led to crowding, dirtiness, and a lack of a moral landscape. He was a leader of the modernist movement to create better-living conditions and a better

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In 1960, Le Corbusier began a third religious building, the Church of Saint Pierre in the new town of Firminy-Vert, where he had built a Unité d'Habitation and a cultural and sports centre. While he made the original design, construction did not begin until five years after his death, and work

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In August 1916, Le Corbusier received his largest commission ever, to construct a villa for the Swiss watchmaker Anatole Schwob, for whom he had already completed several small remodelling projects. He was given a large budget and the freedom to design not only the house but also to create the

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and Paris. Le Corbusier wrote later that L'Eplattenier had made him "a man of the woods" and taught him about painting from nature. His father frequently took him into the mountains around the town. He wrote later, "we were constantly on mountaintops; we grew accustomed to a vast horizon." His

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Le Corbusier was an eloquent critic of the finely crafted, hand-made furniture, made with rare and exotic woods, inlays and coverings, presented at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts. Following his usual method, Le Corbusier first wrote a book with his theories of furniture, complete with

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As no doubt Le Corbusier expected, no one hurried to implement the Plan Voisin, but he continued working on variations of the idea and recruiting followers. In 1929, he travelled to Brazil where he gave conferences on his architectural ideas. He returned with drawings of his vision for Rio de

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for a wealthy watch manufacturer, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier designed the new house in less than a month. The building was carefully designed to fit its hillside site, and the interior plan was spacious and designed around a courtyard for maximum light, a significant departure from the

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Maison La Roche and Maison Jeanneret (1923–24), also known as the La Roche-Jeanneret house, is a pair of semi-detached houses that was Le Corbusier's third commission in Paris. They are laid out at right angles to each other, with iron, concrete, and blank, white façades setting off a curved

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The Pavilion was ridiculed by many critics, but Le Corbusier, undaunted, wrote: "Right now one thing is sure. 1925 marks the decisive turning point in the quarrel between the old and new. After 1925, the antique-lovers will have virtually ended their lives . . . Progress is achieved through

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The foundation was established in 1968. It now owns Maison La Roche and Maison Jeanneret (which form the foundation's headquarters), as well as the apartment occupied by Le Corbusier from 1933 to 1965 at rue Nungesser et Coli in Paris 16e, and the "Small House" he built for his parents in

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As part of the Maison Citrohan model, Le Corbusier proposed a three-floor structure, with a double-height living room, bedrooms on the second floor, and a kitchen on the third floor. The roof would be occupied by a sun terrace. On the exterior, Le Corbusier installed a stairway to provide

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upholding moral, social, and philosophical ideas symbolized by the right angle (rectitude) and the compass (exactitude). Le Corbusier would later describe these as "my guide, my choice" and as "time-honored ideas, ingrained and deep-rooted in the intellect, like entries from a catechism."

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strategies adopted from American industrial models to reorganize society. As Norma Evenson has put it, "the proposed city appeared to some an audacious and compelling vision of a brave new world, and to others, a frigid megalomaniacally scaled negation of the familiar urban ambient."

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When the war ended Le Corbusier was nearly sixty years old and he had not had a single project realized for ten years. He tried, without success, to obtain commissions for several of the first large reconstruction projects, but his proposals for the reconstruction of the town of

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In 1935, Le Corbusier made his first visit to the United States. He was asked by American journalists what he thought about New York City skyscrapers; he responded, characteristically, that he found them "much too small". He wrote a book describing his experiences in the States,

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from 1922 to 1940), as well as about 450 of his paintings, about 30 enamels, about 200 other works on paper, and a sizable collection of written and photographic archives. It describes itself as the world's largest collection of Le Corbusier drawings, studies, and plans.

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in Provence, and also used his memories of his youthful visit to the Erna Charterhouse in Florence. This project involved not only a chapel, but a library, refectory, rooms for meetings and reflection, and dormitories for the nuns. For the living space he used the same

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Le Corbusier first relied on ready-made furniture from Thonet to furnish his projects, such as his pavilion at the 1925 Exposition. In 1928, following the publication of his theories, he began experimenting with furniture design. In 1928, he invited the architect

865:(an altered form of his maternal grandfather's name, Lecorbésier) as a pseudonym, reflecting his belief that anyone could reinvent themselves. Adopting a single name to identify oneself was in vogue by artists in many fields during that era, especially in Paris. 2599:

who had become disaffected with the political left. In 1934, after Lagardelle had obtained a position at the French embassy in Rome, he arranged for Le Corbusier to lecture on architecture in Italy. Lagardelle later served as minister of labor in the pro-Axis

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to give a correct human scale to each element somewhat based on the proportions of the human body; and his favourite symbol, the open hand ("The hand is open to give and to receive"). He placed a monumental open hand statue in a prominent place in the design.

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installation, 'Equipment for the Home'. Despite the intention of Le Corbusier that his furniture should be inexpensive and mass-produced, his pieces were originally costly to make and were not mass-produced until many years later, when he was famous.

730:"Reinforced concrete provided me with incredible resources," he wrote later, "and variety, and a passionate plasticity in which by themselves my structures will be the rhythm of a palace, and a Pompieen tranquillity." This led him to his plan for the 2431:

one another. And these rhythms are at the very root of human activities. They resound in Man by an organic inevitability, the same fine inevitability which causes the tracing out of the Golden Section by children, old men, savages, and the learned."

1726:, which was to be built beside the East River in New York. Instead of competition, the design was to be selected by a Board of Design Consultants composed of leading international architects nominated by member governments, including Le Corbusier, 6869: 2412:, and the double unit. Many scholars see the Modulor as a humanistic expression but it is also argued that: "It's exactly the opposite (...) It's the mathematization of the body, the standardization of the body, the rationalization of the body." 2673:

The public housing projects influenced by his ideas have been criticized for isolating poor communities in monolithic high-rises and breaking the social ties integral to a community's development. One of his most influential detractors has been

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housing project in Chicago. Because such projects were devoid of freeway-exit ramps and were cut off by freeway rights-of-way, they became isolated from the jobs and services that had been concentrated at Le Corbusier's nodal transportation

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of city, where the principal functions; heavy industry, manufacturing, habitation and commerce, would be separated into their neighbourhoods, carefully planned and designed. However, before any units could be built, World War II intervened.

2253:. Load-bearing walls are replaced by steel or reinforced concrete columns, so the interior can be freely designed, and interior walls can be put anywhere, or left out entirely. The structure of the building is not visible from the outside. 2040:

The 1950s and 1960s were a difficult period for Le Corbusier's personal life: his wife Yvonne died in 1957 and his mother, to whom he was closely attached, died in 1960. He remained active in a wide variety of fields: in 1955 he published

1947:, had made a plan in 1947 for a city of 150,000 inhabitants, but the Indian government wanted a grander and more monumental city. Corbusier worked on the plan with two British specialists in urban design and tropical climate architecture, 909:, a model city for three million people, whose residents would live and work in a group of identical sixty-story tall apartment buildings surrounded by lower zig-zag apartment blocks and a large park. In 1923, he collected his essays from 5131: 1605:'s eugenics foundation but resigned on 20 April 1944. In 1943 he founded a new association of modern architects and builders, the Ascoral, the Assembly of Constructors for a renewal of architecture, but there were no projects to build. 2670:

during the business day for pedestrian circulation in the office quarter. By "mating utilitarian and financial image of the skyscraper city to the romantic image of the organic environment, Le Corbusier had produced a sterile hybrid."

2284:, he described it: "Arab architecture gives us a precious lesson: it is best appreciated in walking, on foot. It is in walking, in going from one place to another, that you see develop the features of the architecture. In this house ( 1870:

continued under different architects until it was completed in 2006. The most spectacular feature of the church is the sloping concrete tower that covers the entire interior, similar to that in the Assembly Building in his complex at

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automaker, for the modern industrial methods and materials, Le Corbusier advocated using in the house's construction as well as how he intended the homes would be consumed, similar to other commercial products, like the automobile.

421: 1446:. Between 1931 and 1945 he built an apartment building with fifteen units, including an apartment and studio for himself on the 6th and 7th floors, at 24 rue Nungesser-et-Coli in the 16th arrondissement in Paris. overlooking the 1241:

In 1926, Le Corbusier received the opportunity he had been looking for; he was commissioned by a Bordeaux industrialist, Henry Frugès, a fervent admirer of his ideas on urban planning, to build a complex of worker housing, the

1874:. Windows high in the tower illuminates the interior. Le Corbusier originally proposed that tiny windows also project the form of a constellation on the walls. Later architects designed the church to project the constellation 1568: 1856:

concept for measuring the ideal living space that he had used in the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille; height under the ceiling of 2.26 metres (7 feet 5 inches); and width 1.83 metres (6 feet 0 inches).

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Le Corbusier was an avowed atheist, but he also had a strong belief in the ability of architecture to create a sacred and spiritual environment. In the postwar years, he designed two important religious buildings; the

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The notoriety that Le Corbusier achieved from his writings and the Pavilion at the 1925 Exposition led to commissions to build a dozen residences in Paris and the Paris region in his "purist style." These included the

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in Paris and a pavilion for Barbara and Henry Church. All three clearly showed the influence of Mies van der Rohe and Marcel Breuer. The line of furniture was expanded with additional designs for Le Corbusier's 1929

2953:. In 1945, he was promoted to Officier of the Légion d'honneur. In 1952, he was promoted to Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur. Finally, on 2 July 1964, Le Corbusier was named Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur. 427:

Le Corbusier remains a controversial figure. Some of his urban planning ideas have been criticized for their indifference to pre-existing cultural sites, societal expression and equality, and his alleged ties with

844:, in whom he recognised a kindred spirit. Ozenfant encouraged him to paint, and the two began a period of collaboration. Rejecting Cubism as irrational and "romantic", the pair jointly published their manifesto, 509:

which he would adopt as an adult. His father was an artisan who enameled boxes and watches, and his mother taught piano. His elder brother Albert was an amateur violinist. He attended a kindergarten that used

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be such a critical problem that they sponsored urban-to-suburban shuttle-bus services to fill the vacant working-class and lower-middle-class jobs, which did not typically pay enough to afford car ownership.

6876: 2010: 2267:. Since the building is supported by columns in the interior, the façade can be much lighter and more open or made entirely of glass. There is no need for lintels or other structures around the windows. 2078:

His later architectural work was extremely varied and often based on designs of earlier projects. In 1952–1958 he designed a series of tiny holiday cabins, 2.26 by 2.26 by 2.6 metres (7.4 by 7.4 by 8.5

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Instead, the delegates held their meeting on a cruise ship travelling between Marseille and Athens. On board, they together drafted a text on how modern cities should be organized. The text, called The

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concrete boxes. Although some of these were never built, they illustrated his basic architectural ideas which would dominate his works throughout the 1920s. He refined the idea in his 1927 book on the

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places, a nursery school and recreational facilities. A running track and small stage for theatre performances were located on the roof. The building itself was surrounded by trees and a small park.

1190:, in providing the structural support for the house, allowed him to elucidate his next two points: a free façade, meaning non-supporting walls that could be designed as the architect wished, and an 754:. This design, which called for the disassociation of the structure from the walls, and the freedom of plans and façades, became the foundation for most of his architecture over the next ten years. 2567:

There is debate over the apparently variable or contradictory nature of Le Corbusier's political views. In the 1920s, he co-founded and contributed articles about urbanism to the fascist journals

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in the Rhone Department (1953–1960). Once again it was Father Couturier who engaged Le Corbusier in the project. He invited Le Corbusier to visit the starkly simple and imposing 12th–13th century

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in a ceremony held on the roof of his new building. He had progressed from being an outsider and critic of the architectural establishment to its centre, as the most prominent French architect.

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played a major part. In 1927 Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau and others proposed the foundation of an international conference to establish the basis for a common style. The first meeting of the

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ramp and columns that allowed the air to circulate. The pillars were originally white limestone, but in the 1960s they were repainted in bright colours, which better resisted the weather.

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declared, "Le Corbusier had some great rivals, but none of them had the same significance in the revolution of architecture, because none bore insults so patiently and for so long."

952: 2224:. They summarized the lessons he had learned in the previous years, which he put literally into concrete form in his villas constructed in the late 1920s, most dramatically in the 1550: 5505: 1033:

streamlined style. Gradually the modernism and functionality proposed by Le Corbusier overtook the more ornamental style. The shorthand titles that Le Corbusier used in the book,

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His theoretical studies soon advanced into several different single-family house models. Among these, was the Maison "Citrohan." The project's name was a reference to the French

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In September 1907, he made his first trip outside of Switzerland, going to Italy; then that winter travelling through Budapest to Vienna, where he stayed for four months and met

1719:. In the post-Second World War decades, Le Corbusier's fame moved beyond architectural and planning circles as he became one of the leading intellectual figures of the time. 1597:

was located, offering his services for architectural projects, including his plan for the reconstruction of Algiers, but they were rejected. He continued writing, completing

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Le Corbusier saw the new society founded in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution as a promising laboratory for his architectural ideas. He met the Russian architect

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after its Jewish population had been forcefully removed, he was unsuccessful, and the only appointment he received from it was membership of a committee studying urbanism.

565: 5658: 6862: 2239:, or pylon. The building is raised on reinforced concrete pylons, which allows for free circulation on the ground level, and eliminates dark and damp parts of the house. 455: 3646: 3827: 3693: 2545:(LC4) (1928–29), a low seat suspended in a tubular steel frame, also with cowhide upholstery. These chairs were designed specifically for two of his projects, the 1198:

to compensate for the green area consumed by the building and replace it on the roof. A ramp rising from ground level to the third-floor roof terrace allows for a

2103:, where he had built his first housing project (1955–1958), and a stadium in Baghdad, Iraq (much altered since its construction). He also constructed three new 901:

In 1922 and 1923, Le Corbusier devoted himself to advocating his new concepts of architecture and urban planning in a series of polemical articles published in

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two-story gallery space. Maison La Roche is now a museum containing about 8,000 original drawings, studies and plans by Le Corbusier (in collaboration with

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exemplified the Modulor system's application. The villa's rectangular ground plan, elevation, and inner structure closely approximate golden rectangles.

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from Britain, Nikolai Bassov of the Soviet Union, and five others from around the world. The committee was under the direction of the American architect

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The first results of the collaboration between Le Corbusier and Perriand were three types of chairs made with chrome-plated tubular steel frames: The

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In his eulogy to Le Corbusier at the memorial ceremony for the architect in the courtyard of the Louvre on 1 September 1965, French Culture Minister

1152:, based on the Citroen House and other theoretical models he had published. He described this project in detail in one of his best-known essays, the 447:

Le Corbusier also designed well-known furniture such as the LC4 Chaise Lounge chair and the ALC-3001 chair, both made of leather with metal framing.

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Antliff, Mark (1997). "La Cité francaise: George Valois, Le Corbusier, and Fascist Theories of Urbanism". In Antliff, Mark; Affron, Matthew (eds.).

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Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier entre Raphael et Fröbel, pp. 9–27, Journal d'histoire de l'architecture N°1, Presses universitaires de Grenoble 1988 –

2518:, which had begun making chairs with tubular steel, a material originally used for bicycles, in the early 1920s. Le Corbusier admired the design of 1632:

This was his first public commission and was a breakthrough for Le Corbusier. He gave the building the name of his pre-war theoretical project, the

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He wrote a great deal but built very little in the late 1930s. The titles of his books expressed the combined urgency and optimism of his messages:

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1929–1932, (later demolished). In 1929–1930 he constructed a floating homeless shelter for the Salvation Army on the left bank of the Seine at the

774: 2541:(LC3) (1928–29), a club chair with a tubular frame which resembled the comfortable Art Deco club chairs that became popular in the 1920s; and the 1741:

Le Corbusier had submitted his plan for the Secretariat, called Plan 23 of the 58 submitted. In Le Corbusier's plan offices, council chambers and

7735: 3868: 5341: 3957: 1496:(When Cathedrals were White; voyage to the land of the timid) whose title expressed his view of the lack of boldness in American architecture. 2478:, he called for furniture that used inexpensive materials and could be mass-produced. Le Corbusier described three different furniture types: 6578: 6456: 3277: 2335: 2191: 2141: 2087:. He built a similar cabin for himself but the rest of the project was not realized until after his death. From 1953–to 1957 he designed the 1060: 2739:

would change human society, Le Corbusier conceived the city of the future with large apartment buildings isolated in a park-like setting on

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writings had been published in Russian; he gave lectures and interviews and between 1928 and 1932 he constructed an office building for the

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Le Corbusier "His ideas—his urban planning and his architecture—are viewed separately," Perelman noted, "whereas they are the same thing."

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from Czechoslovakia. A delegation of Soviet architects was invited to attend, but they were unable to obtain visas. Later members included

1180:, which he had been developing throughout the 1920s. First, Le Corbusier lifted the bulk of the structure off the ground, supporting it by 1797: 7760: 3647:

Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Archives nationales; site de Fontainebleau, Légion d'honneur recipient, birth certificate

2680: 1913: 2331:, he conceived an essentially apolitical society, in which the bureaucracy of economic administration effectively replaces the state. 7810: 6598: 2771:

in the Czech Republic are based on his ideas. Le Corbusier's thinking had profound effects on city planning and architecture in the

2064:, a show of sound and light, for the Philips Pavilion at the International Exposition in Brussels. In 1960 he published a new book, 593: 420:

On 17 July 2016, seventeen projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as

4355: 3931: 2903: 2400:, and others who used the proportions of the human body to improve the appearance and function of architecture. In addition to the 1742: 6613: 3365: 1889: 7785: 7740: 7725: 7690: 2260:. Since the walls do not support the house, the windows can run the entire length of the house, so all rooms can get equal light. 2107:

apartment blocks on the model of the original in Marseille, the first in Berlin (1956–1958), the second in Briey-en-Forêt in the

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During the War and the German occupation of France, Le Corbusier did his best to promote his architectural projects. He moved to

5185:. elidealgallego. com/texto-diario/mostrar/2308912/reportaje-cuatro-generaciones-viviendo-entre-petalos-arquitecturas-racionales 1939:

States of India, created after India received independence in 1947. Le Corbusier was contacted in 1950 by Indian Prime Minister

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through the structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le Corbusier much admired.

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Mr Jarcy said that in "Plans" Le Corbusier wrote in support of Nazi anti-Semitism and in "Prelude" co-wrote "hateful editorials

2246:. The sloping roof is replaced by a flat roof; the roof can be used as a garden, for promenades, for sports or a swimming pool. 2276:

The "Architectural Promenade" was another idea dear to Le Corbusier, which he particularly put into play in his design of the

1901: 7815: 7152: 6108: 6090: 6065: 6043: 6012: 5981: 5961: 5896: 5880: 5862: 5775: 5627: 5580: 5553: 5370: 4807: 4553: 4505: 4406: 4381: 4337: 4219: 4171: 3878: 3659: 2915:

is a private foundation and archive honoring the work of Le Corbusier. It operates Maison La Roche, a museum located in the

1163:(1928–1931), which became one of the most famous of Le Corbusier's works, and an icon of modernist architecture. Located in 7780: 7710: 7695: 6441: 6404: 5085:"Le Corbusier's Exhibition Pavilion: The Heterogeneous Character of his Modernism Between Representation and Functionalism" 3343: 2112: 2016: 645: 821:(2ème version), oil on canvas, 100 cm × 81 cm (39 in × 32 in), Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris 7770: 7715: 6446: 2996: 762:

every corner of your house." Le Corbusier took great pride in the house and reproduced pictures in several of his books.

706: 648:. Two years later, between October 1910 and March 1911, he travelled to Germany and worked for four months in the office 2111:

Department and the third (1959–1967) in Firminy. From 1960–to 1963 he built his only building in the United States, the

1601:(On the Four Routes) in 1941. After 1942 Le Corbusier left Vichy for Paris. He became for a time a technical adviser at 7790: 3301: 2747:

Several of the many architects who worked for Le Corbusier in his studio became prominent, including painter-architect

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Le Corbusier has been accused of antisemitism. He wrote to his mother in October 1940, as the Vichy government enacted

2346:. From Fourier, Le Corbusier adopted at least in part his notion of administrative, rather than political, government. 1723: 1680: 6843: 6603: 6218: 4716: 3336: 1700: 787: 6522: 6139: 6027: 5943: 5929: 5914: 4957: 4071: 4054: 3810: 3289: 3283: 2658: 1828:(1953–1960). Le Corbusier wrote later that he was greatly aided in his religious architecture by a Dominican father, 397:

Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in

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Janeiro; he sketched serpentine multi-story apartment buildings on pylons, like inhabited highways, winding through

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Later criticism of Le Corbusier was directed at his ideas on urban planning. In 1998, the architectural historian

7805: 7675: 6501: 6416: 6153: 4823: 3371: 2127:, commissioned Le Corbusier to create furnishings for the nascent opera house. Le Corbusier designed a tapestry, 1919: 1393: 7261: 5271: 685:(1923). He spoke of what he saw during this trip in many of his books, and it was the subject of his last book, 7730: 6726: 6399: 5545: 3077: 2514:, also collaborated on many of the designs. For the manufacture of his furniture, he turned to the German firm 2096: 2001: 31: 1270:. Seventeen leading modernist architects in Europe were invited to design twenty-one houses; Le Corbusier and 1014:

In 1925, Le Corbusier combined a series of articles about decorative art from "L'Esprit Nouveau" into a book,

7795: 7745: 7700: 6823: 5157: 3271: 2624: 1955:, and with his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, who moved to India and supervised the construction until his death. 1096: 5797: 2583:

for those journals, as well as "hateful editorials". Between 1925 and 1928, Le Corbusier had connections to

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Le Corbusier hoped that politically minded industrialists in France would lead the way with their efficient

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The Fondation Le Corbusier (FLC) functions as his official estate. The US copyright representative for the

1731: 734:(1914–15). This model proposed an open floor plan consisting of three concrete slabs supported by six thin 6854: 2299:

In the 1930s, Le Corbusier expanded and reformulated his ideas on urbanism, eventually publishing them in

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Avant-garde et tradition dans les arts du décor en France. Lectures critiques autour de Guillaume Janneau

3321: 3174: 2776: 2468: 1840: 1825: 1784: 1425:(1929–1931); and an apartment in Paris for Charles de Bestigui at the top of an existing building on the 1043: 875: 6252: 6191: 6172: 6583: 6491: 6274: 3098: 1243: 1236: 825:

Le Corbusier moved to Paris definitively in 1917 and began his architectural practise with his cousin,

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Eugenics in the Garden Transatlantic Architecture and the Crafting of Modernity By Fabiola López-Durán

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have been inspired by Le Corbusier, and his style is still used as influence for buildings worldwide.

1738:, who was also the architect for the Rockefeller family, which had donated the site for the building. 1621:, the new Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning. Dautry agreed to fund one of his projects, a " 1437:, on rue Cantagrel in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. He also constructed the Swiss Pavilion in the 1404: 675:

and Rome, filling nearly 80 sketchbooks with renderings of what he saw—including many sketches of the

7765: 6243: 4606:"Architecture View; Le Corbusier's Housing Project-Flexible Enough to Endure; by Ada Louise Huxtable" 4308: 3989:

Antliff, Mark, "Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939"

2840: 2381: 417:, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there, especially the government buildings. 17: 3744: 2768: 7820: 7800: 7525: 3351: 3031: 2116: 1359: 1297: 1199: 546: 6593: 5595:

André Malraux, funeral oration for Le Corbusier, 1 September 1965, cited in Journal (2015), p. 3.1

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regime. While Le Corbusier sought commissions from the Vichy regime, particularly the redesign of

1558: 1459: 1433:. Between 1929 and 1933, he built a larger and more ambitious project for the Salvation Army, the 951:

An important early work of Le Corbusier was the Esprit Nouveau Pavilion, built for the 1925 Paris

727:, the pioneer of reinforced concrete architecture in Paris, but now wanted to use it in new ways. 177: 7775: 6741: 6658: 6228: 3670: 3546: 2968: 2708: 2497: 2129: 2060: 1317: 5233: 2678:, who delivered a scathing critique of Le Corbusier's urban design theories in her seminal work 2580: 2537:, Chaise Longue, (1927–28), with a covering of cowhide, which gave it a touch of exoticism; the 2501:

Frame of an LC4 chair by Le Corbusier and Perriand (1927–28) at Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris

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animated our effort. Some things are sacred, others aren't, whether they're religious or not."

1526: 1121: 1075: 915: 4327: 2950: 2591:. (Valois later became an anti-fascist.) Le Corbusier knew another former member of Faisceau, 1664: 1663:

marked a turning point in the career of Le Corbusier; in 1952, he was made a Commander of the

480: 89: 7670: 7001: 6695: 6527: 6506: 6481: 6389: 6267: 5970:

Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier

4040:

Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier et l'urbain – la rectification du damier froebelien, pp. 93–117.

4000: 3624: 3408: 3142: 3040: 2872: 2397: 2161: 2084: 1875: 1829: 1803: 1712: 1648: 1450:. His apartment and studio are owned today by the Fondation Le Corbusier and can be visited. 1389: 1285: 1176: 681: 625: 108: 5824:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement" 4791: 3847:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement" 3770: 3314: 2691:

Alessandro Hseuh-Bruni wrote in "Le Corbusier's Fatal Flaws – A Critique of Modernism" that

2092: 1438: 1170:

Villa Savoye succinctly summed up the five points of architecture that he had elucidated in

7685: 7680: 7338: 6785: 6486: 5949: 5684:

FITTING, PETER (2002). "Urban Planning/Utopian Dreaming: Le Corbusier's Chandigarh Today".

3401: 2980:

In 2016, seventeen of Le Corbusier's buildings spanning seven countries were identified as

2957: 1430: 960: 841: 468: 4211: 4204: 3771:"Biographie de Le Corbusier - 1929-1938 : Le globe-trotter de l'architecture moderne" 422:

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement

8: 7486: 7433: 7205: 6762: 6537: 6436: 5381:

p. 35: "Both the paintings and the architectural designs make use of the golden section."

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Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. (2015) 'Transgression and Ekphrasis in Le Corbusier's

5720: 4352: 4049:

Actes du colloque La ville et l'urbanisme après Le Corbusier, éditions d'en Haut 1993 –

3310: 2088: 1695:

Le Corbusier made another almost identical Unité d'Habitation in Rezé-les-Nantes in the

1333: 829:(1896–1967), a partnership that would last until the 1950s, with an interruption in the 7606: 7289: 7008: 6805: 6466: 6410: 6394: 6205: 5701: 5346: 5322: 3379: 3347: 3295: 3196: 2553: 2507: 2455: 2444: 2124: 2108: 1980: 1817: 1764: 1213: 1145: 870: 538: 467:), oil on canvas, 80.9 cm × 99.7 cm (31.9 in × 39.3 in), 182: 6829: 6426: 3149: 2515: 1443: 1409: 7585: 7412: 7398: 7022: 6994: 6952: 6945: 6924: 6910: 6563: 6471: 6135: 6104: 6086: 6061: 6039: 6023: 6008: 5977: 5957: 5939: 5925: 5910: 5892: 5876: 5858: 5693: 5623: 5576: 5549: 5527: 5459: 5366: 4981:

Letter to his brother Albert, 26 March 1961, FLC-R1-10-586, cited by Journal, p. 185.

4953: 4803: 4792: 4549: 4501: 4412: 4402: 4377: 4333: 4215: 4167: 4067: 4050: 3965: 3874: 3806: 3207: 3023: 2919:

at 8–10, square du Dr Blanche, Paris, France, which is open daily except for Sunday.

2824: 2792: 2643: 2592: 2527: 2389: 2334:

Le Corbusier was heavily indebted to the thought of the 19th-century French utopians

1848: 1399: 1271: 1264: 1220: 807: 653: 542: 476: 85: 6588: 6209: 5572:

Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939

5058: 4908:

Letter to his wife Yvonne, 27 February 1951, FLC-R1-12-87. Cited by Journal, p. 182.

3135: 3131: 2099:

in Tokyo. His other projects included a cultural centre and stadium for the town of

1434: 1003:

experimentation; the decision will be awarded on the field of battle of the 'new'."

7461: 7384: 7173: 7036: 6903: 6790: 6746: 6431: 6186: 6167: 5990: 5449: 5314: 5305:

Serenyi, Peter (December 1967). "Le Corbusier, Fourier, and the Monastery of Ema".

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cited by Turner, Paul, "La Formation de Le Corbusier", Paris, Macula, 1987, p. 218.

3745:"Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century" 3189: 3113: 3051: 2936: 2876: 2844: 2530:

had begun making his version in a sculptural curved form with a cane seat in 1927.

2511: 2439: 2409: 2342:. There is a noteworthy resemblance between the concept of the unité and Fourier's 2221: 1940: 1696: 1469: 1447: 1309: 1301: 1133: 1041:

for a catalogue of an exhibition on the style, and in 1968 in the title of a book,

826: 441: 299: 293: 241: 149: 4875:

Letter to Albert Camus, 13 February 1957, FLC (Fondation Le Corbusier), E1-12-154)

2807:

Le Corbusier influenced architects and urbanists worldwide. In the United States,

2636: 2072: 1280:

or International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM), was held in a château on

587:

The "Maison Blanche", built for Le Corbusier's parents in La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912)

7755: 7634: 7627: 7493: 7377: 7363: 7247: 7180: 7117: 7089: 7054: 7015: 6421: 6349: 6222: 6000: 5570: 5483:

Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand

5479:"In the Shadow of the Enlightenment Le Corbusier, Le Faisceau and Georges Valois" 5031:"When Utzon met Le Corbusier: Sydney Opera House unveils 'eye-catching' tapestry" 4481: 4359: 3721: 3181: 3091: 2860: 2717: 2339: 2205: 1839:

The second major religious project undertaken by Le Corbusier was the Convent of

1594: 1453: 1388:

In 1932, he was invited to take part in an international competition for the new

1325: 1117: 1090:

Corbusier Haus (right) and Citrohan Haus in Weissenhof, Stuttgart, Germany (1927)

1047:. And thereafter the term "Art Deco" was commonly used as the name of the style. 378: 235: 112: 4401:. Architectural Association (Great Britain). London: Architectural Association. 3674: 2054: 1219:

1926, he entered the competition for the construction of a headquarters for the

978:

Le Corbusier and his collaborators were given a plot of land located behind the

963:

and with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. Le Corbusier and Ozenfant had broken with

7599: 7571: 7557: 7553: 7303: 7282: 7268: 7219: 6973: 6966: 6917: 6795: 6700: 6568: 6547: 6451: 6359: 6339: 6329: 4828: 3609: 3604: 3493: 3329: 3234: 3221: 3084: 2961: 2848: 2816: 2808: 2728: 2588: 2301: 2137: 1727: 1684: 1511: 1478: 1463: 1342: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1141: 1125: 947:

for the reconstruction of Paris displayed at the Pavilion of the Esprit Nouveau

724: 657: 633: 621: 518: 398: 391: 199: 172: 143: 6020:

Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint

5922:

Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-Fonds

5746:"Le Corbusier – enfant terrible of Modernist Architecture? / Pash Living Blog" 5506:"Le Corbusier was 'militant fascist', two new books on French architect claim" 5454: 5437: 5101: 4972:

letter to his mother, 19 November 1954, FLC-R2-103. Cited by Journlet, p. 184.

4484:

Le Corbusier, L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui et « la loi du ripolin »

2752: 1699:

Department between 1948 and 1952, and three more over the following years, in

1421:

glass walls alternated with plaques of stone. He built the Villa de Madrot in

931: 861:

In the first issue of the journal, in 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret adopted

7664: 7641: 7475: 7440: 7405: 7370: 7356: 7317: 7275: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7124: 7075: 6987: 6636: 6573: 6364: 6354: 6201: 5697: 5463: 4949: 4309:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – Charles Édouard Jeanneret dit Le Corbusier" 3969: 3614: 3241: 3203: 3120: 3016: 2832: 2662: 2609: 2519: 2405: 2393: 2377: 2050: 1932: 1844: 1602: 1038: 731: 711: 649: 530: 383: 7419: 4416: 3906: 3057:

Le Corbusier Promenade, a promenade along the water at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin

2136:

Le Corbusier died of a heart attack at age 77 in 1965 after swimming on the

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fighter, Georges Valois was arrested and died in a Nazi concentration camp.

5035: 3358: 3156: 3109: 2880: 2772: 2748: 2601: 2401: 2369: 2285: 2277: 2225: 2045:, a portfolio of lithographs, published in the same collection as the book 1862: 1618: 1382: 1369: 1160: 1103: 1056: 979: 830: 806:), oil on canvas, 146.3 cm × 89.3 cm (57.6 by 35.2 inches), 617: 610: 572: 526: 433: 167: 3008: 2616:

surgeon, appointed Le Corbusier to the Department of Bio-Sociology of the

1617:

were rejected. Still, he persisted and finally found a willing partner in

1610: 1050: 511: 7592: 7546: 7468: 7447: 7324: 7296: 7226: 7212: 7138: 7110: 7082: 7068: 6938: 6780: 6542: 6532: 6344: 5491:

his contribution to three fascist revues: Plans, Prélude and L'Homme Réel

2675: 2596: 2584: 2343: 2080: 1948: 1614: 1515: 1337: 1195: 1137: 987: 944: 720: 488: 216: 6060:, edited by Louis Rice and David Littlefield, London: Routledge, 57–75, 5705: 4374:

Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret – Restoration of the Clarté Building

2760: 1625:", or housing units of standard size, with the first one to be built in 7613: 7532: 7454: 7331: 7240: 7233: 7131: 6980: 6800: 6334: 5326: 3846: 3528: 3264: 3228: 3061: 2736: 2613: 2156: 1928: 1871: 1329: 1284:

in Switzerland 26–28 June 1928. Those attending included Le Corbusier,

1281: 1023: 410: 188: 30:"Charles Jeanneret" redirects here. For the Australian politician, see 6374: 5823: 2791:

grade levels of the living spaces of the urban poor, for example, the

905:. At the Paris Salon d'Automne in 1922, he presented his plan for the 882: 858:, and promoted with energy and imagination his ideas of architecture. 57: 7578: 7103: 6232: 5973: 5084: 4399:

Anti-object : the dissolution and disintegration of architecture

3214: 3167: 2928: 2892: 2888: 2836: 2756: 2605: 2491: 2385: 2313: 2196: 1952: 1626: 1422: 1321: 1313: 1267: 1191: 1149: 991: 676: 503: 6038:(in French). Editions du Patrimoine: Centre des Monument Nationaux. 5318: 2201: 1927:

Le Corbusier's largest and most ambitious project was the design of

1214:

League of Nations Competition and Pessac Housing Project (1926–1930)

939: 7254: 7029: 5478: 3185: 2924: 2856: 2620:, an institute promoting eugenics policies under the Vichy regime. 1821: 1768: 1652: 1251: 956: 920: 694: 641: 637: 629: 600: 550: 484: 437: 386:

and writer, who was one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as

5830:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 5542:

Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule

5161: 3454:

Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme

1494:

Quand Les cathédrales étaient blanches, Voyage au pays des timides

1400:

Cité Universitaire, Immeuble Clarté and Cité de Refuge (1928–1933)

7648: 6736: 5801: 5222:"The Architect as Totalitarian: Le Corbusier's baleful influence" 4472:, Paris, G. Crès, « L'Esprit nouveau », 1925. Réédition 4371: 2868: 2852: 2526:, who in 1925 had begun making sleek modern tubular club chairs. 2523: 2424: 2417: 2373: 2361: 2355: 2317: 2100: 1960: 1936: 1853: 1832:, who had founded a movement and review of modern religious art. 1807: 1708: 1485: 1129: 995: 953:

International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts

672: 668: 496: 492: 429: 7620: 6210:

Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

4824:"Oscar Niemeyer and the United Nations Headquarters (1947–1949)" 4528: 4526: 3835:(in French). Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille. p. 73. 2987:, reflecting "outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement". 2764: 2751:, who absorbed Le Corbusier's ideas into his aesthetics theory. 2688:

while the workers would be removed to the fringes of the city".

2384:. He saw this system as a continuation of the long tradition of 959:

its name. Le Corbusier built the pavilion in collaboration with

6751: 6259: 3664: 3257: 3102: 2981: 2855:, the professors Justino Serralta and Carlos Gómez Gavazzo; in 2820: 2740: 2216:

Le Corbusier defined the principles of his new architecture in

1716: 1544:

The modular design of the apartments inserted into the building

1413: 1247: 1182: 1164: 1107: 968: 964: 849: 837: 522: 4944:

Burrows, Terry; Larter, Sarah; Anderson, Janice, eds. (1999).

4362:. Fondationlecorbusier.asso.fr. Retrieved on 27 February 2018. 1454:

Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin and Cité Radieuse (1922–1939)

1210:

architecture and one of the best-known works of Le Corbusier.

1205:

Le Corbusier was quite rhapsodic when describing the house in

986:

Besides the furniture, the pavilion exhibited a model of his '

525:, La Chaux-de-Fonds was a burgeoning city at the heart of the 409:(CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of 6238:

Le Corbusier's Working Lifestyle: 'Working with Le Corbusier'

4523: 4423: 3124: 2828: 2209: 1593:

for a time, where the collaborationist government of Marshal

1590: 1257: 852:. Ozenfant and Le Corbusier began writing for a new journal, 701: 414: 322: 3958:"Le Corbusier's Architecture and His Politics Are Revisited" 3458:

Precisions on the present state of architecture and urbanism

3416:) (frequently mistranslated as "Towards a New Architecture") 316: 264: 255: 37:"Corbusier" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see 7518: 5438:"The Le Corbusier Scandal, or, was Le Corbusier a Fascist?" 4145: 4143: 3325: 2864: 2183: 1979:

The most important building of the capitol complex was the

1943:, and invited to propose a project. An American architect, 1788: 1148:

to build three houses in the model city of Weissenhof near

349: 334: 305: 273: 270: 247: 228:(6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as 6742:

Palace of Ministry of National Education and Public Health

6101:

Au retour de La Chaux-de-Fonds: Le Corbusier & Froebel

5873:

Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture

4878: 4771: 4697: 6058:

Transgression: Towards the Expanded Field in Architecture

6005:

Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution in Architecture

4989: 4987: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4857: 3642: 3640: 1715:

for the company of Claude and Duval, in Saint-Dié in the

1671:

Postwar projects, United Nations headquarters (1947–1952)

745:

The Anatole Schwob House in La-Chaux-de-Fonds (1916–1918)

671:

and visited Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, as well as

346: 331: 6245:

Cosmos of Light: The Sacred Architecture of Le Corbusier

5907:

Cook Book: Gertrude Stein, William Cook and Le Corbusier

4263: 4140: 4024: 4022: 3694:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2724:

heavily influenced Le Corbusier and his contemporaries.

2704: 2510:

to join his studio as a furniture designer. His cousin,

2091:, a residential building for Brazilian students for the 1484:

In 1931, he developed a visionary plan for another city

475:

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret was born on 6 October 1887 in

4180: 2843:(a Catalan exile), Juan Kurchan, Jorge Ferrari Hardoy, 1372:, headquarters of Soviet trade unions, Moscow (1928–34) 1051:

Five Points of Architecture to Villa Savoye (1923–1931)

741: 5659:"Le Corbusier's Fatal Flaws – A Critique of Modernism" 5386: 5286: 5201: 5109: 4984: 4911: 4890: 4759: 4735: 4685: 4664: 4640: 4628: 4586: 4511: 4440: 4438: 3637: 3506:

Entretien avec les étudiants des écoles d'architecture

2271: 1722:

In early 1947 Le Corbusier submitted a design for the

557: 5620:

Fascist Visions: Art and Ideology in France and Italy

4943: 4682:

Time Magazine, article on Man of the Year, 5 May 1961

4652: 4616: 4576: 4574: 4559: 4288: 4115: 4103: 4019: 3907:"BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White" 2971:

awarded Le Corbusier an honorary degree in June 1959.

1647:

concept was inspired by the visit he had made to the

1006: 893: 640:

in residential construction and the architect of the

529:. Its culture was influenced by the Loge L'Amitié, a 358: 343: 328: 313: 310: 282: 267: 252: 7706:

Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members

5721:"Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret) 1887–1965" 5410: 5398: 2220:, published in 1927, and co-authored by his cousin, 1392:

in Moscow, which was to be built on the site of the

382:), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, 319: 302: 261: 244: 4747: 4450: 4435: 2083:) in size, for a site next to the Mediterranean at 1749: 971:movement in 1918 and in 1920 founded their journal 926: 575:, a chalet in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905) 340: 325: 258: 6889:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 5924:, Paperback Edition, University of Chicago Press, 5504: 4571: 4203: 2160:The holiday cabin where he spent his last days in 1986: 521:5 kilometres (3.1 mi) across the border from 6206:Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives 5776:"Musée: Fondation Le Corbusier – Maison La Roche" 5158:"Our Most Frequently Requested Prominent Artists" 4544:Benton, Charlotte, Benton, Tim, Wood, Ghislaine, 3649:. Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 27 February 2018. 2949:In 1937, Le Corbusier was named Chevalier of the 1895:The High Court of Justice, Chandigarh (1951–1956) 1629:, which had been heavily damaged during the war. 1501:Cannons? Munitions? No thank you, Lodging please! 7662: 5622:. Princeton University Press. pp. 134–170. 4500:, (originally 1925, Flammarion edition of 1996, 4487:, Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2012 3339:-Charlottenburg, Flatowallee 16, Berlin, Germany 3006:Place Le Corbusier, Paris, near the site of his 679:, whose forms he would later praise in his work 459:Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, 4325: 3687: 2907:Le Corbusier, work reproduced in Život 2 (1922) 913:published his first and most influential book, 667:for five months; this time he journeyed to the 6248:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013. 6202:Le Corbusier architectural drawings, 1935–1961 5257:Le Corbusier: The Machine and the Grand Design 5182: 5160:. Artists Rights Society. 2003. Archived from 5008:"Le Corbusier's Museum as a Critical Attitude" 4326:Corbusier, Le; Jenger, Jean (1 January 2002). 3300:1959: Government College of Art (GCA) and the 3067:Le Corbusier Museum in Stuttgart am Weissenhof 2291: 1353: 6870: 6722:Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne 6275: 6018:Jornod, Naïma and Jornod, Jean-Pierre (2005) 5363:Proportion: Science, Philosophy, Architecture 5126: 5124: 4353:Repères biographiques, Fondation Le Corbusier 2212:), built under the influence of Le Corbusier. 2095:in Paris. Between 1954 and 1959 he built the 1574:Salon and Terrace of an original unit of the 1277:Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne 444:have resulted in some continuing contention. 6080: 6071: 5936:L'Esprit Nouveau: Purism in Paris, 1918–1925 5272:"New Books Claim Le Corbusier Was a Fascist" 5028: 4532: 4429: 3932:"The profound anti-Semitism of Le Corbusier" 2999:, pictured with his distinctive eyeglasses. 2995:Le Corbusier's portrait was featured on the 2735:(CIAM). One of the first to realize how the 2733:Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne 2587:, a short-lived French fascist party led by 2551: 2053:. In 1958 he collaborated with the composer 1907:Secretariat Building, Chandigarh (1952–1958) 663:In 1911, he travelled again with his friend 405:Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne 402: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5089:A/Z: ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 4946:ITV Visual History of the Twentieth Century 3866: 2867:, Abel Hurtado and José Carlos Ortecho; in 2681:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1385:, the headquarters of Soviet trade unions. 6877: 6863: 6579:Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture 6282: 6268: 5790: 5768: 5121: 4372:Office du Patrimoine et des sites (2016). 4241: 4234:Letter to Auguste Perret (1915), cited in 3382:(Centre Le Corbusier), Zürich, Switzerland 3002:The following place-names carry his name: 2618:Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 2192:Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture 1258:Founding of CIAM (1928) and Athens Charter 1061:Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture 1037:were adapted in 1966 by the art historian 702:Dom-ino House and Schwob House (1914–1918) 56: 6255:. solarhousehistory.com. 28 October 2013. 5800:. University of Cambridge. Archived from 5453: 5219: 5213: 5100: 4332:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3867:López-Durán, Fabiola (11 December 2018). 3825: 3510:A Conversation with Architecture Students 3256:1952: Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé, 2898: 2218:Les cinq points de l'architecture moderne 1881: 1505:The lyricism of modern times and urbanism 935:The Pavilion of the Esprit Nouveau (1925) 848:and established a new artistic movement, 450: 5642: 5422: 5259:. New York: George Braziller. p. 7. 5134:. Fondation Le Corbusier. Archived from 4517: 4197: 4195: 3798: 3386: 2902: 2703: 2496: 2438: 2195: 2185:The Five Points of a Modern Architecture 2155: 2148:, it is one of his last finished works. 1674: 1510:In 1928, the French Minister of Labour, 1403: 1363: 1144:. In 1927, he was invited by the German 938: 930: 812: 793: 773: 740: 705: 454: 6036:Le Corbusier- Construire la Vie Moderne 6033: 5967: 5683: 5617: 5568: 5392: 5360: 5354: 5339: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5254: 5248: 5207: 5115: 5022: 5018:(28): 122–137 – via Academia.edu. 4993: 4926: 4896: 4884: 4863: 4777: 4765: 4741: 4703: 4691: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4592: 4565: 4294: 4269: 4186: 4149: 4121: 4109: 4028: 3998: 3955: 2019:in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960–1963) 1581:Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine 1348: 636:, the pioneer of the use of reinforced 14: 7736:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour 7663: 6839: 6732:The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier 5778:. Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau 5533: 5513:from the original on 11 January 2022. 5502: 5150: 4161: 3577:Quand les Cathédrales Etáient Blanches 3022:Place Le Corbusier in his hometown of 2975: 150:Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur 7153:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 6858: 6263: 6125:Le Corbusier: Elements of A Synthesis 6114: 5871:Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014) 5852: 5539: 5476: 5435: 5416: 5404: 5365:. Taylor & Francis. p. 320. 5269: 5198:, G. Crès & Cie (1928), pp. 70–78 5082: 5005: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4789: 4456: 4444: 4201: 4192: 2579:. He also penned pieces in favour of 1623:Unité habitation de grandeur conforme 377: 6819: 6405:Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts 5886: 5361:Padovan, Richard (2 November 1999). 4753: 4709: 4622: 4580: 4306: 4249:Les Villas de Le Corbusier 1920–1929 4166:. Zürich: Scheidegger & Spiess. 3794: 3792: 3627:- Swiss donator and collector of art 3344:Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts 2474:memorable slogans. In his 1925 book 2113:Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts 2017:Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts 1316:and Mies van der Rohe from Germany; 1186:, reinforced concrete stilts. These 710:Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1914–15, 620:and tried, without success, to meet 571:Le Corbusier's student project, the 6497:Couvent Sainte-Marie-de-la-Tourette 6447:United Nations Secretariat Building 6034:Journel, Guillemette Morel (2015). 5282:from the original on 19 April 2023. 5220:Dalrymple, Theodore (Autumn 2009). 4396: 4135:Le Corbusier, Lettres a ses maitres 2731:, and was a founding member of the 2423:Le Corbusier's 1927 Villa Stein in 2404:, Le Corbusier based the system on 558:Travel and first houses (1905–1914) 401:, and was a founding member of the 24: 7761:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal 6614:Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert 5938:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 4932: 4854:, Hatje, Stuttgart, (1925), p. 25. 4717:"Le Corbusier plus facto que fada" 4376:. Geneva: Birkhäuser. p. 27. 4210:. George Braziller, Inc. pp. 3999:Simonin, Laurianne (19 May 2021). 3366:Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert 3302:Chandigarh College of Architecture 3177:, New York City, U.S. (Consultant) 2066:L'Atelier de la recherché patiente 1724:headquarters of the United Nations 1681:headquarters of the United Nations 1643:Le Corbusier wrote later that the 1227: 1132:, Belgium (1926); a residence for 1120:(1923–1925), which now houses the 1074:The Villa La Roche-Jeanneret (now 27:Swiss-French architect (1887–1965) 25: 7832: 6599:Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé 6564:Maisons de la Weissenhof-Siedlung 6442:Mill Owners' Association Building 6147: 5752:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 5436:Brott, Simone (8 December 2017). 5056: 4133:Letter to Eplattenier in Dumont, 3789: 3060:Le Corbusier Museum, Sector – 19 2368:Le Corbusier explicitly used the 1527:World War II and Reconstruction; 752:Five Points of a New Architecture 7811:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal 6838: 6828: 6818: 6373: 6289: 6085:(in French). Flammarion (1995). 5909:. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books. 5816: 5738: 5718: 5712: 5677: 5651: 5636: 5611: 5598: 5589: 5562: 5520: 5496: 5470: 5340:Donadio, Rachel (12 July 2015). 4251:, Philippe Sers éd. Paris, 1987. 4100:, Rousseau, Geneva 1970, p. 28. 3956:Donadio, Rachel (12 July 2015). 3517:Les Trois établissements Humains 2562: 2069:The workshop of patient research 2024: 2009: 1993: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1824:(1950–1955); and the Convent of 1796: 1776: 1756: 1750:Religious architecture (1950–63) 1567: 1549: 1537: 1263:architectural exposition at the 1159:The following year he began the 1118:Maison La Roche/Albert Jeanneret 1095: 1083: 1067: 927:L'Esprit Nouveau Pavilion (1925) 660:were also working and learning. 592: 580: 564: 298: 240: 215: 6502:Maison de la Culture de Firminy 6482:Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy 5503:Samuel, Henry (16 April 2015). 5333: 5263: 5188: 5176: 5076: 5050: 4999: 4975: 4966: 4902: 4869: 4844: 4816: 4783: 4676: 4598: 4538: 4490: 4475: 4462: 4390: 4365: 4346: 4319: 4300: 4275: 4254: 4228: 4155: 4127: 4090: 4077: 4060: 4043: 4034: 4001:"Le Corbusier: 5 Facts to Know" 3992: 3983: 3949: 3924: 3899: 3860: 3805:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 3372:Maison de la Culture de Firminy 2133:, which was completed in 1960. 1987:Later life and work (1955–1965) 1920:Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) 1394:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 7786:Naturalized citizens of France 7741:International style architects 7726:French people of Swiss descent 7691:20th-century French architects 7030:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 6727:List of Le Corbusier buildings 6400:National Museum of Western Art 5546:University of California Press 5540:Celik, Zeynep (28 July 1997). 5029:Steph Harmon (29 March 2016). 4548:, 2010, Renaissance du Livre, 4546:Art Déco dans le monde 1910–39 4329:Le Corbusier: choix de lettres 3839: 3819: 3763: 3737: 3722:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3709: 3681: 3652: 3581:When the Cathedrals were White 3521:The Three Human Establishments 3188:, Argentina (project manager: 3078:List of Le Corbusier buildings 2813:Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza 2097:National Museum of Western Art 2002:National Museum of Western Art 874:the Union of Modern Artists (" 836:In 1918, Le Corbusier met the 786:), oil on canvas, 54 x 81 cm, 713:Maison Dom-Ino (Dom-ino House) 624:. In Florence, he visited the 72:Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris 32:Charles Jeanneret (politician) 13: 1: 7751:People from La Chaux-de-Fonds 6896:Leaders & revolutionaries 6117:Grammaire des Arts Décoratifs 5954:Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms 5270:Munro, Cait (17 April 2005). 4498:L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui 4470:L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui 3873:. University of Texas Press. 3697:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 3631: 3443:L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui 2476:L'Art Décoratif d'aujourd'hui 2144:in 1962–1967. Now called the 1556:Internal "street" within the 1016:L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui 955:, the event which later gave 766:Painting, Cubism, Purism and 7816:Deaths by drowning in France 6604:Unité d'Habitation of Berlin 6417:Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau 6340:Maison Guiette/Les Peupliers 6192:Resources in other libraries 6173:Resources in other libraries 6127:, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers. 6123:Von Moos, Stanislaus (2009) 6076:(in French). G. Crés et Cie. 6074:L'Art décoratif d'aujourdhui 5997:, London, Thames and Hudson. 5972:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 5828:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4085:L'Art décoratif d'aujourdhui 3826:Froissart, Rossella (2011). 3566:Deuxième clavier de couleurs 3447:The Decorative Arts of Today 3337:Unité d'Habitation of Berlin 2990: 2727:Le Corbusier revolutionized 2699: 2667:Yesterday's City of Tomorrow 2630: 2595:, a former labor leader and 2462: 2434: 2365:not attached to either one. 1818:chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut 1765:chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut 1656:the temple of the family". 1442:building with 45 units, the 788:Musée National d'Art Moderne 7: 7781:Swiss expatriates in France 7711:French architecture writers 7696:Architectural theoreticians 6757:United Nations headquarters 6609:Unité d'Habitation of Briey 6130:Weber, Nicholas Fox (2008) 3802:Le Corbusier and the Occult 3598: 3465:Premier clavier de couleurs 3322:Sainte Marie de La Tourette 3175:United Nations headquarters 3029:Le Corbusier Street in the 2763:and the industrial city of 2543:Fauteuil à dossier vascular 1841:Sainte Marie de La Tourette 1826:Sainte Marie de La Tourette 1785:Sainte Marie de La Tourette 1354:Moscow projects (1928–1934) 1154:Five Points of Architecture 1044:Art Deco of the 20s and 30s 1020:The Decorative Art of Today 1008:The Decorative Art of Today 876:Union des artistes modernes 736:reinforced concrete columns 10: 7837: 7771:Swiss architecture writers 7716:French furniture designers 7047:Artists & entertainers 6371: 6253:"Le Corbusier and the Sun" 5845: 3075: 2466: 2353: 2349: 2189: 1931:, the capital city of the 1683:designed by Le Corbusier, 1457: 1357: 1328:from the Netherlands, and 1234: 1054: 646:Théâtre des Champs-Élysées 39:Corbusier (disambiguation) 36: 29: 7791:Swiss furniture designers 7503: 7349:Scientists & thinkers 7348: 7197: 7046: 6895: 6814: 6773: 6709: 6688: 6669: 6650: 6624: 6556: 6515: 6382: 6297: 6187:Resources in your library 6168:Resources in your library 5575:. Duke University Press. 5526:After becoming a wartime 5455:10.1163/22116257-00602003 5105:– via Academia.edu. 5102:10.5505/itujfa.2017.83702 4342:– via Google Books. 4202:Choay, Françoise (1960). 4164:Klip and Corb on the road 3541:Le Poeme de l'Angle Droit 3278:Museum and Gallery of Art 2943: 2841:Antoni Bonet i Castellana 2722:Garden Cities of Tomorrow 2716:society through housing. 2711:, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 2272:"Architectural Promenade" 2151: 599:The Villa Favre-Jacot in 491:. His ancestors included 226:Charles-Édouard Jeanneret 214: 209: 205: 195: 163: 159: 136: 128: 120: 97: 67: 55: 48: 6642:Le Corbusier's Furniture 6229:Projects by Le Corbusier 6221:26 February 2010 at the 6119:(in French). Flammarion. 5968:Fishman, Robert (1982). 5934:Eliel, Carol S. (2002). 5920:Brooks, H. Allen (1999) 5905:Behrens, Roy R. (2005). 4794:Encyclopedia of the City 3352:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3263:1952–1959: Buildings in 3145:, Moscow, USSR (project) 3071: 3015:Le Corbusier Boulevard, 2997:10 Swiss francs banknote 2863:, and Dicken Castro; in 2859:, Germán Samper Gnecco, 2661:and architecture critic 2469:Le Corbusier's Furniture 2382:architectural proportion 2178: 2117:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1531:in Marseille (1939–1952) 1360:Le Corbusier in the USSR 1200:promenade architecturale 537:Like his contemporaries 6659:Poem of the Right Angle 6099:Solitaire, Marc (2016) 6007:, The Monacelli Press, 5857:. Harry N. Abrams Inc. 5255:Evenson, Norma (1969). 3671:Oxford University Press 3547:Poem of the Right Angle 3438:), with Amédée Ozenfant 3414:Towards an Architecture 3046:Le Corbusier Street in 2969:University of Cambridge 2709:Gustavo Capanema Palace 2659:Technological historian 2123:, the architect of the 1562:, Marseille (1947–1952) 916:Towards an Architecture 7806:Art Nouveau architects 7676:Le Corbusier buildings 6960:Martin Luther King Jr. 6717:Fondation Le Corbusier 6678:Toward an Architecture 6457:Museum and Art Gallery 6310:Villa Jeanneret-Perret 6216:Fondation Le Corbusier 5889:L'Architecture moderne 5853:Arwas, Victor (1992). 5608:magazine, 8 June 1998. 5569:Antliff, Mark (2007). 5477:Brott, Simone (2013). 5196:Une maison – un palais 4798:. Routledge. pp. 4358:2 October 2009 at the 3799:Birksted, Ian (2009). 3775:Fondation Le Corbusier 3592:The Voyage to the East 3570:Second Colour Keyboard 2913:Fondation Le Corbusier 2908: 2899:Fondation Le Corbusier 2769:František Lydie Gahura 2712: 2697: 2656: 2552: 2539:Fauteuil Grand Confort 2502: 2449: 2213: 2200:Barrio de las Flores, 2173:Artists Rights Society 2169:Fondation Le Corbusier 2164: 2043:Poéme de l'angle droit 1882:Chandigarh (1951–1956) 1804:Church of Saint-Pierre 1692: 1599:Sur les Quatres routes 1417: 1373: 1122:Fondation Le Corbusier 1076:Fondation Le Corbusier 948: 936: 895:Toward an Architecture 822: 810: 800:Nature morte verticale 791: 746: 716: 472: 451:Early life (1887–1904) 403: 7731:French urban planners 7198:Builders & titans 7002:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6696:Pavillon Le Corbusier 6584:Cité Frugès de Pessac 6528:Palace of the Soviets 6507:Usine Claude et Duval 6452:Sanskar Kendra Museum 6390:Tsentrosoyuz building 6083:Vers une architecture 6081:Le Corbusier (1923). 6072:Le Corbusier (1925). 5132:"Foundation: History" 4790:Caves, R. W. (2004). 4283:Lettres a css maitres 4236:Lettres a ces Maitres 4162:Žaknić, Ivan (2019). 4098:Le Corbusier lui-meme 4096:Cited by Jean Petit, 3667:UK English Dictionary 3625:Raoul Albert La Roche 3409:Vers une architecture 3387:Books by Le Corbusier 3152:, Geneva, Switzerland 3143:Palace of the Soviets 3041:Buenos Aires Province 2906: 2873:Joseph Philippe Karam 2851:in his first era; in 2707: 2693: 2652: 2500: 2442: 2398:Leon Battista Alberti 2282:Une Maison, un Palais 2231:The five points are: 2199: 2162:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 2159: 2085:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 2035:in Zürich (1962–1967) 1830:Marie-Alain Couturier 1743:General Assembly Hall 1678: 1649:Florence Charterhouse 1407: 1390:Palace of the Soviets 1367: 1286:Robert Mallet-Stevens 1237:Cité Frugès de Pessac 1177:Vers une architecture 942: 934: 816: 797: 777: 744: 709: 682:Vers une architecture 626:Florence Charterhouse 549:, who had studied in 547:Charles L'Eplattenier 502:, which inspired the 458: 109:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 7796:Swiss urban planners 7746:Modernist architects 7701:Brutalist architects 7339:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 6492:Complexe du Capitole 6487:Firminy-Vert Stadium 6462:Secretariat Building 6132:Le Corbusier: A Life 6115:Riley, Noël (2004). 6054:Journey to the East' 5950:Curtis, William J.R. 4307:Larousse, Éditions. 4137:, vol. 2, pp. 82–83. 3469:First Color Keyboard 3284:Secretariat Building 3195:1950–1954: Chapelle 3012:on the Rue de Sèvres 2985:World Heritage Sites 2958:Frank P. Brown Medal 2887:Many skyscrapers in 2448:in Chandigarh, India 2004:in Tokyo (1954–1959) 1711:; and he designed a 1349:Projects (1928–1963) 1035:1925 Expo: Arts Deco 817:Le Corbusier, 1920, 798:Le Corbusier, 1922, 778:Le Corbusier, 1921, 603:, Switzerland (1912) 469:Museum of Modern Art 379:[ləkɔʁbyzje] 62:Le Corbusier in 1964 7721:French male writers 7487:Ludwig Wittgenstein 7434:John Maynard Keynes 7206:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 6763:The Price of Desire 6651:Paintings and poems 6538:Ville Contemporaine 6437:Cabanon de vacances 6134:, Alfred A. Knopf, 6103:, editions Wiking, 5887:Bony, Anne (2012). 5798:"About the Faculty" 5756:on 29 November 2016 5604:Rybcznski, Witold, 5377:from Le Corbusier, 5232:(4). Archived from 5083:DUYAN, EFE (2017). 5006:DUYAN, EFE (2021). 4887:, pp. 184–185. 4780:, pp. 152–158. 4706:, pp. 244–246. 3677:on 26 January 2022. 3620:Mathematics and art 3432:La Peinture moderne 3249:Chinubhai Chimanlal 3213:1951: Buildings in 3048:Le Village Parisien 3037:Malvinas Argentinas 2976:World Heritage Site 2917:16th arrondissement 2146:Centre Le Corbusier 2105:Unités d'Habitation 2033:Centre Le Corbusier 1736:Wallace K. Harrison 1689:Wallace K. Harrison 1378:Konstantin Melnikov 907:Ville Contemporaine 804:Vertical Still Life 698:traditional house. 440:, and the dictator 388:modern architecture 7607:Emmeline Pankhurst 7526:Lady Diana Spencer 7504:Heroes & icons 7290:Charles E. Merrill 7009:Theodore Roosevelt 6806:Charlotte Perriand 6594:Unité d'habitation 6467:Palace of Assembly 6411:Open Hand Monument 6395:Notre-Dame du Haut 5347:The New York Times 5164:on 31 January 2009 4866:, pp. 154–55. 4610:The New York Times 4397:Ken, Kuma (2008). 3962:The New York Times 3588:Le Voyage d'Orient 3380:Heidi Weber Museum 3348:Harvard University 3315:Cité Universitaire 3296:Palace of Assembly 3199:, Ronchamp, France 3197:Notre Dame du Haut 3164:Unité d'Habitation 2909: 2879:; in South Korea, 2713: 2508:Charlotte Perriand 2503: 2488:human-limb objects 2456:Open Hand Monument 2450: 2445:Open Hand Monument 2406:human measurements 2214: 2165: 2130:Les Dés Sont Jetés 2125:Sydney Opera House 2109:Meurthe-et-Moselle 2093:Cité Universitaire 2061:Poème électronique 1981:Palace of Assembly 1693: 1661:Unité d'Habitation 1645:Unité d'Habitation 1576:Unité d'Habitation 1559:Unité d'Habitation 1529:Unité d'Habitation 1460:Unité d'habitation 1439:Cité Universitaire 1418: 1374: 949: 937: 871:Charlotte Perriand 823: 811: 792: 747: 717: 687:Le Voyage d'Orient 539:Frank Lloyd Wright 473: 183:Notre Dame du Haut 178:Unité d'habitation 7658: 7657: 7586:Charles Lindbergh 7519:The American G.I. 7413:Robert H. Goddard 7399:Alexander Fleming 7023:Margaret Thatcher 6995:Eleanor Roosevelt 6953:Ruhollah Khomeini 6946:Pope John Paul II 6925:Mikhail Gorbachev 6911:Winston Churchill 6852: 6851: 6632:Chaise Longue LC4 6523:Governor's Palace 6472:Baghdad Gymnasium 6154:Library resources 6109:978-2-9545239-1-0 6092:978-2-0812-1744-7 6066:978-1-13-881892-7 6045:978-2-7577-0419-6 6013:978-1-58093-077-2 5991:Frampton, Kenneth 5983:978-0-262-56023-8 5962:978-0-7148-2790-2 5898:978-2-03-587641-6 5881:978-1-4959-0625-1 5864:978-0-8109-1926-6 5750:pash-living.co.uk 5629:978-0-691-02738-8 5582:978-0-8223-9047-3 5555:978-0-520-20457-7 5372:978-0-419-22780-9 5057:Choay, François. 4809:978-0-415-25225-6 4625:, pp. 84–85. 4554:978-2-507-00390-6 4533:Le Corbusier 1925 4506:978-2-0812-2062-1 4432:, pp. 1–150. 4430:Le Corbusier 1923 4408:978-1-902902-52-4 4383:978-3-0356-0759-8 4339:978-3-7643-6455-7 4285:, vol. 1, p. 181. 4221:978-0-8076-0104-4 4173:978-3-85881-817-1 4152:, pp. 32–33. 3880:978-1-4773-1495-1 3725:. Merriam-Webster 3482:La Ville radieuse 3290:Governor's Palace 3272:Palace of Justice 3224:Museum, Ahmedabad 3208:Neuilly-sur-Seine 3024:La Chaux-de-Fonds 2927:on the shores of 2825:Mario Pani Darqui 2644:Witold Rybczynski 2593:Hubert Lagardelle 2581:Nazi antisemitism 2528:Mies van der Rohe 2410:Fibonacci numbers 2390:Leonardo da Vinci 2329:La Ville radieuse 2302:La Ville radieuse 2057:on a work called 1849:Le Thoronet Abbey 1431:Pont d'Austerlitz 1272:Mies van der Rohe 1265:Weissenhof Estate 1221:League of Nations 1078:) in Paris (1923) 943:The model of the 819:Guitare verticale 808:Kunstmuseum Basel 654:Mies van der Rohe 543:Mies van der Rohe 477:La Chaux-de-Fonds 223: 222: 86:La Chaux-de-Fonds 16:(Redirected from 7828: 7766:Swiss architects 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7471: 7464: 7462:William Shockley 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7385:Philo Farnsworth 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7174:Steven Spielberg 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6904:David Ben-Gurion 6879: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6842: 6841: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6791:Pierre Jeanneret 6747:Philips Pavilion 6477:Maison du Brésil 6432:Immeuble Molitor 6377: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6242:Plummer, Henry. 6120: 6096: 6077: 6049: 5987: 5902: 5868: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5661:. Archived from 5655: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5537: 5531: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5342:"New York Times" 5337: 5331: 5330: 5307:The Art Bulletin 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5138:on 18 March 2014 5128: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4797: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4612:. 15 March 1981. 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4535:, p. 70–81. 4530: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4482:Yannis Tsiomis, 4479: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4272:, p. 50–51. 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4238:, vol. 1, p. 33. 4232: 4226: 4225: 4209: 4199: 4190: 4189:, pp. 48–9. 4184: 4178: 4177: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4007:. Barnebys Group 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3887:on 3 August 2022 3883:. Archived from 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3673:. Archived from 3656: 3650: 3644: 3494:Charte d'Athènes 3486:The Radiant City 3394:Après le cubisme 3311:Maison du Brésil 3190:Amancio Williams 3114:Poissy-sur-Seine 3052:Brossard, Quebec 2956:He received the 2951:Légion d'honneur 2937:Pierre Jeanneret 2884: 2877:Shiv Nath Prasad 2845:Amancio Williams 2803: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2625:anti-Jewish laws 2557: 2512:Pierre Jeanneret 2453:India, known as 2307:The Radiant City 2222:Pierre Jeanneret 2089:Maison du Brésil 2028: 2013: 1997: 1941:Jawaharlal Nehru 1916: 1904: 1892: 1800: 1780: 1760: 1732:Howard Robertson 1697:Loire-Atlantique 1665:Légion d'Honneur 1571: 1553: 1541: 1470:Great Depression 1448:Bois de Boulogne 1368:Building of the 1334:Josep Lluís Sert 1310:Erich Mendelsohn 1302:Victor Bourgeois 1172:L'Esprit Nouveau 1134:Jacques Lipchitz 1099: 1087: 1071: 973:L'Esprit Nouveau 911:L'Esprit Nouveau 903:L'Esprit Nouveau 855:L'Esprit Nouveau 846:Après le cubisme 827:Pierre Jeanneret 768:L'Esprit Nouveau 665:August Klipstein 596: 584: 568: 481:Neuchâtel canton 479:, a city in the 442:Benito Mussolini 408: 381: 376: 370: 366: 362: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 337: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 308: 307: 304: 297: 286: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 239: 219: 104: 81: 79: 60: 46: 45: 21: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7821:Olivetti people 7801:Urban theorists 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7635:Andrei Sakharov 7633: 7628:Jackie Robinson 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7499: 7494:Wright brothers 7492: 7485: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7378:Albert Einstein 7376: 7369: 7364:Tim Berners-Lee 7362: 7355: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7248:Amadeo Giannini 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7193: 7186: 7181:Igor Stravinsky 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7118:Aretha Franklin 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7090:Charlie Chaplin 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7055:Louis Armstrong 7053: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7016:Margaret Sanger 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6891: 6883: 6853: 6848: 6810: 6786:Amédée Ozenfant 6769: 6705: 6684: 6665: 6646: 6620: 6557:Housing systems 6552: 6511: 6427:Immeuble Clarté 6422:Pavillon Suisse 6383:Other buildings 6378: 6369: 6350:Curutchet House 6293: 6288: 6251: 6225:– Official site 6223:Wayback Machine 6198: 6197: 6196: 6181:By Le Corbusier 6178: 6177: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6093: 6046: 6001:Jencks, Charles 5984: 5899: 5875:, CreateSpace, 5865: 5848: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5804:on 2 March 2014 5796: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5713: 5686:Utopian Studies 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5665:on 28 June 2021 5657: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5538: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5501: 5497: 5489:(30): 777–789. 5475: 5471: 5434: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5373: 5359: 5355: 5338: 5334: 5319:10.2307/3048487 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5268: 5264: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5236:on 6 March 2016 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4952:. p. 318. 4942: 4933: 4925: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4832:. December 2014 4822: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4723:. 18 March 2015 4715: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4495: 4491: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4409: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4370: 4366: 4360:Wayback Machine 4351: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4087:(1925), p. 198. 4082: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3717:"Corbusier, Le" 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3601: 3436:Modern Painting 3402:Amédée Ozenfant 3389: 3328:, France (with 3317:, Paris, France 3247:1951: Villa of 3182:Curutchet House 3150:Immeuble Clarté 3138:, Paris, France 3094:, Paris, France 3092:Villa Jeanneret 3087:, Paris, France 3080: 3074: 2993: 2978: 2946: 2901: 2861:Rogelio Salmona 2806: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2746: 2718:Ebenezer Howard 2702: 2633: 2565: 2554:Salon d'Automne 2547:Maison la Roche 2516:Gebrüder Thonet 2471: 2465: 2437: 2396:", the work of 2376:system for the 2358: 2352: 2340:Charles Fourier 2297: 2274: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2154: 2036: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1884: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1783:The convent of 1781: 1772: 1761: 1752: 1673: 1595:Philippe Petain 1585: 1584:in Paris (1952) 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1533: 1466: 1456: 1444:Immeuble Clarté 1410:Immeuble Clarté 1402: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1326:Gerrit Rietveld 1260: 1239: 1233: 1216: 1192:open floor plan 1111: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1072: 1063: 1055:Main articles: 1053: 1012: 967:and formed the 961:Amédée Ozenfant 929: 899: 842:Amédée Ozenfant 772: 704: 604: 597: 588: 585: 576: 569: 560: 517:Located in the 453: 374: 368: 364: 360: 339: 309: 301: 292: 291: 284: 251: 243: 234: 233: 186: 181: 176: 171: 155: 116: 113:Alpes-Maritimes 106: 102: 93: 83: 77: 75: 74: 73: 63: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7834: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7776:Swiss atheists 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7600:Marilyn Monroe 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7572:Kennedy family 7568: 7561: 7558:Tenzing Norgay 7554:Edmund Hillary 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7304:Walter Reuther 7300: 7293: 7286: 7283:Louis B. Mayer 7279: 7272: 7269:William Levitt 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7220:Willis Carrier 7216: 7209: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6974:Nelson Mandela 6970: 6967:Vladimir Lenin 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6918:Mahatma Gandhi 6914: 6907: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6826: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6796:Auguste Perret 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6701:Villa La Roche 6698: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6591: 6589:Cité du Refuge 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569:Butterfly roof 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6548:Ville Radieuse 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6360:Villa Sarabhai 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6298:Private houses 6295: 6294: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6249: 6240: 6235: 6226: 6213: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148:External links 6146: 6144: 6143: 6128: 6121: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6078: 6069: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6016: 5998: 5988: 5982: 5965: 5947: 5932: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5815: 5789: 5767: 5737: 5711: 5676: 5650: 5643:Le Corbusier. 5635: 5628: 5610: 5597: 5588: 5581: 5561: 5554: 5532: 5519: 5495: 5469: 5448:(2): 196–227. 5421: 5419:, p. 383. 5409: 5407:, p. 382. 5397: 5395:, p. 316. 5385: 5371: 5353: 5332: 5297: 5295:, p. 228. 5285: 5262: 5247: 5212: 5210:, p. 231. 5200: 5194:Le Corbusier, 5187: 5175: 5149: 5120: 5118:, p. 212. 5108: 5095:(3): 181–194. 5075: 5059:"Le Corbusier" 5049: 5021: 4998: 4996:, p. 216. 4983: 4974: 4965: 4958: 4931: 4929:, p. 182. 4910: 4901: 4899:, p. 165. 4889: 4877: 4868: 4856: 4850:Le Corbusier, 4843: 4829:United Nations 4815: 4808: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 139. 4758: 4756:, p. 143. 4746: 4744:, p. 215. 4734: 4708: 4696: 4694:, p. 218. 4684: 4675: 4673:, p. 100. 4663: 4651: 4649:, p. 210. 4639: 4637:, p. 128. 4627: 4615: 4597: 4595:, p. 116. 4585: 4570: 4558: 4537: 4522: 4510: 4496:Le Corbusier, 4489: 4474: 4468:Le Corbusier, 4461: 4449: 4434: 4422: 4407: 4389: 4382: 4364: 4345: 4338: 4318: 4299: 4287: 4274: 4262: 4253: 4240: 4227: 4220: 4191: 4179: 4172: 4154: 4139: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4089: 4083:Le Corbusier, 4076: 4059: 4042: 4033: 4018: 3991: 3982: 3948: 3923: 3898: 3879: 3859: 3838: 3818: 3811: 3788: 3762: 3751:. 16 July 2008 3736: 3708: 3689:"Le Corbusier" 3680: 3660:"Le Corbusier" 3651: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3610:Crystal Cubism 3607: 3605:Butterfly roof 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3551: 3537: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3499:Athens Charter 3489: 3478: 3472: 3461: 3450: 3439: 3428: 3417: 3404: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3340: 3333: 3330:Iannis Xenakis 3318: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3261: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3235:Villa Sarabhai 3231: 3225: 3222:Sanskar Kendra 3211: 3200: 3193: 3178: 3171: 3160: 3159:, Moscow, USSR 3153: 3146: 3139: 3136:Armée du Salut 3132:Cité du Refuge 3128: 3117: 3106: 3095: 3088: 3085:Villa La Roche 3076:Main article: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3044: 3027: 3020: 3013: 2992: 2989: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2962:AIA Gold Medal 2954: 2945: 2942: 2900: 2897: 2849:Clorindo Testa 2817:Oscar Niemeyer 2809:Shadrach Woods 2777:Constructivist 2729:urban planning 2701: 2698: 2632: 2629: 2589:Georges Valois 2564: 2561: 2484:type-furniture 2467:Main article: 2464: 2461: 2436: 2433: 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2296: 2293:Ville Radieuse 2290: 2280:. In 1928, in 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2190:Main article: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2153: 2150: 2138:French Riviera 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1728:Oscar Niemeyer 1705:Briey-en-Forêt 1685:Oscar Niemeyer 1672: 1669: 1587: 1586: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1520:Ville Radieuse 1512:Louis Loucheur 1479:Rio de Janeiro 1468:As the global 1464:Ville Radieuse 1455: 1452: 1435:Cité de Refuge 1427:Champs-Élysées 1401: 1398: 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1343:Athens Charter 1320:from Austria; 1306:Walter Gropius 1304:from Belgium; 1294:Pierre Chareau 1290:Auguste Perret 1259: 1256: 1250:, a suburb of 1235:Main article: 1232: 1226: 1215: 1212: 1142:Maison Planeix 1126:Maison Guiette 1113: 1112: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1052: 1049: 1011: 1005: 928: 925: 898: 892: 771: 764: 725:Auguste Perret 703: 700: 658:Walter Gropius 634:Auguste Perret 622:Josef Hoffmann 606: 605: 598: 591: 589: 586: 579: 577: 570: 563: 559: 556: 519:Jura Mountains 452: 449: 399:urban planning 392:Viollet-le-Duc 221: 220: 212: 211: 207: 206: 203: 202: 200:Ville Radieuse 197: 193: 192: 173:Villa La Roche 165: 161: 160: 157: 156: 154: 153: 147: 144:AIA Gold Medal 140: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 107: 105:(aged 77) 101:27 August 1965 99: 95: 94: 84: 82:6 October 1887 71: 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7833: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642:Mother Teresa 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7476:Francis Crick 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7441:Leakey family 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406:Sigmund Freud 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7371:Rachel Carson 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357:Leo Baekeland 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7318:David Sarnoff 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7276:Lucky Luciano 7273: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7188:Oprah Winfrey 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167:Frank Sinatra 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146:Pablo Picasso 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125:Martha Graham 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076:Marlon Brando 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988:Ronald Reagan 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6845: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637:Grand Confort 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Dom-Ino House 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365:Villa Shodhan 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355:Maisons Jaoul 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Planeix House 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6141: 6140:0-375-41043-0 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6028:88-7624-203-1 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5944:0-8109-6727-8 5941: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930:0-226-07582-6 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915:0-9713244-1-7 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5777: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5647:. p. 39. 5646: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5551: 5548:. p. 4. 5547: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5499: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5012:Tasarım+Kuram 5009: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4978: 4969: 4961: 4959:1-85868-688-1 4955: 4951: 4950:Carlton Books 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4661:, p. 98. 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4583:, p. 83. 4582: 4577: 4575: 4568:, p. 37. 4567: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4520:, p. 98. 4519: 4514: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4459:, p. 49. 4458: 4453: 4447:, p. 46. 4446: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4297:, p. 50. 4296: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4124:, p. 48. 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 49. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4072:2-7061-0325-6 4069: 4063: 4056: 4055:2-88251-033-0 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031:, p. 32. 4030: 4025: 4023: 4006: 4005:Bbys Magazine 4002: 3995: 3986: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3812:9780262026482 3808: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3793: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3615:Fabien Vienne 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559:The Modulor 2 3556: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242:Villa Shodhan 3239: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3204:Maisons Jaoul 3201: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121:Villa Baizeau 3118: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3026:, Switzerland 3025: 3021: 3018: 3017:Laval, Quebec 3014: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:Roberto Matta 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815:; in Brazil, 2814: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2793:Cabrini–Green 2787: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663:Lewis Mumford 2660: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2637:André Malraux 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Alexis Carrel 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563:Controversies 2560: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:Marcel Breuer 2517: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Vitruvian Man 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2258:Ribbon Window 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228:(1928–1931). 2227: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2073:André Malraux 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2051:Henri Matisse 2048: 2044: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634:Cité Radieuse 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1603:Alexis Carrel 1600: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1578:, now at the 1577: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1336:of Spain and 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1300:from France; 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1174:and the book 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039:Bevis Hillier 1036: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 984: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 946: 941: 933: 924: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 904: 896: 891: 887: 884: 879: 877: 872: 866: 864: 859: 857: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 820: 815: 809: 805: 801: 796: 789: 785: 781: 776: 769: 763: 759: 755: 753: 743: 739: 737: 733: 732:Dom-Ino House 728: 726: 722: 715: 714: 708: 699: 696: 690: 688: 684: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 650:Peter Behrens 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 602: 595: 590: 583: 578: 574: 567: 562: 561: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 532: 531:Masonic lodge 528: 524: 520: 515: 513: 508: 505: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 466: 462: 457: 448: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 425: 423: 418: 416: 412: 407: 406: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 384:urban planner 380: 372: 371: 354: 295: 289: 288: 278: 237: 231: 227: 218: 213: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 190: 187:Buildings in 184: 179: 174: 169: 166: 162: 158: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124:Swiss, French 123: 119: 114: 110: 100: 96: 92:, Switzerland 91: 87: 70: 66: 59: 54: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7671:Le Corbusier 7565:Helen Keller 7540:Billy Graham 7512:Muhammad Ali 7480:James Watson 7427:Edwin Hubble 7392:Enrico Fermi 7311:Pete Rozelle 7262:Estée Lauder 7160:Bart Simpson 7097:Le Corbusier 7096: 7062:Lucille Ball 6932:Adolf Hitler 6886: 6761: 6676: 6657: 6409: 6325:Villa Le Lac 6320:Villa Schwob 6315:Villa Savoye 6305:Villa Fallet 6291:Le Corbusier 6290: 6244: 6180: 6159:Le Corbusier 6158: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6100: 6082: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6035: 6019: 6004: 5995:Le Corbusier 5994: 5969: 5953: 5935: 5921: 5906: 5891:. Larousse. 5888: 5872: 5854: 5832:. Retrieved 5827: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5802:the original 5792: 5780:. Retrieved 5770: 5758:. Retrieved 5754:the original 5749: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5724: 5714: 5692:(1): 69–93. 5689: 5685: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5663:the original 5653: 5644: 5638: 5619: 5613: 5605: 5600: 5591: 5571: 5564: 5541: 5535: 5522: 5514: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5445: 5441: 5412: 5400: 5393:Padovan 1999 5388: 5378: 5376: 5362: 5356: 5345: 5335: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5293:Fishman 1982 5288: 5275: 5265: 5256: 5250: 5238:. Retrieved 5234:the original 5229: 5226:City Journal 5225: 5215: 5208:Fishman 1982 5203: 5195: 5190: 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5162:the original 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5136:the original 5116:Journel 2015 5111: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5066:. Retrieved 5062: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5036:The Guardian 5034: 5024: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4994:Journel 2015 4977: 4968: 4945: 4927:Journel 2015 4904: 4897:Journel 2015 4892: 4885:Journel 2015 4880: 4871: 4864:Journel 2015 4859: 4851: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4827: 4818: 4793: 4785: 4778:Journel 2015 4773: 4766:Journel 2015 4761: 4749: 4742:Journel 2015 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4720: 4711: 4704:Fishman 1982 4699: 4692:Journel 2015 4687: 4678: 4671:Journel 2015 4666: 4659:Journel 2015 4654: 4647:Journel 2015 4642: 4635:Journel 2015 4630: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4593:Journel 2015 4588: 4566:Journel 2015 4561: 4556:, pp. 16–17. 4545: 4540: 4518:Le Corbusier 4513: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4464: 4452: 4425: 4398: 4392: 4373: 4367: 4348: 4328: 4321: 4312: 4302: 4295:Journel 2015 4290: 4282: 4277: 4270:Journel 2015 4265: 4256: 4248: 4247:Tim Benton, 4243: 4235: 4230: 4206:Le Corbusier 4205: 4187:Journel 2015 4182: 4163: 4157: 4150:Journel 2015 4134: 4129: 4122:Journel 2015 4117: 4110:Journel 2015 4105: 4097: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4062: 4045: 4036: 4029:Journel 2015 4009:. Retrieved 4004: 3994: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3961: 3951: 3939:. Retrieved 3935: 3926: 3914:. Retrieved 3910: 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3869: 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3841: 3828: 3821: 3801: 3779:. Retrieved 3774: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3749:the Guardian 3748: 3739: 3727:. Retrieved 3720: 3711: 3699:. Retrieved 3692: 3683: 3675:the original 3663: 3654: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3555:Le Modulor 2 3554: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3398:After Cubism 3397: 3393: 3359:Firminy-Vert 3157:Tsentrosoyuz 3110:Villa Savoye 3047: 3030: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2979: 2933: 2921: 2910: 2886: 2881:Kim Chung-up 2811:; in Spain, 2805: 2799: 2788: 2782: 2773:Soviet Union 2749:Nadir Afonso 2745: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2622: 2617: 2577:L'Homme Réel 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2504: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2454: 2451: 2443: 2429: 2422: 2414: 2402:golden ratio 2370:golden ratio 2367: 2359: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2295:and Urbanism 2292: 2286:Villa Savoye 2281: 2278:Villa Savoye 2275: 2264: 2257: 2250: 2244:Roof Terrace 2243: 2236: 2230: 2226:Villa Savoye 2217: 2215: 2184: 2168: 2166: 2135: 2128: 2104: 2077: 2068: 2065: 2058: 2055:Edgar Varèse 2046: 2042: 2039: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1945:Albert Mayer 1926: 1868: 1863:Albert Camus 1859: 1838: 1834: 1814: 1740: 1721: 1694: 1660: 1658: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1619:Raoul Dautry 1607: 1598: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1557: 1528: 1519: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1419: 1387: 1383:Tsentrosoyuz 1375: 1370:Tsentrosoyuz 1298:Tony Garnier 1275: 1261: 1240: 1229: 1217: 1206: 1204: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1161:Villa Savoye 1158: 1153: 1114: 1104:Villa Savoye 1057:Villa Savoye 1042: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1001: 985: 980:Grand Palais 977: 972: 950: 914: 910: 902: 900: 894: 888: 880: 867: 863:Le Corbusier 862: 860: 853: 845: 835: 831:World War II 824: 818: 803: 799: 783: 780:Nature morte 779: 767: 760: 756: 751: 748: 729: 718: 712: 691: 686: 680: 662: 618:Gustav Klimt 615: 611:Villa Fallet 607: 573:Villa Fallet 536: 527:Watch Valley 516: 507:Le Corbusier 506: 499: 474: 464: 461:Nature morte 460: 446: 434:antisemitism 426: 419: 396: 230:Le Corbusier 229: 225: 224: 168:Villa Savoye 103:(1965-08-27) 50:Le Corbusier 43: 7686:1965 deaths 7681:1887 births 7593:Harvey Milk 7547:Che Guevara 7469:Alan Turing 7448:Jean Piaget 7325:Juan Trippe 7297:Akio Morita 7227:Walt Disney 7213:Leo Burnett 7139:James Joyce 7111:T. 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