Prison - Knowledge

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their time, or trying to please prison staff (which can often secure early release for good behavior). However, the educational needs of prisoners often come into conflict with the security concerns of prison staff and with a public that wants to be "tough on crime" (and thus supports denying prisoners access to education). Whatever their reasons for participating in educational programs, prison populations tend to have very low literacy rates and lack of basic mathematical skills, and many have not completed secondary education. This lack of basic education severely limits their employment opportunities outside of prison, leading to high rates of recidivism, and research has shown that prison education can play a significant role in helping prisoners reorient their lives and become successful after reentry.

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without any recreational opportunities. The tension between these two opinions, coupled with lack of funding, leads to a large variety of different recreational procedures at different prisons. Prison administrators, however, generally find the provision of recreational opportunities to be useful at maintaining order in the prisons, because it keeps prisoners occupied and provides leverage to gain compliance (by depriving prisoners of recreation as punishment). Examples of common facilities/programs that are available in some prisons are: gyms and weightlifting rooms, arts and crafts, games (such as cards, chess, or bingo), television sets, and sports teams. Additionally, many prisons have an outdoor recreation area, commonly referred to as an "exercise yard".

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monitored and accounted for at all times, and the layout of prison kitchens must be designed in a way that allows staff to observe activity of the kitchen staff (who are usually prisoners). The quality of kitchen equipment varies from prison to prison, depending on when the prison was constructed, and the level of funding available to procure new equipment. Prisoners are often served food in a large cafeteria with rows of tables and benches that are securely attached to the floor. However, inmates that are locked in control units, or prisons that are on "lockdown" (where prisoners are made to remain in their cells all day) have trays of food brought to their cells and served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door. Prison food in many

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subjective determinations made by intake personnel (which include mental health workers, counselors, clerical staff, sheriff deputies, prison unit managers, and others). This process will have a major impact on the prisoner's experience, determining their security level, educational and work programs, mental health status (e.g. the determination of whether they will be placed in a mental health unit), and many other factors. This sorting of prisoners is one of the fundamental techniques through which the prison administration maintains control over the inmate population and attempts to reduce risks and liabilities in an attempt to create an orderly and secure prison environment. At some prisons, prisoners are made to wear a

1650:, and mines. Besides the economic benefits of providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by the convict work crews, and the generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the convicts. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective (as cruel, exploitative and degrading) and from a utilitarian perspective (as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of the public). Reformers such as 2622: 2389:

adult offenders is a relatively modern idea. The earliest known use of the term "juvenile delinquency" was in London in 1816, from where it quickly spread to the United States. The first juvenile correctional institution in the United States opened in 1825 in New York City. By 1917, juvenile courts had been established in all but 3 states. It was estimated that in 2011 more than 95,000 juveniles were locked up in prisons and jails in the United States (the largest youth prisoner population in the world). Besides prisons, many other types of residential placement exist within juvenile justice systems, including youth homes, community-based programs, training schools and boot camps.

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cell blocks which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners.) Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison.

1620: 1682: 2630: 2212: 2451: 1105: 804: 2030: 2726: 1564:, where the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. In 1816, Fry founded a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents. She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Bible. In 1817, she helped to found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. 2483: 1912: 2800:: Theories of rehabilitation argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to change prisoners' lives in a way that will make them productive and law-abiding members of society once they are released. The idea was promoted by 19th century reformers, who promoted prisons as a humane alternative to harsh punishments of the past. Many governments and prison systems have adopted rehabilitation as an official aim. In the United States and Canada, prison agencies are often referred to as " 2318: 1262:, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of 1385: 10159: 2173:

in mental health units, etc.). Prison populations are largely from poor minority communities that experience greater rates of chronic illness, substance abuse, and mental illness than the general population. This leads to a high demand for medical services, and in countries such as the US that do not provide tax-payer funded healthcare, prison is often the first place that people are able to receive medical treatment (which they could not afford outside).

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into state prisons are pregnant and in jails 6% of women are pregnant". The standard of care that female prisoners receive before and after giving birth is often far worse than the standard expected by the general population, and sometimes almost none is given. In some countries, female prisoners may be restrained while giving birth. In many countries including the United States, mothers will frequently be separated from their baby after giving birth.

2434:, the guards of women's prisons are usually female, though not always. For example, in federal women's correction facilities of the United States, 70% of guards are male. Rape and sexual offenses remain commonplace in many women's prisons, and are usually underreported. Two studies in the late 2000s noted that because a high proportion of female inmates have experienced sexual abuse in the past, they are particularly vulnerable to further abuse. 2416: 2371: 2074: 1971: 2085:(which rarely results in incarceration) are almost always sent to minimum-security prisons due to them having committed nonviolent crimes. Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them free movement around the grounds to work or partake in activities during the day. Some countries (such as 8996: 61: 2102:

tend to have very tall walls and towers, barbed wire and other serious security measures whereas these types of high level security measures are absent at many female prisons. This is due to multiple factors including females being convicted of less severe offences, and being less likely to be convicted of violent offences, in comparison to males, and due to female prisoners being less likely to be violent than male prisoners.

2781:, earn less money when they do find work, and experience a wide range of medical and psychological issues. Many countries have a high recidivism rate. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.8% of released prisoners in the United States are rearrested within three years and 76.6% are rearrested within five years. If the prisoner has a family, they are likely to suffer socially and economically from their absence. 2111: 10171: 8984: 1877: 1487: 1290:, was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be model members of society. 1741:, although state prison systems were largely in place by the end of the 19th century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the government reformed the repressive and arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence. Italy developed an advanced penology under the leadership of 1146:, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of for retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used commonly for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in ancient Athens was known as the 2551:, at first prisoners of war were released, after they promised not to fight again unless formally exchanged. When the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners the system broke down, and each side built large-scale POW camps. Conditions in terms of housing, food, and medical care were bad in the Confederacy, and the Union retaliated by imposing harsh conditions. 2232:

reading has a variety of benefits including improved literacy, ability to understand rules and regulations (leading to improved behavior), ability to read books that encourage self-reflection and analysis of one's emotional state, consciousness of important real-world events, and education that can lead to successful re-entry into society after release.

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prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry,

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also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility. Many times the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents and therefore the facilities can become unstable and create instability in simple logistics.

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the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers. At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians.

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in the present day. By their very definition, prisons house individuals who may be prone to violence and rule-breaking. It is also typical that a high proportion of inmates have mental health concerns. A 2014 US report found that this included 64% of local jail inmates, 54% of state prisoners and 45%

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Not all countries have experienced a rise in prison population: Sweden closed four prisons in 2013 due to a significant drop in the number of inmates. The head of Sweden's prison and probation services characterized the decrease in the number of Swedish prisoners as "out-of-the-ordinary", with prison

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By 1900 the legal framework of the Geneva and Hague Convention provided considerable protection. In the First World War, millions of prisoners were held on both sides, with no major atrocities. Officers received privileged treatment. There was an increase in the use of forced labor throughout Europe.

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Some prisons provide educational programs for inmates that can include basic literacy, secondary education, or even college education. Prisoners seek education for a variety of reasons, including the development of skills for after release, personal enrichment and curiosity, finding something to fill

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Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise

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came up with a solution that would enable the continued use of forced labor while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested that prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected (out of the view of the public) to "bodily pain,

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introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of

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it is apparent that while the number of prisoner receivals at the women's prison, Bandyup, has been declining over the last five years, the prison muster has been steadily rising. For the first time in its history, Bandyup is filling to capacity. The current high prison muster reflects an unchanging

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In the United States alone, more than $ 74 billion per year is spent on prisons, with over 800,000 people employed in the prison industry. As the prison population grows, revenues increase for a variety of small and large businesses that construct facilities, and provide equipment (security systems,

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Modern prisons often hold hundreds or thousands of inmates, and must have facilities onsite to meet most of their needs, including dietary, health, fitness, education, religious practices, entertainment, and many others. Conditions in prisons vary widely around the world, and the types of facilities

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The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. At one end of the spectrum are the most secure facilities ("maximum security"), which typically hold prisoners that are considered dangerous, disruptive or likely to try

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in 1777. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they could not pay the jailer's fees. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the system, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the requirements that staff should be

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States government spent an estimated US$ 80.7 billion to maintain prisons. CNBC estimated that the cost of maintaining the US prison system was US$ 74 billion per year. This increases government spending on prisons. As of 2023, the US no longer has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with

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Political prisoners are people who have been imprisoned because of their political beliefs, activities and affiliations. There is much debate about who qualifies as a "political prisoner". The category of "political prisoner" is often contested, and many regimes that incarcerate political prisoners

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In the 19th century, a growing awareness that female prisoners had different needs to male prisoners led to the establishment of dedicated prisons for women. In modern times, it is the norm for female inmates to be housed in either a separate prison or a separate wing of a unisex prison. The aim is

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In the United States, a million incarcerated people suffer from mental illness without any assistance or treatment for their condition. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, known as the rate of recidivism, is unusually high for those with the most serious disorders. Analysis of data in

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Prisons in wealthy, industrialized nations provide medical care for most of their inmates. Additionally, prison medical staff play a major role in monitoring, organizing, and controlling the prison population through the use of psychiatric evaluations and interventions (psychiatric drugs, isolation

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Jails at the time were run as business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children. The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally corruptible. One reform

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The argument that prisons can reduce crime through incapacitation is more widely accepted, even among academics who doubt that prisons can rehabilitate or deter offenders. A dissenting argument from Arrigo and Milovanovic, who argue that prisoners will simply continue to victimize people inside of

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If a society has a very high imprisonment rate, these effects become noticeable not just on family units, but also on entire poor communities or communities of color. The expensive cost of maintaining a high imprisonment rate also costs money that must come at the expense of either the taxpayer or

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The needs of mothers during pregnancy and childbirth often conflict with the demands of the prison system. The Rebecca Project, a non-profit organization that campaigns for women's rights issues, reports that "In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that, on average, 5% of women who enter

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Like adult facilities, youth detention centers in some countries are experiencing overcrowding due to large increases in incarceration rates of young offenders. Crowding can create extremely dangerous environments in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities. Overcrowding may

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literacy frameworks have also been supported by scholars like Alexandra Cavallaro who see the incorporation of LGBTQ individuals' stories as key to promoting lifelong learning. Keeping forward solutions in mind, rhetorical listening is a final approach that is spread by leaders like Wendy Hinshaw.

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There are fundamental differences between the security level of men's prisons and that of women's prisons. Male prisons tend to have higher, or more severe, security levels/classifications than female prisons. This is even noticeable when comparing the construction and design of male prisons which

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Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor prisoners directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout. (In comparison, 19th-century prisons had large landings and

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argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to cause a sufficient level of misery to the prisoner, in proportion to the perceived seriousness of their crime. These theories do not necessarily focus on whether or not a particular punishment benefits the community, but instead are based upon a belief

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In 2021, the United States of America had the world's largest prison population, with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails—up from 744,000 in 1985—making 1 in every 200 American adults a prisoner. In 2017, the nonprofit organization Prison Policy Initiative estimated that the United

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are known by a variety of names, including "youth detention facilities", "juvenile detention centers", and "reformatories". The purpose of youth detention facilities is to keep young offenders away from the public, while working towards rehabilitation. The idea of separately treating youthful and

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being shut down. Meanwhile, many nations that have historically lacked prison libraries are starting to develop them. Prison libraries can dramatically improve the quality of life for prisoners, who have large amounts of empty time on their hands that can be occupied with reading. This time spent

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American Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco

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Many countries maintain or have in the past had a system of prisons specifically intended for political prisoners. In some countries, dissidents can be detained, tortured, executed, and/or "disappeared" without trial. This can happen either legally, or extralegally (sometimes by falsely accusing

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into helpful workforce members upon release, scholars like Michael Sutcliffe argue that there needs to be a focus on re-enfranchising members and helping them share their voices. Still others advocate for styles of collective life-writing to capture the experience of incarcerated individuals and

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are people who perform correctional casework in an institutional setting; develop, evaluate, and analyze program needs and other data about inmates; evaluate progress of individual offenders in the institution; coordinate and integrate inmate training programs; develop social histories; evaluate

1439:. While conditions on these ships were generally appalling, their use and the labor thus provided set a precedent which persuaded many people that mass incarceration and labor were viable methods of crime prevention and punishment. The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward 2280:

Many prisons provide limited recreational and fitness facilities for prisoners. The provision of these services is controversial, with certain elements of society claiming that prisons are being "soft" on inmates, and others claiming that it is cruel and dehumanizing to confine people for years

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Prisons generally have to provide food for a large number of individuals, and thus are generally equipped with a large institutional kitchen. There are many security considerations, however, that are unique to the prison dining environment. For instance, cutlery equipment must be very carefully

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in Finland is an example of one such "open" correctional facility. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study.

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Prisoners are at risk of being drawn further into crime, as they may become acquainted with other criminals, trained in further criminal activity, exposed to further abuse (both from staff and other prisoners) and left with criminal records that make it difficult to find legal employment after

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freed slaves but allowed forced labor for people convicted of crimes. Prisons are very attractive to employers, because prisoners can be made to perform a great array of jobs, under conditions that most free laborers would not accept (and would be illegal outside of prisons): sub-minimum wage

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Generally, when an inmate arrives at a prison, they go through a security classification screening and risk assessment that determines where they will be placed within the prison system. Classifications are assigned by assessing the prisoner's personal history and criminal record, and through

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But, by 1820, faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. In response, New York developed the

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that underpin the design of the modern prison. In the panopticon model, prisoners were housed in one-person cells arranged in a circular pattern, all facing towards a central observation tower in such a way that the guards could see into all of the cells from the observation tower, while the

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Prisons employ people to run and maintain the prison while keeping control of the inmates. Oftentimes, the number of people employed within a prison depends upon factors such as the size of the prison, how many inmates the prison has, and how much funding the prison gets. Staff may include:

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There were several reasons that early prison reformers sought to move punishment out of the view of the public, by placing prisons away from population centers and restricting access to the inside of prison facilities. For a detailed history of the ideological origins of these practices of

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treatment, and other forms of specialized care, depending on the needs of the inmate population and the willingness of the prison to provide for these needs. Health care services in many prisons have long been criticized as inadequate, underfunded, and understaffed, and many prisoners have

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programs, which overlap with the above methods. Restorative justice is based around arranging a mediation between the offender and victim, so that the offenders can take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community

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within prisons depend on many intersecting factors including funding, legal requirements, and cultural beliefs/practices. Nevertheless, in addition to the cell blocks that contain the prisoners, there are also certain auxiliary facilities that are common in prisons throughout the world.

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made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which could theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses in Britain. The substantial expansion of transportation was the first major innovation in

1720:: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included 1806:

are people who are employed to intervene therapeutically with various clients, the majority of whom happen to be offenders. These interventions include prison adjustment, prerelease and postrelease vocational and marital/family readjustment, and work with adolescent adjustment

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In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most serious offenses except for murder.

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Many prisons also provide a library where prisoners can check out books, or do legal research for their cases. Often these libraries are very small, consisting of a few shelves of books. In some countries, such as the United States, drastic budget cuts have resulted in many

2543:"These great trunks of ships were immense coffins, in which living men were consigned to a slow death.... black army bread full of gritty particles, biscuit full of maggots, salt meat that was already decomposing, rancid lard, spoiled cod, stale rice, peas, and beans." 2848:

This has resulted in a series of studies that are skeptical towards the idea that prison can rehabilitate offenders. As Morris and Rothman (1995) point out, "It's hard to train for freedom in a cage." A few countries have been able to operate prison systems with a low

2986:, although abolitionists often support reform campaigns, regarding them as incremental steps towards abolishing prisons. The abolition movement is motivated by a belief that prisons are inherently ineffective and discriminatory. The movement is associated with 2902:. Prison reformers also argue that alternative methods are often better at rehabilitating offenders and preventing crime in the long term. Among the countries that have sought to actively reduce prison populations include Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands. 2254:, all prison institutions offer literacy programs to expand inmates' educational opportunities. Some scholars in the field see prison literacy programs as organic, tactical spaces that resist institutionalization. They warn against the dehumanizing nature of 1328:" jobs that were anticipated to shape them into hardworking individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace. 1247:. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks. 1545:

was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from

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in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The capability to imprison citizens granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government and served as a signifier of who possessed

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But some authors have pointed out that many historical treatments overemphasize Howard's work, and that there were many other individuals (including local prison administrators) that also played a significant role in the development of modern prisons. See

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furniture, clothing), and services (transportation, communications, healthcare, food) for prisons. These parties have a strong interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates.

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payments, no insurance, no collective bargaining, lack of alternative options, etc. Prison labor can soon deprive the free labor of jobs in a number of sectors, since the organized labor turns out to be uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart.

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facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of

2520:, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Military prisons in the United States have also been converted to civilian prisons, to include 2810:: Theories of deterrence argue that by sentencing criminals to extremely harsh penalties, other people who might be considering criminal activities will be so terrified of the consequences that they will choose not to commit crimes out of fear. 5613: 2344:

In addition to the above facilities, others that are common include prison factories and workshops, visiting areas, mail rooms, telephone and computer rooms, a prison store (often called a "canteen") where prisoners can purchase goods with

1091:, while the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used in speech, officially named facilities use "facility", "correctional centre", "penitentiary", or "institution". A number of facilities retain their historical designation as a "jail". 2840:

Academic studies have been inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates; only a minority suggest it creates a significant reduction, and others suggest it increases crime.

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into a state prison, in 1790. This prison was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" (or "separate system"), and placed all prisoners into solitary cells with nothing other than religious literature, made them wear

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often claim that they are merely "criminals". Others who are sometimes classified as "political prisoners" include prisoners who were politicized in prison, and are subsequently punished for their involvement with political causes.

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In the Napoleonic wars, the broken down hulks were still in use for naval prisoners. One French surgeon recalled his captivity in Spain, where scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhus abounded, and prisoners died by the thousands:

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rates, and the fact that most of the youths that are incarcerated are those from lower socio-economic classes (who often suffer from broken families, lack of educational/job opportunities, and violence in their communities).

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Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (mainly male violence against women).

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The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and

1967:, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility. 1313:). From the Middle Ages up to the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, imprisonment was rarely used as a punishment in its own right, and prisons were mainly to hold those awaiting trial and convicts awaiting punishment. 1534:

professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the

1550:, and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, in 1815, jail fees were abolished. 2974:

These alternatives do not eliminate the need for imprisonment altogether. Suspended sentences entail the threat of time in prison, while for others, actual imprisonment may be used as a punishment for noncompliance.

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Prisons have formed parts of military systems since the French Revolution. France set up its system in 1796. They were modernized in 1852 and since their existence, are used variously to house prisoners of war,

8107: 1280:, claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of 6053: 1266:, often with hard labor, as a solution. The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of 4032:

An act to authorise, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's colonies and plantations.

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website hosts data regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held – by sex, by age group," "Persons held – by status and sex" and "Prison capacity and overcrowding – totals".

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Cook, Emma S.; Lee, Yee Ming; White, B. Douglas; Gropper, Sareen S. (14 August 2015). "The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia".

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instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program. Britain would resume transportation to specifically planned

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is a place where individuals in pretrial custody or given short sentences are sent. In the United States, jails are often run by counties, while prisons are run by the state or federal government.

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In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law that mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would be placed in penal servitude to do public works projects such as building

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are not entirely opposed to attempting to rehabilitate offenders, but instead argue that most prisoners would be more likely to be rehabilitated if they received a punishment other than prison.

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practices and encourage the maintenance of agency and control in these programs to prevent them from becoming self-serving entities that cause further exploitation. Others argue that certain

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A graph showing the incarceration rate per 100,000 population in the United States. The rapid rise in the rate of imprisonment in the United States came in response to the declaration of a

2861:. On the other hand, in many countries including the United States, the vast majority of prisoners are rearrested within 3 years of their release. Prison reform organizations such as the 2353:

where prisoners who have been sentenced to death await execution and an execution room, where the death sentence is carried out. In places like Singapore and Malaysia, there is place for

2098:, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners in Scandinavian facilities are permitted to wear their own clothes. 2197:

2000 from several forensic hospitals in California, New York and Oregon found that with treatment the rate of recidivism was "much lower" than for untreated mentally ill offenders.

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On the other end are "minimum security" prisons which are most often used to house those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. For example, prisoners convicted of

4963: 4790:

Wolff, Nancy, and Jing Shi. "Patterns of victimization and feelings of safety inside prison: The experience of male and female inmates." Crime & Delinquency 57.1 (2011): 29–55.

2094:

Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and €7.30 per hour. With

1051:, the words "gaol", "jail" and "prison" are commonly used. The spelling "gaol" was in official use in the past, and many historical gaols are now tourist attractions, such as the 2778: 9766: 6741: 1274:, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as 7365: 5084:

Harer, Miles D.; Langan, Neal P. (October 2001). "Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System".

7739: 6335:

Woolhouse, Rachel; McKinlay, Audrey; Grace, Randolph C. (August 2018). "Women in Prison With Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health".

6080: 8148: 8133: 6945: 5924: 2927:: The offender performs of a period of probation, and only serves a prison sentence if the terms of probation are broken. This is similar to the Canadian concept of a 2325:", where prisoners are held prior to their executions, as well as an execution chamber, where they are put to death under controlled conditions. Pictured here is the 8088: 6216: 2289:

Most prisoners are part of the "general population" of the prison, members of which are generally able to socialize with each other in common areas of the prison. A

1781:, are enforcement officials who are in charge of enforcing prison rules among the inmates. Thus they are responsible for the care, custody and control of the prison. 2535:, British prisoners held by the U.S. were assigned to local farmers as laborers. The British kept American sailors in broken down ship hulls with high death rates. 6099: 1293:

The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century. Prior forms of punishment were usually physical, including capital punishment,

6045: 1596:, established in 1816 with a capacity for just under 1,000 inmates. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD. By the 1840s, 1239:

during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the

6437:"Lawrie, Rowena --- "Speak Out Speak Strong: Rising Imprisonment Rates of Aboriginal Women" [2003] IndigLawB 24; (2003) 5(24) Indigenous Law Bulletin 5" 5603:

Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association.

1369:

eighteenth-century British penal practice. Transportation to America was abruptly suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776 (16 Geo. 3 c.43) with the start of the

9614: 2960:: The offender is not punished for the crime if they abide by certain conditions; typically they must not commit any further crimes within a designated period. 2708: 5061:"Gender Differences in Prisoner Subcultures (From Women and Crime in America, P 409-419, 1981, Lee H Bowker, ed. -See NCJ-93434) | Office of Justice Programs" 3109: 7184: 10208: 5060: 1443:, and by the 1810s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today. 790: 6811: 6113:

Brown, Sherri (April 2011). "Working with Women who are Survivors of the United States 'Corrections' Systems: Challenges for Social Service Workers".

3623: 2998:, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral. 2422:(Toronto, Canada), which opened in 1874 and was Canada's first dedicated prison for women. The reformatory was closed in 1969 due to an abuse scandal. 2396:

In addition to overcrowding, juvenile prisons are questioned for their overall effectiveness in rehabilitating youth. Many critics note high juvenile

1612:

opened in 1842, beginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. Robert Peel's

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argues that offenders can be deterred by the fear of being caught but are unlikely to be deterred by the fear or experience of the punishment. Like

2555:

Food and medical treatment were generally comparable to what active duty soldiers received, and housing was much better than front-line conditions.

2167: 6386: 4556: 3537: 8399: 7460: 8672: 5012:

Bagaric, Mirko; Bagaric, Brienna (2016). "Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black".

3588: 2262:

systems are falsely advertised as a perfect solution when in reality there are much larger systemic issues at hand. Rather than trying to shape

1027:, the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used, although the terms "correctional facility" and "prison" among others are in official usage. 10446: 6460:

Wilson, Mandy; Jones, Jocelyn; Butler, Tony; Simpson, Paul; Gilles, Marisa; Baldry, Eileen; Levy, Michael; Sullivan, Elizabeth (January 2017).

1616:

of 1823 introduced regular visits to prisoners by chaplains, provided for the payment of jailers and prohibited the use of irons and manacles.

1231: 1079:

in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction.

6893: 6798:

policy of sentencing a comparatively large number of the population, compounded by an apparent increase in prisoners' terms of imprisonment .

4067: 4047: 4021: 1936:

Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers,

3709:

A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /

2765:, which could lead to serious injury or death en masse. Academic research has found that poor conditions tend to increase the likelihood of 2305:

to isolate them from the general population. Other prisoners that are often segregated from the general population include those who are in

6022: 5905: 4534: 3738:

Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses

2757:, self-harm, and the widespread smuggling of illegal drugs and other contraband. The social system within the prison commonly develops an " 2703:

The prison industry also includes private businesses that benefit from the exploitation of the prison labor. Some scholars, using the term

1858:

to meet the religious need for inmates. Religious workers are also in charge of the weddings when inmates marry someone outside the prison.

6238: 4955: 4023:

The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]

10174: 9746: 8271: 7909: 7555: 6195: 5812: 5554: 5492: 5365: 5298: 5168: 4850: 4777: 4713: 4655: 3902: 3751: 1425:

halted in the 1770s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Given the undeveloped institutional facilities, old

8304: 8074: 7680: 7521: 6918: 6654: 5891: 5459: 5396: 5331: 4914: 4881: 4819: 4744: 4389: 4358: 4327: 4205: 4174: 3984: 3654: 1174:

system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with

9788: 8238: 7843: 7812: 7779: 6687: 5996: 5523: 3936: 3780:

C. Fred Alford, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years."

1789:

are employed to provide education for inmates to use after their release, in order to reduce the likelihood of the inmates reoffending.

9867: 9649: 2793:

A variety of justifications and explanations are put forth for why people are imprisoned by the state. The most common of these are:

1197:

could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire.

998:

holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. After a conviction, a

8704:

The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales: Not for the Debtor Only, But for Felons Also, and Other Less Criminal Offenders

6737: 4932: 1704:

in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at

1235:(1975), energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system. The book analyzed changes in Western 10201: 7333: 6520: 3840: 2674: 1678:

soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system, and other states followed.

407: 7430:

Ellis, D. (1984) Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.

3998: 9938: 9038: 7355: 2646: 1324:. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities the inmates were given " 7730: 4210:

Architectural innovation lay at the heart of eighteenth-century prison reform and one of its master thinkers was Jeremy Bentham

10063: 8988: 783: 8125: 6937: 5828: 10512: 8966: 8943: 8922: 8899: 8878: 8857: 8836: 8798: 8775: 8754: 8733: 8712: 8691: 8661: 8640: 8619: 8598: 8572: 8541: 8520: 8497: 8455: 8428: 8393: 8298: 8265: 8232: 8199: 8101: 8068: 7903: 7874: 7837: 7806: 7773: 7712: 7674: 7647: 7549: 7515: 7407: 7261:"To Challenge and Suffer: The Forms and Foundations of Working Inmates' Social Criticism (Sociétés Contemporaines 87 (2012))" 7221: 7102: 6779: 6720: 6681: 6648: 6189: 5990: 5963: 5885: 5838: 5806: 5579: 5548: 5517: 5486: 5453: 5390: 5359: 5325: 5292: 5162: 4908: 4875: 4844: 4813: 4771: 4738: 4707: 4680: 4649: 4420: 4383: 4352: 4321: 4282: 4199: 4168: 4126: 3978: 3930: 3896: 3867: 3745: 3681: 3648: 3455: 3421: 3393: 3371: 3343: 3313: 3282: 3251: 3223: 1752:

who advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods within the prison system in Great Britain and America.

17: 8205: 7227: 6785: 5127: 4229: 10518: 10077: 5639:"Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison" 1217:, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels. 130: 6212: 2062:, and inmates from other prisons who have a history of violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of 10524: 10194: 10162: 9577: 8332: 4669:

Sheridan, Francis (1996). "Security and Control: Perimeter Security". In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).

2707:, have argued that the trend of "hiring out prisoners" is a continuation of the slavery tradition, pointing out that the 2419: 1178:. Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to 10309: 10142: 10021: 8818:: the impact of decarceration and prison closure on local communities in Kazakhstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 40:2, 71–87, 8555: 3769: 3028: 3008: 2463: 1867:

may be utilized for tasks within the prison, such as cooking food for the other inmates or providing cleaning services.

757: 611: 10112: 9963: 9688: 9506: 9454: 8479: 7569:

SpearIt (2015-07-09). "Shackles Beyond the Sentence: How Legal Financial Obligations Create a Permanent Underclass".

6548: 5677: 3716: 776: 7923: 3825:

Schwan, A., & Shapiro, S. (2011). How to read Foucault's discipline and punish. London : Pluto Press, 2011.

9672: 1340:

Women in Plymouth, England (Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll) mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to

4098:

Horrors of the prison ships: Dr. West's description of the wallabout floating dungeons, how captive patriots fared

2831:

that some kind of moral balance will be achieved by "paying back" the prisoner for the wrongs they have committed.

2820:

argue that while prisoners are incarcerated, they will be unable to commit crimes, thus keeping communities safer.

10494: 10126: 10119: 9851: 9463: 7161: 5727:"Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs" 5599:

Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024.

4620: 4251: 2510: 2321:

In countries where capital punishment is practiced, such as the United States, some prisons are equipped with a "

2089:) also have "open" prisons where prisoners are allowed home-leave or part-time employment outside of the prison. 1749: 654: 351: 4988: 3169:

gaol is a dated British and South African spelling also used historically in Canada and Australia. The spelling

2963:

Other court orders that take away privileges from the offender, such as banning motoring offenders from driving.

2054:

prisons have been created where the custody level goes beyond maximum security for people such as terrorists or

1063:, while other states and territories use a variety of names. "Prison" is officially used for some facilities in 10042: 5923:

Bradley, Kevin; Kashyap, Kiran; Klippan, Lucy; Lulham, Rohan; McGregor, Fiona; Munro, Tasman; Tomkin; Douglas.

3573: 2862: 2621: 2301:(also called a "block" or "isolation cell") is a highly secure area of the prison, where inmates are placed in 2119: 1535: 591: 571: 135: 7064: 6863: 10554: 10470: 10232: 9586: 8767:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge Issues in crime & justice

7947: 7200:

Kai, Jonathan (March 23, 2013). "The disgrace of America's prison-industrial complex". National Post. p. A22.

2928: 2869: 2459: 2022: 1514: 752: 747: 601: 39: 6311: 3408:

For a detailed discussion of the sometimes blurred line between "criminals" and "political prisoners", see:

10303: 9830: 3615: 2914: 2889: 2734: 2658:

In 2021, the World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide.

2610: 2236: 2193:

experienced abuse and mistreatment at the hands of prison medical staff who are entrusted with their care.

1662: 1206: 402: 193: 9000: 7421:

Bidna, H. (1975). Effects of increased security on prison violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 3. 33–46.

3559: 1635:, where prison cells were placed inside of rectangular buildings that lent themselves more to large-scale 10585: 10536: 9031: 8039: 2123: 659: 3529: 10428: 10028: 10007: 9635: 9522: 9090: 4006: 2898:

movements generally seek to reduce prison populations. A key goal is to improve conditions by reducing

1418:

for women and children. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners.

1370: 1186:(a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor). 566: 291: 242: 115: 8381: 7452: 6268:

Simon, Rachel E.; Clarke, Jennifer G. (2013-09-01). "Shackling and Separation: Motherhood in Prison".

1608:, set an ambitious program of prison building in the country, with one large prison opening per year. 10488: 10452: 10416: 10345: 10321: 10291: 9913: 9823: 9781: 8819: 5237: 2979: 2704: 2694: 2255: 2017: 2010: 1960: 1717: 1713: 1282: 923: 704: 586: 490: 456: 441: 247: 150: 7015: 6991: 4313:

The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941

4084: 1478:, that had few towns or food sources. Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment. 10482: 10458: 10422: 10339: 9874: 9318: 9124: 6436: 5982:

Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons Across the United States

3023: 2582: 2568: 2115: 1547: 1522: 709: 105: 1769:, also known as a Governor is the official who is in charge of the prison and heads all the staff. 10392: 10351: 10133: 10056: 9972: 9809: 9621: 9193: 7244:

Young, Cynthia (2000). "Punishing Labor: Why Labor Should Oppose the Prison Industrial Complex".

6602:

Jones Heather (2008). "A Missing Paradigm? Military Captivity and the Prisoner of War, 1914–18".

6014: 3033: 1880:

Shita (Shata) Prison in Israel. Many modern prisons are surrounded by a perimeter of high walls,

1609: 1556:

were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the dire state of the prisons at the time.

1365: 1159: 596: 431: 237: 160: 31: 6640:

Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion

5757: 4542: 4118: 4112: 3734:"Competition for the Prisoner's Body: Wardens and Jailers in Fourteenth-Century Southern France" 3243:

Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary

1316:

However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at

10440: 10386: 10369: 10049: 9739: 9447: 9420: 9293: 9145: 9024: 6281: 6246: 5638: 5232: 5032:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report – Survey of State Prison Inmates, Women in Prison" 4412: 2637:: nearly half of those incarcerated in the United States are sentenced to prison for violating 2410: 2379: 1738: 1686: 1039:, "prison" is officially used, although "jail" is widely understood and more common in usage. 762: 524: 145: 8786: 8318: 8253: 7891: 7866: 7639: 7574: 7539: 7287: 6712: 6706: 6177: 6131:"Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls" 5796: 5538: 5474: 5349: 5280: 5152: 5017: 4834: 4759: 4697: 4639: 4064: 4044: 4027: 3884: 3733: 3704: 3381: 3331: 3301: 3213: 2777:

Prisoners can face difficulty re-integrating back into society upon their release. They often

2309:, or who are on suicide watch, and those whose behavior presents a threat to other prisoners. 10464: 10434: 10398: 10333: 10035: 9986: 9837: 9607: 8910: 8286: 8058: 7829:

Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community

7664: 7505: 6638: 6312:"History of significant head injury in women prisoners linked with disability and past abuse" 5980: 5875: 5441: 5380: 5313: 4896: 4865: 4801: 4728: 4373: 4342: 4311: 4189: 4156: 3966: 3638: 3443: 3270: 3043: 3038: 3018: 2995: 2987: 2095: 714: 664: 561: 514: 436: 397: 371: 318: 140: 85: 80: 35: 10548: 8220: 7827: 7794: 7761: 6702: 6669: 5507: 3920: 2845:

release. All of these things can result in a higher likelihood of reoffending upon release.

2126:

ordered California to reduce its prison population (the second largest in the nation, after

10476: 10327: 10244: 9952: 9711: 9600: 9272: 7439:

Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Journal, 74, (3). 329–363.

3099: 2957: 2595: 2506: 2467: 2302: 2067: 1726: 1655:

labor, watchfulness, solitude, and silence ... joined with cleanliness and a simple diet".

1597: 1422: 1392: 1357: 1349: 939: 899: 684: 679: 669: 621: 581: 576: 539: 483: 392: 286: 203: 110: 10542: 8653:

Education's Prisoners: Schooling, the Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex

5726: 5426: 1373:. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a punishment policy of 8: 10500: 10404: 10363: 9888: 9628: 8582: 8471: 8149:"Why America Has a Mass Incarceration Problem, and Why Germany and the Netherlands Don't" 7162:"If We Build It They Will Come: Human Rights Violation and the Prison Industrial Complex" 5701: 4516: 3206:

For a more detailed look at the English "transportation" system, and the transition from

3178: 2966: 2899: 2873: 2746: 2609:. The United States government refers to psychiatric prisons housing federal inmates as " 2586:

is a classification of prisons or detention centers where people are held without trial.

2532: 2475: 2354: 2151: 2055: 1705: 1681: 1415: 1321: 1109: 729: 606: 529: 519: 323: 90: 7321: 4928: 4491:

The reformers: an historical survey of pioneer experiments in the treatment of criminals

3844: 3796:

David Garland, "Review: Foucault's "Discipline and Punish"--An Exposition and Critique"

2629: 2211: 942:. At any time, states may imprison civilians – sometimes large groups of civilians – in 10506: 10357: 10297: 10267: 10238: 10100: 10000: 9993: 9895: 9658: 9207: 9200: 9138: 8955: 8509: 7968: 7859: 7704: 7698: 7632: 7605: 7507:

Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse

6619: 6501: 6368: 5258: 5109: 4405: 3498: 3013: 2924: 2730: 2564: 2548: 2525: 2517: 2330: 2306: 2082: 1964: 1734: 1619: 1306: 1276: 1263: 1258:

became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the

980: 907: 884: 724: 699: 356: 306: 262: 155: 7301:

Morgan, William J. Jr. (December 2009). "The Major Causes of Institutional Violence".

7133:

Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010). "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers".

2450: 10580: 10530: 10093: 10070: 9859: 9844: 9816: 9802: 9515: 9378: 9076: 8962: 8939: 8918: 8895: 8874: 8853: 8832: 8794: 8771: 8750: 8729: 8708: 8687: 8657: 8636: 8615: 8594: 8587: 8568: 8537: 8516: 8493: 8475: 8451: 8424: 8389: 8294: 8261: 8228: 8195: 8097: 8064: 7899: 7870: 7833: 7802: 7769: 7708: 7670: 7643: 7609: 7570: 7545: 7511: 7484:

Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality

7403: 7283: 7217: 7098: 6775: 6716: 6677: 6644: 6623: 6588:

Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.

6493: 6360: 6352: 6293: 6285: 6185: 5986: 5959: 5881: 5844: 5834: 5802: 5777: 5658: 5575: 5544: 5513: 5482: 5449: 5386: 5355: 5321: 5288: 5250: 5205: 5158: 5101: 5013: 4904: 4871: 4840: 4809: 4767: 4734: 4703: 4676: 4645: 4459: 4416: 4379: 4348: 4317: 4278: 4225:

The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons

4195: 4164: 4122: 3974: 3926: 3892: 3889:

Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic

3863: 3812:

Karl von Schriltz, "Foucault on the prison: Torturing history to punish capitalism."

3741: 3712: 3644: 3502: 3451: 3417: 3389: 3367: 3339: 3309: 3306:

Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic

3278: 3247: 3219: 3048: 2741: 2346: 2163: 2059: 1998: 1987: 1931: 1816: 1467: 1455: 1072: 919: 616: 534: 387: 257: 8090:

Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment

7120:

National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice Research, Development and Evaluation

7039: 6505: 5262: 5184:"What do prisoners eat? Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high-secure prison" 5113: 5039:

U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs; Bureau of Justice Statistics

183: 10575: 10410: 10315: 10279: 10273: 10014: 9979: 9725: 9704: 9593: 9552: 9242: 7597: 7589: 7399: 7395: 7176: 7142: 6611: 6521:"'He stalks me and rapes me and I've had to do the time': The victims in our jails" 6483: 6473: 6372: 6344: 6277: 5978: 5852: 5769: 5738: 5650: 5422: 5242: 5195: 5093: 4449: 3490: 3104: 3083: 2948: 2638: 2326: 2206: 1675: 1601: 1542: 1475: 1317: 1251: 1163: 1104: 1068: 1036: 971:

have separate definitions, though this is not always adhered to in casual speech.

960: 943: 935: 927: 911: 903: 880: 803: 382: 328: 8725:

Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement

8254:"Transformative Justice: Anti-Subordination Process in Cases of Domestic Violence" 7282:

SpearIt (2014-01-01). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment".

6839: 4602: 3669: 10285: 9945: 9732: 9681: 9371: 9339: 9258: 9152: 8933: 8889: 8868: 8847: 8826: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8702: 8681: 8651: 8630: 8609: 8562: 8531: 8487: 8465: 8445: 8418: 8189: 7994: 7211: 6769: 6765: 5569: 5382:

Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century

5031: 4670: 4574: 4223: 4071: 4051: 3481:

Weitekamp, Elmar (1993). "Reparative justice: Towards a victim oriented system".

3411: 3361: 3241: 3058: 3053: 2876:, they argue that better policing is a more effective way to reduce crime rates. 2766: 2750: 2690: 2606: 2521: 2502: 2189: 2090: 2006: 1937: 1742: 1671: 1593: 1361: 1226: 1064: 1056: 719: 361: 301: 296: 281: 213: 208: 198: 120: 100: 8589:

Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California

6411: 5097: 1832:

is someone who is tasked with monitoring inmates outside of the prison during a

1798:

positive and negative aspects in each case situation, and develop release plans.

10261: 9795: 9774: 9642: 9570: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9279: 7700:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society

6462:"Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Mothers in Western Australia" 4275:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society

3971:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the Practice of Punishment in Western Society

3952:

Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit

3207: 3094: 3073: 2909: 2651:

Some jurisdictions refer to the prison population (total or per-prison) as the

2487: 2228: 2043: 2034: 1956:

and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security.

1949: 1941: 1889: 1721: 1624: 1613: 1577: 1573: 1561: 1507: 1502: 1490: 1302: 1267: 1214: 1190: 1132: 1055:. Officially, the term "correctional centre" is used for almost all prisons in 999: 892: 868: 478: 95: 8018: 7601: 7356:"Exclusive: shock figures reveal crisis state of prisons in England and Wales" 6615: 6544: 5200: 5183: 4375:

From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848

3922:

From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848

3197:

In Britain a 'detention centre' is a military detention facility, not a prison

2725: 2474:" (January 2002). The prisoners are forced to wear goggles and headphones for 1250:

From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to

10569: 10186: 9718: 9438: 9427: 9228: 8632:

The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings

7180: 6497: 6478: 6461: 6356: 6348: 6289: 5925:"Reframing the purpose, practice and place of juvenile detention in Victoria" 5848: 5781: 5773: 5662: 5246: 5105: 4463: 3186: 3089: 2983: 2895: 2471: 2431: 2251: 2181: 2086: 1897: 1778: 1701: 1651: 1632: 1572:

The theory of the modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the

1557: 1518: 1451: 1440: 1167: 1139: 1052: 634: 466: 376: 274: 8746:

Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals And the U.S. Prison Regime

8317:

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). "

6015:"Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders" 5833:(Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5654: 3156:

is a place where individuals given long sentences are incarcerated, while a

2482: 1916: 1911: 9920: 9881: 9545: 9529: 9311: 9265: 9047: 7360: 6364: 6297: 5254: 5209: 3437: 2934: 2634: 2491: 2427:

to protect them from physical and sexual abuse that would otherwise occur.

2317: 2177: 2029: 2002: 1975: 1945: 1893: 1833: 1666: 1658: 1526: 1498: 1426: 1378: 1325: 1298: 1240: 1113: 1076: 860: 808: 629: 188: 7795:"The People Prisons Make: Effects of Incarceration on Criminal Psychology" 7590:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets" 4143:

Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905

4003:

Crime and Justice - Punishments at the Old Bailey - Central Criminal Court

10217: 9697: 9665: 9538: 9499: 9492: 9385: 9364: 9325: 9286: 9214: 9062: 8935:

Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions

8891:

A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779

7146: 3078: 3068: 3063: 2801: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2686: 2663: 2385: 2267:

fight against exclusionary institutions. Taking an alternative approach,

2144: 1885: 1846: 1636: 1605: 1436: 1431: 1389: 1374: 1271: 1259: 1201: 1175: 1024: 915: 888: 674: 461: 366: 313: 165: 125: 48: 8915:

The Culture of Urban Control: Jail Overcrowding in the Crime Control Era

8849:

Interrupted Life: Experiences of Incarcerated Women in the United States

8809:

The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World

8019:"Professor Lawrence Sherman: 'Less Prison + More Policing = Less Crime'" 7969:"We've tried expecting prisons to rehabilitate and it just doesn't work" 6545:"Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island" 1384: 9485: 9413: 9249: 9235: 9221: 9186: 9083: 8870:

Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics

8356: 7861:

The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment

6488: 6012: 3785: 3494: 3328:

For a broad overview of the technologies used in prison security, see:

3275:

Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700–1850: A Study in Local Administration

3130: 2850: 2601: 2455: 2397: 1953: 1881: 1748:

Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was

1581: 1494: 1341: 1294: 1244: 1060: 872: 694: 689: 495: 7666:

A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America

6708:

Human Rights, Suffering, and Aesthetics in Political Prison Literature

6387:"Nearly 65% of prisoners at women's jail 'show signs of brain injury'" 5351:

A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America

4575:"Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Medical Staffing Challenges" 4504:

The Prison Problem of America: (with admiration for those who face it)

4243: 4161:

Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity

3801: 1674:, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs. 1435:, were the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as 9346: 7759: 6337:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

6013:

Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (September 2005).

5742: 5571:

Reading Is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women's Prisons

4454: 4437: 2991: 2919: 2415: 2370: 2350: 2322: 2259: 2185: 1709: 1628: 1447: 1410: 1210: 1183: 1117: 1048: 931: 333: 269: 8225:

Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice

7799:

Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom

7766:

Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom

7260: 5877:

Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison

5678:"All our Community's Voices: Unteaching the Prison Literacy Complex" 4836:

Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison

4191:

Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790 – C. 1845

2073: 983:

and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county

9101: 9069: 8056: 7072: 6871: 2941:: Sometimes a condition of a strict suspended/conditional sentence. 2263: 2118:

in California, in January 2006. As a result of overcrowding in the

2051: 1506:

prisoners were unable to see the guards. (Architectural drawing by

1399: 1236: 1171: 1155: 856: 473: 420: 60: 52: 8911:"Conditions of Confinement: The Social Reality of the Jail Inmate" 8447:

Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America

7634:

Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration

6674:

Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War

2880:

the prison and that this harm has impacts on the society outside.

2524:. Alcatraz was formerly a military prison for soldiers during the 1970: 1331: 1116:. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of 9159: 9131: 9110: 8995: 8784: 8467:

Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management

8023: 7541:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

7213:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

6894:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons" 5540:

The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century

5509:

The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century

5318:

Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health

4344:

Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners

3379: 3152:

usually refer to separate things in formal speech. In general, a

2753:

by prisoners against other prisoners or staff, staff misconduct,

2558: 2495: 2110: 2066:

affiliation. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in

1924: 1553: 1471: 1466:

prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in

1463: 1446:

France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including

1353: 1255: 1179: 984: 864: 504: 9016: 8379: 8177:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–220. 6096:

Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System

6077:

Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System

6046:"Toronto woman was jailed for living with her boyfriend in 1939" 5601:

Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.

2241:

Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.

1213:

over others. Another common punishment was sentencing people to

926:. In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain 8983: 8291:

The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement

5906:"Teen-Ager Caned in Singapore Tells of the Blood and the Scars" 4621:"What Prison Chaplains do … and What They Think They Should do" 2938: 2858: 2854: 1661:

soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at

1310: 1088: 876: 75: 9767:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

9011: 8957:

Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration

3441: 1600:

to Australia and the use of hulks was on the decline, and the

1356:

criminals (and others generally young and poor) for a term of

10084: 9117: 8333:"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex" 6175: 4757: 3670:"There's Got to Be a Better Way: Retribution vs. Restoration" 3470:

Also frequently referred to as "reformation" or "corrections"

2740:

Prisons can be difficult places to live and work in, even in

2445: 2268: 2216: 2168:

Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare

2127: 1820: 1647: 1643: 1486: 1194: 1143: 446: 227: 30:"Jail" and "Penitentiary" redirect here. For other uses, see 8191:

The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction

7889: 7696: 6967: 5979:

Human Rights Watch / American Civil Liberties Union (2012).

5825:

Kevin I. Minor and Stephen Parson, "Protective Custody", in

5378: 4272: 2478:

and to prevent them from communicating with other prisoners.

8763: 7388:<SCP>C</SCP> lear, <SCP>T</SCP> odd 6738:"Better than prison: life inside the UK's secure hospitals" 6163:

Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles of Incarcerated Women

5413:

Byron, Robert (2014). "Criminals Need Mental Health Care".

4730:

Prison, Inc: A Convict Exposes Life Inside a Private Prison

2982:

seeks to eliminate prisons altogether. It is distinct from

2063: 1920: 1876: 8126:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets" 8060:

Revolution in Penology: Rethinking the Society of Captives

7118:"Cost, Performance Studies Look at Prison Privatization". 6938:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets" 6774:. Routledge Library Editions: Women and Crime. Routledge. 6008: 6006: 5446:

Prison(Er) Education: Stories of Change and Transformation

4582:

U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General

3358:

For a history of the development of prison libraries, see

2954:

Mental health treatment for offenders with mental illness.

2670:

numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.

1823:

who are tasked with providing the inmates with healthcare.

8673:

Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration

8218: 4506:. Printed at H.M. Prison, for private circulation. p. 12 2788: 2745:

of federal prisoners. The environment may be worsened by

2462:, a United States military prison where people are being 1131:

The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the

8443: 7065:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry" 6864:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry" 6459: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5439: 3954:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 16-19, 31-32. 1407:

of the seventeenth century was the establishment of the

27:

Facility where people are kept as punishment for a crime

8683:

Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and community

8611:

Private Prisons in America: A Critical Race Perspective

7731:"Prisons no longer place for punishment, ministers say" 6003: 5922: 4867:

Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement

4699:

Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement

3238:

For an in-depth treatment of Bentham's panopticon, see

9006: 8289:. In Negel, Mechthild; Nocella II, Anthony J. (eds.). 6334: 5475:"Correctional Academic, Career, and Reentry Education" 2709:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1521:. After having visited several hundred prisons across 7692: 7690: 7533: 7531: 6838:

Wagner, Peter; Rabuy, Bernadette (January 25, 2017).

5942: 4309: 3334:. In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.). 3110:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

2200: 8866: 8828:

Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State

8721: 8581: 8175:

Crime in Canadian Context- Debates and Controversies

5758:"Writing to Listen: Why I Write Across Prison Walls" 5343: 5341: 4438:"Women's Prisons in Italy: A Problem of Citizenship" 4065:

Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914

3736:. In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.). 8789:. In Zaitzow, Barbara H. & Thomas, Jim (eds.). 8607: 7537: 7209: 7159: 6207: 6205: 5954:Welch, Michael (2004). "Juveniles in Corrections". 5830:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

5479:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

5222: 5128:"In Prison, Discipline Comes Down Hardest On Women" 4839:. University of California Press. pp. 134–39. 4806:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

4340: 3527: 3409: 2680: 1567: 1320:in London, which resulted in the building of other 8954: 8586: 8550:Fisher, George. "The birth of the prison retold." 8508: 8037: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7858: 7856: 7729: 7687: 7631: 7528: 7447: 7445: 6643:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xi, xii, 11. 6412:"Head injuries suffered by 80% of women prisoners" 6129: 6115:Lecture at University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 5880:. University of California Press. pp. 28–35. 4404: 3964: 3764:George Fisher, "The birth of the prison retold." 3380:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). 3329: 3215:A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales 1993: 8785:Sharp, Susan F. & Eriksen, M. Elaine (2003). 8564:Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences 7629: 7481: 6667: 6570:Sweetman Jack (2005). "A Floating Prison Break". 6178:"Naked Power: Strip Searching in Women's Prisons" 5794: 5472: 5338: 5181: 5150: 4989:"Differences Between Men's & Women's Prisons" 4894: 4799: 4668: 4637: 4187: 3731: 3640:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia 879:. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a 10567: 10107:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 8931: 8887: 8845: 8742: 8489:Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China 8386:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists 8256:. In Strang, Heather; Braithwaite, John (eds.). 8187: 7971:. The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2016-10-24 7760:Bushway, Shawn D.; Paternoster, Raymond (2009). 7095:Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy 6919:"Incarceration rates in selected countries 2023" 6202: 5873: 5675: 4832: 3860:Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison 3857: 3636: 3574:"Operation Division – PNG Correctional Services" 3483:European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 3363:Libraries in Prisons: A Blending of Institutions 3268: 3211: 979:holds people for shorter periods of time or for 8533:Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security 8511:American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons 8485: 8284: 8123: 7982: 7662: 7482:Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher (2013). 7442: 7386:Frost, Natasha A. (2017-08-01), "Clear, Todd", 5347: 4897:"The Invention of the American Supermax Prison" 4371: 3969:. In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). 3918: 3620:Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies 3179:English pronunciation rules for hard and soft G 2578:people and fabricating evidence against them). 1525:and Europe, in his capacity as high sheriff of 1450:, in the early 18th century. Penal colonies in 1402:served as a convict hulk between 1818 and 1834. 1332:Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies 10447:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 10216: 8908: 8679: 8560: 8529: 8057:Arrigo, Bruce A.; Milovanovic, Dragan (2009). 7797:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). 7792: 7764:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). 7503: 7354:Savage, Michael; Townsend, Mark (2018-02-17). 7353: 6935: 6763: 5953: 5567: 5311: 5274: 5272: 5011: 4863: 4726: 4695: 4476:Knepper, Paul, and Per Jørgen Ystehede, eds., 4402: 4316:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–36. 3613: 3413:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany 3359: 2559:Political prisons and administrative detention 1497:" prison introduced many of the principles of 1232:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 10202: 9032: 8952: 7924:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful" 7890:Jewkes, Yvonne; Bennett, Jamie, eds. (2013). 7825: 7697:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7394:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–3, 7239: 7237: 6812:"World Prison Population List (13th Edition)" 6601: 6569: 5536: 5505: 5408: 5406: 5283:. In Jewkes, Yvonne; Johnston, Helen (eds.). 4758:Jewkes, Yvonne & Johnston, Helen (2012). 4273:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). 4154: 4054:, p.124-127, Cornell University Press (1998), 3967:"The Body and The State: Early Modern Europe" 3914: 3912: 3882: 3299: 3239: 2729:Memorial to the prison staff who died in the 2365: 1845:are people who pay the prison for the use of 784: 8700: 8251: 8227:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3. 6809: 6180:. In Scraton, Phil; McCulloch, Jude (eds.). 5278: 4953: 2154:is nutritionally adequate for most inmates. 1560:documented the conditions that prevailed at 1170:. The Mamertine Prison was located within a 8649: 8172: 8146: 7062: 6840:"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration" 6837: 6810:Fair, Helen; Walmsley, Roy (October 2021). 6267: 5269: 5083: 4435: 4347:. University Press of America. p. 64. 4221: 4026:. Great Britain: J. Bentham. Archived from 3702: 3479:Sometimes called "reparative justice" (See 2250:Under the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the 1944:, secured and defensible main gates, armed 1538:, was established in 1866 by his admirers. 10209: 10195: 9789:International Network of Prison Ministries 9039: 9025: 8814:Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei (2024). Our 8791:Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control 8628: 8287:"The Tension Between Abolition and Reform" 8168: 8166: 7490: 7234: 6705:. In Livescu, Simona; et al. (eds.). 6636: 6282:10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.pfor2-1309 5403: 5182:Hannan-Jones, Mary; Capra, Sandra (2016). 3909: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3589:"Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?" 3086:, including homosexuality and sexual abuse 2905:Alternatives to prison sentences include: 2446:Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps 1915:The main gate of the Kylmäkoski Prison in 1592:The first state prison in England was the 918:; this use is illegal under most forms of 883:system: people charged with crimes may be 791: 777: 8506: 8380:Prison Research Education Action (2005). 7486:. New York City: Oxford University Press. 7332:(9). American Psychological Association. 6700: 6487: 6477: 5724: 5440:Wilson, David; Reuss, Anne, eds. (2000). 5236: 5199: 4453: 4019: 3949: 3711:. Black Classic Press. pp. 199–200. 3480: 3442:Simon, Rita; de Waal, Christiaan (2009). 2589: 2275: 2050:to escape. Furthermore, in recent times, 1737:was never as popular as it became in the 1481: 1454:operated until 1952, such as the notable 9615:Mentally ill people in the United States 8824: 8063:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. 7801:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. 7768:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. 7258: 7132: 7092: 6916: 6176:McCulloch, Jude; George, Amanda (2008). 4983: 4981: 4378:. Cornell University Press. p. 30. 4045:"Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607–1800 3798:American Bar Foundation Research Journal 2724: 2675:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2628: 2620: 2481: 2449: 2414: 2369: 2316: 2210: 2109: 2072: 2028: 2016: 1997: 1969: 1910: 1875: 1680: 1618: 1485: 1383: 1335: 1305:, and non-physical punishments, such as 1103: 802: 8787:"Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children" 8258:Restorative Justice and Family Violence 8163: 7568: 7463:from the original on September 10, 2015 7319: 7281: 6518: 5826: 5755: 5636: 5379:Wehr, Kevin; Aseltine, Elyshia (2013). 5316:. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.). 4956:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior" 4277:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 4085:Marshalsea#First Marshalsea (1373–1811) 3973:. Oxford University Press. p. 44. 3925:. Cornell University Press. p. 6. 3828: 3703:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). 2944:Mandatory treatment for drug offenders. 2647:List of countries by incarceration rate 2625:A map of incarceration rates by country 2176:Some prison medical facilities include 2005:is presently the only facility housing 1099: 898:Prisons can also be used as a tool for 895:to a specified period of imprisonment. 14: 10568: 9868:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 8764:Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul (2010). 8420:The English Prison and Borstal Systems 8221:"Towards a Critical Theory of Justice" 8136:from the original on 15 November 2013. 7865:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7587: 7300: 6735: 5574:. University of North Carolina Press. 4966:from the original on 25 September 2013 4760:"The evolution of prison architecture" 4110: 3643:. Greenwood Publishing. p. xxvi. 2789:Theories of punishment and criminality 1631:Penitentiary, which also followed the 10190: 9020: 8382:"Demythologizing Our Views of Prison" 8330: 8159:from the original on 6 February 2014. 7385: 7243: 6948:from the original on 15 November 2013 6551:from the original on February 6, 2011 6127: 6112: 6093: 6074: 6043: 6025:from the original on 23 February 2010 5930:. UTS University of Technology Sydney 5481:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 108. 5427:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-20 5412: 4978: 4901:The Globalization of Supermax Prisons 4493:. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. p. 147 3667: 3595:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3540:from the original on 9 September 2013 2138: 2077:A minimum security prison in the U.S. 1849:and supplied the prisoners with work. 10170: 9332: 8124:Orange, Richard (11 November 2013). 8038:John D. Lofton Jr. (14 April 1975). 7948:"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?" 7896:Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment 7727: 7160:Smith, Earl; Angela Hattery (2006). 7016:"Persons held by status | dataUNODC" 6992:"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC" 6870:. NBCUniversal. 2013. Archived from 6744:from the original on 22 October 2017 6236: 4157:"The Architecture of Social Control" 4095: 3674:Osprey Journal of Ideals and Inquiry 3586: 2616: 2245: 2105: 1470:, in remote underpopulated areas of 1421:With the widely used alternative of 1381:in Australia between 1788 and 1868. 887:; those who have pled or been found 863:against their will and denied their 8416: 8319:A National Strategy to Reduce Crime 7703:. Oxford University Press. p. 7544:. The New Press. pp. 180–181. 6936:Richard Orange (11 November 2013). 6736:Swains, Howard (23 December 2016). 6160: 6098:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp. 6079:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp. 5725:Cavallaro, Alexandra (2019-03-14). 5448:. Waterside Press. pp. 12–15. 5354:. The New Press. pp. 115–116. 5225:Journal of Correctional Health Care 4297: 3440:of the U.S. prison population, see 2749:, poor sanitation and maintenance, 2312: 1896:in order to prevent prisoners from 1030: 24: 10310:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot 8852:. University of California Press. 8820:DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081 8593:. University of California Press. 8515:. University of California Press. 8437: 8219:Hames-Garcia, Michael Roy (2004). 7259:Guilbaud, Fabrice (January 2012). 5512:. Scarecrow Press. pp. v–vi. 4954:Doran Larson (24 September 2013). 4248:The Howard League for Penal Reform 3740:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 285. 3684:from the original on 8 August 2017 3144:In American and Canadian English, 3029:Incarceration in the United States 3009:Decarceration in the United States 2404: 2201:Library and educational facilities 1541:Following Howard's agitation, the 1517:was one of the most notable early 1135:as a form of social organization. 25: 10597: 9046: 8976: 8749:. University of Minnesota Press. 8450:. University of Tennessee Press. 8444:Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008). 6056:from the original on 27 July 2017 4935:from the original on 10 June 2016 4208:from the original on 2016-05-22. 4100:. Eagle Book Printing Department. 3843:. 16 October 2014. Archived from 2947:Rehabilitation programs, such as 2715: 2215:Inmate teaching other inmates in 1863:In addition to the prison staff, 1360:within the general population of 1166:, established around 640 B.C. by 10513:February Ecuadorian prison riots 10169: 10158: 10157: 8994: 8982: 8614:. 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United Nations. April 2007. 7995:"Five Things About Deterrence" 7400:10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc186 5320:. WHO Regional Office Europe. 4407:The U.S. Federal Prison System 4310:McClennan, Rebecca M. (2008). 3841:"History of the prison system" 3616:"Punishment in Ancient Athens" 3607: 3580: 3566: 3552: 3521: 3366:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3191: 3163: 3138: 3123: 2863:Howard League for Penal Reform 2120:California state prison system 1536:Howard League for Penal Reform 1018: 1007:Outside of the United States, 807:A 19th-century jail room at a 13: 1: 10233:Castle Hill convict rebellion 8867:Thompson, Anthony C. (2008). 8722:Pisciotta, Alexander (2012). 8492:. Columbia University Press. 8040:"The case for jailing crooks" 7669:. The New Press. p. 47. 7457:National Institute of Justice 7135:Revue Française de Sociologie 6519:Fazzari, Rocco (2018-12-20). 6182:The Violence of Incarceration 5756:Hinshaw, Wendy (2018-10-01). 4899:. In Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.). 4163:. McGraw-Hill International. 3514: 3271:"The Eighteenth Century Gaol" 2870:National Institute of Justice 2835: 2611:Federal Medical Centers (FMC) 2334: 2157: 2023:Clinton Correctional Facility 1690: 1220: 1121: 1015:often have the same meaning. 40:Penitentiary (disambiguation) 9831:Prison Advice and Care Trust 8770:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8676:Routledge ISBN 9781138308466 8608:Hallett, Michael A. (2006). 8423:, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 8331:Davis, Angela (1998-09-10). 7832:. Hawkins Press. p. 8. 7538:Alexander, Michelle (2010). 7210:Alexander, Michelle (2010). 6711:. Lexington Books. pp. 5637:Plemons, Anna (2013-04-01). 5188:British Journal of Nutrition 4903:. Rutgers University Press. 4478:The Cesare Lombroso Handbook 4341:Murty, Komanduri S. (2004). 3587:Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016). 3528:Douglas Harper (2001–2013). 3450:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3410:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2004). 2890:Alternatives to imprisonment 2779:have difficulty finding work 2735:Attica Correctional Facility 2237:American Library Association 1108:A very common punishment in 1042: 885:imprisoned until their trial 7: 8793:. Lynne Reiner Publishers. 7857:Roberts, Julian V. (2004). 7510:. Oxford University Press. 6604:Immigrants & Minorities 5798:Introduction to Corrections 5154:Introduction to Corrections 5098:10.1177/0011128701047004002 4762:. In Jewkes, Yvonne (ed.). 4641:Introduction to Corrections 4489:Eriksson, Torsten (1976). 4442:Crime, Histoire et Sociétés 3965:Spierenburg, Peter (1998). 3560:"Jail vs prison difference" 3534:Online Etymology Dictionary 3436:For a detailed look at the 3330:Latessa, Edward J. (1996). 3246:. Oxford University Press. 3001: 2804:" services for this reason. 2785:other government agencies. 2772: 2720: 2124:United States Supreme Court 2091:Suomenlinna Island facility 1963:monitoring, alarms, cages, 1959:Remotely controlled doors, 1906: 1685:Prisoners picking oakum at 867:under the authority of the 10: 10602: 10218:Prison riots and uprisings 10163:Imprisonment and detention 9091:Stanford prison experiment 8811:. Oxford University Press. 8410: 7630:Jacobson, Michael (2005). 7063:Cohn, Scott (2011-10-18). 7040:"Overcrowding | dataUNODC" 6668:Voglis, Polymeris (2002). 5827:Carlson, Peter M. (2015). 5795:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 5762:Community Literacy Journal 5643:Community Literacy Journal 5151:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 4895:Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2012). 4702:. Routledge. p. 101. 4644:. SAGE. pp. 193–195. 4638:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 4561:Office of Justice Programs 4188:Parolin, Cristina (2010). 3891:. NYU Press. p. 216. 3732:Turning, Patricia (2012). 3187:standard English diphthong 3177:does not follow the usual 2887: 2684: 2644: 2593: 2562: 2500: 2408: 2377: 2374:Juvenile prison in Germany 2366:Youth detention facilities 2204: 2161: 2142: 1929: 1730:as a result of his visit. 1158:. One of the most notable 1150:or "the place of chains". 1094: 954: 908:detain perceived opponents 891:of crimes at trial may be 116:Expressive function of law 29: 10378: 10346:Leopoldov prison uprising 10322:Peruvian prison massacres 10292:Pulau Senang prison riots 10253: 10224: 10152: 9962: 9930: 9905: 9824:Prison abolition movement 9782:Florida Justice Institute 9758: 9562: 9477: 9437: 9356: 9303: 9178: 9169: 9100: 9054: 9007:Federal Bureau of Prisons 8932:Wortley, Richard (2002). 8888:Throness, Laurie (2008). 8846:Solinger, Rickie (2010). 8743:Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). 8554:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324. 8188:Woolford, Andrew (2009). 8173:O'grady, William (2011). 7602:10.1177/21533687221101209 6764:Mukherjee, Satyanshu K.; 6616:10.1080/02619280802442589 6128:Vidal, Ava (2014-02-26). 5874:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004). 5385:. Routledge. p. 28. 5201:10.1017/S000711451600026X 4870:. Routledge. p. 88. 4833:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004). 4733:. NYU Press. p. 11. 4194:. ANU Press. p. 58. 4117:. 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(2003). 6479:10.1177/2158244016686814 6349:10.1177/0306624X17726519 6184:. Taylor & Francis. 5774:10.25148/CLJ.13.1.009090 5415:Scientific American Mind 5348:Drucker, Ernest (2011). 5247:10.1177/1078345815600160 4808:. Jones & Bartlett. 4675:. Taylor & Francis. 4372:Lewis, W. David (2009). 3919:Lewis, W. David (2009). 3338:. Taylor & Francis. 3116: 3024:Incarceration and health 2666:now having the highest. 2583:Administrative detention 2569:Administrative detention 2116:San Quentin State Prison 1755: 1531:The State of the Prisons 106:Differential association 10352:Strangeways Prison riot 10304:Huntsville Prison siege 9953:Films featuring prisons 9810:Mount Tamalpais College 9464:Prisoner-of-war escapes 9194:Corrective labor colony 8909:Walsh, John P. (2013). 8680:Nashif, Esmail (2008). 8561:Garland, David (2001). 8530:Drake, Deborah (2012). 8417:Fox, Lionel W. (1952), 8388:. Critical Resistance. 8194:. Fernwood Publishing. 7793:Lerman, Amy E. (2009). 7504:Clear, Todd R. (2007). 7265:Sociétés Contemporaines 7169:Society Without Borders 6215:. The Rebecca Project. 5985:. HRW/ACLU. p. 2. 5655:10.25148/CLJ.7.2.009348 5568:Sweeney, Megan (2010). 5312:Fraser, Andrew (2007). 5086:Crime & Delinquency 4864:Shalev, Sharon (2013). 4802:"Inmate Classification" 4727:Carceral, K.C. (2006). 4696:Shalev, Sharon (2013). 4403:Bosworth, Mary (2002). 3885:"Concealing Punishment" 3816:13.3–4 (1999): 391–411. 3360:Coyle, William (1987). 3302:"Concealing Punishment" 3034:Inmate telephone system 2767:violence within prisons 2009:units operating in the 1830:work release supervisor 1366:Transportation Act 1717 1225:The French philosopher 161:Symbolic interactionism 32:Prison (disambiguation) 10441:Topo Chico prison riot 10387:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 9587:Contemplative programs 9294:Youth detention center 9146:Prisoner of conscience 8999:Quotations related to 8953:Yousman, Bill (2009). 8894:. Ashgate Publishing. 8807:Skarbek, David. 2020. 8536:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8293:. Rodopi. p. 86. 7826:Goulding, Dot (2007). 7322:"Incarceration nation" 6590:The American Civil War 6547:. Militarymuseum.org. 6472:(1): 215824401668681. 6441:classic.austlii.edu.au 6161:Law, Victoria (2009). 5537:Vogel, Brenda (2009). 5506:Vogel, Brenda (2009). 4155:Innes, Martin (2003). 3883:Kann, Mark E. (2005). 3784:29.1 (2000): 125–146. 3448:Prisons the World Over 3300:Kann, Mark E. (2005). 3240:Semple, Janet (1993). 2737: 2642: 2626: 2590:Psychiatric facilities 2498: 2479: 2423: 2411:Incarceration of women 2380:Youth detention center 2375: 2349:. Some prisons have a 2341: 2276:Recreation and fitness 2219: 2131: 2078: 2038: 2026: 2014: 1978: 1927: 1901: 1739:English-speaking world 1733:The use of prisons in 1716:. The aim of this was 1696: 1687:Coldbath Fields Prison 1639: 1511: 1482:Prison reform movement 1403: 1345: 1229:, especially his book 1142:philosophers, such as 1128: 855:, is a facility where 812: 10495:Cameroon prison riots 10483:Amazonas prison riots 10435:Kaohsiung Prison riot 10429:Palmasola prison riot 10399:Altamira prison brawl 10334:Fremantle Prison riot 9838:Prison-Ashram Project 8701:Neild, James (2011). 8252:Coker, Donna (2002). 7638:. NYU Press. p. 7326:Monitor on Psychology 7097:. Oakland: РM Prеss. 6819:www.prisonstudies.org 6270:AMA Journal of Ethics 6239:"Mothers in Shackles" 6094:Talvi, Silja (2007). 6075:Talvi, Silja (2007). 5801:. SAGE. p. 200. 5279:Senior, Jane (2012). 5157:. SAGE. p. 199. 4111:Taylor, Alan (2001). 3668:Lopes, Jenna (2002). 3044:LGBT people in prison 3039:Kids for Cash Scandal 3019:Immigration detention 2996:anti-authoritarianism 2988:libertarian socialism 2958:Conditional discharge 2728: 2632: 2624: 2485: 2464:indefinitely detained 2453: 2418: 2373: 2320: 2214: 2162:Further information: 2113: 2096:electronic monitoring 2076: 2032: 2020: 2001: 1973: 1948:, security lighting, 1914: 1879: 1684: 1622: 1489: 1387: 1339: 1107: 940:prisoner-of-war camps 841:correctional facility 806: 665:Biosocial criminology 372:Uniform Crime Reports 81:Biosocial criminology 36:Jail (disambiguation) 18:Correctional facility 10537:Battle of al-Hasakah 10489:Altamira prison riot 10477:Acarigua prison riot 10453:Kidapawan jail siege 10417:Welikada prison riot 10328:Atlanta prison riots 10245:Cooking Pot Uprising 10022:Ireland, Republic of 9712:Solitary confinement 9273:Prisoner-of-war camp 8991:at Wikimedia Commons 8650:McGrew, Ken (2008). 8583:Gilmore, Ruth Wilson 8472:Simon & Schuster 8044:The Telegraph-Herald 7147:10.3917/rfs.515.0041 4929:"White Collar Crime" 4436:Gibson Mary (2009). 4222:John Howard (1777), 4043:Marilyn C. Baseler, 2929:conditional sentence 2596:Psychiatric hospital 2507:Prisoner-of-war camp 2488:Patarei Sea Fortress 2468:solitary confinement 2460:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 2303:solitary confinement 1974:Design of a cell at 1841:In private prisons, 1834:work release program 1727:Democracy in America 1604:of convict prisons, 1598:penal transportation 1423:penal transportation 1358:indentured servitude 1350:penal transportation 1322:houses of correction 1100:Ancient and medieval 900:political repression 540:Solitary confinement 204:Alexandre Lacassagne 10501:Guanare prison riot 10459:Brazil prison riots 10423:Uribana prison riot 10405:Apodaca prison riot 10364:Khujand prison riot 10340:Polish prison riots 9889:Prison Reform Trust 8153:The Atlantic Cities 7588:Thomas, C. (2022). 6766:Scutt, Jocelynne A. 6237:Moynihan, Carolyn. 5285:Handbook on Prisons 4764:Handbook on Prisons 4625:Pew Research Center 3614:Allen, Danielle S. 2967:Restorative justice 2874:Lawrence W. Sherman 2742:developed countries 2533:American Revolution 2518:unlawful combatants 2476:sensory deprivation 2355:corporal punishment 2152:developed countries 2058:deemed a threat to 2056:political prisoners 1942:electrified fencing 1706:Auburn State Prison 1416:house of correction 1110:Early Modern Europe 981:pre-trial detention 730:Radical criminology 91:Collective efficacy 10586:Total institutions 10549:Támara prison riot 10507:Mahara prison riot 10393:Mexico prison riot 10358:Carandiru massacre 10298:Attica Prison riot 10268:Battle of Alcatraz 10239:Bathurst Rebellion 9896:WriteAPrisoner.com 9659:Protective custody 9208:Extermination camp 9139:Political prisoner 8507:Dow, Mark (2005). 8464:Diiulio, John J., 6701:Wu, Yenna (2011). 6676:. Berghahn Books. 5910:The New York Times 4141:Jonathan W. Daly, 4070:2018-03-29 at the 4050:2018-03-29 at the 3782:Theory and society 3593:ABC Radio National 3536:. Douglas Harper. 3495:10.1007/BF02249525 3382:"Prison libraries" 3014:For-profit prisons 2925:Suspended sentence 2738: 2643: 2627: 2565:Political prisoner 2549:American Civil War 2526:American Civil War 2499: 2480: 2424: 2420:Mercer Reformatory 2376: 2342: 2331:San Quentin Prison 2307:protective custody 2220: 2139:Kitchen and dining 2132: 2083:white-collar crime 2079: 2039: 2033:Inmate in striped 2027: 2015: 1979: 1928: 1902: 1750:Alexander Paterson 1735:Continental Europe 1697: 1640: 1610:Pentonville prison 1512: 1404: 1371:American Rebellion 1346: 1309:rituals (like the 1264:mass incarceration 1129: 819:, also known as a 813: 10563: 10562: 10543:Tuluá prison riot 10531:Tula prison break 10184: 10183: 10120:England and Wales 9860:Prison Legal News 9845:Prison Fellowship 9803:Justice Defenders 9473: 9472: 9077:Prison healthcare 8987:Media related to 8968:978-1-4331-0477-0 8945:978-0-521-00940-9 8924:978-0-7391-7465-4 8901:978-0-7546-6392-8 8880:978-0-8147-8316-0 8859:978-0-520-25249-3 8838:978-0-85702-953-9 8825:Sim, Joe (2009). 8800:978-1-58826-228-8 8777:978-1-4422-0173-6 8756:978-1-4529-0733-8 8735:978-0-8147-6797-9 8714:978-1-108-03699-3 8693:978-0-203-89561-0 8663:978-1-4331-0175-5 8642:978-0-7914-8310-7 8621:978-0-252-07308-3 8600:978-0-520-22256-4 8574:978-1-84920-823-9 8543:978-1-137-00484-0 8522:978-0-520-93927-1 8499:978-0-231-12508-6 8457:978-1-57233-631-5 8430:978-0-415-17738-2 8395:978-0-9767070-1-1 8300:978-94-012-0923-6 8267:978-0-521-52165-9 8234:978-0-8166-4314-1 8201:978-1-55266-316-5 8103:978-92-1-148220-1 8070:978-0-7425-6362-9 7905:978-1-134-01190-2 7876:978-0-521-53644-8 7839:978-1-876067-18-2 7808:978-1-61044-465-1 7775:978-1-61044-465-1 7714:978-0-19-506153-6 7676:978-1-59558-605-6 7649:978-0-8147-4274-7 7551:978-1-59558-103-7 7517:978-0-19-988555-8 7409:978-1-118-84538-7 7223:978-1-59558-103-7 7216:. The New Press. 7104:978-1-60486-043-6 6781:978-1-317-28701-8 6722:978-0-7391-6742-7 6683:978-1-57181-308-4 6650:978-0-7425-2027-1 6592:(1996), pp 466–78 6343:(10): 3135–3150. 6191:978-0-203-89291-6 5992:978-1-56432-949-3 5965:978-0-07-281723-2 5887:978-0-520-24076-6 5840:978-1-4496-5305-7 5808:978-1-4129-7566-7 5706:enculturation.net 5581:978-0-8078-9835-2 5550:978-0-8108-6743-7 5519:978-0-8108-6743-7 5488:978-1-4496-5306-4 5455:978-1-906534-59-2 5392:978-1-135-09312-9 5361:978-1-59558-605-6 5327:978-92-890-7280-9 5294:978-1-136-30830-7 5164:978-1-4129-7566-7 4910:978-0-8135-5742-7 4877:978-1-134-02667-8 4846:978-0-520-24076-6 4815:978-1-4496-5306-4 4773:978-1-136-30830-7 4740:978-0-8147-9955-0 4709:978-1-134-02667-8 4682:978-0-8153-1350-2 4651:978-1-4129-7566-7 4422:978-0-7619-2304-6 4385:978-0-8014-7548-1 4354:978-0-7618-2966-9 4323:978-1-139-46748-3 4284:978-0-19-506153-6 4201:978-1-921862-00-7 4170:978-0-335-20940-8 4128:978-0-670-87282-4 4114:American Colonies 3980:978-0-19-511814-8 3932:978-0-8014-7548-1 3898:978-0-8147-4783-4 3869:978-0-679-75255-4 3862:. Vintage Books. 3847:on 31 March 2012. 3747:978-3-11-029458-3 3650:978-0-313-32856-5 3457:978-0-7391-4024-6 3423:978-0-300-10250-5 3395:978-0-8240-5787-9 3373:978-0-313-24769-9 3345:978-1-135-58270-8 3315:978-0-8147-4783-4 3284:978-0-7190-1341-6 3253:978-0-19-159081-8 3225:978-1-906534-79-0 3100:Prisoners' rights 3049:Life imprisonment 2915:Community service 2617:Prison population 2347:prison commissary 2246:Literacy programs 2164:Prison healthcare 2106:Common facilities 2060:national security 1932:Physical security 1856:religious workers 1804:Prison counselors 1112:was to be made a 1073:Western Australia 920:international law 837:correction center 801: 800: 547: 546: 484:Prisoners' rights 388:Positivist school 16:(Redirected from 10593: 10465:Makala jailbreak 10411:Yare prison riot 10316:Badaber Uprising 10280:Vorkuta uprising 10274:Norilsk uprising 10211: 10204: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10145: 10136: 10129: 10127:Northern Ireland 10122: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10096: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9923: 9916: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9691: 9684: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9580: 9573: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9466: 9457: 9450: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9333:Maximum security 9328: 9321: 9314: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9176: 9175: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9018: 9017: 8998: 8986: 8972: 8960: 8949: 8928: 8905: 8884: 8863: 8842: 8804: 8781: 8760: 8739: 8718: 8697: 8667: 8646: 8625: 8604: 8592: 8578: 8552:Yale Law Journal 8547: 8526: 8514: 8503: 8461: 8433: 8404: 8403: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8321:". 1973. p. 358. 8315: 8309: 8308: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8170: 8161: 8160: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8095: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7991: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7928:Business Insider 7920: 7914: 7913: 7892:"Rehabilitation" 7887: 7881: 7880: 7864: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7733: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7637: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7594:Race and Justice 7585: 7579: 7578: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7535: 7526: 7525: 7501: 7488: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7449: 7440: 7437: 7431: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7166: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7071:. Archived from 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7044:dataunodc.un.org 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7020:dataunodc.un.org 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6996:dataunodc.un.org 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6972:dataunodc.un.org 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6740:. The Guardian. 6733: 6727: 6726: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6491: 6481: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245:. Archived from 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6133: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6050:The Toronto Star 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5951: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5851:. Archived from 5823: 5817: 5816: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743:10.21623/1.7.1.2 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5614:"BOP: Education" 5610: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5240: 5238:10.1.1.1030.8157 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5194:(8): 1387–1396. 5179: 5173: 5172: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4627:. 22 March 2012. 4617: 4611: 4610: 4607:the NYC Criminal 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4541:. Archived from 4531: 4525: 4524: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4455:10.4000/chs.1106 4433: 4427: 4426: 4411:. SAGE. p. 4410: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4061: 4055: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4005:. Archived from 3999:"Transportation" 3995: 3989: 3988: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3778: 3772: 3766:Yale Law Journal 3762: 3756: 3755: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3525: 3508: 3506: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3377: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3210:to prisons, see 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3167: 3161: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3105:Silent treatment 3084:Prison sexuality 2949:anger management 2853:rate, including 2639:drug prohibition 2607:mental disorders 2496:Tallinn, Estonia 2470:as part of the " 2339: 2336: 2327:lethal injection 2313:Other facilities 2298:segregation unit 2229:prison libraries 2207:Prison education 1777:, also known as 1695: 1692: 1602:Surveyor-General 1548:wars with France 1543:Penitentiary Act 1519:prison reformers 1476:Russian Far East 1318:Bridewell Palace 1252:public execution 1164:Mamertine Prison 1126: 1123: 1037:Papua New Guinea 1031:Papua New Guinea 961:American English 944:internment camps 936:military prisons 928:prisoners of war 912:political crimes 881:criminal-justice 833:detention center 793: 786: 779: 426: 425: 383:Crime statistics 309: 63: 45: 44: 21: 10601: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10374: 10286:Kengir uprising 10249: 10220: 10215: 10185: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10148: 10141: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9754: 9745: 9740:Women in prison 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9687: 9680: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9648: 9643:Private prisons 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9576: 9569: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9469: 9462: 9453: 9446: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9304:Security levels 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9165: 9158: 9153:Prisoner of war 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9050: 9045: 8979: 8969: 8946: 8925: 8902: 8881: 8860: 8839: 8801: 8778: 8757: 8736: 8715: 8694: 8664: 8643: 8622: 8601: 8575: 8544: 8523: 8500: 8458: 8440: 8438:Further reading 8431: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8396: 8378: 8374: 8365: 8363: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8341: 8339: 8329: 8325: 8316: 8312: 8301: 8283: 8279: 8268: 8250: 8246: 8235: 8217: 8213: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8171: 8164: 8145: 8141: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8104: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8071: 8055: 8051: 8036: 8032: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7932: 7930: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7906: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7855: 7851: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7809: 7791: 7787: 7776: 7758: 7754: 7745: 7743: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7695: 7688: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7586: 7582: 7567: 7563: 7552: 7536: 7529: 7518: 7502: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7384: 7380: 7371: 7369: 7352: 7348: 7339: 7337: 7318: 7314: 7309:(5): 63, 65–68. 7299: 7295: 7280: 7276: 7257: 7253: 7246:New Labor Forum 7242: 7235: 7224: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7091: 7087: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7024: 7022: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7000: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6900: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6791: 6789: 6782: 6771:Women and Crime 6768:, eds. (2015). 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6699: 6695: 6684: 6666: 6662: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6517: 6513: 6458: 6454: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6318: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6249:on 20 July 2014 6235: 6231: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6192: 6174: 6170: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6126: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6011: 6004: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5958:. McGraw-Hill. 5952: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5912:. 27 June 1994. 5904: 5903: 5899: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5824: 5820: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5754: 5750: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5686: 5684: 5674: 5670: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5593: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5471: 5467: 5456: 5438: 5434: 5411: 5404: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5346: 5339: 5328: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5277: 5270: 5221: 5217: 5180: 5176: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4986: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4893: 4889: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4756: 4752: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4401: 4397: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4220: 4216: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4072:Wayback Machine 4062: 4058: 4052:Wayback Machine 4042: 4038: 4030:on 2018-03-29. 4018: 4014: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3981: 3963: 3959: 3948: 3944: 3933: 3917: 3910: 3899: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814:Critical Review 3811: 3807: 3795: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3666: 3662: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3444:"United States" 3435: 3431: 3424: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3374: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3168: 3164: 3143: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3059:Military prison 3054:List of prisons 3004: 2892: 2886: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2791: 2775: 2723: 2718: 2697: 2691:Private prisons 2685:Main articles: 2683: 2649: 2619: 2598: 2592: 2571: 2563:Main articles: 2561: 2522:Alcatraz Island 2513: 2503:Military prison 2501:Main articles: 2448: 2413: 2407: 2405:Women's prisons 2382: 2368: 2363: 2337: 2315: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2248: 2209: 2203: 2190:substance abuse 2170: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2108: 1996: 1938:concertina wire 1934: 1909: 1874: 1813:Medical workers 1758: 1743:Cesare Lombroso 1693: 1672:prison uniforms 1594:Millbank Prison 1570: 1529:, he published 1484: 1427:sailing vessels 1362:British America 1334: 1227:Michel Foucault 1223: 1193:, results of a 1124: 1102: 1097: 1085: 1065:South Australia 1057:New South Wales 1045: 1033: 1021: 1006: 957: 952: 922:governing fair 871:, generally as 797: 768: 767: 743: 735: 734: 660:Anthropological 650: 642: 641: 557: 549: 548: 423: 413: 412: 362:Critical theory 347: 339: 338: 319:State-corporate 307: 230: 219: 218: 214:Archibald Reiss 209:Cesare Lombroso 199:Michel Foucault 179: 178:Major theorists 171: 170: 146:Social learning 131:Rational choice 121:Labeling theory 101:Criminalization 71: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10599: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10479: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10262:Cowra breakout 10257: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10214: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10166: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10074: 10067: 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Peter Lang. 8950: 8944: 8929: 8923: 8906: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8864: 8858: 8843: 8837: 8822: 8812: 8805: 8799: 8782: 8776: 8761: 8755: 8740: 8734: 8719: 8713: 8698: 8692: 8677: 8668: 8662: 8656:. Peter Lang. 8647: 8641: 8635:. SUNY Press. 8626: 8620: 8605: 8599: 8579: 8573: 8558: 8548: 8542: 8527: 8521: 8504: 8498: 8483: 8462: 8456: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8394: 8372: 8348: 8323: 8310: 8299: 8277: 8266: 8244: 8233: 8211: 8200: 8180: 8162: 8139: 8116: 8102: 8080: 8069: 8049: 8030: 8010: 7981: 7960: 7939: 7915: 7904: 7882: 7875: 7849: 7838: 7818: 7807: 7785: 7774: 7752: 7720: 7713: 7686: 7675: 7655: 7648: 7622: 7580: 7561: 7550: 7527: 7516: 7489: 7474: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7408: 7378: 7346: 7312: 7303:American Jails 7293: 7274: 7251: 7233: 7222: 7202: 7193: 7175:(2): 273–288. 7152: 7125: 7110: 7103: 7085: 7055: 7031: 7007: 6983: 6959: 6928: 6909: 6885: 6874:on 27 May 2013 6855: 6830: 6802: 6780: 6755: 6728: 6721: 6703:"Introduction" 6693: 6682: 6670:"Introduction" 6660: 6649: 6629: 6594: 6581: 6562: 6536: 6511: 6452: 6428: 6403: 6378: 6327: 6303: 6276:(9): 779–785. 6260: 6229: 6201: 6190: 6168: 6153: 6120: 6105: 6086: 6067: 6036: 6002: 5991: 5971: 5964: 5941: 5915: 5897: 5886: 5866: 5839: 5818: 5807: 5787: 5748: 5717: 5693: 5668: 5629: 5605: 5591: 5580: 5560: 5549: 5529: 5518: 5498: 5487: 5465: 5454: 5442:"Introduction" 5432: 5402: 5391: 5371: 5360: 5337: 5326: 5304: 5293: 5268: 5231:(4): 390–399. 5215: 5174: 5163: 5143: 5119: 5092:(4): 513–536. 5076: 5052: 5023: 5004: 4977: 4946: 4920: 4909: 4887: 4876: 4856: 4845: 4825: 4814: 4792: 4783: 4772: 4750: 4739: 4719: 4708: 4688: 4681: 4661: 4650: 4630: 4612: 4594: 4566: 4548: 4545:on 2017-05-13. 4535:"Case Manager" 4526: 4508: 4495: 4482: 4469: 4428: 4421: 4395: 4384: 4364: 4353: 4333: 4322: 4302: 4290: 4283: 4265: 4235: 4214: 4200: 4180: 4169: 4147: 4134: 4127: 4103: 4088: 4076: 4063:Drew D. Gray, 4056: 4036: 4012: 4009:on 2016-06-07. 3990: 3979: 3957: 3942: 3931: 3908: 3897: 3875: 3868: 3850: 3827: 3818: 3805: 3789: 3773: 3757: 3746: 3724: 3717: 3695: 3660: 3649: 3629: 3606: 3579: 3565: 3551: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3429: 3422: 3401: 3394: 3372: 3351: 3344: 3321: 3314: 3290: 3283: 3259: 3252: 3231: 3224: 3208:penal colonies 3199: 3190: 3162: 3137: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3095:Prisoner abuse 3092: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3074:Prison officer 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2888:Main article: 2885: 2882: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2826:: Theories of 2821: 2818:incapacitation 2817: 2816:: Theories of 2814:Incapacitation 2811: 2805: 2798:Rehabilitation 2790: 2787: 2774: 2771: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2716:Social effects 2714: 2682: 2679: 2618: 2615: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2560: 2557: 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analysis 93: 88: 86:Broken windows 83: 78: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10598: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10556: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10471:Valencia fire 10468: 10466: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10394: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10193: 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NYU Press. 8872: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728:. NYU Press. 8727: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686:. 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Routledge. 7897: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7741: 7737: 7736:The Telegraph 7732: 7724: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7691: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7626: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7534: 7532: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7485: 7478: 7467:September 15, 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7206: 7197: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7075:on 2013-05-27 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6973: 6969: 6968:"dataUNODC |" 6963: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6899: 6898:The Economist 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762:For example: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6572:Naval History 6566: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6317: 6316:www.gla.ac.uk 6313: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6007: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5855:on 2017-08-04 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287:. 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1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795:Case managers 1793: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1779:prison guards 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1745:(1835–1909). 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:Auburn system 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663:Walnut Street 1660: 1656: 1653: 1652:Benjamin Rush 1649: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1558:Elizabeth Fry 1555: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523:Great Britain 1520: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Île du Diable 1457: 1453: 1452:French Guiana 1449: 1444: 1442: 1441:prison reform 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Retrieved 8360: 8357:"About PARC" 8351: 8340:. Retrieved 8336: 8326: 8313: 8290: 8280: 8257: 8247: 8224: 8214: 8190: 8183: 8174: 8152: 8142: 8130:The Guardian 8129: 8119: 8089: 8083: 8059: 8052: 8046:. p. 4. 8043: 8033: 8022: 8013: 8002:. Retrieved 7973:. Retrieved 7963: 7952:. Retrieved 7950:. 2013-12-01 7942: 7931:. Retrieved 7927: 7918: 7895: 7885: 7860: 7852: 7828: 7821: 7798: 7788: 7765: 7755: 7744:. Retrieved 7735: 7723: 7699: 7665: 7658: 7633: 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7593: 7583: 7564: 7540: 7506: 7483: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7456: 7453:"Recidivism" 7435: 7426: 7417: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7370:. Retrieved 7361:The Observer 7359: 7349: 7338:. Retrieved 7329: 7325: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7277: 7264: 7254: 7245: 7212: 7205: 7196: 7172: 7168: 7155: 7141:(5): 41–68. 7138: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7094: 7088: 7077:. Retrieved 7073:the original 7068: 7058: 7047:. Retrieved 7043: 7034: 7023:. Retrieved 7019: 7010: 6999:. Retrieved 6995: 6986: 6975:. Retrieved 6971: 6962: 6950:. 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