Corruption in South Africa

1906:. South Africa's Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI), commonly known as the Hawks, was designed to target organized crime, economic crime and corruption. The group was established by the Zuma administration in 2008. South Africa has a well-developed framework and legislation outlining corruption initiatives. The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA) criminalizes corruption in public and private sectors and codifies specific offences making it easier for courts to use the legislation. This act especially condemns bribery, extortion, abuse of power and money laundering while obliging public officials to report corruption offences. Like many corruption regulations in South Africa, the PCCA is poorly implemented and the Act does not include any protection measures for 1484: 1448:

the unlawful awarding of state contracts to Gupta-linked companies or persons, the banks’ preferential treatment of Gupta-owned companies and, Zuma's conflict of interest concerning his position and business dealings. The Gupta brothers, who have been major players in South African business for over a decade began growing their relationship with former President Jacob Zuma in 2003 when he occupied the Office of Deputy President. Since 2003, both parties benefited from an understanding wherein the Gupta family financed the Zuma family while President Zuma appointed friendly officials and awarded lucrative state contracts to the Gupta empire. South African authorities are seeking to recover up to US$ 4.07 billion lost to these Gupta deals. Jacob Zuma's son,

995: 1425: 1973:, former acting SAPS Commissioner, was dismissed after being found guilty of dishonest conduct; while SAPS Lieutenant-General Bonang Mgwenya was arrested and later dismissed on charges of corruption involving R200-million. Numerous other officials, including SAPS officers and government employees, were also arrested on corruption charges throughout the year. Additionally, high-profile figures like ANC MP Bongani Bongo and former Bosasa COO Angelo Agrizzi were implicated in various corruption scandals. The year ended with Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo ordering former President Zuma to resume testifying before the Zondo Commission. 1360:

regarding how to report corrupt acts. The fear of facing repercussions for whistle blowing and the pervasive belief that reporting corruption will not cause change are two other concerns revealed by the 2011 survey. Respondents of the survey were most likely to pay bribes to traffic officials, followed by police officers and officials in employment offices. These findings support the notion that the perception of corruption in local government departments such as traffic and municipal policing is high. The frequency of

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members of Mbeki's Cabinet were implicated - most of them ANC MPs. 50 plea bargained for sentences that would allow them to remain as MPs. There were 3 formats of fraud totalling in excess of R37 million (USD12million). The investigation went back 15 months but there was clear evidence that the fraud had been operating for a longer period. As I would not cooperate my services were terminated by Secretary Dingani in January 2016". Dingani was himself was terminated for fraud.

1330:," sometimes to the detriment of quality and service delivery. A notable criticism of BBBEE is that the policy has been co-opted and repurposed by factions and powerful members of South Africa's political elite, mostly within the governing ANC, for the purposes of corrupt self-enrichment at the expense of South Africans who are not politically connected, thereby fueling the growth of corruption within South Africa, reducing economic growth and increasing unemployment. 30: 1035:

its current scoring system in 2012, South Africa's score has varied between a high of 45 in 2016 and its lowest score of 41 in 2023. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score in 2023 was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the average score among sub-Saharan African countries was 33. The highest score in sub-Saharan Africa was 71 and the lowest score was 11.

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Africa's public protector in 2014 found Zuma had inappropriately allocated state funds to finance additional home improvements such as the addition of a swimming pool, amphitheater, visitor centre and cattle enclosure to his property (among others). In 2018, South Africa's highest court found Mr. Zuma guilty of violating the constitution in regard to the lavish spending of R 246 million (US$ 19.14 million) of State funds on his homestead in Nkandla.

1089:(ANC) was receiving funds from foreign donors in order to build up stronger opposition parties to protest against South Africa's National Party and Apartheid. These leaders were given large sums of money without formal book-keeping. There is however no reports or evidence of corruption. The ANC's tradition of loyalty to the organization was shaped in the Apartheid era, with clear implications in modern-day ANC politics. In the middle years of 1024:'s public approval ratings almost halved, from 64% to 36%, possibly due to corruption scandals over that period. The majority of South Africans believe that various branches of government should oversee other branches of government's work. Around a quarter of South Africans feel they should be allowed to be responsible for holding elected representatives and leaders accountable. 1118:(BEE) legislation. Recent state capture scandals involving South African politicians and the Gupta family have brought these types of corruption into the public spotlight. Petty corruption is another relevant issue affecting public services and day-to-day life in South Africa. Local municipalities have also been reported as significantly impacted by corruption with 1567:

have been investigating the arms deal since the early 2000s. Rumors of embezzlement, bribes and kick-backs by and between the external players in this procurement and that of the ANC, have prompted further investigations. In 2011, Former President Zuma appointed a Commission of Enquiry headed by Judge

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Despite going anti-corruption efforts the South African Auditor-General reported that for the 2020/21 financial year "government spending that has ‘not been either recovered, condoned or written off stood at R488.14-billion’ " (roughly equivalent to US$ 34.28 billion) with a significant proportion of

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The arms deal, formally known as the Strategic Defence Package, was a multi-billion dollar deal involving arms acquisitions from countries such as Germany and France. This arms deal set a precedent for cases of large-scale corruption and high levels of bribery and embezzlement in the African National

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National secretary general of the ANC, Ace Magashule, was suspended from his position and arrested on 21 charges of corruption for his involvement in a 2014 corruption scandal that took place whilst he was Premier of the Free State. The R255 million contact to remove asbestos from public housing in

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16 charges of corruption, money laundering, racketeering and fraud involving the 1998 Arms Deal. In total Zuma has been accused of accepting 783 illegal payments, including receiving bribes from a French Arms firm via his financial advisor. In April 2018, two months after resigning from office, Zuma

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was rampant throughout Africa and poverty and inequality in the region still remained among the highest in the world. Taxpayers protested the arms deal through a public interest lawsuit claiming that the deal was unconstitutional and irrational. Various South African and international evidence teams

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Zuma's time in office was marked by controversy and accusations of corruption. His resignation on February 14, 2018 came after months of pressure from the ANC. In April 2018 it was announced that Zuma would be prosecuted on 12 counts of fraud, one of racketeering, two of corruption and one of money

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examines government expenditures and the Code of Conduct for Assembly and Permanent Council members calls for the full disclosure of members to report gifts. Enforcement mechanisms remain weak for many of these preventative Acts, allow for corrupt actions to go unreported. South Africa has ratified

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Petty corruption is a prevalent issue in South Africa's public service sphere. A survey conducted by the ISS National Victims of Crime tested the extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa. One of the main issues highlighted by this survey is South Africans' lack of access to information

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South Africa. The 355-page document reports Mr. Zuma's preferential treatment of the Gupta family and the involvement of Jacob Zuma's son and the Gupta family. The allegations reported include the Gupta Family's involvement in the appointments and removals of members of the South African cabinet,

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is concerning due to their role in tackling corruption and illicit behavior. Only 5.6% of South Africans reported experiencing forms of petty corruption involving either money, favours and gifts. Even though the percentage of experienced corruption is low, the high perception of corruption has led

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following 2009 created an environment where corruption has flourished under the new leadership. Both the new and old political order created their own types of corruption, benefiting those in their inner circles. Although forms of endemic corruption were passed on to the new order since 1994, new

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scored South Africa at 41 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, South Africa ranked 83rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. Since Transparency International began using

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decision-making processes to their own advantage, became prevalent in South Africa during the presidency of Jacob Zuma (see section below). The most notable incident of state capture is the Gupta family scandal (see section below). State capture in South Africa has been estimated by government to

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In 2021, 9.1% of South Africans believed that corruption was the most important problem facing the country, meaning that corruption ranked second only to unemployment in the priorities of those surveyed. 60.5% believed that the government was doing "very badly" at fighting corruption, and another

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Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Republic of the Congo, Swaziland, Liberia,

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exposed Members of Parliament who were found to have illegally used parliamentary travel vouchers in a fraud exceeding R37,000,000 for personal use. As the CFO who identified the fraud reported: "I, Harry Charlton FCA, JP can confirm 6 travel agents and 435 then past and present MP's including 3

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found a substantial increase in the public's perception of corruption since 2008. 66% of South Africans believed that the government could be doing more to curb corruption, compared to 56% elsewhere on the continent. South Africans' experience of first-hand corruption ranks among the least on a

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Before the abolition of Apartheid, the South African civil service was a pervasive medium for rent-seeking and the preferential treatment of Afrikaners. Policies favouring Afrikaner cultural and educational systems, the awarding of government contracts to Afrikaner businesses and the funding of

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scandal involved the controversial, and possibly corrupt, funding of President Jacob Zuma's personal homestead at public expense. After a home invasion and the subsequent rape of one of Zuma's four wives, Zuma accessed the means to upgrade security measures at his homestead. A report by South

986:. Despite efforts to reduce corruption, it remains a significant problem facing the country with a 2024 Aafrobarometer survey showing that it has significantly contributed to a large drop in public support for democracy whilst hindering efforts to reduce poverty, unemployment, and inequality. 1543:, controversially stated in a public interview that four criminal syndicates had established themselves within Eskom, that corruption was costing the utility a billion Rand a month (roughly equivalent to US$ 53.9 million), and that a senior ANC MP was involved. De Ruyter went on to say that " 1583:

on 12 July 2021. On 20 July 2021, it was agreed that former South African President Jacob Zuma's criminal trial for this would case would begin on either August 10 or August 13, 2021. Prior to his imprisonment Zuma threatened that his arrest would result in nationwide riots; following his

1622:"The A.N.C. has established a very clear pattern and the pattern is simple. You can be whatever you like as long as you are loyal. The minister of health may be responsible for 'Sarafina' but she is loyal, so she will be defended. The problem is you can't deal with corruption this way." 978:

was later created to investigate Zuma and his associates for corruption. On November 11, 2020, it was revealed that a historic anti-corruption blitz resulted in the arrest of more than 100 South African political, education, health, police and business officials on corruption charges.

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was found to have misappropriated donor funds in 1994 intended for his Foundation for Peace and Justice causing significant public controversy. Despite efforts by the ANC government to clear instances of misappropriation Boesak was found guilty of stealing R332,000 in 1999 and

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and former South African President Jacob Zuma pushed Zuma out of office as a long list of corruption complaints against the former President resurfaced. Complaints against Zuma range from the former leader's lavish spending of state funds, to delegating contracts based on

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BEE fronting is an abuse of the rules governing BEE, where qualifying persons are given a seat on the board of a company while having no decision-making power in the company, in order to qualify the company for government contracts in terms of BEE. In June 2017,

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There is much ongoing debate regarding the origins of corruption and the definition of corruption in South Africa. The inherited bureaucracy and political culture which originated in the Apartheid era has rendered corruption issues hard to trace and tackle. The

1945:, the Gupta family and associates of former President Zuma. During the inquiry hearings a joint memorandum signed by the embassies of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland representing countries that make up 75% of 5226: 5581: 1347:, a company which operates the largest private hospital network in South Africa, was accused of BEE fronting. Since then, 17 other complaints have been filed against various South African companies regarding BEE fronting. Related to this is 1579:

was charged with graft by a national jury. On 11 October 2019, a South African high court upheld all 16 charges against Zuma. A 15-month prison sentence which was issued to Zuma for contempt of court on this case would be reserved by the

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In 2016, the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, investigated the Gupta Family Scandal after receiving a formal complaint from a Catholic priest, called Father Stanslaus Muyebe. The State of Capture report released by the

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Corruption peaked during the state capture period under President Jacob Zuma but remains widespread and deeply corrosive, affecting criminal justice, service provision, economic opportunity, social cohesion and political

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was found to have been giving senior ANC members bribes to secure lucrative government contracts and avoid investigation. After the scandal was exposed and the company entered voluntary liquidation in 2019 the CEO,

1387:. On 11 October 2019, a South African high court denied Zuma a motion to withdraw the recent criminal charges against him. Zuma was imprisoned for refusing to give evidence to the Zondo Commission resulting in the 957:

such as healthcare remain below par. In addition, internal sanctions have been employed to discourage whistle-blowers from reporting corrupt activities in both the public and private sectors – according to a 2021

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police station commander, Siphiwu Hewana, was found guilty of attempting to defeat the ends of justice by tampering with the docket for convicted fraudster Tony Yengeni's arrest for driving under the influence.

4738: 1842:, died in uncertain circumstances. In 2023 two of the companies court appointed liquidators were shot dead in a suspected assassination that was allegedly connected to their work tracing Bosasa's finances. 1530:

to sabotaging energy infrastructure so as to get contracts to do repairs. Corruption, particularity state capture, has also negatively impacted the construction and operation of new power plants, notably

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Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

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In 2014 the Zuma administration and the Russian government put pressure on the South African government to sign a R1 trillion (US$ 66 billion) nuclear energy deal with the Russian state owned enterprise

1500:; both the Russian government and the Zuma administration were criticized for forcing through the deal by attempting to circumvent South Africa's procurement laws. Then South African Finance Minister 1017:

first-hand basis in Africa. At one stage only 15% of South Africans admit to having paid a bribe. The average percentage of all Africans having paid a bribe to government officials was around 30%.

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includes the improper use of public resources for private ends, including bribery and improper favouritism. Corruption was at its highest during the period of state capture under the presidency of

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Anti-corruption efforts, including the final publication of the Zondo Commission's findings, left few of South Africa's most prominent politicians unaffected and exposed widespread corruption.

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official Ismail Momoniat has stated that state capture during the Zuma administration caused such severe damage to the South African economy that it effectively reversed all the efforts of the

4093: 1050:, a system of discrimination and segregation on racial grounds, dominated the ideology and political system in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. This system, which intentionally excluded non- 4022: 5486: 1471:

was issued in February 2018. Some of the members of the Gupta family – those accused in the corruption case – were reported as residing in the emirate of Dubai as of 11 June 2021. The

1740:, the ANC's chief parliamentary whip, was found guilty of fraud in 2005 after Yengeni received a large discount on a luxury car from a firm bidding for a government contract. In 2007 1522:

as experienced numerous corruption scandals since the start of the South African energy crisis in 2008 and increased in intensity from 2019 onward. These range from outright theft of

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BEE and BBBEE requirements have been used to facilitate state capture in South Africa with government contracts improperly awarded, at inflated prices, to politically connected "

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at act against perpetrators of corruption. The South African government responded that it was disappointed by the memorandum not following "acceptable" diplomatic practices.

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gave testimony to the Zondo Commission that he was fired for not approving a US$ 100 billion version of the deal in 2015. The deal was cancelled by court order in April 2017.

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and has remained widespread, negatively "affecting criminal justice, service provision, economic opportunity, social cohesion and political integrity" in South Africa.

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scandal that involved the improper use of public funds to conduct a pro-apartheid propaganda campaign; the scandal brought down the government of Prime Minister

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executives to receive public investments and failed repayments on the investments, to allegedly problematic payments to various South African politicians.

6111: 4704: 1432:. The slogan "#Not My President" on the placard explicitly links Atul Gupta with corruption and state capture associated with the Presidency of Jacob Zuma. 5509: 3266: 1600: 5357: 4896: 3475: 6548: 1808:

the province was awarded to Blackhead Consulting that in turn made numerous payments to third parties at Magashule's instruction or with his knoweldge.

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survey, 76.2% of South Africans believe that ordinary people risk retaliation and other negative consequences if they report incidents of corruption.

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were raided. This publicly exposed one of the biggest cases of "corporate fraud in South Africa's history" implicating Steinhoff's South African CEO

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into South Africa warned that if unaddressed corruption would have a negative impact on future investment in South Africa. It called for President

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Perception of honesty in the South African public sector since 1995. The higher the score, the more honest people perceive the public sector to be.

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was convicted in the year 2000 of corruption involving R240,112 and theft of R383,000 of donor funds intended for the upliftment of impoverished

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was accused of receiving a US$ 20,000 bribe from a building contracting company so they could secure government tenders to build public housing.

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Zuma's close relationship with the Gupta family has been highlighted in the former South African Public Protector's report on State Capture.

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and Gloria Ngeme Zuma, one of Mr. Zuma's wives, received large transfers and monthly salaries for positions held at one of the Gupta firms.

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The Gupta family has engaged in a numerous suspicious transactions involving a series of shell companies and state-owned enterprises. The

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In 2020, South Africa saw a number of high-profile corruption arrests involving government officials and law enforcement. Former mayor of

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The National Anti-Corruption Forum provides an online guide to the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA). Other acts like the

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has reported on Transnet's contract with South China Rail and subcontracts with Gupta-run organizations. State controlled companies like

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has described the presence of organised crime as "an existential threat to South Africa’s democratic institutions, economy and people."

6126: 5121:"DM168 AGE OF THE ASSASSIN: Slain whistle-blower Babita Deokaran potentially unveiled a criminal syndicate at the Department of Health" 921: 3800: 2406: 6331: 2054:

Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State

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in 1999. The bribe was solicited on behalf of Zuma when he was Deputy President of South Africa. Then presidential spokesperson

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also plays a role in fighting corruption. A disbanded independent anti-corruption unit named the Scorpions was replaced by the

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with many homeland leaders presiding over massive networks of patronage. A notable corruption scandal during apartheid was the

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the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption and the

5950: 5934: 5068: 3351: 2800: 2023: 1093:'s presidency, corruption became rampant in most government departments, intelligence agencies, the police and the military. 914: 629: 142: 5016: 2329: 6348: 6321: 6225: 4666: 4478: 1580: 574: 4401: 6880: 6195: 4452: 2521:"CPI 2023 for Sub-Saharan Africa: Impunity for Corrupt Officials, Restricted Civic Space & Limited Access to Justice" 1918: 1727: 132: 4991: 6389: 5969: 5863: 4268: 3999: 2028: 137: 3324: 2718: 6462: 6409: 6384: 6296: 6200: 5989: 5918: 5902: 5882: 5849: 5832: 4334: 4026: 3670: 2701: 2086: 2033: 1983: 1882: 1708: 147: 5333:"DAYS OF ZONDO: Bain & Co planned to work with Zuma to 'reshape SA economy', says former partner Athol Williams" 6666: 6476: 6394: 6147: 6142: 6106: 5823: 3977: 3855: 3147: 744: 589: 4643: 3031: 3006:"SCORPIO ANALYSIS: The ANC has broken its own black empowerment toolkit – and Ramaphosa government understands it" 1734:

newspaper was controversially gagged by the courts from publishing a report on the scandal following the election.

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and corruption during the administration of President Jacob Zuma. Testimony given during the inquiry implicated

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Although South Africa is subjected to various types of corruption, three notable forms are wasteful expenditure,

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and a number of ANC members of being involved in a corrupt relationship with the South African casino magnate

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17 billion) between 2014 and 2017, and reduce the country's GDP growth rate by an estimated 4% a year. Former

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parastatal Afrikaner organisations was a common phenomenon during the era of Apartheid. The building of rural

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South Africa has a robust anti-corruption framework, but laws are inadequately enforced and accountability in

6706: 6583: 6533: 6404: 6215: 6041: 6034: 4070: 1864: 1660:. In 1996 the ANC and South African government were criticized for not taking action against Health Minister 1604: 1575: 1380: 1098: 674: 669: 488: 5409: 4529: 1785:, was charged with graft in July 2010, for receiving (at least) R120,000 from alleged crime-syndicate boss, 6698: 6646: 6616: 6447: 6306: 6276: 6173: 5982: 3618: 3443: 2048: 1923: 1853: 1031: 1001: 5781: 4573: 1584:

imprisonment in July 2021 triggered large scale riots and looting in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces.

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and businesses with familial connections or close ties benefiting through their association with him. The

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and employment, which is an official ANC policy to colonize government with officials loyal to the ANC.

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in 2018 due to fraud and corruption created a scandal that implicated municipalities, the ANC, and the

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from civil service jobs, government positions, and politics entirely, came to an end in 1994 when the

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Corruption has also negatively impacted South Africa's ability to resolve the country's long running

893: 796: 734: 498: 478: 348: 302: 197: 5630:"PROCUREMENT PROFLIGACY: No consequence: The accumulated irregular expenditure reaches R488-billion" 6651: 6641: 6563: 6508: 6488: 6437: 6264: 6250: 6121: 6029: 4762:"Ace Magashule's R255m case 'bears hallmarks of corruption', says Free State prosecuting authority" 3901: 1716: 1695: 1657: 786: 664: 654: 533: 513: 453: 448: 398: 368: 358: 5487:"Free State asbestos case: Ousted Mangaung mayor among those arrested, ANC to have urgent meeting" 4118: 3880: 3826: 3644: 3241:"CORRECTS: Former South African president Jacob Zuma to be prosecuted on 16 charges of corruption" 6845: 6838: 6608: 6578: 6553: 6442: 6379: 6362: 6178: 6017: 6009: 1857: 1812: 1556: 1384: 888: 872: 827: 811: 649: 503: 493: 413: 257: 54: 4503: 1664:

and other ANC members accused of corruption and misconduct in organising the US$ 4 million play.

1599:, has been involved in a number of scandals and accusations of corruption. These range from the 6626: 6558: 6513: 6399: 6281: 5960: 5768: 5281: 2827:"YEARS OF ZUMA: Current and ex-Treasury officials: State Capture nearly destroyed South Africa" 2235:"More than 100 people have now been arrested in SA's recent corruption blitz – here's the list" 1661: 1289: 857: 847: 806: 719: 714: 694: 579: 518: 483: 463: 383: 332: 312: 222: 187: 182: 5681:"Only South Africa's elite benefits from black economic empowerment -- and COVID-19 proved it" 4819:"South Africa's fraught race relations are laid bare in the Steinhoff corporate fraud scandal" 4350: 4299: 4197:"How Iqbal Survé's companies paid Niehaus, Pandor's daughter, ANC MPs – and explained it away" 2074: 1122:

describing them as amongst the most corrupt institutions in the country. A 2022 report by the

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Rogues’ Gallery: An Irreverent History of Corruption in South Africa, from the VOC to the ANC

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found that 66% of funding for COVID-19 PPE procurement was consumed by corruption or fraud.

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corruption scandal at the European Parliament, the alleged bypassing of normal processes by

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The emergence of a “rogue unit” within the Western Cape Crime Intelligence Division of the

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to investigate allegations of impropriety, fraud and corruption around the 1998 Arms Deal.

1536: 1532: 1285: 1272: 837: 765: 760: 729: 709: 704: 689: 684: 644: 639: 614: 604: 523: 443: 438: 428: 393: 378: 373: 327: 322: 252: 177: 21: 5172:"Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government" 2884:"BEE inadvertently became 'prime enabler of State Capture and corruption' in South Africa" 1671:, was expelled from the ANC in 1996 after Holomisa accused former Transkei Prime Minister 1475:

played an important role in facilitating irregular financial transactions for the Guptas.

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was a 2012 government project established to empower black dairy farmers in the town of

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respondents to prioritize corruption as the second most prevalent crime in the country.

6635: 6419: 6091: 3753: 2986: 2945: 2572: 1731: 1281: 862: 791: 423: 418: 192: 69: 5017:"Killing of Cloete and Thomas Murray deeply concerning - FUL - POLITICS | Politicsweb" 1686:, was sentenced to 15 years in 2005 for soliciting a bribe from a French arms company 1540: 6621: 6086: 6061: 6051: 5965: 5946: 5930: 5914: 5898: 5878: 5859: 5845: 5828: 5714: 4543: 4330: 4264: 4234: 3757: 3745: 3057: 2990: 2937: 2591: 2576: 2494: 2384: 2082: 1970: 1942: 1763:

agreed to a $ 10m deal in 2007, which US prosecutors say was a "bribe" to secure the

1406: 1400: 1361: 3094:"Moeletsi Mbeki: BEE and affirmative action are biggest drivers of corruption in SA" 2949: 1969:, was arrested for his role in the Free State asbestos contract. Lieutenant-General 1102:

forms of corruption have emerged adding new layers of theft from the State's purse.

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The 2004 Oilgate scandal involved the transfer of R11 million from the state owned

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for backup generators, providing substandard coal for coal fired power plants, and

1441: 1348: 975: 5095:"Seven people arrested for murder of Gauteng health dept official Babita Deokaran" 4023:"ConCourt reserves judgment on Jacob Zuma's bid to have prison sentence rescinded" 2441:"South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance" 1496:

to build and operate up to eight nuclear power plants in an effort to resolve the

6101: 5739: 5707:"South Africa's Corruption Inquiry Leaves Few of the Nation's Powerful Unscathed" 5461:"Dirco notes with 'disappointment' foreign ambassadors' joint memo on corruption" 5147:"POLITICALLY AWEH (VIDEO): SA government's Covid-19 management in the crosshairs" 5041: 4705:"A Ruling Party Official's Arrest Boosts South Africa's Fight Against Corruption" 4600: 4544:"Charlton v Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (680/2010) [2011]" 3936: 3740: 3398: 2914: 1950: 1823: 1628: 1487:

Russian President Vladimir Putin with South African President Jacob Zuma in 2017.

123: 59: 6797: 6096: 5873: 5837: 4942: 2981: 2964: 1907: 1786: 1764: 1668: 1472: 1467:

are in the centre of illicit deals with Gupta companies. An arrest warrant for

1429: 1331: 1293: 1276: 1059: 4731:"Arrest warrant issued for ANC SG Ace Magashule over Free State asbestos saga" 2568: 1800:

at a cost of R250 million. The Gupta family and Free State provincial premier

1596: 1314:

Two notable types of corruption related to the government policies of BEE and

6874: 6807: 6736: 6731: 5718: 4238: 3749: 2941: 2555:

Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid".

1966: 1934: 1816: 1801: 1782: 1683: 1672: 1568: 1563: 1501: 1327: 1111: 1013: 959: 954: 104: 64: 5805: 5740:"South Africa's Zondo commission: Damning report exposes rampant corruption" 4376:"Unearthing a buried trail of lies of Mac Maharaj's relationship with Shaik" 3619:"South Africa's Zuma fired me for blocking Russian nuclear power deal: Nene" 1726:

to the ANC so as to help fund its re-election campaign in the run-up to the

6746: 6741: 6726: 6721: 6081: 6005: 5887: 5189: 5187: 5185: 4966:"Gavin Watson was already dead before his crash, private pathologist finds" 2730: 1878: 1839: 1760: 1737: 1712: 1687: 1638: 1547:

is, to a large extent, attributable to crime and corruption" within Eskom.

1419: 1079: 1071: 966: 5559:"Cape Town border control police officers arrested for 'business robbery'" 4228:"South Africa Scandal Over 'Sarafina' Spotlights Corruption in the A.N.C." 3476:"India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal" 2159:"Summary of results: Afrobarometer Round 8 survey in South Africa in 2021" 6802: 6751: 6716: 6432: 6076: 6056: 3937:"South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know" 3776: 3426:"South Africa's Zuma Leaves Office As He Entered — Accused Of Corruption" 3374:"Burglars raped my wife, Jacob Zuma says as he defends home improvements" 3267:"Zuma to stand trial on corruption charges relating to $ 2.5bn arms deal" 2933: 2469:"The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated" 1756: 1691: 1676: 1527: 1523: 1334:

has argued that BEE is the biggest driver of corruption in South Africa.

1297: 79: 74: 5974: 5182: 5069:"IPID REPORT ON POLICE ANALYSIS: SAPS threw Charl Kinnear to the wolves" 4792:"Not possible to say when Steinhoff probe will end – German prosecutors" 3801:"ANC leaders upset by Andre de Ruyter's scathing criticism of the party" 3155: 6780: 6768: 3827:"Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee" 3645:"Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee" 2142:"Business Corruption in South Africa". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. 1468: 1090: 1075: 1051: 1021: 947: 94: 29: 4897:"No bailout for municipalities who ploughed cash into VBS Mutual Bank" 4351:"SAPA - 30 Aug 96 - HOLOMISA HAD NO RESPECT FOR THE ANC: ANC JUDGMENT" 3594:"ANALYSIS: How South Africans thwarted secret Putin/Zuma nuclear deal" 3058:"Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa: Challenges and Prospects" 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 1811:

In 2015 the German offices of the South African based private company

1062:

conducted negotiations with the South African government at the time.

6792: 6116: 5510:"Former acting national police commissioner Khomotso Phahlane sacked" 4094:"Iqbal Survé's Sekunjalo Development Foundation linked to EU scandal" 2356:"African insights 2024: Democracy at risk – the people's perspective" 2038: 1067: 1047: 4625: 3181:"Why BEE fronting is a bad idea – and won't be tolerated any longer" 2775:"R250bn lost to state capture in the last three years, says Gordhan" 2305:"Problems at Eskom Identified as a Main Cause of SA's Energy Crisis" 6763: 6071: 4667:"Hawks Raid FS Premier's Office Over Gupta-linked Vrede Dairy Farm" 3495:"Guptas, Big Banks Linked to South African-Chinese Locomotive Deal" 2539: 1962: 1778: 1464: 1449: 971: 114: 84: 49: 3536:"South Africa Faults U.A.E.'s Failure to Cooperate on Graft Fight" 6758: 5436:"Corruption memo to Ramaphosa a foreign embassy faux pas — Dirco" 4048:"South African court postpones Zuma's corruption trial to August" 1894:

Government initiatives against corruption are coordinated by the

1723: 1493: 1344: 44: 5042:"Cloete Murray: South African corruption investigator shot dead" 3896: 3894: 2913:

Pike, Angela; Puchert, Juliet; Chinyamurindi, Willie T. (2018).

1428:

A protest placard depicting Gupta family member Atul Gupta at a

5582:"Top South African Police Officers Arrested in Graft Crackdown" 1938: 1834: 1804:

were implicated in the theft of almost all the project's funds.

1694:

was implicated in the bribery scandal when investigated by the

99: 3849: 3847: 5307:"President for sale: Watsons 'bought Zuma for R300k a month'" 5271:"The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa" 5227:"South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management" 3891: 1797: 1652:

Sarafina 2 was a government funded play based on the musical

1595:, a company owned by controversial South African businessman 1519: 1460: 1456: 5792:

Lessons for South Africa's SOEs from other African countries

5604:"Zondo sets down new dates for Zuma to appear at commission" 3881:"The 1998 Arms Deal / Strategic Defence Procurement Package" 3325:"Report of the Expert Panel into the July 2021 Civil Unrest" 3148:"African National Congress National Consultative Conference" 3844: 2407:"Free Facts: Corruption eats at South Africa's foundations" 1667:

ANC member and deputy minister of Environment and Tourism,

1130:

Most prevalent sectors with reports of corruption in 2021.

989: 4601:"Fifa corruption claims: South Africa 'agreed $ 10m deal'" 3514:"How South Africa Is Cleaning House After Zuma's Eviction" 1917:

calls for an increased access to public information. The

1587: 4626:"South Africa ex-police head Selebi guilty of corruption" 4119:"Brussels to question ex-commissioner over Qatar scandal" 4071:"Corruption trial of S.Africa's Zuma to resume August 10" 2801:"Damage from state capture 'worse than suspected' - SARB" 1430:

protest against corruption during the Zuma administration

3399:"South Africa's Jacob Zuma 'sorry' over Nkandla scandal" 2912: 1777:

Former National Police Commissioner and ex-President of

3213:"Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa" 2258:"How the ANC government broke Eskom – 2008 versus 2018" 2117:

Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

2113:

Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

1124:

Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

5171: 4680:

Letshwiti-Jones, Pule; Hunter, Qaanitah (5 May 2021).

2853:"Towards understanding ANC corruption in South Africa" 1105: 4679: 3978:"CONCOURT RESERVES JUDGMENT IN ZUMA'S RESCISSION BID" 3956:"Constitutional Court reserves judgment in Zuma case" 3235: 3233: 3175: 3173: 2636:"The most common types of corruption in South Africa" 2119:. September 2022. pp. 7, 21, 22, 29–30, 110, 112 1275:

in which private interests significantly influence a

1144:

Province with highest number of reports (percentage)

5842:

Deep Collusion: Bain and the capture of South Africa

4000:"Judgment reserved in Zuma's rescission application" 3480:

The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

1986:

widely reported as being corrupt by the media. The

1656:

that was to increase awareness of the South African

1610: 1444:

in 2016 reported on the dangers of state capture in

3292:"S Africa violence spreads after Jacob Zuma jailed" 2740: 1318:(BBBEE) are BEE fronting and political corruption. 5358:"Zondo inquiry may force Bain to answer questions" 4992:"Gavin Watson's death: 7 key unanswered questions" 4402:"Abe Williams to start 3-yr jail term on Saturday" 3230: 3170: 2721:." Johannesburg: Public Affairs Research Institute 1300:administrations to develop the country's economy. 4171:"Iqbal Surve fails to make debt repayment to PIC" 3722:Tshidavhu, Fhumulani; Khatleli, Nthatisi (2020). 3721: 2495:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: South Africa" 2237:. Business Insider South Africa. 11 November 2020 1682:Former President Jacob Zuma's financial advisor, 1562:Congress. This arms deal came at a time when the 1039:15.4% believed that it was doing "fairly badly." 6872: 5797:‘No Room To Hide: A President Caught in the Act’ 5529: 5527: 4923:"ANC Limpopo to hold emergency meeting over VBS" 3499:Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 2748:"Zuma defends relationship with Guptas – report" 5907:Basson, Adriaan & du Toit, Pieter (2017). 4938:"The Shivambu Brothers and the Great VBS Heist" 4453:"South Africa to investigate 'Oilgate' scandal" 3119:"BBBEE road to an oligarchy – John Steenhuisen" 2309:College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science 1896:Department of Public Service and Administration 4696: 4682:"ANC suspends secretary-general Ace Magashule" 3260: 3258: 2207:"Long waltz to Freedom: South Africa Politics" 1889: 5990: 5787:Bribery tops list of corrupt activities in SA 5524: 4574:"40 accused in South African MPs' fraud case" 3444:"SA CONTINUES TO KEEP DUBIOUS COMPANY ON CPI" 3191: 3142: 3140: 2385:"Corruptions Perceptions Index: South Africa" 1956: 1858:murder of investigating officer Charl Kinnear 1303: 922: 4504:"Court gag on South Africa 'oilgate' report" 3469: 3467: 3465: 2589: 2229: 2227: 2044:United Nations Convention against Corruption 1373: 1310:Black Economic Empowerment § Corruption 153:United Nations Convention against Corruption 5854:Blackman, Matthew & Dall, Nick (2021). 4479:"PetroSA still hurting after Oilgate taint" 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3255: 3062:Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 2750:. News24.com. 23 March 2016. Archived from 2735:Shadow State: The Politics of State Capture 2106:"Strategic Organized Crime Risk Assessment" 1867:Department of Health resulting in the 2021 1042: 5997: 5983: 5579: 5410:"Zondo commission: 'What did the ANC do?'" 4729:Myburgh, Pieter-Louis (10 November 2020). 4642:. amaBhungane. 31 May 2013. Archived from 3137: 929: 915: 6004: 5118: 4427:"Abe Williams walks after serving a year" 4145:"Inquiry witnesses receive death threats" 3853: 3739: 3462: 3073: 3004:Myburgh, Pieter-Louis (9 February 2021). 2980: 2330:"Corruption crushing South Africa's core" 2224: 2189:"The delicate dance to depose Jacob Zuma" 2039:ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems 1933:was set up to investigate allegations of 5556: 5330: 4963: 4894: 4816: 4759: 4324: 4283: 4258: 4142: 3992: 3953: 3920: 3087: 3085: 2255: 1885:communications tender to family members. 1550: 1482: 1423: 1070:in the 1980s created ideal projects for 1020:Between 2011 and 2015, former President 993: 990:Perception of corruption in South Africa 5627: 5433: 5278:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 4964:Cilliers, Charles (15 September 2019). 4935: 4868: 4728: 4664: 4640:"'Guptas' farm cash cows in Free State" 3824: 3003: 2881: 2824: 2798: 2277: 1588:Sekunjalo Investments & Iqbal Survé 1518:The state owned national power utility 1478: 1413: 1321: 1085:During the anti-apartheid struggle the 6873: 5704: 5678: 5623: 5621: 5557:Nombemde, Philani (23 December 2020). 5484: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5216: 4895:Makinana, Andisiwe (23 October 2018). 4724: 4722: 4702: 4020: 3671:"Sabotage at Eskom is rampant: report" 3563:"Jacob Zuma's secret nuke 'stitch-up'" 3561:Hunter, Qaanitah (26 September 2014). 3560: 3319: 3317: 3210: 2962: 2850: 2737:. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. 2717:State Capacity Research Group. 2017. " 2662:"Corruption Watch: Annual Report 2021" 2554: 2075:"Political Corruption in South Africa" 1915:Promotion of Access to Information Act 1368: 1316:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment 5978: 5533: 5507: 5195:"SWITCHING SCORPIONS' CASES TO HAWKS" 5119:Cruywagen, Vincent (28 August 2021). 5066: 4920: 4817:Friedman, Steven (14 December 2017). 4772:from the original on 12 December 2021 4741:from the original on 10 November 2020 4598: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4168: 4091: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3511: 3371: 3264: 3082: 3055: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2610:"'Local government the weakest link'" 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2169:from the original on 13 December 2021 2100: 2098: 2072: 2024:International Anti-Corruption Academy 1114:, and corruption related to or using 143:International Anti-Corruption Academy 6707:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 5485:Tandwa, Lizeka (30 September 2020). 5407: 5144: 5067:Thamm, Marianne (12 November 2021). 5060: 4869:Shapiro, Tevya (23 September 2022). 4753: 3592:Thamm, Marianne (18 December 2019). 3423: 2772: 2153: 2151: 2149: 1581:Constitutional Court of South Africa 5679:Lӧtter, Casper (4 September 2022). 5618: 5534:Thamm, Marianne (12 October 2020). 5255: 5213: 4929: 4760:Nicolson, Greg (12 December 2021). 4719: 4632: 4318: 4277: 4194: 4143:Nicolson, Greg (14 February 2019). 4068: 3818: 3492: 3349: 3314: 3032:"B-BBEE is buckling under pressure" 2711: 2557:Journal of Southern African Studies 2399: 2377: 1354: 1106:Types of corruption in South Africa 133:International Anti-Corruption Court 13: 5762: 5434:Ritchie, Gemma (3 February 2019). 5268: 5092: 4936:Van Wyk, Pauli (11 October 2018). 4665:Bateman, Barry (25 January 2018). 4214: 3580: 3473: 3350:Vos, Pierre de (27 January 2013). 3029: 2851:Harvey, Ebrahim (17 August 2020). 2799:Maguban, Khulekani (6 June 2019). 2733:, and Mark Swilling, et al. 2018. 2683: 2424: 2387:. Transparency International. 2021 2095: 2029:Group of States Against Corruption 1631:, Center for Policy Studies (1996) 1271:State capture, a type of systemic 138:Group of States Against Corruption 14: 6902: 5628:Heywood, Mark (16 January 2022). 5383:"Bain's role in dismantling Sars" 5145:Aweh, Politically (22 May 2022). 4989: 4921:Madia, Tshidi (11 October 2018). 4703:Hamill, James (1 December 2020). 4226:Daley, Suzanne (8 October 1996). 3954:Perreira, Ernsie (12 July 2021). 3798: 3302:from the original on 12 July 2021 3091: 2894:from the original on 3 April 2019 2863:from the original on 1 March 2021 2146: 2034:International Anti-Corruption Day 1611:Other notable corruption scandals 1267:State capture § South Africa 148:International Anti-Corruption Day 5732: 5698: 5672: 5647: 5606:. Business Live. 4 December 2020 5596: 5580:Richardson, Paul (4 June 2020). 5573: 5550: 5508:Thamm, Marianne (30 July 2020). 5501: 5478: 5453: 5427: 5408:Smit, Sarah (27 November 2018). 5401: 5375: 5350: 5331:Nicolson, Greg (23 March 2021). 5324: 5299: 5164: 5138: 5112: 5086: 5034: 5009: 4983: 4957: 4914: 4888: 4862: 4836: 4810: 4784: 4673: 4658: 4554:from the original on 5 July 2020 4169:Paton, Carol (1 November 2018). 4021:Palley, Kailene (12 July 2021). 3902:"WHAT IS THE SERITI COMMISSION?" 3697:"Medupi fails two tests already" 3265:Burke, Jason (11 October 2019). 2825:Mahlaka, Ray (31 January 2022). 2278:Grootes, Stephen (3 June 2021). 1362:bribes involving police officers 1260: 203:Democratic Republic of the Congo 28: 5923:Myburgh, Pieter-Louis (2017). 5705:Chutel, Lynsey (23 June 2022). 4618: 4592: 4566: 4536: 4522: 4496: 4471: 4445: 4419: 4394: 4368: 4343: 4292: 4252: 4188: 4162: 4136: 4111: 4092:Cohen, Tim (21 December 2022). 4085: 4062: 4040: 4014: 3980:. Eyewitness News. 12 July 2021 3970: 3947: 3873: 3825:Pilling, David (2 March 2023). 3792: 3764: 3715: 3689: 3663: 3637: 3611: 3554: 3528: 3505: 3486: 3436: 3424:Myre, Greg (14 February 2018). 3417: 3391: 3365: 3343: 3284: 3111: 3049: 3023: 2997: 2956: 2906: 2882:Mantell, Simon (3 April 2019). 2875: 2844: 2818: 2792: 2766: 2724: 2654: 2628: 2602: 2596:Current Affairs in Perspectives 2583: 2513: 2487: 2461: 2348: 2322: 2297: 2073:Lodge, Tom (31 December 2011). 2003: 1755:Former South African President 1337: 1141:Most common type of corruption 5809:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse 5801:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse 5782:South Africa Corruption Report 3329:The Presidency of South Africa 3217:Institute For Security Studies 3056:Shava, Elvin (December 2016). 2719:Betrayal of the Promise Report 2590:Lukasiewicz!, Mariusz (2014). 2271: 2249: 2199: 2181: 2135: 2066: 1383:involving the US$ 2.5 billion 1: 6891:Controversies in South Africa 5858:. Penguin Random House (SA), 4329:. Tafelberg. pp. 12–13. 3856:"The South African Arms Deal" 2059: 1919:Public Finance Management Act 1877:involving Minister of Health 1865:Gauteng Provincial Government 1605:Public Investment Corporation 1574:As of March 2018, Jacob Zuma 5964:, Jonathan Ball Publishers, 5945:, Jonathan Ball Publishers, 5913:, Jonathan Ball Publishers, 5821:Mkhabela, Mpumelelo (2022). 4599:Allen, Karen (8 June 2015). 4325:Mkhabela, Mpumelelo (2022). 2049:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 1924:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 1854:South African Police Service 1280:have cost the country up to 1177:COVID-19 related corruption 1032:Corruption Perceptions Index 1002:Corruption Perceptions Index 7: 4532:. News24. 30 November 2009. 3372:Smith, David (5 May 2014). 2017: 1982:that amount being spent on 1931:Zondo Commission of Inquiry 1890:Anti-corruption initiatives 1514:South African energy crisis 1498:South African energy crisis 10: 6907: 6881:Corruption in South Africa 5877:, The Penguin Group (SA), 5775: 4530:"Yengeni cop found guilty" 4050:. Al Jazeera. 20 July 2021 3741:10.18820/24150487/as27i1.5 3078:– via Research Gate. 3075:10.22610/jebs.v8i6(J).1490 1988:Special Investigating Unit 1957:2020 anti-corruption blitz 1645:In 1995 senior ANC member 1554: 1511: 1417: 1398: 1394: 1307: 1304:Black Economic Empowerment 1264: 1116:Black Economic Empowerment 1028:Transparency International 944:Corruption in South Africa 6832: 6697: 6607: 6484: 6475: 6370: 6361: 6272: 6263: 6169: 6160: 6135: 6025: 6016: 4284:Meredith, Martin (2010). 4259:Meredith, Martin (2010). 3152:African National Congress 2569:10.1080/03057070500370555 1984:COVID-19 related projects 1976: 1947:foreign direct investment 1869:murder of Babita Deokaran 1828:Economic Freedom Fighters 1374:Jacob Zuma and corruption 1087:African National Congress 1056:African National Congress 5939:Olver, Crispian (2017). 5815: 5655:"Sars Rates Of Exchange" 5176:South African Government 4300:"Allan Boesak convicted" 2982:10.25159/2413-3086/10503 1996: 1856:(SAPS) resulting in the 1846: 1771: 1702: 1615: 1507: 1099:presidency of Jacob Zuma 1043:Apartheid and corruption 965:A scandal involving the 6428:State-owned enterprises 6127:Democratic South Africa 5893:The President's Keepers 5811:State Capture Portfolio 5806:State Capture Portfolio 4848:The Mail & Guardian 4707:. World Politics Review 4431:The Mail & Guardian 4380:The Mail & Guardian 4304:The Mail & Guardian 3854:Perlo-Freeman, Samuel. 3701:The Mail & Guardian 2963:Lötter, Casper (2022). 1813:Steinhoff International 1728:2004 national elections 1557:South African Arms Deal 1385:South African Arms Deal 1379:laundering. Zuma faced 1210:Procurement corruption 55:Economics of corruption 5769:How to Steal a Country 4263:. Simon and Schuster. 3860:World Peace Foundation 1863:Corruption within the 1833:Government contractor 1624: 1488: 1433: 1290:South African Treasury 1238:Bribery and extortion 1224:Bribery and extortion 1009: 575:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6886:Corruption by country 6047:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 5926:The Republic of Gupta 5869:Myburgh, Pieter-Louis 5021:www.politicsweb.co.za 4550:. 16 September 2011. 4288:. Simon and Schuster. 3958:. Mail & Guardian 2412:. SAIRR. October 2020 1875:Digital Vibes scandal 1620: 1593:Sekunjalo Investments 1551:The Arms Deal scandal 1486: 1427: 997: 161:Corruption by country 110:State-corporate crime 90:Pyrrhic defeat theory 6682:World Heritage Sites 6458:Water and sanitation 6067:Mthethwa Paramountcy 5225:van Vuuren, Hennie. 4286:Mandela: A biography 4261:Mandela: A biography 4069:AFP (20 July 2021). 4002:. SABC. 12 July 2021 3211:van Vuuren, Hennie. 2934:10.4102/ac.v18i1.566 2079:Political Corruption 1822:The collapse of the 1479:Russian nuclear deal 1414:Gupta family scandal 1322:Political corruption 1273:political corruption 22:Political corruption 5942:How to Steal a City 5910:Enemy of the People 5771:(2019), Documentary 5311:www.timeslive.co.za 5243:on 22 February 2016 5201:. 11 September 2012 4433:. 25 September 2001 2773:reporter, Citizen. 2707:. Public Protector. 1794:Vrede Dairy Project 1732:Mail & Guardian 1369:Corruption scandals 1169:Abuse of authority 1155:Abuse of authority 1138:% of total reports 1131: 6092:Transvaal Republic 5711:The New York Times 5440:The M&G Online 5414:The M&G Online 5269:Naidoo, Vinothan. 5093:Bhengu, Lwandile. 4669:. Eyewitness News. 4646:on 29 January 2018 4355:www.justice.gov.za 4231:The New York Times 3780:. 22 February 2023 3512:Bonorchis, Renee. 3493:SHARIFE, KHADIJA. 3450:. 21 February 2018 3331:. 29 November 2021 2754:on 4 December 2019 2702:"State of Capture" 2616:. 14 February 2013 2475:. 20 December 2021 1943:Bain & Company 1749:Travelgate scandal 1709:New National Party 1539:. Then Eskom CEO, 1489: 1434: 1381:corruption charges 1251:Maladministration 1196:Maladministration 1183:Maladministration 1129: 1010: 70:Influence peddling 37:Forms and concepts 6868: 6867: 6828: 6827: 6471: 6470: 6463:Wealth inequality 6410:Income inequality 6357: 6356: 6332:Political parties 6297:Foreign relations 6259: 6258: 6156: 6155: 6087:Orange Free State 6062:Dutch Cape Colony 6052:Kingdom of Mutapa 5956:Feinstein, Andrew 5951:978-1-86842-820-5 5935:978-1-77609-089-1 5929:, Penguin Books, 5659:tools.sars.gov.za 4798:. 6 December 2017 4580:. 24 January 2005 3908:. 21 January 2015 3677:. 29 January 2023 3296:www.aljazeera.com 2527:. 30 January 2024 2501:. 30 January 2024 1971:Khomotso Phahlane 1881:awarding a large 1658:HIV/AIDS epidemic 1407:Nkandla homestead 1401:Nkandla homestead 1258: 1257: 939: 938: 906: 905: 213:Equatorial Guinea 6898: 6848: 6841: 6667:National symbols 6589:Social movements 6482: 6481: 6423: 6395:Economic history 6368: 6367: 6270: 6269: 6236:Populated places 6167: 6166: 6107:Great Depression 6023: 6022: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5824:The Enemy Within 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5685:The Conversation 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5584:. Bloomberg News 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5538:. Daily Maverick 5531: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5512:. Daily Maverick 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5280:. Archived from 5275: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5236:. Archived from 5231: 5222: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5199:Corruption Watch 5191: 5180: 5179: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4850:. 26 August 2022 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4382:. 5 October 2017 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4327:The Enemy Within 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4223: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4195:Maughan, Karyn. 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3906:Corruption Watch 3898: 3889: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3743: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703:. 14 August 2021 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3625:. 3 October 2018 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3516:. Bloomberg News 3509: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3448:Corruption Watch 3440: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3189: 3188: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154:. Archived from 3144: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3030:Ntingi, Andile. 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2669:Corruption Watch 2666: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2614:Corruption Watch 2606: 2600: 2599: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2525:Transparency.org 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2499:Transparency.org 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2473:Transparency.org 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2437: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2301: 2295: 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5661: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5626: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5389:. 25 March 2021 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234:Democracy Works 5229: 5223: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5183: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5048:. 19 March 2023 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4306:. 17 March 1999 4298: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3943:. 6 April 2018. 3935: 3934: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3885:Global Security 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3852: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3831:Financial Times 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3799:Madia, Tshidi. 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3728:Acta Structilia 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3649:Financial Times 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3472: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158:on 4 March 2016 3146: 3145: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3083: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3002: 2998: 2961: 2957: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 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1068:homeland states 1045: 999: 992: 935: 779:Central America 675:North Macedonia 124:Anti-corruption 60:Electoral fraud 12: 11: 5: 6904: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Cape Coloureds 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6687:heritage sites 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Slum clearance 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:Stock exchange 6430: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6390:Communications 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 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Sunday Times 5549: 5523: 5500: 5477: 5452: 5426: 5400: 5374: 5349: 5337:Daily Maverick 5323: 5298: 5254: 5212: 5181: 5163: 5151:Daily Maverick 5137: 5125:Daily Maverick 5111: 5085: 5073:Daily Maverick 5059: 5033: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4943:Daily Maverick 4928: 4913: 4887: 4875:Daily Maverick 4861: 4835: 4809: 4783: 4766:Daily Maverick 4752: 4735:Daily Maverick 4718: 4695: 4672: 4657: 4631: 4617: 4591: 4565: 4535: 4521: 4495: 4470: 4444: 4418: 4393: 4367: 4342: 4335: 4317: 4291: 4276: 4270:978-0679781783 4269: 4251: 4213: 4187: 4161: 4149:Daily Maverick 4135: 4110: 4098:Daily Maverick 4084: 4061: 4039: 4013: 3991: 3969: 3946: 3919: 3890: 3872: 3843: 3817: 3791: 3763: 3714: 3688: 3662: 3651:. 2 March 2023 3636: 3610: 3598:Daily Maverick 3579: 3553: 3542:. 11 June 2021 3527: 3504: 3485: 3474:Joseph, Josy. 3461: 3435: 3416: 3405:. 1 April 2016 3390: 3364: 3342: 3313: 3283: 3254: 3229: 3190: 3169: 3136: 3110: 3092:Smith, Carin. 3081: 3068:(6): 161–170. 3048: 3022: 3010:Daily Maverick 2996: 2955: 2922:Acta Commercii 2905: 2888:Daily Maverick 2874: 2843: 2831:Daily Maverick 2817: 2791: 2765: 2739: 2723: 2710: 2682: 2653: 2642:. 1 April 2022 2627: 2601: 2582: 2563:(4): 773–789. 2538: 2512: 2486: 2460: 2423: 2398: 2376: 2347: 2336:. 29 July 2024 2321: 2296: 2284:Daily Maverick 2270: 2256:Staff Writer. 2248: 2223: 2198: 2180: 2145: 2134: 2094: 2087: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1978: 1975: 1958: 1955: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1872: 1861: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1831: 1820: 1809: 1805: 1790: 1787:Glenn Agliotti 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765:2010 World Cup 1753: 1745: 1735: 1720: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1680: 1669:Bantu Holomisa 1665: 1662:Nkosazana Zuma 1650: 1647:Winnie Mandela 1643: 1629:Steve Friedman 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1589: 1586: 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1509: 1506: 1480: 1477: 1473:Bank of Baroda 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1399:Main article: 1396: 1393: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1356: 1353: 1339: 1336: 1332:Moeletsi Mbeki 1328:tenderpreneurs 1323: 1320: 1305: 1302: 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254:Limpopo (31%) 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1227:Gauteng (83%) 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1213:Gauteng (41%) 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1199:Gauteng (55%) 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1172:Gauteng (37%) 1170: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158:Gauteng (47%) 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1107: 1104: 1060:Nelson Mandela 1044: 1041: 991: 988: 955:public sectors 937: 936: 934: 933: 926: 919: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 902: 901: 896: 891: 883: 882: 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 822: 821: 817: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 781: 780: 776: 775: 774: 773: 768: 763: 755: 754: 750: 749: 748: 747: 745:United Kingdom 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 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5884: 5883:9781776093748 5880: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5850:9780624091998 5847: 5844:. 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Tafelberg. 5826: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5605: 5599: 5583: 5576: 5560: 5553: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5481: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5287:on 5 May 2018 5283: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4990:Cowan, Kyle. 4986: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4917: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4723: 4706: 4699: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4628:. BBC News 2. 4627: 4621: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4525: 4510:. 27 May 2005 4509: 4505: 4499: 4484: 4483:www.iol.co.za 4480: 4474: 4459:. 4 June 2005 4458: 4454: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4336:9780624091226 4332: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3995: 3979: 3973: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3541: 3540:BNN Bloomberg 3537: 3531: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3353: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185:Business Tech 3182: 3176: 3174: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3125:. 6 June 2022 3124: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2731:Chipkin, Ivor 2727: 2720: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2641: 2640:Business Tech 2637: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2449: 2448:Afrobarometer 2442: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2408: 2402: 2386: 2380: 2364: 2363:Afrobarometer 2357: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2259: 2252: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2212: 2211:The Economist 2208: 2202: 2194: 2193:The Economist 2190: 2184: 2168: 2164: 2163:Afrobarometer 2160: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2138: 2131: 2127:. p. 7: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2088:9781412813891 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967:Olly Mlamleli 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:State Capture 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817:Markus Jooste 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1802:Ace Magashule 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783:Jackie Selebi 1780: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747:In 2005, the 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684:Schabir Shaik 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673:Stella Sigcau 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637:The Reverent 1636: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569:Willie Seriti 1565: 1564:AIDS epidemic 1558: 1548: 1546: 1545:load shedding 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1502:Nhlanhla Nene 1499: 1495: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1366: 1363: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284:250 billion ( 1283: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1261:State capture 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:state capture 1103: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1014:Afrobarometer 1007: 1003: 996: 987: 985: 984:energy crisis 980: 977: 973: 968: 963: 961: 960:Afrobarometer 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 932: 927: 925: 920: 918: 913: 912: 910: 909: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 885: 884: 880: 879: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 820:South America 819: 818: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 778: 777: 772: 771:United States 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 753:North America 752: 751: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 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