395:
425:. Immunocompromised individuals, poorly immunized adults, and unvaccinated children are at the greatest risk for contracting diphtheria. Mode of transmission is person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets (i.e., coughing or sneezing). Less commonly, it could also be passed by touching open sores or contaminated surfaces. During the typical course of disease, the body region most commonly affected is the upper respiratory system. A thick, gray coating accumulates in the nasopharyngeal region, making breathing and swallowing more difficult. The disease remains contagious for at least two weeks following disappearance of symptoms, but has been known to last for up to a month.
33:
193:. This toxin causes the disease. Diphtheria is caused by the adhesion and infiltration of the bacteria into the mucosal layers of the body, primarily affecting the respiratory tract and the subsequent release of an exotoxin. The toxin has a localized effect on skin lesions, as well as a metastatic, proteolytic effects on other organ systems in severe infections. Originally a major cause of childhood mortality, diphtheria has been almost entirely eradicated due to the vigorous administration of the diphtheria vaccination in the 1910s.
46:
2488:
492:, caused a dramatic shift on the bacterium's rate of infection in the United States. Even though the vaccine was first made in the early 1800s, it did not become widely available until the early 1910s. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), "80 percent of persons age 12 to 19 years were immune to diphtheria" due to the wide use of the vaccine in the United States.
445:
anterior areas of the mouth including the buccal mucosa, the lips, tongue, and the hard and soft palate. The bacteria have a number of virulence factors to help them localize on areas of the respiratory tract, many of which are yet to be fully understood as diphtheria does not affect many model hosts such as mice. One common virulence factor that has been studied
510:
is made based on presentation clinically, whereas non-respiratory diphtheria may not be clinically suspected therefore laboratory testing is more reliant. Culturing is the most accurate kind of testing that will confirm or deny the prevalence of diphtheria toxins. The testing is done by swabbing the
537:
The wide-use of the diphtheria vaccine dramatically decreased the rate of infection and allows for primary prevention of the disease. Most people receive a 3-in-1 vaccine that consist of protection against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, which is commonly knowns as the DTaP or Tdap vaccine. DTaP
533:
are used to prevent further harm. Antibiotics are also used to fight the infection. Typical antibiotics that are used against diphtheria involve penicillin or erythromycin. People infected with diphtheria must quarantine for at least 48 hours after being prescribed antibiotics. To confirm that the
444:
infection involves the toxigenic bacteria colonizing a mucosal layer. In young children, this typically occurs in the upper respiratory tract mucosa. In adults, the infection is limited mostly to the tonsillar region. Some unusual sites of infection include the heart, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
432:
are the nose, tonsils, and throat. Individuals suffering from the disease may experience sore throat, weakness, fever, and swollen glands. This could cause even more dangerous symptoms such as shortness of breath. If left untreated, diphtheria toxin may enter the bloodstream, causing damage to the
460:
Once the bacteria have localized in one area, they start multiplying and create the inflammatory pseudomembrane. Individuals with faucial diphtheria typically have the pseudomembrane grow over the tonsil and accessory structures, uvula, soft palate, and possibly the nasopharyngeal area. In upper
573:
genome is a single circular chromosome that has no plasmids. These chromosomes have a high G+C content which is what contributes to their high genetic diversity. The high content of guanine and cytosine is not constant across the entire genome of the bacteria. There is a terminus of replication
545:
Possible side events that are associated with the diphtheria vaccine include "mild fever, fussiness, drowsiness or tenderness at the injection site". Although it is rare, the DTaP vaccine may cause an allergic reaction that causes hives or a rash to breakout within minutes of administering the
456:
The diphtheritic lesion is often covered by a pseudomembrane composed of fibrin, bacterial cells, and inflammatory cells. Diphtheria toxin can be proteolytically cleaved into two fragments: an N-terminal fragment A (catalytic domain), and fragment B (transmembrane and receptor binding domain).
541:
In the United States, the DTaP vaccine to parents of infants which typically involves a series of five shots is recommended. These vaccines are injected through the arm or thigh and are administered when the infant is 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15–18 months and then 4–6 years old.
262:
The diphtheria toxin repressor is mainly controlled by iron. It serves as the essential cofactor for the activation of target DNA binding. A low concentration of iron is required in the medium for toxin production. At high iron concentrations, iron molecules bind to an
464:
Pseudomembrane formation on the trachea or bronchi will decrease efficiency of airflow. Over time, the diffusion rate in the alveoli decreases due to the lower airflow and decreases the partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic circulation, which can cause
457:
Fragment A catalyzes the NAD+ -dependent ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Fragment B binds to the cell surface receptor and facilitates the delivery of fragment A to the cytosol.
461:
respiratory tract diphtheria, the pseudomembrane can grow on the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi/bronchioles. The pseudomembrane starts off white in color and then later becomes dirty-gray and tough due to the necrotic epithelium.
1485:
Cerdeño-Tárraga, A. M.; Efstratiou, A.; Dover, L. G.; Holden, M. T. G.; Pallen, M.; Bentley, S. D.; Besra, G. S.; Churcher, C.; James, K. D.; De Zoysa, A.; Chillingworth, T.; Cronin, A.; Dowd, L.; Feltwell, T.; Hamlin, N. (2003-11-15).
196:
Diphtheria is no longer transmitted as frequently due to the development of the vaccine, DTaP. Although diphtheria outbreaks continue to occur, this often in developing countries where the majority of the population is not vaccinated.
228:
Strain subtyping involves comparing species of bacteria and categorizing them into subspecies. Strain subtyping also helps with identifying the origin of a certain bacteria's outbreak. However, when it comes to the subtyping of
405:
is the bacterium that causes the disease called diphtheria. Bacteriophages introduce a gene into the bacterial cells that makes a strain toxigenic. The strains that are not infected with these viruses are harmless.
453:, adhesion and epithelial infiltration decreased significantly. The ability to bind to extracellular matrices aids the bacteria in avoiding detection by the body's immune system.
449:
is DIP0733, a multi-functional protein that has shown to have a role in bacterial adhesion to host cells and fibrogen-binding qualities. In experiments with mutant strains of the
1823:
233:, there is not a lot of useful or accurate classification due to the lack of publicly available resources to identify strains and therefore finding the origin of outbreaks.
477:
Mode of transmission is person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets (i.e., coughing or sneezing), and less commonly, by touching open sores or contaminated surfaces.
534:
person is no longer contagious, tests are performed ensure that the bacteria have been cleared. People are then vaccinated prevent further transmission of the disease.
485:
A vaccine, DTaP, effectively prevents the disease and is mandatory in the United States for participation in public education and some professions (exceptions apply).
2629:
574:
around the ~740kb region that causes a decrease in the G+C content. In other bacteria, it is often seen that the G+C content gets smaller near the terminus, but
414:
has shown to exclusively infect humans. It is believed that humans may be the reservoir for this pathogen. However, there has been extremely rare cases in which
1816:
304:
300:
225:
and biochemical properties, such as the ability to metabolize certain nutrients. All may be toxigenic (and therefore cause diphtheria) or not toxigenic.
437:, effectively prevents the disease and is mandatory in the United States for participation in public education and some professions (exceptions apply).
1364:
1774:
2603:
1809:
2642:
2274:
248:
EF-2. This causes pharyngitis and 'pseudomembrane' in the throat. The strains which are toxigenic are ones which have been infected with a
2269:
578:
is a considerably strongly genome that has this occurrence. Chromosomal replication is one of the ways this happens within this genome.
2590:
2616:
2117:
1903:
1269:
Mokrousov I (January 2009). "Corynebacterium diphtheriae: genome diversity, population structure and genotyping perspectives".
338:) to reduce tellurite to metallic tellurium. The tellurite reduction is colorimetrically indicated by brown colonies for most
2542:
1321:
394:
2621:
1222:"Further observations on the change to virulence of bacteriophage-infected a virulent strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria"
2708:
1037:
2241:
2220:
2185:
2019:
2307:
2112:
1832:
1640:
Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Clayton EW, et al. (Committee to Review
Adverse Effects of Medicine) (2011-08-25).
2087:
2698:
2647:
2439:
433:
kidneys, nerves, and heart. Extremely rare complications include suffocation and partial paralysis. A vaccine,
2156:
2146:
2053:
890:
Muthuirulandi
Sethuvel DP, Subramanian N, Pragasam AK, Inbanathan FY, Gupta P, Johnson J, et al. (2019).
45:
2419:
2264:
1897:
259:
gene is encoded by the bacteriophage found in toxigenic strains, integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
1706:
Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Efstratiou A, Dover LG, Holden MT, Pallen M, Bentley SD, et al. (November 2003).
2311:
2250:
2176:
296:
1783:
2478:
1965:
1123:"Evolution, epidemiology and diversity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae: New perspectives on an old foe"
1122:
2657:
2296:
2080:
2014:
1801:
275:
for toxigenicity is used to determine whether the organism is able to produce the diphtheria toxin.
2713:
2693:
2433:
2097:
1911:
376:
370:
356:
1682:
2335:
2321:
2102:
1931:
1873:
1788:
1601:"Characterization of DIP0733, a multi-functional virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae"
1657:
2608:
2504:
2328:
2282:
2230:
2195:
2107:
2058:
2027:
2002:
1599:
Antunes CA, Sanches dos Santos L, Hacker E, Köhler S, Bösl K, Ott L, et al. (March 2015).
398:
An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the tonsils is classically seen in diphtheria.
311:
319:
2464:
2367:
2202:
734:"Microbe Profile: Corynebacterium diphtheriae – an old foe always ready to seize opportunity"
314:
formed in the polar regions. The granules are called polar granules, Babes Ernst granules or
130:
2670:
418:
has been found in animals. These infections were only toxigenic in two dogs and two horses.
2577:
2128:
2092:
2070:
1922:
1889:
1862:
1757:
1278:
1173:"Studies on the virulence of bacteriophage-infected strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae"
1137:
1074:
422:
159:
2634:
1365:"UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations – Identification of Corynebacterium species"
178:
8:
2703:
2363:
2258:
2161:
2141:
2048:
1970:
1882:
1406:
Tyler R, Rincon L, Weigand MR, Xiaoli L, Acosta AM, Kurien D, et al. (August 2022).
222:
32:
1282:
1141:
1078:
244:
produces diphtheria toxin which alters protein function in the host by inactivating the
2455:
2371:
2208:
2151:
2038:
1762:
1581:
1432:
1407:
1095:
1062:
1007:
982:
864:
833:
760:
733:
40:
1732:
1707:
1550:
Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, Mutreja A, Das B, Ramamurthy T (December 2019).
1520:
1487:
1246:
1221:
1197:
1172:
809:
784:
2665:
2564:
2063:
1987:
1737:
1622:
1585:
1573:
1525:
1507:
1437:
1346:
1317:
1294:
1251:
1202:
1153:
1100:
1012:
963:
917:
869:
814:
765:
245:
1708:"The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129"
1488:"The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129"
538:
vaccine is for children while the Tdap vaccine is known for adolescents and adults.
2385:
1853:
1727:
1719:
1612:
1563:
1515:
1499:
1427:
1419:
1286:
1241:
1233:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1090:
1082:
1002:
994:
953:
907:
889:
859:
849:
804:
796:
755:
745:
597:
315:
256:
2569:
892:"Insights to the diphtheria toxin encoding prophages amongst clinical isolates of
2396:
2166:
1946:
1290:
1237:
1188:
1149:
800:
327:
190:
107:
97:
87:
1643:
Diphtheria Toxoid–, Tetanus Toxoid–, and
Acellular Pertussis–Containing Vaccines
1641:
940:
Hadfield TL, McEvoy P, Polotsky Y, Tzinserling VA, Yakovlev AA (February 2000).
2492:
2043:
1844:
1836:
365:
272:
171:
67:
1568:
1551:
981:
Clarke KE, MacNeil A, Hadler S, Scott C, Tiwari TS, Cherian T (October 2019).
529:
infects the human body, it releases harmful toxins, especially to the throat.
2687:
2527:
2033:
1955:
1868:
1511:
912:
891:
712:
292:
249:
182:
181:(1852–1915). The bacteria are usually harmless unless they are infected by a
77:
1381:
410:
is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, and nonmotile bacterium.
2354:
2288:
1992:
1979:
1741:
1626:
1577:
1529:
1441:
1423:
1298:
1255:
1206:
1157:
1104:
1016:
998:
967:
921:
873:
769:
308:
264:
1455:
1350:
818:
2536:
2377:
1779:
1723:
1617:
1600:
1503:
1086:
854:
750:
271:
gene. When bound to iron, the aporepressor shuts down toxin production.
174:
2595:
2425:
2411:
2075:
2007:
1983:
566:, being noticeably higher in G+C near the origin than at the terminus.
520:
501:
488:
The invention of the toxoid vaccine, which provides protection against
389:
288:
163:
2556:
1831:
1598:
530:
2498:
1705:
1484:
1408:"Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection in Cat, Texas, USA"
2521:
2487:
1312:
Nester EW, Anderson DG, Roberts CE, Pearsall NN, Nester MT (2004).
958:
941:
466:
347:
57:
2551:
2137:
939:
563:
559:
1549:
2582:
351:
662:
633:
1311:
603:
558:
consists of a single circular chromosome of 2.5 Mbp, with no
659:
1063:"CRISPRs: molecular signatures used for pathogen subtyping"
717:
683:
668:
665:
639:
636:
618:
612:
434:
299:
organisms often looking like
Chinese letters. Stains like
186:
146:(Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
1683:"Diphtheria: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention"
511:
possibly infected area, as well as any lesions and sores.
677:
650:
624:
1639:
1405:
980:
2476:
680:
653:
627:
615:
600:
421:
The disease occurs primarily in tropical regions and
674:
647:
630:
621:
609:
656:
642:
606:
1316:(Fourth ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Education.
831:
2685:
1658:"Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications | CDC"
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1120:
1116:
1114:
983:"Global Epidemiology of Diphtheria, 2000-20171"
834:"Interactions between the Re-Emerging Pathogen
785:"Corynebacterium diphtheriae and its relatives"
221:. The four subspecies differ slightly in their
885:
883:
1817:
1060:
725:
267:on the beta bacteriophage, which carries the
1699:
1536:
1262:
1219:
1111:
326:. After that, a differential plate known as
170:because it was discovered in 1884 by German
1330:
974:
880:
842:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
832:Ott L, Möller J, Burkovski A (March 2022).
825:
514:
1824:
1810:
776:
31:
1731:
1616:
1567:
1519:
1431:
1268:
1245:
1196:
1121:Sangal V, Hoskisson PA (September 2016).
1094:
1006:
957:
911:
863:
853:
808:
782:
759:
749:
731:
393:
2118:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
1797:– the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1170:
2686:
1904:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
1336:
1067:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
900:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
342:species or by a black halo around the
2503:
2502:
1805:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1061:Shariat N, Dudley EG (January 2014).
2658:61f968e1-b5fd-40b3-a887-a0737a4c160d
935:
933:
931:
428:The most common routes of entry for
1462:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1382:"Diphtheria Infection | Home | CDC"
1220:Freeman VJ, Morse IU (March 1952).
1023:
13:
2020:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
1784:Corynebacterium diphtheriae genome
1650:
1473:
1038:"Diphtheria – Symptoms and causes"
946:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
14:
2725:
2113:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
1833:Gram-positive bacterial infection
1768:
1314:Microbiology: A Human Perspective
1271:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1130:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
928:
710:
322:, is used to preferentially grow
278:
200:
2486:
2088:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
1646:. National Academies Press (US).
596:
383:
346:colonies. The organism produces
318:. An enrichment medium, such as
205:Four subspecies are recognized:
44:
2440:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
1675:
1633:
1592:
1556:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
1448:
1399:
1374:
1357:
1305:
1213:
1164:
1054:
472:
354:, which differentiates it from
2157:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
2147:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
2054:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
1337:Breton D (December 1994). "".
704:
588:
562:. Its genome shows an extreme
1:
942:"The pathology of diphtheria"
783:Barksdale L (December 1970).
698:
2420:Corynebacterium minutissimum
2265:Mycobacterium intracellulare
1898:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
1412:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1291:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.011
1238:10.1128/JB.63.3.407-414.1952
1189:10.1128/JB.61.6.675-688.1951
1150:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.024
987:Emerging Infectious Diseases
801:10.1128/br.34.4.378-422.1970
495:
307:are used to demonstrate the
7:
2543:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2513:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2406:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1791:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1751:
894:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
836:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
571:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
549:
527:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
525:When a toxigenic strain of
490:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
403:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
155:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
140:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
25:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
10:
2730:
2709:Bacteria described in 1886
2635:corynebacterium-diphteriae
732:Hoskisson PA (June 2018).
518:
499:
480:
387:
368:which differentiates from
166:. It is also known as the
2511:
2454:
2395:
2353:
2306:
2240:
2219:
2184:
2175:
2126:
2081:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
2015:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
1963:
1954:
1945:
1921:
1852:
1843:
1569:10.1038/s41572-019-0131-y
506:Diagnosis of respiratory
136:
129:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2434:Corynebacterium jeikeium
2098:Tuberculous pericarditis
1912:Actinomyces gerencseriae
1171:Freeman VJ (June 1951).
913:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_469
581:
515:Treatment and prevention
377:Corynebacterium jeikeium
371:Corynebacterium striatum
357:Corynebacterium ulcerans
236:
2103:Urogenital tuberculosis
1932:Propionibacterium acnes
1874:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1226:Journal of Bacteriology
1177:Journal of Bacteriology
789:Bacteriological Reviews
2699:Gram-positive bacteria
2108:Tuberculous dactylitis
2059:Tuberculous cellulitis
1712:Nucleic Acids Research
1492:Nucleic Acids Research
1424:10.3201/eid2808.220018
999:10.3201/eid2510.190271
952:(Suppl 1): S116–S120.
399:
168:Klebs–Löffler bacillus
2465:Gardnerella vaginalis
2368:Nocardia brasiliensis
397:
291:is performed to show
189:that gives rise to a
16:Species of prokaryote
2071:Lichen scrofulosorum
1923:Propionibacteriaceae
1863:Actinomyces israelii
1758:Cutaneous diphtheria
1618:10.1099/mic.0.000020
1087:10.1128/AEM.02790-13
855:10.3390/ijms23063298
751:10.1099/mic.0.000627
423:developing countries
160:pathogenic bacterium
2364:Nocardia asteroides
2259:Mycobacterium avium
2162:Lepromatous leprosy
2142:Tuberculoid leprosy
1883:Tropheryma whipplei
1370:. 12 December 2023.
1283:2009InfGE...9....1M
1142:2016InfGE..43..364S
1079:2014ApEnM..80..430S
223:colonial morphology
158:is a Gram-positive
122:C. diphtheriae
2456:Bifidobacteriaceae
2397:Corynebacteriaceae
2372:Nocardia farcinica
2209:Aquarium granuloma
2152:Borderline leprosy
2039:Erythema induratum
1763:Diphtheria vaccine
1724:10.1093/nar/gkg874
1504:10.1093/nar/gkg874
564:compositional bias
440:The first step of
400:
98:Corynebacteriaceae
2681:
2680:
2666:Open Tree of Life
2505:Taxon identifiers
2474:
2473:
2450:
2449:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2064:Tuberculous gumma
1947:Corynebacterineae
1941:
1940:
1890:Whipple's disease
1718:(22): 6516–6523.
1611:(Pt 3): 639–647.
1498:(22): 6516–6523.
1345:(40): 1859–1861.
1323:978-0-07-291924-0
993:(10): 1834–1842.
713:"Corynebacterium"
469:and suffocation.
364:does not produce
246:elongation factor
211:C. d. intermedius
179:Friedrich Löffler
151:
150:
2721:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2386:Rhodococcus equi
2182:
2181:
2049:Prosector's wart
1961:
1960:
1956:Mycobacteriaceae
1952:
1951:
1854:Actinomycetaceae
1850:
1849:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1687:Cleveland Clinic
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1418:(8): 1686–1688.
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1168:
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320:Löffler's medium
316:volutin granules
257:diphtheria toxin
177:(1834–1912) and
142:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
2729:
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2724:
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2714:1884 in biology
2694:Corynebacterium
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2171:
2167:Histoid leprosy
2122:
1969:
1966:M. tuberculosis
1937:
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1789:Type strain of
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1024:
979:
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838:and Host Cells"
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340:Cornyebacterium
281:
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185:that carries a
172:bacteriologists
147:
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109:Corynebacterium
88:Mycobacteriales
43:
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5:
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2044:Lupus vulgaris
2041:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1988:Ghon's complex
1976:
1974:
1958:
1949:
1943:
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1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
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1906:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1845:Actinomycineae
1841:
1840:
1837:Actinomycetota
1829:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1786:
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1770:
1769:External links
1767:
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1232:(3): 407–414.
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959:10.1086/315551
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576:C. diphtheriae
556:C. diphtheriae
554:The genome of
551:
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519:Main article:
516:
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508:C. diphtheriae
500:Main article:
497:
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451:C. diphtheriae
442:C. diphtheriae
430:C. diphtheriae
416:C. diphtheriae
412:C. diphtheriae
408:C. diphtheriae
388:Main article:
385:
382:
366:pyrazinamidase
362:C. diphtheriae
344:C. diphtheriae
336:C. diphtheriae
332:Corynebacteria
328:tellurite agar
324:C. diphtheriae
305:Ponder's stain
301:Albert's stain
285:C. diphtheriae
280:
279:Identification
277:
242:C. diphtheriae
238:
235:
231:C. diphtheriae
219:C. d. belfanti
202:
201:Classification
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330:, allows all
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293:Gram-positive
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183:bacteriophage
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131:Binomial name
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76:
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29:
26:
22:
19:
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2418:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2362:
2355:Nocardiaceae
2336:M. abscessus
2334:
2327:
2322:M. fortuitum
2320:
2295:
2289:Buruli ulcer
2281:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2229:
2201:
2194:
2127:
2026:
1997:
1993:Pott disease
1980:Tuberculosis
1964:
1930:
1910:
1896:
1881:
1861:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1775:CoryneRegNet
1715:
1711:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1664:. 2022-09-09
1661:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1608:
1605:Microbiology
1604:
1594:
1559:
1555:
1552:"Diphtheria"
1495:
1491:
1464:. Retrieved
1459:
1456:"Diphtheria"
1450:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1388:. 2017-04-10
1385:
1376:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1133:
1129:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
990:
986:
976:
949:
945:
903:
899:
893:
845:
841:
835:
827:
792:
788:
778:
741:
738:Microbiology
737:
727:
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706:
590:
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570:
568:
555:
553:
544:
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536:
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524:
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473:Transmission
463:
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411:
407:
402:
401:
375:
369:
361:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
284:
283:To identify
282:
268:
265:aporepressor
261:
254:
241:
240:
230:
227:
218:
215:C. d. gravis
214:
210:
206:
204:
195:
167:
162:that causes
154:
153:
152:
139:
137:
121:
120:
108:
24:
18:
2537:Wikispecies
2378:Nocardiosis
2329:M. chelonae
2283:M. ulcerans
2231:M. gordonae
2196:M. kansasii
1662:www.cdc.gov
1460:MedlinePlus
1386:www.cdc.gov
1277:(1): 1–15.
1042:Mayo Clinic
896:from India"
848:(6): 3298.
334:(including
297:pleomorphic
273:Elek's test
207:C. d. mitis
175:Edwin Klebs
2704:Diphtheria
2688:Categories
2426:Erythrasma
2412:Diphtheria
2203:M. marinum
2076:Tuberculid
2008:Rich focus
2003:Meningitis
1984:Ghon focus
1692:2022-10-26
1668:2022-11-18
1466:2017-11-27
1392:2017-11-27
1136:: 364–70.
1047:2022-11-17
711:Parte AC.
699:References
531:Antitoxins
521:Diphtheria
502:Diphtheria
390:Diphtheria
289:Gram stain
164:diphtheria
2129:M. leprae
2028:cutaneous
1586:208737335
1562:(1): 81.
1512:0305-1048
546:vaccine.
496:Diagnosis
295:, highly
116:Species:
2609:11202754
2522:Wikidata
2252:M. avium
1971:M. bovis
1752:See also
1742:14602910
1627:25635272
1578:31804499
1530:14602910
1442:35876749
1299:19007916
1256:14927573
1207:14850426
1158:27291708
1105:24162568
1017:31538559
968:10657202
922:32003344
874:35328715
770:29465341
560:plasmids
550:Genetics
467:cyanosis
447:in vitro
350:but not
348:catalase
312:granules
94:Family:
64:Phylum:
58:Bacteria
54:Domain:
2596:3225001
2552:BacDive
2528:Q131649
2493:Biology
2254:complex
2138:Leprosy
2093:Miliary
1433:9328917
1351:7899317
1279:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1096:3911090
1075:Bibcode
1008:6759252
865:8952647
819:4322195
761:6097034
481:Vaccine
104:Genus:
84:Order:
74:Class:
2671:783728
2655:NZOR:
2622:960918
2583:973966
2479:Portal
1793:at Bac
1740:
1733:275568
1730:
1625:
1584:
1576:
1528:
1521:275568
1518:
1510:
1440:
1430:
1349:
1320:
1297:
1254:
1247:169283
1244:
1205:
1198:386063
1195:
1156:
1103:
1093:
1015:
1005:
966:
920:
872:
862:
817:
810:378364
807:
768:
758:
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