199:
quality studies and those conducted outside the US and EU were less likely to be below this threshold. While the two conclusions of this article may indicate that industry-funded ICER measures are lower methodological quality than those published by non-industry sources, there is also a possibility that, due to the nature of retrospective or other non-public work, publication bias may exist rather than methodology biases. There may be incentive for an organization not to develop or publish an analysis that does not demonstrate the value of their product. Additionally, peer reviewed journal articles should have a strong and defendable methodology, as that is the expectation of the peer-review process.
25:
198:
A 1995 study of the cost-effectiveness of reviewed over 500 life-saving interventions found that the median cost-effectiveness was $ 42,000 per life-year saved. A 2006 systematic review found that industry-funded studies often concluded with cost-effective ratios below $ 20,000 per QALY and low
78:
health effect. Typically the CEA is expressed in terms of a ratio where the denominator is a gain in health from a measure (years of life, premature births averted, sight-years gained) and the numerator is the cost associated with the health gain. The most commonly used outcome measure is
97:
extends the core methods of CEA to incorporate concerns for the distribution of outcomes as well as their average level and make trade-offs between equity and efficiency, these more sophisticated methods are of particular interest when analysing interventions to tackle
211:
investments in buildings to calculate the value of energy saved in $ /kWh. The energy in such a calculation is virtual in the sense that it was never consumed but rather saved due to some energy efficiency investment being made. Such savings are sometimes called
164:, the cost-effectiveness of a therapeutic or preventive intervention is the ratio of the cost of the intervention to a relevant measure of its effect. Cost refers to the resource expended for the intervention, usually measured in monetary terms such as
218:. The benefit of the CEA approach in energy systems is that it avoids the need to guess future energy prices for the purposes of the calculation, thus removing the major source of uncertainty in the appraisal of energy efficiency investments.
134:
of their guns. If a tank's performance in these areas is equal or even slightly inferior to its competitor, but substantially less expensive and easier to produce, military planners may select it as more cost-effective than the competitor.
195:(ICER), the ratio of change in costs to the change in effects. A complete compilation of cost-utility analyses in the peer-reviewed medical and public health literature is available from the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry website.
176:
and the number of symptom-free days experienced by a patient. The selection of the appropriate effect measure should be based on clinical judgment in the context of the intervention being considered.
766:
74:, which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often used in the field of health services, where it may be inappropriate to
172:. The measure of effects depends on the intervention being considered. Examples include the number of people cured of a disease, the mm Hg reduction in diastolic
138:
Conversely, if the difference in price is near zero, but the more costly competitor would convey an enormous battlefield advantage through special ammunition,
93:, the cost represented on one axis and the effectiveness on the other axis. Cost-effectiveness analysis focuses on maximising the average level of an outcome,
152:, enabling it to destroy enemy tanks accurately at extreme ranges, military planners may choose it instead – based on the same cost-effectiveness principle.
110:
The concept of cost-effectiveness is applied to the planning and management of many types of organized activity. It is widely used in many aspects of life.
245:
425:"Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis of health care programmes--a methodological case study of the UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme"
661:
251:
94:
70:
that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from
488:
Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, et al. (June 1995). "Five-hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness".
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276:"Life-cycle preferences over consumption and health: when is cost-effectiveness analysis equivalent to cost–benefit analysis?"
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782:
192:
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122:, for example, competing designs are compared not only for purchase price, but also for such factors as their operating
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is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane consisting of
39:
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864:
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Tuominen, Pekka; Reda, Francesco; Dawoud, Waled; Elboshy, Bahaa; Elshafei, Ghada; Negm, Abdelazim (2015).
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ISPOR-CO, The
Colombian Chapter of The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
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Economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes of different courses of action
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208:
574:"Economic Appraisal of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Using Cost-effectiveness Assessment"
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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World Health
Organization – CHOICE (Choosing Interventions that are Cost Effective)
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Black, William (1990). "A Graphical
Representation of Cost-Effectiveness".
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248: – Non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the UK
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Asaria, M; Griffin, S; Cookson, R; Whyte, S; Tappenden, P (June 2015).
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525:"Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review"
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236: – Unexpected incurred costs in excess of budgeted amounts
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242: – Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
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139:
767:
List of international healthcare accreditation organizations
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571:
422:
376:"Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Tutorial"
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Center for the
Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health.
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International Cost
Estimating and Analysis Association
523:
Bell CM, Urbach DR, Ray JG, et al. (March 2006).
373:
202:
614:Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry
374:Asaria, M; Griffin, S; Cookson, R (January 2016).
191:. Cost-effectiveness is typically expressed as an
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273:
246:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
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469:"The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry"
252:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
130:, armor protection, and caliber and armor
95:distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
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318:Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine
274:Bleichrodt H, Quiggin J (December 1999).
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762:International healthcare accreditation
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824:Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
783:Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
193:incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
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741:Routine health outcomes measurement
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13:
814:Clinical Quality Management System
502:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00330.x
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881:
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203:In energy efficiency investments
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619:Why some drugs are not worth it
118:In the acquisition of military
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578:Procedia Economics and Finance
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189:disability-adjusted life years
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819:Disability-adjusted life year
591:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00195-1
295:10.1016/S0167-6296(99)00014-4
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788:Cost-effectiveness analysis
541:10.1136/bmj.38737.607558.80
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185:quality-adjusted life years
81:quality-adjusted life years
60:Cost-effectiveness analysis
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829:Quality-adjusted life year
793:Cost-minimization analysis
721:Independent medical review
345:10.1177/0272989x9001000308
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775:
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703:
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179:A special case of CEA is
736:Health services research
731:Health impact assessment
392:10.1177/0272989x15583266
207:CEA has been applied to
114:In military acquisitions
704:Health care evaluations
685:Evidence-based medicine
380:Medical Decision Making
757:Hospital accreditation
34:is missing information
316:Gold MR; et al.
228:Cost–benefit analysis
181:cost–utility analysis
87:Cost–utility analysis
72:cost–benefit analysis
716:Clinical peer review
156:In pharmacoeconomics
865:Health care quality
726:Health care ratings
678:Concepts of quality
671:Health care quality
860:Health informatics
798:Cost per procedure
776:Costs and benefits
609:Tufts CEA Registry
160:In the context of
36:about calculation.
870:Decision analysis
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695:Medical guideline
690:Medical consensus
535:(7543): 699–703.
209:energy efficiency
162:pharmacoeconomics
100:health inequality
68:economic analysis
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132:penetration
844:Categories
621:BBC report
474:2020-09-04
258:References
240:Efficiency
187:(QALY) or
490:Risk Anal
215:negawatts
40:talk page
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