509:. Her daughter Katherine, wife of Nathan Howell, became a widow shortly after Lydia married Mather and she came to live with the newly married couple. Also living in the Mather household at that time were Mather's children Abigal (21), Hannah (18), Elizabeth (11), and Samuel (9). Initially, Mather wrote in his journal how lovely he found his wife and how much he enjoyed their discussions about scripture. Within a few years of their marriage, Lydia was subject to rages which left Mather humiliated and depressed. They clashed over Mather's piety and his mishandling of Nathan Howell's estate. He began to call her deranged. She left him for ten days, returning when she learned that Mather's son Increase was lost at sea. Lydia nursed him through illnesses, the last of which lasted five weeks and ended with his death on February 15, 1728. Of the children that Mather had with Abigail and Elizabeth, the only children to survive him were Hannah and Samuel. He did not have any children with Lydia.
1333:
smallpox inoculation was "a medical experiment of consequence," one not to be undertaken lightly. He believed that not all learned individuals were qualified to doctor others, and while ministers took on several roles in the early years of the colony, including that of caring for the sick, they were now expected to stay out of state and civil affairs. Douglass felt that inoculation caused more deaths than it prevented. The only reason Mather had had success in it, he said, was because Mather had used it on children, who are naturally more resilient. Douglass vowed to always speak out against "the wickedness of spreading infection". Speak out he did: "The battle between these two prestigious adversaries lasted far longer than the epidemic itself, and the literature accompanying the controversy was both vast and venomous."
1371:
in discovering of it to a miserable World; and humbly look up to His Good
Providence (as we do in the use of any other Medicine) It may seem strange, that any wise Christian cannot answer it. And how strangely do Men that call themselves Physicians betray their Anatomy, and their Philosophy, as well as their Divinity in their invectives against this Practice?" The Puritan minister began to embrace the sentiment that smallpox was an inevitability for anyone, both the good and the wicked, yet God had provided them with the means to save themselves. Mather reported that, from his view, "none that have used it ever died of the Small Pox, tho at the same time, it were so malignant, that at least half the People died, that were infected With it in the Common way."
805:
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788:, requested that Cotton Mather accompany him to Salem, but Mather refused due to his ill health. Instead, Mather wrote a long letter to Richards in which he gave his advice on the impending trials. In that letter, Mather states that witches guilty of the most grievous crimes should be executed, but that witches convicted of lesser offenses deserve more lenient punishment. He also wrote that the identification and conviction of all witches should be undertaken with the greatest caution and warned against the use of
1256:, who tried the procedure on his youngest son and two slaves—one grown and one a boy. All recovered in about a week. Boylston inoculated seven more people by mid-July. The epidemic peaked in October 1721, with 411 deaths; by February 26, 1722, Boston was again free from smallpox. The total number of cases since April 1721 came to 5,889, with 844 deaths—more than three-quarters of all the deaths in Boston during 1721. Meanwhile, Boylston had inoculated 287 people, with six resulting deaths.
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849:
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1350:, with being proper church members and good caring neighbors. The apparent contradiction between harming or murdering a neighbor through inoculation and the Sixth Commandment—"thou shalt not kill"—seemed insoluble and hence stood as one of the main objections against the procedure. Williams maintained that because the subject of inoculation could not be found in the Bible, it was not the will of God, and therefore "unlawful." He explained that inoculation violated
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2035:
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discerned in nature as well as in revelation." Nevertheless, Williams questioned whether the smallpox "is not one of the strange works of God; and whether inoculation of it be not a fighting with the most High." He also asked his readers if the smallpox epidemic may have been given to them by God as "punishment for sin," and warned that attempting to shield themselves from God's fury (via inoculation), would only serve to "provoke him more".
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Country
Adjacent", which justified that uprising by a list of grievances that the declaration attributed to the deposed officials. The authorship of that document is uncertain: it was not signed by Mather or any other clergymen, and Puritans frowned upon the clergy being seen to play too direct and personal a hand in political affairs. That day, Mather probably read the Declaration to a crowd gathered in front of the
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45:
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claimed that the witches "have associated themselves to do no less a thing than to destroy the
Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, in these parts of the World." Although he did not intervene in any of the trials, there are some testimonies that Mather was present at the executions that were carried out in Salem on August 19. According to his Mather's contemporary critic Robert Calef, the crowd was disturbed by
823:. In that document, Mather criticized the court's reliance on spectral evidence and recommended that it adopt a more cautious procedure. However, he ended the document with a statement defending the continued prosecution of witchcraft according to the "Direction given by the Laws of God, and the wholesome Statues of the English Nation". Robert Calef would later criticize Mather's intervention in
1839:, originally published anonymously in London in 1697. Despite being one of Mather's best-known works, some have openly criticized it, labeling it as hard to follow and understand, and poorly paced and organized. However, other critics have praised Mather's work, citing it as one of the best efforts at properly documenting the establishment of America and growth of the people.
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repeal the
Massachusetts Charter. With the Mathers' support, Dudley was appointed governor by the Crown and returned to Boston in 1702. Contrary to the promises that he had made to the Mathers, Governor Dudley proved a divisive and high-handed executive, reserving his patronage for a small circle composed of transatlantic merchants, Anglicans, and religious liberals such as
1835:, considered Mather's greatest work, was published in 1702, when he was 39. The book includes several biographies of saints and describes the process of the New England settlement. In this context "saints" does not refer to the canonized saints of the Catholic church, but to those Puritan divines about whom Mather is writing. It comprises seven total books, including
2049:
1309:, stated that there were only two laws of physick (medicine): sympathy and antipathy. In his estimation, inoculation was neither a sympathy toward a wound or a disease, or an antipathy toward one, but the creation of one. For this reason, its practice violated the natural laws of medicine, transforming health care practitioners into those who harm rather than heal.
1592:. After a number of black people carried out arson attacks in Boston in 1723, Mather asked the outraged white Bostonians whether the black population had been "always treated according to the Rules of Humanity? Are they treated as those, that are of one Blood with us, and those who have Immortal Souls in them, and are not mere Beasts of Burden?"
1354:, because if one neighbor voluntarily infected another with disease, he was not doing unto others as he would have done to him. With the Bible as the Puritans' source for all decision-making, lack of scriptural evidence concerned many, and Williams vocally scorned Mather for not being able to reference an inoculation edict directly from the Bible.
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many residents fled to outlying rural settlements. The combination of exodus, quarantine, and outside traders' fears disrupted business in the capital of the Bay Colony for weeks. Guards were stationed at the House of
Representatives to keep Bostonians from entering without special permission. The death toll reached 101 in September, and the
1367:, did not slow the spread of the disease. As news rolled in from town to town and correspondence arrived from overseas, reports of horrific stories of suffering and loss due to smallpox stirred mass panic among the people. "By circa 1700, smallpox had become among the most devastating of epidemic diseases circulating in the Atlantic world."
1116:, since his congregation in Boston was much larger than the Harvard student body, which at the time counted only a few dozen. Instructed by a committee of the Massachusetts General Assembly that the president of Harvard had to reside in Cambridge and preach to the students in person, Increase resigned in 1701 and was replaced by the Rev.
1150:, who had repented publicly for his role in the Salem witch trials). When Sewall turned it down, Mather once again hoped that he might get the appointment. Instead, the fellows offered it to one of its own number, the Rev. Benjamin Coleman, an old rival of Mather. When Coleman refused it, the presidency went finally to the Rev.
4009:, The History of What the Goodness of God has done for the Captives, lately delivered out of Barbary): —«Many, many died under the hardhips some of them for a whole prenticeship of years , and one here for nineteen years altogether There was now and then a wretched Christian who renounced Christianity and embraced Mahometism»
819:, the thrice-married owner of an unlicensed tavern, was hanged after being convicted and sentenced by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, based largely on spectral evidence. A group of twelve Puritan ministers issued a statement, drawn up by Cotton Mather and presented to Governor Phips and his council a few days later, entitled
898:, "Robert Calef tied a tin can to Cotton Mather which has rattled and banged through the pages of superficial and popular historians". Intellectual historian Reiner Smolinski, an expert on the writings of Cotton Mather, found it "deplorable that Mather's reputation is still overshadowed by the specter of Salem witchcraft."
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relationships. Although many were initially wary of the concept, it was because people were able to witness the procedure's consistently positive results, within their own community of ordinary citizens, that it became widely utilized and supported. One important change in the practice after 1721 was regulated
690:, based on his study of events surrounding the affliction of the children of a Boston mason named John Goodwin. Those afflictions had begun after Goodwin's eldest daughter confronted a washerwoman whom she suspected of stealing some of the family's linen. In response to this, the washerwoman's mother,
1698:
In his conversations with
William Fly and his crew Mather scolded them: "You have something within you, that will compell you to confess, That the Things which you have done, are most Unreasonable and Abominable. The Robberies and Piracies, you have committed, you can say nothing to Justify them. …
1420:
First: my Friend planted a Row of Indian corn that was
Coloured Red and Blue; the rest of the Field being planted with corn of the yellow, which is the most usual color. To the Windward side, this Red and Blue Row, so infected Three or Four whole Rows, as to communicate the same Colour unto them; and
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Mather strongly challenged the perception that inoculation was against the will of God and argued the procedure was not outside of
Puritan principles. He wrote that "whether a Christian may not employ this Medicine (let the matter of it be what it will) and humbly give Thanks to God's good Providence
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Puritans found meaning in affliction, and they did not yet know why God was showing them disfavor through smallpox. Not to address their errant ways before attempting a cure could set them back in their "errand". Many
Puritans believed that creating a wound and inserting poison was doing violence and
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and assumed full responsibilities as co-pastor of the church. Father and son continued to share responsibility for the care of the congregation until the death of
Increase in 1723. Cotton would die less than five years after his father, and was therefore throughout most of his career in the shadow of
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slaves humanely and instruct them in Christianity with a view to promoting their salvation. Mather received black members of his congregation in his home and he paid a schoolteacher to instruct local black people in reading. Mather consistently held that black Africans were "of one Blood" with the
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arrived from the West Indies carrying smallpox on board. Despite attempts to protect the town through quarantine, nine known cases of smallpox appeared in Boston by May 27, and by mid-June, the disease was spreading at an alarming rate. As a new wave of smallpox hit the area and continued to spread,
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in 1684, first as acting president (1684–1686), later with the title of "rector" (1686–1692, during much of which period he was away from Massachusetts, pleading the Puritans' case before the Royal Court in London), and finally with the full title of president (1692–1701). Increase was unwilling to
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On August 4, Cotton Mather preached a sermon before his North Church congregation on the text of Revelation 12:12: "Woe to the Inhabitants of the Earth, and of the Sea; for the Devil is come down unto you, having great Wrath; because he knoweth, that he hath but a short time." In the sermon, Mather
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as governor of that new Dominion. This was a direct attack upon the Puritan religious and social orders that the Mathers represented, as well as upon the local autonomy of Massachusetts. The colonists were particularly outraged when Andros declared that all grants of land made in the name of the old
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Boylston and Mather's inoculation crusade "raised a horrid Clamour" among the people of Boston. Both Boylston and Mather were "Object of their Fury; their furious Obloquies and Invectives", which Mather acknowledges in his diary. Boston's Selectmen, consulting a doctor who claimed that the practice
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The last major events in Mather's involvement with witchcraft were his interactions with Mercy Short in December 1692 and Margaret Rule in September 1693. Mather appears to have remained convinced that genuine witches had been executed in Salem and he never publicly expressed regrets over his role
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did little to appease the growing clamor against the Salem witch trials. At around the same time that the book began to circulate in manuscript form, Governor Phips decided to restrict greatly the use of spectral evidence, thus raising a high barrier against further convictions. The Court of Oyer
713:. In his book, Mather argued that since there are witches and devils, there are "immortal souls". He also claimed that witches appear spectrally as themselves. He opposed any natural explanations for the fits, believed that people who confessed to using witchcraft were sane, and warned against all
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Abigail died of smallpox in 1702, having previously suffered a miscarriage. He married widow Elizabeth Hubbard in 1703. Like his first marriage, he was happily married to a very religious and emotionally stable woman. They had six children. Elizabeth, the couple's newborn twins, and a two-year-old
469:
When Increase Mather became president of Harvard in 1692, he exercised considerable influence on the politics of the Massachusetts colony. Despite Cotton's efforts, he never became quite as influential as his father. One of the most public displays of their strained relationship emerged during the
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in 1662. During the controversies surrounding Mather's smallpox inoculation campaign of 1721, his adversaries questioned that credential on the grounds that Mather's name did not figure in the published lists of the Society's members. At the time, the Society responded that those published lists
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Generally, Puritan pastors favored the inoculation experiments. Increase Mather, Cotton's father, was joined by prominent pastors Benjamin Colman and William Cooper in openly propagating the use of inoculations. "One of the classic assumptions of the Puritan mind was that the will of God was to be
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Although the Mathers (to whom he was related by marriage), continued to resent Dudley's role in the Andros administration, they eventually came around to the view that Dudley would now be preferable as governor to the available alternatives, at a time when the English Parliament was threatening to
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was a highly controversial figure, as he had participated actively in the government of Sir Edmund Andros in 1686–1689. Dudley was among those arrested in the revolt of 1689, and was later called to London to answer the charges against him brought by a committee of the colonists. However, Dudley
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According to some sources, Cotton Mather escaped a second attempted arrest on April 18, 1689, the same day that the people of Boston took up arms against Andros. The young Mather may have authored, in whole or in part, the "Declaration of the Gentlemen, Merchants, and Inhabitants of Boston and the
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Before her execution, Glover warned that her death would not bring relief to the Goodwin children, as she was not the one responsible for their torments. Indeed, after Glover was hanged the children's afflictions increased. Mather documented these events and attempted to de-possess the "Haunted
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Mr. Cotton Mather, being mounted upon a Horse, addressed himself to the People, partly to declare that was no ordained Minister, partly to possess the People of his guilt, saying that the devil often had been transformed into the Angel of Light. And this did somewhat appease the People, and the
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argument against inoculation, stressing the importance of reason over passion and urging the public to be pragmatic in their choices. In addition, he demanded that ministers leave the practice of medicine to physicians, and not meddle in areas where they lacked expertise. According to Douglass,
1202:
Smallpox was a serious threat in colonial America, most devastating to Native Americans, but also to Anglo-American settlers. New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677, 1689–90, and 1702. It was highly contagious, and mortality could reach as high as 30 percent. Boston had been plagued by
916:
title, the work is written in English. Mather began working on it towards the end of 1693 and it was finally published in London in 1702. The work incorporates information that Mather put together from a variety of sources, such as letters, diaries, sermons, Harvard College records, personal
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discovered that, although Mather had been duly nominated in 1713, approved by the council, and informed by Waller of his election at that time, due to an oversight the nomination had not in fact been voted upon by the full assembly of fellows or the vote had not been recorded. After Woodward
1289:). Public discourse ranged in tone from organized arguments by John Williams from Boston, who posted that "several arguments proving that inoculating the smallpox is not contained in the law of Physick, either natural or divine, and therefore unlawful", to those put forth in a pamphlet by Dr.
1374:
While Mather was experimenting with the procedure, prominent Puritan pastors Benjamin Colman and William Cooper expressed public and theological support for them. The practice of smallpox inoculation was eventually accepted by the general population due to first-hand experiences and personal
1494:
that he hoped would assist people who were unable to procure the services of a physician, but which went unpublished in Mather's lifetime. This was the only comprehensive medical work written in colonial English-speaking America. Although much of what Mather included in that manual were
646:, the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and chief judge of the Salem witch trials. Mather's book constitutes the most detailed written defense of the conduct of those trials. Mather's role in drumming up and sustaining the witch hysteria behind those proceedings was denounced by
860:
As public discontent with the witch trials grew in the summer of 1692, threatening civil unrest, the conservative Cotton Mather felt compelled to defend the responsible authorities. On September 2, 1692, after eleven people had been executed as witches, Cotton Mather wrote a
698:. Interrogated by the magistrates, she admitted that she tormented her enemies by stroking certain images or dolls with her finger wetted with spittle. After she was sentenced to death for witchcraft, Mather visited her in prison and interrogated her through an interpreter.
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that he would struggle to overcome throughout the rest of his life. Bullied by the older students and fearing that his stutter would make him unsuitable as a preacher, Cotton withdrew temporarily from the college, continuing his education at home. He also took an interest in
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of 1692–1693. As a consequence of those trials, nineteen people were executed by hanging for practicing witchcraft and one was pressed to death for refusing to enter a plea before the court. Although Mather had no official role in the legal proceedings, he wrote the book
757:
in 1692, Cotton Mather was incapacitated by a serious illness, which he attributed to overwork. He suggested that the afflicted girls be separated and offered to take six of them into his home, as he had done previously with Martha Goodwin. That offer was not accepted.
583:. Cotton Mather, then aged twenty-six, was one of the Puritan ministers who guided resistance in Boston to Andros's regime. Early in 1689, Randolph had a warrant issued for Cotton Mather's arrest on a charge of "scandalous libel", but the warrant was overruled by
3993:
letter written to a group of New England sailors captured in the 1680s and 90s, he expresses the determination of the community to exhaust all means to bring them home offers encouragement to the enslaved men "your slavery to the monsters of Africa will be but
673:(1693). Still, there is now a general agreement that his beliefs were very typical of the period, that he acted as a moderating force in the context of the trials, and that he never directly participated in the proceedings. He advised the judges against using
1387:
Although Mather and Boylston were able to demonstrate the efficacy of the practice, the debate over inoculation would continue even beyond the epidemic of 1721–22. After overcoming considerable difficulty and achieving notable success, Boylston traveled to
1575:
wherein he lamented the death of many of the American slaves, the length of their captivity — which he described as between 7 and 19 years, — the harsh conditions of their bondage, and celebrated their refusal to convert to Islam, unlike others who did.
1248:, powerless to stop it, "severely limited the length of time funeral bells could toll." As one response, legislators delegated a thousand pounds from the treasury to help the people who, under these conditions, could no longer support their families.
1127:, who had the support of Governor Dudley. The Mathers disapproved of the increasing independence and liberalism of the Harvard faculty, which they regarded as laxity. Cotton Mather came to see the Collegiate School, which had moved in 1716 from
796:, spectral evidence had been admissible in witchcraft trials for a century before the events in Salem, and it would remain admissible until 1712. There was, however, debate among experts as to how much weight should be given to such testimonies.
1554:
who performed domestic chores. Surviving records indicate that, over the course of his lifetime, Mather owned at least three, and probably more, slaves. Like the vast majority of Christians at the time, but unlike his political rival Judge
882:
and Terminer was dismissed on October 29. A new court convened in January 1693 to hear the remaining cases, almost all of which ended in acquittal. In May, Governor Phips issued a general pardon, bringing the witch trials to an end.
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Mr Cotton Mather, was the most active and forward of any Minister in the Country in those matters, taking home one of the Children, and managing such Intreagues with that Child, and after printing such an account of the whole, in his
618:. Rather than restoring the old Puritan rule, the Charter of 1691 mandated religious toleration for all non-Catholics and established a government led by a Crown-appointed governor. The first governor under the new charter was Sir
1362:
With the smallpox epidemic catching speed and racking up a staggering death toll, a solution to the crisis was becoming more urgently needed by the day. The use of quarantine and various other efforts, such as balancing the body's
694:, verbally insulted the Goodwin girl, who soon began to suffer from hysterical fits that later began to afflict also the three other Goodwin children. Glover was an Irish Catholic widow who could understand English but spoke only
5200:
912:(which may be translated as "The Glorious Works of Christ in America"), subtitled "The ecclesiastical history of New England, from its first planting in the year 1620 unto the year of Our Lord 1698. In seven books." Despite the
1297:(1721), on the qualifications of inoculation's proponents. (Douglass was exceptional at the time for holding a medical degree from Europe.) At the extreme, in November 1721, someone hurled a lighted grenade into Mather's home.
1251:
On June 6, 1721, Mather sent an abstract of reports on inoculation by Timonius and Jacobus Pylarinus to local physicians, urging them to consult about the matter. He received no response. Next, Mather pleaded his case to Dr.
1178:) was developed possibly in 8th-century India or 10th-century China and by the 17th-century had reached Turkey. It was also practiced in western Africa, but it is not known when it started there. Inoculation or, rather,
702:
Children" by prayer and fasting. He also took in the eldest Goodwin child, Martha, into his own home, where she lived for several weeks. Eventually, the afflictions ceased and Martha was admitted into Mather's church.
1815:
Mather's first published sermon, printed in 1686, concerned the execution of James Morgan, convicted of murder. Thirteen years later, Mather published the sermon in a compilation, along with other similar works, called
1039:. According to Silverman, the project "looks forward to Mather's becoming probably the most influential spokesman in New England for a rationalized, scientized Christianity." Mather could not find a publisher for the
5065:
426:. Cotton Mather was therefore born into one of the most influential and intellectually distinguished families in colonial New England and seemed destined to follow his father and grandfathers into the Puritan clergy.
1611:, from whom Mather first learned about smallpox inoculation, had been purchased for him as a gift by his congregation in 1706. Despite his efforts, Mather was unable to convert Onesimus to Christianity and finally
1421:
part of ye Fifth and some of ye Sixth. But to the Leeward Side, no less than Seven or Eight Rows, had ye same Colour communicated unto them; and some small Impressions were made on those that were yet further off.
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Cotton Mather's reputation, in his own day as well as in the historiography and popular culture of subsequent generations, has been very adversely affected by his association with the events surrounding the
5771:
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5155:
972:. Genuinely Anglo-American in outlook, the book projects a New England which is ultimately an enlarged version of Cotton Mather himself, a pious citizen of "The Metropolis of the whole English America".
602:, and other officials who had been deposed and arrested in the Boston revolt were summoned to London to answer the complaints against them. The administration of Massachusetts was temporarily assumed by
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1194:
in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest. It was not until 1721, however, that England recorded its first case of inoculation.
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1087:. Outmaneuvered by Dudley, this political rivalry left Mather increasingly isolated at a time when Massachusetts society was steadily moving away from the Puritan tradition that Mather represented.
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3708:
Apparently Cooper, also a minister, wrote this in cooperation with Colman because nearly the same response to the objections to inoculation is published under Colman's name as the last chapter to
1273:
published writers who opposed the practice. The editorial stance was that the Boston populace feared that inoculation spread, rather than prevented, the disease; however, some historians, notably
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3704:
A Letter from a Friend in the Country, Attempting a Solution of the Scruples and Objections of a Conscientious or Religious Nature, Commonly Made Against the New Way of Receiving the Small Pox
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Similar views, on Mather's responsibility for the climate of hysteria over witchcraft that led to the Salem trials, were repeated by later commentators, such as the politician and historian
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1083:(1702–1713), Cotton Mather preached and published against Governor Dudley, whom Mather accused of corruption and misgovernment. Mather sought unsuccessfully to have Dudley replaced by Sir
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congratulating him on "extinguishing of as wonderful a piece of devilism as has been seen in the world". As the opposition to the witch trials was bringing them to a halt, Mather wrote
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Massachusetts Bay Company were invalid, forcing them to apply and pay for new royal patents on land that they already occupied or face eviction. In April 1687, Increase Mather sailed to
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smallpox outbreaks in 1690 and 1702. During this era, public authorities in Massachusetts dealt with the threat primarily by means of quarantine. Incoming ships were quarantined in
2401:
1571:, consoling them, and expressing hope that “your slavery to the monsters of Africa will be but short.” On the return of some survivors of African slavery in 1703, Mather published
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and offered recommendations to proceed with caution lest innocent people come to harm. In the end, Mather's role in the witchcraft episode was thus ambivalent and conflicted.
3339:
335:, which elected him as a fellow in 1713. Mather's promotion of inoculation against smallpox caused violent controversy in Boston during the outbreak of 1721. Scientist and
267:(1693), attracted intense controversy in his own day and has negatively affected his historical reputation. As a historian of colonial New England, Mather is noted for his
394:, both of them prominent Puritan ministers who had played major roles in the establishment and growth of the Massachusetts colony. Richard Mather was a graduate of the
792:(i.e., testimony that the specter of the accused had tormented a victim) on the grounds that devils could assume the form of innocent and even virtuous people. Under
1699:
It is a most hideous Article in the Heap of Guilt lying on you, that an Horrible Murder is charged upon you; There is a cry of Blood going up to Heaven against you."
1522:
In his later years, Mather also promoted the professionalization of scientific research in America. He presented a Boston tradesman named Grafton Feveryear with the
1464:
included only members who had been inducted in person and who were therefore entitled to vote in the Society's yearly elections. In May 1723, Mather's correspondent
1459:, informed Mather that he had been elected as a fellow of the Society. Mather was the eighth colonial American to join that learned body, with the first having been
1595:
Mather advocated the Christianization of black slaves both on religious grounds and as tending to make them more patient and faithful servants of their masters. In
669:
unlike some other ministers never called for an end to the trials, and he afterwards wrote New England's official defense of the court's proceedings, the infamous
342:, who as a young Bostonian had opposed the old Puritan order represented by Mather and participated in the anti-inoculation campaign, later described Mather's book
6262:
6232:
1853:, the first systematic book on science published in America. Mather attempted to show how Newtonian science and religion were in harmony. It was in part based on
1146:
Cotton Mather sought the presidency of Harvard again after Leverett's death in 1724, but the fellows offered the position to the Rev. Joseph Sewall (son of Judge
446:
and considered the possibility of pursuing a career as a physician rather than as a religious minister. Cotton eventually returned to Harvard and received his
4627:
Smolinski, Reiner (2006). "Authority and Interpretation: Cotton Mather's Response to the European Spinozists". In Williamson, Arthur; MacInnes, Allan (eds.).
1019:
in light of "all of the Learning in the World". Mather, who continued to work on it for many years, sought to incorporate into his reading of Scripture the
777:, appointed a special "Court of Oyer and Terminer" to try the cases of witchcraft in Salem. The chief judge of that court was Phips's lieutenant governor,
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433:, in 1674. Aged only eleven and a half, he is the youngest student ever admitted to that institution. At around this time, Cotton began to be afflicted by
6277:
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906:
Cotton Mather was an extremely prolific writer, producing 388 different books and pamphlets during his lifetime. His most widely distributed work was
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Salem witch trials, which Increase Mather reportedly did not support. Cotton did surpass his father's output as a writer, producing nearly 400 works.
6367:
6337:
6317:
937:, the incumbent governor of Massachusetts at the time that Mather began writing), plus dozens of brief biographical sketches, including those of
2884:(2012). "Biblia Americana: America's First Bible Commentary: A Synoptic Commentary on the Old and New Testaments: Volume 1, Genesis (review)".
1534:, a Harvard graduate and member of Mather's church, who travelled to London and collaborated with the Royal Society's curator of experiments,
4806:
1722:
Cotton Mather was twice widowed, and only two of his 15 children survived him. He died on the day after his 65th birthday and was buried on
1218:. Mather was fascinated by the idea. By July 1716, he had read an endorsement of inoculation by Dr Emanuel Timonius of Constantinople in the
543:, without an elected legislature and under a governor who would serve at the pleasure of the Crown. Later that year, the King appointed Sir
3177:. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
6287:
1139:
to make a charitable gift sufficient to ensure the school's survival. It was also Mather who suggested that the school change its name to
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as an intellectual bulwark of Puritanism in New England. He corresponded extensively with European intellectuals and received an honorary
276:
Personally and intellectually committed to the waning social and religious orders in New England, Cotton Mather unsuccessfully sought the
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By 1721, a whole generation of young Bostonians was vulnerable and memories of the last epidemic's horrors had by and large disappeared.
552:, where he remained for the next four years, pleading with the Court for what he regarded as the interests of the Massachusetts colony.
5641:
5636:
3283:
Gronim, Sara Stidstone (2006). "Imagining Inoculation: Smallpox, the Body, and Social Relations of Healing in the Eighteenth Century".
1190:), to bring about a manageable and recoverable infection that would provide later immunity. By the beginning of the 18th century, the
1135:, as a better vehicle for preserving the Puritan orthodoxy in New England. In 1718, Cotton convinced Boston-born British businessman
6342:
862:
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4547:(edited, with an introduction and annotations). Vol. 1: Genesis. Grand Rapids and Tuebingen: Baker Academic and Mohr Siebeck.
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532:
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in London, that he planned to press Boston's doctors to adopt the practice of inoculation should smallpox reach the colony again.
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827:
as "perfectly ambidexter, giving a great or greater encouragement to proceed in those dark methods, than cautions against them."
1691:; having been convicted of piracy, they were jailed alongside "Mary Glover the Irish Catholic witch," daughter of witch "Goody"
6382:
6267:
6222:
5135:
4216:
Colonialism and the Revolutionary Period (Beginning–1800): American Literature in its Historical, Cultural, and Social Contexts
3188:
1943:, which lyricist Rennie Sparks found intriguing because of what she called its "madness brimming under the surface of things."
662:
483:
228:
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966:(to which it has been compared), its effort to rejoin provincial America to the mainstream of English culture recalls rather
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More recently historians have tended to downplay Mather's role in the events at Salem. According to Jan Stievermann, of the
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now regarded as unscientific or superstitious, some of them are still valid, including smallpox inoculation and the use of
1306:
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under the direction of Reiner Smolinski and Jan Stievermann. As of 2023, seven of the ten volumes have appeared in print.
3921:
765:
Holograph copy of Cotton Mather's letter of advice to John Richards concerning the impending trials at Salem, May 31, 1692
579:. News of the events in London greatly emboldened the opposition in Boston to Governor Andros, finally precipitating the
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Genealogical Notes: Or Contributions to the Family History of Some of the First Settlers of Connecticut and Massachusetts
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1567:. Concerned about the New England sailors enslaved in Africa since the 1680s and 1690s, in 1698 Mather wrote them his
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in 1700, bitterly attacking Cotton Mather over his role in the events of 1692. In the words of 20th-century historian
785:
781:. Stoughton had close ties to the Mathers and had been recommended as Governor Phips's lieutenant by Increase Mather.
2523:
Werking, Richard H. (January 19, 1972). ""Reformation is Our Only Preservation": Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft".
245:
A major intellectual and public figure in English-speaking colonial America, Cotton Mather helped lead the successful
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778:
494:, on May 4, 1686, when Cotton was twenty-three and Abigail was not quite sixteen years old. They had eight children.
3779:
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1637:
The Converted Sinner… A Sermon Preached in Boston, May 31, 1724, In the Hearing and at the Desire of certain Pirates
1043:, which remained in manuscript form during his lifetime. It is currently being edited in ten volumes, published by
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2920:
1987:, a 2023 young adult novel by Kellie O'Neill, the character "Vivienne Mathers" is a descendant of Cotton Mathers.
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Mather was a prolific writer and industrious in having his works printed, including a vast number of his sermons.
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5406:
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1641:
A Brief Discourse occasioned by a Tragical Spectacle of a Number of Miserables under Sentence of Death for Piracy
1108:
839:, of which witches were commonly believed to be incapable. Calef claimed that, after Burroughs had been hanged,
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1939:
1754:
638:
606:, whose rule proved weak and contentious. In 1691, the government of King William and Queen Mary issued a new
535:
and commissioned Randolph to reorganize the colonial government. James's intention was to curb Massachusetts's
263:
1723:
1712:
1655:; Cotton Mather in turn preached at the trials and sometimes executions of pirate Captains (or the crews of)
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As with most colonists, Williams' Puritan beliefs were enmeshed in every aspect of his life, and he used the
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After completing his education, Cotton joined his father's church as assistant pastor. In 1685, Cotton was
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The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America
1909:
1563:, although he did publicly denounce what he regarded as the illegal and inhuman aspects of the burgeoning
4235:
1999:
1535:
1456:
922:
918:
556:
181:
34:
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Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark C. (Mark Christopher); American Council of Learned Societies (1990).
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observations in New England, which he communicated to the Royal Society in 1727. Mather also sponsored
1064:, Dudley began enlisting support in London to procure appointment as the new governor of Massachusetts.
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was able to pursue a successful political career in Britain. Upon the death in 1701 of acting governor
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fame). This was one of the two principal Congregationalist churches in the city, the other being the
219:, who wrote extensively on theological, historical, and scientific subjects. After being educated at
4926:
4864:
4041:"Strangers in the House of God: Cotton Mather, Onesimus, and an Experiment in Christian Slaveholding"
3821:
Stearns, Raymond Phineas (April 1951). "Colonial fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661-1788".
1959:
1460:
1128:
1124:
1073:
1061:
853:
643:
4371:
Starnes, T. (n.d.). Complete Marvel reading order | Marvel Comics in order. Marvel Comics in Order.
1123:
Cotton Mather sought the presidency of Harvard, but in 1708 the fellows instead appointed a layman,
4360:
1995:
1573:
The History of What the Goodness of God has done for the Captives, lately delivered out of Barbary,
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1282:
1113:
592:
430:
375:
71:
2234:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1269:
930:
540:
399:
168:
2587:
Stievermann, Jan (2011). "General Introduction". In Smolinski, Reiner; Stievermann, Jan (eds.).
2219:
Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Volume III
720:
Mather's contemporary Robert Calef would later accuse Mather of laying the groundwork, with his
6392:
6372:
6347:
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4324:
Salem Witch Museum. (2023, May 3). Cotton Mather: Villain, bystander, or somewhere in between?
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2203:
McNamara, R. (2019). Cotton mather, Puritan clergyman and early American scientist. ThoughtCo.
1859:
1676:
1508:
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informed the Society of the situation, the members proceeded to elect Mather by a formal vote.
1132:
754:
576:
419:
403:
216:
3977:
Cotton Mather (2012). "A Pastoral Letter to the Captives in Africa". In Claudio, Vicki (ed.).
3504:
Several Arguments Proving That Inoculating the Smallpox is Not Contained in the Law of Physick
2274:
709:
attracted attention on both sides of the Atlantic, including from the eminent English Puritan
454:
degree in 1681, the same year his father became Harvard President. At Harvard, Cotton studied
5014:
4854:
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At the Point of a Cutlass: The Pirate Capture, Bold Escape, and Lonely Exile of Philip Ashton
2090:
1716:
1490:
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1445:
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caused many deaths and only spread the infection, forbade Boylston from performing it again.
1104:
1020:
993:
804:
607:
568:
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391:
304:
297:
238:, where he preached for the rest of his life. He has been referred to as the "first American
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4108:
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Cotton Mather and Biblia Americana: America's First Bible Commentary. Essays in Reappraisal
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2068:
1921:
1660:
1608:
1564:
1496:
1441:
1211:
895:
714:
395:
328:
3559:
Van de Wetering, Maxine (March 1985). "A Reconsideration of the Inoculation Controversy".
1542:
at Harvard, and may well have been the first American to practice science professionally.
8:
6146:
5381:
4768:
3265:
God Have Mercy on This House: Being a Brief Chronicle of Smallpox in Colonial New England
1976:
1933:
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1433:
1080:
655:
564:
528:
491:
254:
127:
4528:. Electronic Texts in American Studies. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press.
2860:; Washington, DC: American University Press; Christian College Consortium. p. 202.
2718:. Second series. Vol. VI, no. 3. Morrisania, NY: Henry B. Dawson. p. 140.
1783:
1767:
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of plant classification. Mather may also have been the first to develop the concept of
1295:
The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favour of Inoculation of the Small Pox
288:, whom Mather attempted unsuccessfully to drive out of power. Mather championed the new
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4307:
4299:
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4252:
3892:
3838:
3576:
3546:
The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favor of Inoculation of the Small Pox
3452:
3427:
3308:
3219:
3189:"West Africans and the history of smallpox inoculation: Q&A with Elise A. Mitchell"
2901:
2881:
2850:
2677:
2542:
2505:
2497:
2003:
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Mather's enthusiasm for experimental science was strongly influenced by his reading of
1214:, one of Mather's slaves, explained to Mather how he had been inoculated as a child in
1151:
981:
960:, its attempt to put American on the cultural map, recall such later American works as
632:
580:
572:
536:
518:
293:
258:
246:
220:
108:
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5626:
5220:
4665:
4647:
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4613:
4585:
4548:
4529:
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4411:
4408:
History of the United States of America, From the Discovery of the American Continent
4311:
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4194:
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3584:
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3242:
3153:
2861:
2592:
2509:
2380:
2344:
2310:
2235:"Research Guides: Harvard Presidents & Inaugurations: List of Harvard presidents"
2217:
2172:
2132:
2124:
2019:
1971:
1798:
1727:
1584:
1437:
1286:
949:
835:'s eloquent declarations of innocence from the scaffold and by his recitation of the
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339:
324:
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2338:
976:
Silverman argues that, although Mather glorifies New England's Puritan past, in the
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3762:
3758:
3568:
3447:
3439:
3292:
3269:
3211:
3202:
Blake, John B (December 1952). "The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721–1722".
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2302:
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2054:
1904:
character named Cotton Mather with alias name, 'Witch-Slayer', that is an enemy of
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1162:
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308:
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112:
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Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather by Charles Wentworth Upham at Project Gutenberg
4661:
4348:
3239:
The Fever of 1721: the Epidemic that Revolutionized Medicine and American Politics
2336:
2204:
1515:, while recommending hygiene, physical exercise, temperate diet, and avoidance of
1346:
therefore was antithetical to the healing art. They grappled with adhering to the
6128:
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5995:
5924:
5919:
5791:
5786:
5060:
4989:
4941:
4824:
4125:
4081:
3712:
A Narrative of the Method and Success of Inoculating the Small Pox in New England
1951:
1928:
1758:(1692) his second major book, also on witchcraft, sent to London in October, 1692
1531:
1516:
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1229:
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438:
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5955:
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5340:
5004:
4971:
4951:
4844:
4839:
4761:
4753:
2259:
Hovey, Kenneth Alan (2009). "Cotton Mather: 1663–1728". In Lauter, Paul (ed.).
1991:
1664:
1652:
1600:
1207:, and any smallpox patients in town were held under guard or in a "pesthouse".
1117:
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In 1693 Mather also began work on a grand intellectual project that he titled
523:
On May 14, 1686, ten days after Cotton Mather's marriage to Abigail Phillips,
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6000:
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5884:
5686:
5631:
4999:
4956:
4931:
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4834:
4747:
4335:
Congregational Library & Archives. (n.d.). Get Connected. Retrieved from
3443:
3428:"Making the right decision: Benjamin Franklin's son dies of smallpox in 1736"
2551:
this Boston minister, who managed not to attend a single witch trial at Salem
1897:
1881:
1627:. He produced a number of pamphlets and sermons concerning piracy, including
1556:
1452:
1413:
1393:
1204:
1191:
1147:
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1056:
1028:
989:
938:
934:
770:
734:
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584:
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Cotton Mather married Abigail Phillips, daughter of Colonel John Phillips of
423:
332:
281:
250:
4229:
Halttunen, Karen (1978). "Cotton Mather and the Meaning of Suffering in the
848:
6045:
6040:
6020:
5970:
5864:
5586:
5481:
5330:
5310:
5190:
5009:
4916:
3834:
3588:
3461:
3304:
2314:
1901:
1854:
1684:
1668:
1560:
1473:
1317:
1274:
1044:
1036:
1015:, which sought to provide a commentary and interpretation of the Christian
887:
647:
25:
4295:
3296:
2897:
2493:
2306:
1408:("Indian corn") to conduct one of the first recorded experiments on plant
6061:
6025:
5975:
5661:
5621:
5170:
4523:
3340:"Onesimus (fl. 1706–1717), slave and medical pioneer, was born in the..."
2852:
The American Pietism of Cotton Mather: Origins of American Evangelicalism
2673:
1656:
1612:
1527:
1179:
1175:
1171:
952:, an expert on early American literature and Cotton Mather's biographer,
929:
includes about fifty biographies of eminent New Englanders (ranging from
793:
415:
374:
Cotton Mather was born in 1663 in the city of Boston, the capital of the
316:
312:
239:
4725:
4712:
4670:
4303:
4280:"East-West Fiction as World Literature: The "Hayy" Problem Reconfigured"
4279:
4256:
2905:
2501:
2480:
Griffin, Edward M. (2015). "A Singular Man: Cotton Mather Reappraised".
1775:
1707:
761:
6113:
6108:
6077:
5980:
5215:
4451:
Bercovitch, Sacvan (1972). "Cotton Mather". In Emerson, Everett (ed.).
2546:
2014:
1905:
1870:
1692:
1376:
1278:
1136:
1005:
691:
462:
434:
366:
4187:
Mather, Cotton (2008). "Pillars of Salt". In Schechter, Harold (ed.).
3580:
3223:
1550:
Cotton Mather's household included both free servants and a number of
869:, a defense of the trials that carried Stoughton's official approval.
4727:
The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather: An Edition of "Triparadisus"
4525:
The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather: An Edition of 'Triparadisus'
3519:"The Fight Over Inoculation During the 1721 Boston Smallpox Epidemic"
1877:
1523:
1245:
1024:
985:
962:
4686:
4517:. Collections. Vol. vii–viii. Massachusetts Historical Society.
4359:
Marvel Team-Up (1972) #41 | Comic Issues | Marvel. (1976, January).
3718:
2538:
2222:. Cambridge: Charles William Sever, University Bookstore. p. 8.
1990:
Mather is mentioned in several of the New England horror stories of
1623:
Throughout his career Mather was also keen to minister to convicted
724:, for the witchcraft hysteria that gripped Salem three years later:
571:
deposed James and gave the Crown jointly to his Protestant daughter
4706:
4690:
4372:
4073:
3572:
3215:
3019:"Cotton Mather, Biblia Americana; America's First Bible Commentary"
2857:
2293:
Hostetter, Margaret Kendrick (April 5, 2012). "What We Don't See".
2171:. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 175.
2034:
1912:' issue #41, and appears in the subsequent issues until issue #45.
1785:
Corderius Americanus: A Discourse on the Good Education of Children
1588:
rest of mankind and that blacks and whites would meet as equals in
1396:
in 1726, with Mather formally receiving the honor two years prior.
1001:
443:
320:
3897:
The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728
2263:. Vol. A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 531–32.
1645:
Useful Remarks. An Essay upon Remarkables in the Way of Wicked Men
4134:
1604:
1551:
1329:
1187:
1183:
1032:
499:
358:
307:
in America, Cotton Mather carried out original research on plant
212:
4462:
An Historical Account of the Small-pox Inoculated in New England
4361:
https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/19661/marvel_team-up_1972_41
2145:
1651:. His father Increase had preached at the trial of Dutch pirate
44:
5939:
3374:
A Destroying Angel: The Conquest of Smallpox in Colonial Boston
1837:
Pietas in Patriam: The life of His Excellency Sir William Phips
1624:
1589:
1504:
1500:
1392:
in 1725, where he published his results and was elected to the
1389:
1364:
1324:
said: "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick."
1215:
933:, the first Puritan missionary to the Native Americans, to Sir
549:
455:
67:
3468:
688:
Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions
203:
4494:
The First American Evangelical: A Short Life of Cotton Mather
3931:
2660:
Ronan, John (2012). "'Young Goodman Brown' and the Mathers".
2379:. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 20–25.
2111:
The First American Evangelical: A Short Life of Cotton Mather
1583:(1706), Mather insisted that slaveholders should treat their
1405:
1321:
1313:
1016:
913:
4629:
Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection
4019:
4017:
4015:
3948:
3946:
3861:
3802:
3105:
3033:
2963:
2951:
2778:
2568:
2556:
733:, as conduced much to the kindling of those Flames, that in
402:. Increase Mather was a graduate of Harvard College and the
4386:"Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family"
3792:
3790:
3788:
3671:
2819:
2817:
2768:
2766:
429:
Cotton entered Harvard College, in the neighboring town of
200:
3958:
3753:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p.
2753:
2751:
2749:
2722:
2641:
2629:
1633:
Instructions to the Living, from the Condition of the Dead
658:
called Mather "the chief agent of the mischief" at Salem.
625:
331:. He dispatched many reports on scientific matters to the
4731:
4719:
4347:
Cotton Mather Powers, Enemies, History | Marvel. (n.d.).
4012:
3943:
3873:
1182:, involved infecting a person via a cut in the skin with
610:. This charter united the Massachusetts Bay Colony with
197:
3849:
3785:
3730:
3129:
3117:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2939:
2829:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2763:
2734:
2343:. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 682.
1750:(1689) his first full book, on the subject of witchcraft
1186:
from a patient with a relatively mild case of smallpox (
992:
Christianity that included, in addition to Mather's own
917:
conversations, and the manuscript histories composed by
559:
to King James in June 1688, which could have cemented a
4543:——— (2010). Smolinski, Reiner (ed.).
4522:——— (1995). Smolinski, Reiner (ed.).
4471:
Reinventing Cotton Mather in the American Renaissance:
3385:
3383:
3353:
2746:
2617:
2605:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2376:
More Colonial women : 25 pioneers of early America
563:
dynasty in the English throne, triggered the so-called
527:
disembarked in Boston bearing letters patent from King
4176:(1st ed.). London: Thomas Parkhurst. OL23316799M.
4100:
3647:
3525:
2185:
1540:
Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy
1476:'s work. Mather was a significant popularizer of the
1305:
Several opponents of smallpox inoculation, among them
984:
of the old Puritan settlers, reflecting Mather's more
901:
4151:
3659:
3635:
3623:
1618:
1412:. He described the results in a letter to his friend
1277:, have argued that this position was a result of the
1090:
622:, who was a member of the Mathers' church in Boston.
3480:
3407:
3380:
3319:
2030:
1484:
in some of his sermons. He also argued against the
1436:, an observation that later became the basis of the
1157:
3899:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
3683:
3395:
1869:, by the 12th-century Islamic philosopher Abu Bakr
1526:that Feveryear used to make the first quantitative
1429:(1712–1724) collection, Mather also announced that
1099:from 1690 to 1702, and at various times sat on its
1055:In Massachusetts at the start of the 18th century,
748:
194:
191:
4130:. Cambridge MA: J. Wilson and Son. pp. 32–44.
2849:
2131:. New York: Welcome Rain Publishers. p. 222.
890:, an otherwise obscure Boston merchant, published
406:, and served as the minister of Boston's original
4377:
737:'s time threatened the devouring of this Country.
642:, which appeared in 1693 with the endorsement of
6199:
4783:
4601:Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M—y W—y M—e
4337:https://www.congregationallibrary.org/node/32893
2919:Mather, Cotton (1998). Smolinksi, Reiner (ed.).
1174:(as distinguished from to the later practice of
1050:
6263:18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
6233:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
4349:https://www.marvel.com/characters/cotton-mather
4048:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
3724:
3558:
2205:https://www.thoughtco.com/cotton-mather-4687706
1545:
211:; February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a
4582:Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America
3241:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 87.
1629:Faithful Warnings to prevent Fearful Judgments
4769:
4405:
3976:
3261:
1823:
1488:of life and compiled a medical manual titled
539:by incorporating the colony it into a larger
3152:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 140.
2288:
2286:
1937:is named in reference to Mather's 1693 book
1842:
1702:
1404:In 1716, Mather used different varieties of
1166:painting of Cotton Mather by Richard L. Gunn
988:and cosmopolitan embrace of a Transatlantic
753:When the accusations of witchcraft arose in
681:
261:of 1692–1693, which he defended in the book
6293:American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
4639:Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather, A Reply
4512:
4455:. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
3891:
3516:
3474:
3376:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 24–29.
3262:Aronson, Stanley M; Newman, Lucile (2002).
2874:
2710:Upham, Charles Wentworth (September 1869).
2586:
2580:
1603:that a Christian could not enslave another
654:, published in 1700. In the 19th century,
353:
253:, the governor of New England appointed by
6278:18th-century New England Puritan ministers
6243:17th-century New England Puritan ministers
4776:
4762:
4453:Major Writers of Early American Literature
4450:
4277:
3517:Niederhuber, Matthew (December 31, 2014).
2475:
2473:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
1224:. Mather then declared, in a letter to Dr
1112:move permanently to the Harvard campus in
323:contagion, which he learned about from an
43:
4626:
4607:
4477:. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
4228:
4023:
3964:
3952:
3937:
3922:"Cotton Mather's Relationship to Science"
3879:
3867:
3855:
3808:
3796:
3451:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2912:
2835:
2823:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2757:
2740:
2728:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2574:
2562:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2292:
2283:
2279:. State Street Trust Co. 1912. p. 8.
2191:
2151:
2123:
1980:is called ″1692 Cotton Mather Newsreel″.
1695:at whose trial Mather had also preached.
1507:. Mather also outlined an early form of
799:
350:(1710) as a major influence on his life.
280:. After 1702, Cotton Mather clashed with
257:. Mather's subsequent involvement in the
6368:History of religion in the United States
4576:
4459:
4117:
4079:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3543:
3531:
3498:
3150:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
2847:
2117:
2017:portrays Cotton Mather in the TV series
1706:
1399:
1161:
847:
803:
784:Another of the judges in the new court,
760:
533:Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company
477:
365:
357:
6338:Christianity in the early modern period
6318:Slave owners from the Thirteen Colonies
4598:
4491:
4424:
4123:
4034:
4032:
4006:
3820:
3614:
3371:
3172:
3147:
2522:
2479:
2470:
2399:
2372:
2357:
2108:
1599:, Mather argued against the opinion of
1357:
626:Involvement with the Salem witch trials
466:the respected and formidable Increase.
6200:
4603:. London: T. Becket and P.A. de Hondt.
4561:
4542:
4521:
4500:
4468:
4384:Bahn, Christopher (February 8, 2006).
4213:
4186:
4169:
4157:
4140:
3919:
3775:
3748:
3709:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3619:. Harvard University Press. p. 5.
3282:
2918:
2880:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2261:Heath Anthology of American Literature
2215:
1863:(1690). Mather took inspiration from
1797:
663:Heidelberg Center for American Studies
505:On July 5, 1715, Mather married widow
498:daughter, Jerusha, all succumbed to a
410:(not to be confused with the Anglican
6328:Burials at Copp's Hill Burying Ground
4757:
4635:
4584:. University of Massachusetts Press.
4106:
3751:The Beginnings of Plant Hybridization
3486:
3413:
3389:
3359:
3337:
3325:
3201:
2709:
2694:
2659:
2258:
2209:
2163:
1887:
1336:
1300:
1259:
1103:. His father Increase had succeeded
717:due to their diabolical connections.
4855:Nathanial (or Nathaniel) Saltonstall
4383:
4029:
3736:
3706:. Boston: S. Kneeland. pp. 6–7.
3425:
3401:
3236:
2925:Electronic Texts in American Studies
2921:"The Wonders of the Invisible World"
2712:"Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather"
2232:
2157:
1538:. Greenwood later became the first
1197:
6288:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
4610:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather
4513:——— (1911–1912).
4410:. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
4038:
3285:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2699:. London: Nath Hillar. p. 152.
2697:More Wonders of the Invisible World
2321:
2295:The New England Journal of Medicine
2129:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather
1958:a December 15, 1975 episode of the
1880:was later translated by his cousin
1239:on April 22 of that year, when HMS
902:Historical and theological writings
892:More Wonders of the Invisible World
852:Letter from Cotton Mather to Judge
652:More Wonders of the Invisible World
13:
6303:American people of English descent
6253:18th-century American philosophers
6248:18th-century American male writers
6218:17th-century American philosophers
5356:Frances Wycom or Wycome or Wycombe
5201:Samuel and Ruth Perley (or Pearly)
4911:convicted of witchcraft and hanged
4714:The Wonders of the Invisible World
4631:. Leyden: Brill. pp. 175–203.
4444:
4061:from the original on July 29, 2015
3548:. Boston: J. Franklin. p. 11.
3191:. Royal Society. October 20, 2020.
2927:. University of Nebraska - Lincoln
1985:Burned: A Daughters of Salem Novel
1808:
1619:Sermons against pirates and piracy
1091:Relationship with Harvard and Yale
980:he also attempts to transcend the
773:, governor of the newly chartered
398:and John Cotton a graduate of the
14:
6419:
6124:Infant child of Elizabeth Scargen
6114:Mercy, infant child of Sarah Good
6078:Mercy, infant child of Sarah Good
4655:
4636:Upham, Charles Wentworth (1869).
4475:in Hawthorne, Stowe, and Stoddard
4427:A Pastoral Letter to the Captives
4190:True Crime: An American Anthology
3979:A Pastoral Letter to the Captives
3345:. Harvard College. Archived from
2373:Waldrup, Carole Chandler (2004).
2276:Forty of Boston's Historic Houses
2023:, which aired from 2014 to 2017.
1158:Advocacy for smallpox inoculation
1143:after it accepted that donation.
811:, written in Cotton Mather's hand
512:
6343:Clergy in the Salem witch trials
5351:Daniel Wycom or Wicom or Wycombe
4694:
4373:https://cmro.travis-starnes.com/
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4318:
4271:
4222:
4218:. New York: DWJ. pp. 23–24.
4207:
4180:
4163:
4144:The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea
3999:
3970:
3913:
3885:
3021:. Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG
2075:
2061:
2047:
2033:
1649:The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea
1382:
749:Preparation for the Salem trials
473:
187:
167:
5817:Mary Whittredge (or Witheridge)
4707:Mather's influential commentary
4678:Works by or about Cotton Mather
4469:Felker, Christopher D. (1993).
3814:
3742:
3695:
3608:
3595:
3552:
3537:
3510:
3492:
3419:
3372:Winslow, Ola Elizabeth (1974).
3365:
3331:
3276:
3255:
3230:
3195:
3181:
3166:
3141:
3011:
2841:
2703:
2688:
2653:
2516:
2393:
2267:
1876:Mather's short treatise on the
1569:Pastoral Letter to the Captives
825:The Return of Several Ministers
821:The Return of Several Ministers
809:The Return of Several Ministers
6333:Calvinist and Reformed writers
5246:Jonathan (or Johnathan) Putnam
4740:A Puritan Father's Lesson Plan
4737:Cotton Mather's "~Resolved~",
4599:Montagu, Mary Wortley (1763).
4496:. Eerdmans. pp. xiv, 162.
4406:Bancroft, George (1874–1878).
3617:Religion and the American Mind
2591:. Baker Academic. p. 14.
2526:The William and Mary Quarterly
2252:
2226:
2197:
2102:
1940:Wonders of the Invisible World
1892:
1755:Wonders of the Invisible World
1607:Christian. The African slave
1451:In 1713, the Secretary of the
872:
867:Wonders of the Invisible World
671:Wonders of the Invisible World
639:Wonders of the Invisible World
450:degree in 1678, followed by a
386:Cotton. His grandfathers were
264:Wonders of the Invisible World
1:
6383:People from North End, Boston
6268:18th-century Christian clergy
6223:17th-century American writers
4278:Aravamudan, Srinivas (2014).
4080:Flemming, Gregory N. (2014).
3920:Hudson, James Daniel (2008).
2848:Lovelace, Richard F. (1979).
2216:Sibley, John Langdon (1885).
2096:
2009:
1965:
1444:, which later would underpin
1316:to state his case. He quoted
1281:positions of editor-in-chief
1051:Conflict with Governor Dudley
775:Province of Massachusetts Bay
616:Province of Massachusetts Bay
337:United States Founding Father
286:Province of Massachusetts Bay
278:presidency of Harvard College
87:Province of Massachusetts Bay
50:
16:Puritan clergyman (1663–1728)
6358:Fellows of the Royal Society
6298:American Evangelical writers
6258:18th-century apocalypticists
6228:17th-century apocalypticists
5066:John Bly Sr. and Rebecca Bly
4748:"The Story of Margaret Rule"
4572:Special Collections Library.
4425:Claudio, Vicki, ed. (2012).
4124:Edmonds, John Henry (1918).
2041:Reformed Christianity portal
1546:Slavery and racial attitudes
705:The publication of Mather's
7:
6378:People from colonial Boston
4693:(public domain audiobooks)
4612:. Welcome Rain Publishers.
4608:Silverman, Kenneth (2001).
4236:Journal of American Studies
3927:. Georgia State University.
3148:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002).
2400:Goodwin, Nathaniel (1856).
2340:American National Biography
2169:Benjamin Franklin's Science
2026:
1536:John Theophilus Desaguliers
598:In July, Andros, Randolph,
575:and her husband, the Dutch
82:February 13, 1728 (aged 65)
10:
6424:
6323:Boston Latin School alumni
6308:American religious writers
4473:Magnalia Christi Americana
4460:Boylston, Zabdiel (1726).
4399:
4284:Eighteenth-Century Studies
4231:Magnalia Christi Americana
4173:Magnalia Christi Americana
4113:. New York: Burt Franklin.
3544:Douglass, William (1722).
2239:guides.library.harvard.edu
1910:1976 comic 'Marvel Team-Up
1908:. He first appears in the
1849:In 1721, Mather published
1832:Magnalia Christi Americana
1825:Magnalia Christi Americana
1769:Magnalia Christi Americana
1724:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
1221:Philosophical Transactions
909:Magnalia Christi Americana
686:In 1689, Mather published
516:
270:Magnalia Christi Americana
98:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
6273:18th-century evangelicals
6238:17th-century male writers
6137:
6091:
6070:
6054:
5948:
5840:
5607:Elizabeth Hutchinson Hart
5364:
5023:
4980:
4894:
4878:
4815:
4792:
4562:Mather, Increase (1692).
4249:10.1017/s0021875800006460
3710:Colman, Benjamin (1722).
3561:The New England Quarterly
3338:Niven, Steven J. (2013).
3204:The New England Quarterly
2886:Early American Literature
2662:The New England Quarterly
2482:Early American Literature
1960:CBS Radio Mystery Theater
1851:The Christian Philosopher
1844:The Christian Philosopher
1800:The Christian Philosopher
1703:Death and place of burial
1461:John Winthrop the Younger
1170:The practice of smallpox
1097:fellow of Harvard College
956:If the epic ambitions of
863:letter to Judge Stoughton
769:In May of that year, Sir
682:Prelude: The Goodwin case
319:as a means of preventing
311:. He also researched the
215:clergyman and author in
166:
161:
145:
134:
123:
104:
93:
78:
60:
42:
23:
6283:Accusers in witch trials
6167:Phillip and Mary English
4702:Cotton Mather's writings
4086:. Lebanon NH: ForeEdge.
3702:Cooper, William (1721).
3444:10.1136/qshc.2007.023465
3173:Needham, Joseph (2000).
2154:, pp. 253–254, 357.
1996:The Picture in the House
1946:
1915:
1733:
1679:. He also ministered to
1482:Copernican heliocentrism
1478:new scientific knowledge
1114:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1023:and theories, including
1021:new scientific knowledge
577:Prince William of Orange
376:Massachusetts Bay Colony
354:Early life and education
305:new experimental science
72:Massachusetts Bay Colony
6388:Philosophers of science
6313:American sermon writers
5166:Margaret Wilkins Knight
4170:Mather, Cotton (1702).
4141:Mather, Cotton (1726).
3823:Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond
3763:2027/mdp.39015011424788
3749:Zirkle, Conway (1935).
1924:is named after Mather.
1777:The Negro Christianized
1597:The Negro Christianized
1581:The Negro Christianized
1270:The New-England Courant
1072:, Benjamin Colman, and
541:Dominion of New England
400:University of Cambridge
370:John Cotton (1585–1652)
333:Royal Society of London
232:Old North Meeting House
223:, he joined his father
6403:Yale University people
6363:Harvard College alumni
5772:Mary Harrington Taylor
5677:Joan Penney (or Penny)
5672:Robert and Sarah Pease
5652:Jane Lilly (or Lillie)
5532:Daniel and Lydia Eames
5156:Thomas and Mary Jacobs
4687:Works by Cotton Mather
4662:Works by Cotton Mather
4570:University of Virginia
4506:A Family, Well-Ordered
4492:Kennedy, Rick (2015).
4464:. London: S. Chandler.
4214:Meyers, Karen (2006).
4193:. Library of America.
4110:The Pirates' Who's Who
4107:Gosse, Philip (1924).
3835:10.1098/rsnr.1951.0017
3615:Heimert, Alan (1966).
3506:. Boston: J. Franklin.
3349:on September 10, 2015.
3237:Coss, Stephen (2016).
2695:Calef, Robert (1700).
2109:Kennedy, Rick (2015).
1970:One of the stories in
1860:The Christian Virtuoso
1719:
1559:, Mather was never an
1486:spontaneous generation
1455:of London, naturalist
1423:
1167:
1133:New Haven, Connecticut
974:
857:
846:
812:
800:Response to the trials
766:
739:
679:
487:
404:Trinity College Dublin
371:
363:
284:, the governor of the
157:(paternal grandfather)
152:(maternal grandfather)
6408:Vaccination advocates
5637:Elizabeth Johnson Sr.
5286:Timothy Swan or Swann
4981:Politicians, writers,
4578:Monaghan, E. Jennifer
4296:10.1353/ecs.2014.0001
4147:. Boston: N. Belknap.
4039:Koo, Kathryn (2007).
3521:. Harvard University.
3297:10.1353/bhm.2006.0057
2898:10.1353/eal.2012.0002
2494:10.1353/eal.2015.0029
2307:10.1056/NEJMra1111421
2091:Charles Colcock Jones
1748:Memorable Providences
1717:Boston, Massachusetts
1710:
1491:The Angel of Bethesda
1418:
1400:Other scientific work
1165:
1120:as acting president.
954:
851:
841:
807:
764:
745:in the 19th century.
731:Memorable Providences
726:
722:Memorable Providences
707:Memorable Providences
667:
608:Massachusetts Charter
481:
369:
361:
298:University of Glasgow
236:Boston, Massachusetts
5567:Abigail Faulkner Sr.
5562:Abigail Faulkner Jr.
5442:John Busse (or Buss)
5365:Accused but survived
4127:Captain Thomas Pound
3739:, pp. 269, 277.
3727:, p. 66, n. 55.
3725:Van de Wetering 1985
3680:, p. 25, n. 15.
3603:The New England Soul
3432:Qual Saf Health Care
2674:10.1162/tneq_a_00186
2083:North America portal
2069:United States portal
1954:portrayed Mather in
1713:Copp's Hill Cemetery
1565:Atlantic slave trade
1513:psychogenic diseases
1358:Inoculation defended
1293:of Boston, entitled
1109:president of Harvard
1095:Cotton Mather was a
1006:low church Anglicans
982:religious separatism
896:Samuel Eliot Morison
537:religious separatism
396:University of Oxford
327:slave who he owned,
217:colonial New England
6398:Writers from Boston
6353:Early modern period
5949:Executed by hanging
5537:Rebecca Blake Eames
5151:Nathaniel Ingersoll
4807:Cultural depictions
4709:, collegiateway.org
4565:Cases of Conscience
4429:. Exagorazo Press.
3981:. Exagorazo Press.
3940:, pp. 406–410.
3893:Middlekauff, Robert
3870:, pp. 356–357.
3811:, pp. 253–254.
3477:, pp. 11, 628.
3042:, pp. 203–204.
2972:, pp. 165–166.
2960:, pp. 156–166.
2882:Robert, Middlekauff
2787:, pp. 100–101.
2577:, pp. 130–135.
2565:, pp. 111–118.
2233:Driscoll, Timothy.
1977:Revenge of the Lawn
1934:Last Days of Wonder
1711:The Mather tomb in
856:, September 2, 1692
844:Executions went on.
656:Nathaniel Hawthorne
565:Glorious Revolution
529:James II of England
486:, Boston, 1688–1718
382:and his wife Maria
227:as minister of the
5860:William Barker Sr.
5855:William Barker Jr.
5787:Margaret Toothaker
5472:Bethiah Carter Sr.
5467:Bethiah Carter Jr.
5462:Thomas Carrier Jr.
5377:Nehemiah Abbot Jr.
5176:Abigail Martin Jr.
5041:William Barker Sr.
4983:and public figures
4870:Waitstill Winthrop
4830:Bartholomew Gedney
4785:Salem witch trials
4314:– via JSTOR.
3362:, pp. 490–91.
3114:, p. 298–299.
2125:Silverman, Kenneth
1956:Burn, Witch, Burn,
1888:In popular culture
1720:
1446:Mendelian genetics
1434:reproduce sexually
1337:Puritan resistance
1301:Medical opposition
1260:Inoculation debate
1168:
1152:Benjamin Wadsworth
1101:Board of Overseers
1079:In the context of
994:Congregationalists
886:in those events.
858:
815:On June 10, 1692,
813:
767:
633:Salem witch trials
581:1689 Boston revolt
519:1689 Boston revolt
502:epidemic in 1713.
488:
458:and the sciences.
372:
364:
303:A promoter of the
294:Doctor of Divinity
259:Salem witch trials
6195:
6194:
6182:George Jacobs Jr.
6172:Edward Farrington
5991:George Jacobs Sr.
5807:Hezekiah Usher II
5802:Mary Lovett Tyler
5767:Sarah Clapp Swift
5752:Elizabeth Scargen
5707:Elizabeth Proctor
5627:Deliverance Hobbs
5577:Elizabeth Fosdick
5557:Thomas Farrar Sr.
5522:Mehitable Downing
5417:Dudley Bradstreet
5402:Edward Bishop III
5141:Joseph Hutchinson
5136:Elizabeth Hubbard
4947:William Milbourne
4912:
4865:William Stoughton
4666:Project Gutenberg
4648:Project Gutenberg
4644:Morrisania, Bronx
4591:978-1-55849-581-4
4554:978-0-8010-3900-3
4200:978-1-59853-031-5
3426:Best, M. (2007).
2731:, pp. 97–98.
2386:978-0-7864-1839-8
2350:978-0-19-520635-7
2301:(14): 1328–1334.
2165:Cohen, I. Bernard
1972:Richard Brautigan
1442:genetic dominance
1427:Curiosa Americana
1287:Benjamin Franklin
1237:Smallpox returned
1198:Early New England
1062:William Stoughton
950:Kenneth Silverman
854:William Stoughton
790:spectral evidence
779:William Stoughton
715:magical practices
675:spectral evidence
644:William Stoughton
593:Boston Town House
531:that revoked the
348:Essays to Do Good
340:Benjamin Franklin
229:Congregationalist
175:
174:
64:February 12, 1663
6415:
6083:John Proctor III
6055:Pressed to death
6011:Mary Ayer Parker
5961:George Burroughs
5880:Deliverance Dane
5875:Sarah Churchwell
5870:Mary Bridges Jr.
5841:Confessed and/or
5827:Sarah Wilson Sr.
5822:Sarah Wilson Jr.
5777:Margaret Thacher
5722:Sarah Davis Rice
5617:Sarah Hawkes Jr.
5597:Sarah Noyes Hale
5572:Dorothy Faulkner
5487:Elizabeth Colson
5427:Mary Bridges Sr.
5346:Abigail Williams
5306:Jonathan Walcott
5271:Susannah Sheldon
5251:Nathaniel Putnam
5206:Samuel Pickworth
5106:Ralph Farnum Sr.
4910:
4907:George Burroughs
4778:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4746:Cotton Mather's
4698:
4697:
4682:Internet Archive
4651:
4632:
4623:
4604:
4595:
4573:
4558:
4545:Biblia Americana
4539:
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4104:
4098:
4097:
4093:978-1-61168562-6
4077:
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3507:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3475:Mather 1911–1912
3472:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3378:
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3351:
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3329:
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3270:Brown University
3259:
3253:
3252:
3234:
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3227:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:Part 6, Medicine
3170:
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3127:
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3097:
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2856:. Grand Rapids,
2855:
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2800:
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2726:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2651:
2650:, p. 86–87.
2645:
2639:
2638:, p. 85–86.
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
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2115:
2114:
2106:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2055:Biography portal
2052:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2037:
1866:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1804:
1431:flowering plants
1348:Ten Commandments
1328:proposed a more
1326:William Douglass
1291:William Douglass
1254:Zabdiel Boylston
1081:Queen Anne's War
1041:Biblia Americana
1013:Biblia Americana
923:William Bradford
833:George Burroughs
743:Charles W. Upham
604:Simon Bradstreet
507:Lydia Lee George
482:Mather lived on
448:Bachelor of Arts
412:Old North Church
325:African-American
296:degree from the
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
184:
171:
141:and Maria Cotton
55:
52:
47:
37:
21:
20:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6187:Ephraim Stevens
6139:
6133:
6129:Roger Toothaker
6087:
6066:
6050:
6036:Samuel Wardwell
5996:Susannah Martin
5944:
5895:Margaret Jacobs
5842:
5836:
5717:William Proctor
5702:Margaret Prince
5687:Lady Mary Phips
5642:Stephen Johnson
5612:Margaret Hawkes
5507:Elizabeth Dicer
5452:Richard Carrier
5422:John Bradstreet
5412:Anne Bradstreet
5360:
5291:Christian Trask
5241:John Putnam Sr.
5236:John Putnam Jr.
5076:Thomas Chandler
5061:Elizabeth Booth
5036:Ebenezer Babson
5019:
4990:Thomas Danforth
4982:
4976:
4967:Samuel Phillips
4942:Increase Mather
4890:
4874:
4825:Jonathan Corwin
4818:court officials
4817:
4816:Magistrates and
4811:
4788:
4782:
4695:
4658:
4620:
4592:
4555:
4536:
4485:
4447:
4445:Further reading
4437:
4418:
4402:
4397:
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4378:
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4058:
4043:
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4013:
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4000:
3989:
3975:
3971:
3967:, p. 451n.
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3370:
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3343:Hutchins Center
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2539:10.2307/1921147
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2067:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2012:
2004:Pickman's Model
1968:
1952:Howard da Silva
1949:
1929:Handsome Family
1918:
1895:
1890:
1847:
1828:
1818:Pillars of Salt
1813:
1810:Pillars of Salt
1762:Pillars of Salt
1736:
1705:
1621:
1548:
1532:Isaac Greenwood
1517:tobacco smoking
1503:juice to treat
1438:Linnaean system
1402:
1385:
1360:
1352:The Golden Rule
1339:
1303:
1262:
1230:Gresham College
1200:
1160:
1093:
1053:
919:William Hubbard
904:
875:
802:
751:
684:
628:
612:Plymouth Colony
555:The birth of a
525:Edward Randolph
521:
515:
476:
439:speech disorder
422:established by
380:Increase Mather
356:
221:Harvard College
190:
186:
180:
153:
139:Increase Mather
109:Harvard College
89:
83:
74:
65:
56:
53:
38:
33:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6421:
6411:
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6405:
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6335:
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6325:
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6300:
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6285:
6280:
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6265:
6260:
6255:
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6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6162:Elizabeth Cary
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6140:otherwise fled
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6092:Died in prison
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6071:Born in prison
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Margaret Scott
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5986:Elizabeth Howe
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:Martha Carrier
5963:
5958:
5956:Bridget Bishop
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:Sarah Wardwell
5922:
5920:Mercy Wardwell
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Mary Lacey Sr.
5902:
5900:Mary Lacey Jr.
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5843:accused others
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5832:Edward Wooland
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:Mary Toothaker
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Susanna Rootes
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5647:Rebecca Jacobs
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:Martha Emerson
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Rachel Clinton
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Andrew Carrier
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Abigail Barker
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:Samuel Wilkins
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Joseph Whipple
5323:
5318:
5316:Richard Walker
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:Martha Sprague
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:Ann Putnam Sr.
5218:
5216:Ann Putnam Jr.
5213:
5211:Thomas Preston
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Jeremiah Neale
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Nathaniel Coit
5078:
5073:
5071:Thomas Boreman
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:James Best Sr.
5053:
5051:James Best Jr.
5048:
5046:Thomas Barnard
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:Benjamin Abbot
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Thomas Brattle
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4972:Samuel Willard
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Nicholas Noyes
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:John Higginson
4924:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4902:Thomas Barnard
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4886:William Griggs
4882:
4880:
4879:Town physician
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:George Herrick
4842:
4840:Joseph Herrick
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4750:, bartleby.com
4744:
4743:, neprimer.com
4735:
4723:
4716:(1693 edition)
4710:
4704:
4699:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4657:
4656:External links
4654:
4653:
4652:
4633:
4624:
4618:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4540:
4534:
4519:
4510:
4502:Mather, Cotton
4498:
4489:
4483:
4466:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:978-1441417930
4435:
4422:
4416:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4317:
4290:(2): 195–231.
4270:
4243:(3): 311–329.
4221:
4206:
4199:
4179:
4162:
4150:
4133:
4116:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4028:
4026:, p. 264.
4024:Silverman 2002
4011:
3998:
3988:978-1441417930
3987:
3969:
3965:Silverman 2002
3957:
3955:, p. 406.
3953:Silverman 2002
3942:
3938:Silverman 2002
3930:
3912:
3905:
3884:
3882:, p. 357.
3880:Silverman 2002
3872:
3868:Silverman 2002
3860:
3858:, p. 356.
3856:Silverman 2002
3848:
3829:(2): 178–246.
3813:
3809:Silverman 2002
3801:
3799:, p. 253.
3797:Silverman 2002
3784:
3768:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3668:, p. 248.
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3607:
3594:
3573:10.2307/365262
3551:
3536:
3524:
3509:
3500:Williams, John
3491:
3489:, p. 493.
3479:
3467:
3418:
3416:, p. 496.
3406:
3404:, p. 178.
3394:
3392:, p. 495.
3379:
3364:
3352:
3330:
3328:, p. 489.
3318:
3275:
3254:
3247:
3229:
3216:10.2307/362582
3194:
3180:
3165:
3158:
3140:
3138:, p. 391.
3136:Silverman 2002
3128:
3126:, p. 385.
3124:Silverman 2002
3116:
3112:Silverman 2002
3104:
3102:, p. 216.
3100:Silverman 2002
3092:
3090:, p. 178.
3088:Silverman 2002
3080:
3078:, p. 221.
3076:Silverman 2002
3068:
3066:, p. 207.
3064:Silverman 2002
3056:
3054:, p. 205.
3052:Silverman 2002
3044:
3040:Silverman 2002
3032:
3010:
3008:, p. 168.
3006:Silverman 2002
2998:
2996:, p. 166.
2994:Silverman 2002
2986:
2984:, p. 161.
2982:Silverman 2002
2974:
2970:Silverman 2002
2962:
2958:Silverman 2002
2950:
2948:, p. 197.
2946:Silverman 2002
2938:
2911:
2892:(1): 228–233.
2873:
2866:
2840:
2838:, p. 114.
2836:Silverman 2002
2828:
2826:, p. 111.
2824:Silverman 2002
2813:
2811:, p. 108.
2809:Silverman 2002
2801:
2799:, p. 107.
2797:Silverman 2002
2789:
2785:Silverman 2002
2777:
2775:, p. 100.
2773:Silverman 2002
2762:
2758:Silverman 2002
2745:
2743:, p. 101.
2741:Silverman 2002
2733:
2729:Silverman 2002
2721:
2702:
2687:
2668:(2): 264–265.
2652:
2648:Silverman 2002
2640:
2636:Silverman 2002
2628:
2624:Silverman 2002
2616:
2612:Silverman 2002
2604:
2597:
2579:
2575:Silverman 2002
2567:
2563:Silverman 2002
2555:
2533:(2): 281–290.
2515:
2488:(2): 475–494.
2469:
2465:Silverman 2002
2457:
2453:Silverman 2002
2445:
2441:Silverman 2002
2433:
2429:Silverman 2002
2421:
2417:Silverman 2002
2409:
2392:
2385:
2356:
2349:
2320:
2282:
2266:
2251:
2225:
2208:
2196:
2192:Silverman 2002
2184:
2177:
2156:
2152:Silverman 2002
2144:
2137:
2116:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2058:
2044:
2028:
2025:
2011:
2008:
1992:H.P. Lovecraft
1974:′s collection
1967:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1931:'s 2006 album
1920:The rock band
1917:
1914:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1846:
1841:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1726:, in Boston's
1704:
1701:
1689:William Coward
1681:Thomas Hawkins
1673:Charles Harris
1665:Samuel Bellamy
1653:Peter Roderigo
1620:
1617:
1601:Richard Baxter
1547:
1544:
1528:meteorological
1511:and discussed
1457:Richard Waller
1401:
1398:
1384:
1381:
1379:of inoculees.
1359:
1356:
1338:
1335:
1302:
1299:
1285:(a brother of
1283:James Franklin
1261:
1258:
1199:
1196:
1159:
1156:
1118:Samuel Willard
1092:
1089:
1070:Thomas Brattle
1052:
1049:
969:The Waste Land
943:Hannah Swarton
903:
900:
874:
871:
817:Bridget Bishop
801:
798:
750:
747:
711:Richard Baxter
683:
680:
627:
624:
561:Roman Catholic
517:Main article:
514:
513:Revolt of 1689
511:
484:Hanover Street
475:
472:
452:Master of Arts
388:Richard Mather
378:, to the Rev.
362:Richard Mather
355:
352:
247:revolt of 1689
173:
172:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:Richard Mather
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
76:
75:
66:
62:
58:
57:
48:
40:
39:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6420:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6393:Witch hunters
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6373:Mather family
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Demonologists
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:Mary Bradbury
6155:
6153:
6152:Daniel Andrew
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:Sarah Osborne
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6001:Rebecca Nurse
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Abigail Hobbs
5888:
5886:
5885:Rebecca Eames
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Rachel Vinson
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Abigail Somes
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5712:Sarah Proctor
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Susannah Post
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:Sarah Murrell
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:William Hobbs
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5542:Esther Elwell
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Sarah Carrier
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Sarah Buckley
5435:
5433:
5432:Sarah Bridges
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Edward Bishop
5395:
5393:
5392:Katerina Biss
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Margaret Rule
5264:
5262:
5261:Nicholas Rist
5259:
5257:
5256:Thomas Putnam
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Hannah Putnam
5229:
5227:
5226:Edward Putnam
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Edward Payson
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Joseph Fowler
5114:
5112:
5111:Hannah Foster
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Joseph Draper
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:William Phips
4998:
4996:
4995:James Russell
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Edward Payson
4960:
4958:
4957:Samuel Parris
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Cotton Mather
4935:
4933:
4932:Deodat Lawson
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Samuel Sewall
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:John Richards
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:John Hathorne
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4619:1-56649-206-8
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4535:0-8203-1519-2
4531:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4484:1-55553-187-3
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4417:0-665-61404-7
4413:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4160:, p. 40.
4159:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3906:0-520-21930-9
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3656:, p. 14.
3655:
3654:Williams 1721
3650:
3643:
3642:Williams 1721
3638:
3631:
3630:Williams 1721
3626:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3534:, p. 13.
3533:
3532:Williams 1721
3528:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:(6): 478–80.
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3272:News Service.
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3248:9781476783086
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:(4): 489–90.
3209:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3159:0-226-35168-8
3155:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2867:0-8028-1750-5
2863:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2760:, p. 98.
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2626:, p. 84.
2625:
2620:
2614:, p. 83.
2613:
2608:
2600:
2598:9780801039690
2594:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:, p. 74.
2466:
2461:
2455:, p. 71.
2454:
2449:
2443:, p. 69.
2442:
2437:
2431:, p. 68.
2430:
2425:
2419:, p. 65.
2418:
2413:
2406:. F.A. Brown.
2405:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:, p. 15.
2193:
2188:
2180:
2178:0-674-06659-6
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2138:1-56649-206-8
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2073:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:The Unnamable
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:Cotton Mather
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:Marvel Comics
1885:
1883:
1882:Josiah Cotton
1879:
1878:Lord's Supper
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:John Phillips
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1615:him in 1716.
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Samuel Sewall
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:folk remedies
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1480:and promoted
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:John Woodward
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Royal Society
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:James Petiver
1411:
1410:hybridization
1407:
1397:
1395:
1394:Royal Society
1391:
1383:The aftermath
1380:
1378:
1372:
1368:
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1355:
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1331:
1327:
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1308:
1307:John Williams
1298:
1296:
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1272:
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1226:John Woodward
1223:
1222:
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1213:
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1206:
1205:Boston Harbor
1195:
1193:
1192:Royal Society
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
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1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:Samuel Sewall
1144:
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1126:
1125:John Leverett
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1085:Charles Hobby
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:John Leverett
1071:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1057:Joseph Dudley
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:heliocentrism
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
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998:Presbyterians
995:
991:
987:
983:
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786:John Richards
782:
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755:Salem Village
746:
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621:
620:William Phips
617:
614:into the new
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Joseph Dudley
596:
594:
588:
586:
585:Wait Winthrop
582:
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574:
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566:
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545:Edmund Andros
542:
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508:
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495:
493:
485:
480:
474:Personal life
471:
467:
464:
459:
457:
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449:
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440:
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432:
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425:
424:John Winthrop
421:
417:
413:
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322:
318:
314:
310:
309:hybridization
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Joseph Dudley
279:
274:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:King James II
252:
251:Edmund Andros
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
208:
183:
179:
178:Cotton Mather
170:
165:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
124:Occupation(s)
122:
118:
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6099:John Durrant
6046:John Willard
6041:Sarah Wildes
6021:Ann Pudeator
6016:John Proctor
6006:Alice Parker
5971:Martha Corey
5915:Martha Tyler
5910:Joanna Tyler
5865:Sarah Bibber
5797:Hannah Tyler
5742:Abigail Rowe
5682:Sarah Phelps
5657:Mary Marston
5587:Dorothy Good
5552:Joseph Emons
5517:Ann Dolliver
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5497:Francis Dane
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5372:Arthur Abbot
5336:John Wilkins
5331:Bray Wilkins
5311:Mary Walcott
5191:Betty Parris
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3692:, p. 2.
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3649:
3644:, p. 2.
3637:
3632:, p. 4.
3625:
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3602:
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3567:(1): 46–67.
3564:
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3083:
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3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
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2931:November 19,
2929:. Retrieved
2924:
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2244:September 5,
2242:. Retrieved
2238:
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2187:
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2159:
2147:
2128:
2119:
2110:
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2018:
2013:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1955:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1902:supervillain
1896:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1855:Robert Boyle
1850:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1776:
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1753:
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1737:
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1669:William Kidd
1648:
1644:
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1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
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1594:
1580:
1579:In his book
1578:
1572:
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1561:abolitionist
1549:
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1474:Robert Boyle
1471:
1450:
1426:
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1386:
1373:
1369:
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1268:
1267:
1263:
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1145:
1141:Yale College
1122:
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1078:
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1040:
1037:Newtonianism
1012:
1010:
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975:
967:
961:
957:
955:
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884:
878:
876:
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768:
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740:
730:
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721:
719:
706:
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700:
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670:
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650:in his book
648:Robert Calef
637:
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489:
468:
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428:
420:First Church
408:North Church
383:
373:
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343:
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290:Yale College
275:
268:
262:
249:against Sir
244:
177:
176:
26:The Reverend
18:
6213:1728 deaths
6208:1663 births
6062:Giles Corey
6026:Wilmot Redd
5976:Mary Eastey
5930:Mary Warren
5850:Mary Barker
5662:Sarah Morey
5622:Dorcas Hoar
5582:Eunice Frye
5492:Mary Colson
5321:Mary Warren
5301:Moses Tyler
5296:Peter Tufts
5276:Mercy Short
5186:Sarah Nurse
5171:Mercy Lewis
5146:John Indian
5121:Mary Fuller
5091:John DeRich
5086:Mary Daniel
4158:Sibley 1885
4065:January 30,
4054:: 143–175.
3776:Zirkle 1935
3690:Mather 1721
3678:Mather 1721
3666:Gronim 2006
2113:. Eerdmans.
1994:, such as "
1900:features a
1893:Comic books
1661:John Quelch
1657:William Fly
1509:germ theory
1180:variolation
1176:vaccination
1172:inoculation
1105:John Rogers
873:Post-trials
794:English law
735:Sir William
492:Charlestown
416:Paul Revere
392:John Cotton
317:inoculation
313:variolation
240:Evangelical
150:John Cotton
54: 1700
6202:Categories
6177:Mary Green
6147:John Alden
6138:Escaped or
6109:Ann Foster
5981:Sarah Good
5782:Job Tookey
5732:Sarah Root
5727:Sarah Rist
5592:Mary Green
5502:Phoebe Day
5407:Mary Black
5382:John Alden
3778:, p.
3487:Blake 1952
3414:Blake 1952
3390:Blake 1952
3360:Blake 1952
3326:Blake 1952
3291:(2): 248.
2097:References
2015:Seth Gabel
2010:Television
1966:Literature
1906:Spider-Man
1871:Ibn Tufail
1792:Bonifacius
1693:Ann Glover
1613:manumitted
1377:quarantine
1279:contrarian
1137:Elihu Yale
990:Protestant
986:ecumenical
931:John Eliot
692:Ann Glover
569:Parliament
435:stuttering
344:Bonifacius
315:method of
5757:Ann Sears
5747:Mary Rowe
5692:Mary Post
5601:John Hale
5599:(wife of
5527:Mary Dyer
5131:John Howe
4922:John Hale
4787:(1692–93)
4504:(2001) .
4390:A.V. Club
4312:170518926
4265:143931940
3843:145506021
3737:Coss 2016
3402:Coss 2016
3025:March 18,
2510:160540639
2127:(2002) .
1728:North End
1524:barometer
1246:Selectmen
1210:In 1716,
1025:geography
963:Moby-Dick
877:Mather's
567:in which
557:male heir
431:Cambridge
300:in 1710.
162:Signature
146:Relatives
135:Parent(s)
105:Education
5024:Accusers
4797:Timeline
4691:LibriVox
4580:(2007).
4304:24690362
4257:27553427
4056:Archived
3895:(1999).
3605:, p. 102
3589:11619681
3502:(1721).
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2682:57566201
2502:24476797
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2167:(1990).
2027:See also
1609:Onesimus
1605:baptized
1241:Seahorse
1212:Onesimus
1129:Saybrook
1002:Baptists
978:Magnalia
958:Magnalia
927:Magnalia
463:ordained
444:medicine
329:Onesimus
321:smallpox
273:(1702).
225:Increase
130:, writer
128:Minister
115:, 1678;
100:, Boston
85:Boston,
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1184:exudate
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925:. The
879:Wonders
500:measles
213:Puritan
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1390:London
1365:humors
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1004:, and
696:Gaelic
550:London
456:Hebrew
68:Boston
5935:Candy
4515:Diary
4308:S2CID
4300:JSTOR
4261:S2CID
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4059:(PDF)
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2498:JSTOR
2020:Salem
1947:Radio
1916:Music
1742:Major
1734:Works
1585:black
1406:maize
1322:Jesus
1314:Bible
1017:Bible
914:Latin
346:, or
4614:ISBN
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4479:ISBN
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1998:," "
1927:The
1647:and
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573:Mary
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