1208:. The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply. Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting. Many American entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America's increasingly large supply of cottonseed by crushing the seed for oil. But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years. This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee patented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cottonseed. With this new invention, cottonseed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive
1352:(PHOs), which include partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil, are not Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) in 2015. However, to allow for time for reformulation, the agency extended the compliance date to stop manufacturing foods with these specific, limited petitioned uses of PHOs until June 18, 2019. The final compliance date to allow manufacturers time to reformulate foods and ensure an orderly transition in the marketplace was established as January 1, 2021. Then, on December 22, 2023, the FDA completed final administrative actions on the revocation of uses of PHOs in food. So, it can be said that the GRAS status of cottonseed oil, specifically in its partially hydrogenated form, was effectively lost by January 1, 2021.
1166:
136:
1259:
another direct substitute, soybean oil. By 1944, soybean oil production exceeded cottonseed oil production due to cottonseed shortages and soybean oil costs falling below that of cottonseed oil. By 1950, soybean oil replaced cottonseed oil in the use of shortenings like Crisco due to soybeans' comparatively low price. Prices for cottonseed were also increased by the replacement of cotton acreage by corn and soybeans, a trend fueled in large part by the boom in demand for corn syrup and ethanol. Cottonseed oil and production continued to decline throughout the mid- and late 20th century.
1042:
1251:, a vegetable shortening that could be used in place of lard. Crisco placed ads in major newspapers advertising that the product was "easier on digestion ... a healthier alternative to cooking with animal fats ... and more economical than butter." The company also gave away free cookbooks, with every recipe calling for Crisco. By the 1920s the company developed cookbooks for specific ethnicities in their native tongues. Additionally, Crisco started airing radio cooking programs. Similarly, in 1899 David Wesson, a food chemist, developed deodorized cottonseed oil,
26:
1114:
38:
1293:
1190:
1078:
1247:
cottonseed oil market to circumvent the meat packer's monopoly on the price. But as electricity emerged, the demand for candles decreased. Procter and Gamble then found an edible use for cottonseed oil. Through patented technology, the brothers were able to hydrogenate cottonseed oil and develop a substance that closely resembled lard. In 1911, Procter & Gamble launched an aggressive marketing campaign to publicize its new product,
67:
1132:
1096:
1060:
49:
1235:." Similarly, cottonseed oil was often blended with olive oil. Once the practice was exposed, many countries put import tariffs on American olive oil and Italy banned the product completely in 1883. Both of these regulatory schemes depressed cottonseed oil sales and exports, once again creating an oversupply of cottonseed oil, which decreased its value.
1231:, an American meatpacking and food processing company, sought to corner the lard market and realized that it had purchased more lard than the existing hog population could have produced. A congressional investigation followed, and legislation was passed that required products fortified with cottonseed oil to be labeled as
1262:
In the mid- to late 2000s, the consumer trend of avoiding trans fats, and mandatory labeling of trans fats in some jurisdictions, sparked an increase in the consumption of cottonseed oil, with some health experts and public health agencies recommending it as a healthy oil. Crisco and other producers
1258:
Over the next 30 years cottonseed oil became the predominant cooking oil in the United States. Crisco and Wesson oil became direct substitutes for lard and other more expensive oils in baking, frying, sautéing, and salad dressings. By World War Two, cottonseed oil shortages forced the utilization of
1246:
caused the two brothers-in-law to merge their candlestick and soap manufacturing businesses in an effort to minimize costs and weather the bear market. Looking for a replacement for expensive animal fats in production, the brothers finally settled on cottonseed oil. Procter & Gamble cornered the
1360:
For agricultural applications, cottonseed oil generally has the greatest insecticide power among all the vegetable oils. It is traditionally used because of its effectiveness in hard to treat pest problems in fruit trees. Cottonseed oil can also be mixed with other insecticides to provide a broader
1200:
The by-product of cotton processing, cottonseed was considered virtually worthless before the late 19th century. While cotton production expanded throughout the 17th, 18th, and mid-19th centuries, a largely worthless stock of cottonseed grew. Although some of the seed was used for planting,
150:, its profile is 94% saturated fat and 2% unsaturated fatty acids (1.5% monounsaturated, and 0.5% polyunsaturated). According to the National Cottonseed Products Association, cottonseed oil does not need to be hydrogenated as much as other polyunsaturated oils to achieve similar results.
1364:
In an agricultural context, the toxicity of untreated cottonseed oil may be considered beneficial: Oils, including vegetable oils, have been used for centuries to control insect and mite pests. More recently, cottonseed oil has been used to protect the trunks of apple trees from the
1310:, is extracted from the seed of the plant, through either mechanical processes such as crushing or pressing, or by chemical processes such as solvent extraction. Cottonseed oil is most commonly extracted commercially via solvent extraction.
1263:
have been able to reformulate cottonseed oil so it contains little to no trans fats. Still, some health experts claim that cottonseed oil's high ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats and processed nature make it unhealthy.
181:
removed during refining, particularly deodorization and also hydrogenation. As such, processed/food-grade cottonseed oils are not considered to present a health hazard from cyclopropene fatty acids. The three key steps of
169:. This naturally occurring colored compound is found in tiny glands in the seed, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound facilitates natural
1227:
Cottonseed oil then began to be used illegally to fortify animal fats and lards. Initially, meat packers secretly added cottonseed oil to the pure fats, but this practice was uncovered in 1884.
1204:
In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the
Industrial Revolution and the after-effects of the British blockade during the
1341:
Cottonseed oil was used in the production of edible food products, such as cooking oils, salad oils, margarines and shortenings. In the United States, cottonseed oil was used in
2600:
1670:
1586:
2414:
Chapter 5 in Bailey's
Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 2: Edible Oil & Fat Products: Edible Oils. Editor, Fereidoon Shahidi. John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2005.
146:
Its fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids (18% monounsaturated, and 52% polyunsaturated), 26% saturated fatty acids. When it is fully
1974:
Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis".
2818:
1280:
Cottonseed oil sold as an edible product must be processed and refined to eliminate specific components that could present as a food safety hazard, in particular
2807:
1361:
spectrum and increased control on pests. Spider mites, whiteflies and young stages of scales are common pests that can be controlled using cottonseed oil.
2504:
996:
Once processed, cottonseed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of
1560:
All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
2563:
1369:, which burrows into the trees' bark, potentially killing them. This oil has been generally considered the most insecticidal of vegetable oils.
2619:
1345:'s Olestra and Olein products as a type of non-digestible fat substitutes used to create creamy textures and rich flavors in fried foods.
1193:
Marketed under a variety of brand names, cottonseed oil shortening emerged as the leading substitute for lard late in the 19th century.
1634:"Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period"
173:
resistance. Raw extracts that have not undergone post processing, such as hydrogenation, will also contain the undesirable component
2604:
2988:
1277:
plant. As a single-source vegetable oil, 100% cottonseed oil must appear as "cottonseed oil" on the labels of any products sold.
2879:
2852:
2698:
2587:
1426:
2792:
2519:
2419:
2162:
1583:
Values from
Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
1499:
119:
surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, the oil is extracted from the kernel. Cottonseed oil is used for salad oil,
2956:
1571:"Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)"
2537:
2643:
1378:
1790:
1462:
1444:
2757:
1398:
1633:
2840:
2829:
2294:
52:
1004:
as a frying medium. Density ranges from 0.917 to 0.933 g/cm (7.65 to 7.79 lb/US gal). Like other
1515:
Yatsu, L. Y.; Jacks, T. J.; Hensarling, T. (1970). "Research abstract: Southern
Regional Research Laboratory".
1593:
174:
2018:
1696:
1221:
2893:"Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis"
2981:
2952:
235:
228:
2262:
2127:
2280:
2240:
2218:
2200:
2105:
2083:
2061:
2039:
1903:
1881:
1859:
1837:
1815:
1756:
1610:
1338:, cottonseed oil was a popular frying oil for the restaurant and snack-food manufacturing industries.
41:
2570:
2538:
Cottonseed Oil
Production, Consumption On The Rise - Crushers expect over 100 million pound increase.
1165:
2878:
W.S. Cranshaw and B. Baxendale, Colorado State
University Extension. Updated Friday, April 19, 2013
1366:
1326:, the shortening product. The current formulation of Crisco is primarily made from soybean oil and
1301:
282:
2942:
1573:. Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014
3592:
3582:
2312:
135:
3306:
2974:
1201:
fertilizer, and animal feed, the majority was left to rot or was illegally dumped into rivers.
2363:"Cottonseed oil production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
2337:
2243:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
2221:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
2108:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
2086:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
2064:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
2042:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1906:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1884:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1862:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1840:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1818:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1759:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1699:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
1613:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3587:
1170:
1005:
221:
161:
is a toxic, yellow, polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order
3244:
2960:
264:
140:
2552:. Free Press 2005 (paperback), sold in ebook form by Simon and Schuster Digital Sales Inc.
1570:
1008:
oils, cottonseed oil has a smoke point of about 450 °F (232 °C), and is high in
8:
3556:
3527:
2667:
1342:
1239:
97:
25:
2948:
2340:. Transport Information Service, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V
1492:
Bailey's
Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Oils and Oilseeds
2917:
2892:
2743:
2725:
2473:
2465:
2040:"Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g"
1999:
1951:
1926:
1838:"Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
1532:
1252:
1228:
1217:
91:
2713:
3114:
2922:
2788:
2561:
2477:
2415:
2158:
1991:
1956:
1726:
1495:
1349:
3384:
2729:
2003:
1536:
1292:
3487:
3104:
2912:
2904:
2780:
2694:
2457:
2150:
1983:
1946:
1938:
1742:
1738:
1524:
1430:
893:
495:
190:, and deodorization in producing finished oil act to eliminate the gossypol level.
3181:
2523:
3597:
3422:
3290:
3234:
2712:
Saxena, Devesh K.; Sharma, Surendra Kumar; Sambi, Surinder Singh (January 2011).
2549:
2241:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g"
1205:
191:
3447:
3427:
2106:"Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g"
557:
124:
112:
2550:
Eat, Drink, and Be
Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating
1987:
1466:
1448:
1216:. But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged and the
1012:, which also contribute its stability, giving products that contain it a long
3576:
3561:
3517:
3502:
3497:
3482:
3399:
3374:
3300:
3275:
3209:
3090:
2685:Čmolík, Jiří; Pokorný, Jan (2000-08-01). "Physical refining of edible oils".
2491:
1307:
1243:
1119:
923:
786:
624:
273:
204:
147:
37:
2411:
2178:
1490:
Jones, Lynn A.; King, C. Clay (1996). "Cottonseed oil". In Y. H. Hui (ed.).
3522:
3492:
3394:
3369:
3224:
3214:
3119:
2926:
2761:
2362:
1995:
1960:
1644:
1594:"USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996"
1402:
1319:
358:
325:
86:
2784:
1724:
1463:"Nutrient data for 04702, Oil, industrial, cottonseed, fully hydrogenated"
1284:, which can act as a toxin to humans, and can lead to infertility in men.
208:
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
3551:
3512:
3477:
3462:
3457:
3325:
3316:
3285:
3239:
3219:
3150:
3129:
3030:
2943:
Cottonseed oil production, supply, and distribution statistics by country
2908:
2283:. US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
1001:
888:
855:
524:
391:
291:
242:
78:
2365:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (
1882:"Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g"
1189:
3507:
3467:
3432:
3404:
3379:
3364:
3354:
3345:
2966:
2469:
2154:
2149:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465.
1942:
1528:
1335:
1013:
1009:
956:
823:
753:
252:
120:
104:
2699:
10.1002/1438-9312(200008)102:7<472::AID-EJLT472>3.0.CO;2-Z
2448:
Nixon HC. (1930). "The Rise of the
American Cottonseed Oil Industry".
2145:
Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In
Shahidi F (ed.).
1927:"Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health"
3472:
3389:
3359:
3330:
3280:
3229:
3191:
3160:
1331:
1273:
1255:. Wesson Oil also was marketed heavily and became quite popular too.
1209:
657:
187:
162:
2562:
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (March 2005).
1924:
66:
3452:
3437:
3414:
3335:
3267:
3165:
3155:
3075:
3065:
3012:
2461:
1725:
Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010).
1327:
1281:
1083:
997:
724:
691:
591:
424:
183:
158:
108:
2714:"Comparative Extraction of Cottonseed Oil by n-Hexane and Ethanol"
3141:
3020:
2366:
3186:
3099:
3080:
3056:
3042:
2617:
2503:
Drew Ramsey and Tyler Graham for The Atlantic. April 26, 2012.
1323:
1248:
1137:
1101:
1016:, hence manufacturers' proclivity to use it in packaged goods.
170:
48:
2505:
How Vegetable Oils Replaced Animals Fats in the American Diet.
1271:
Cottonseed oil in Canada must be pressed from the seed of the
3025:
1178:
1177:
In 2019, world production of cottonseed oil was 4.45 million
1065:
1047:
1032:
82:
1973:
1925:
Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016).
1904:"Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g"
1555:
1318:
Cottonseed oil has traditionally been used in foods such as
1238:
It was cottonseed's depressed value that led a newly formed
3124:
3109:
3070:
3052:
3037:
1671:"What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?"
1213:
166:
116:
2945:- Sourced from the United States Department of Agriculture
2830:
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 - accessdata.fda.gov.
2808:
Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils.
2744:"All-Vegetable Shortening - Crisco - Vegetable Shortening"
1860:"Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
1727:"Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils"
1429:. National Cottonseed Products Association. Archived from
3258:
3003:
2841:
FINISHED PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) - Ventura Foods.
1465:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
1447:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
1181:, led by China and India with 56% combined of the total.
153:
101:, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.
2853:"Insect Control: Horticultural Oils - 5.569 - Extension"
1668:
1445:"Basic Report: 04502, Oil, cottonseed, salad or cooking"
1348:
The FDA released its final determination that Partially
127:, and similar products because of its flavor stability.
2219:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
2564:"Health Bulletin: Healthy Heart - Eat Less Trans Fat"
2062:"Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
1427:"Twenty Facts About Cottonseed Oil from cotton plant"
197:
1558:. United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016.
1514:
2819:
FDA Completes Final Administrative Actions on PHOs.
2711:
1669:Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010).
3574:
2718:ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
2687:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
1550:
1548:
1546:
1421:
1419:
2588:Crisco drops trans fats from shortening formula
1322:and was for many years a primary ingredient in
2618:Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2014-02-18).
2598:
2982:
2684:
1543:
1517:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1416:
194:is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.
1631:
1485:
1483:
1302:Cooking oil § Extraction and refinement
1556:"US National Nutrient Database, Release 28"
139:Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Co. seed house,
2989:
2975:
2620:"Labelling Requirements for Fats and Oils"
2406:
2404:
2357:
2355:
2318:. National Cottonseed Products Association
1643:. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from
24:
2916:
2536:Staff, Cotton247.com. September 12, 2009
2514:
2512:
2447:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2144:
1950:
1489:
1480:
2996:
2949:Newspaper clippings about Cottonseed oil
2774:
2147:Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products
1697:"Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
1291:
1188:
1164:
134:
65:
2601:"3 Best and Worst Oils For Your Health"
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2352:
2138:
1976:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
3575:
2874:
2872:
2775:Gunstone, Frank D., ed. (2011-04-01).
2603:. Bon Appetit Magazine. Archived from
2520:"Crisco Corporate Historical Timeline"
2509:
2381:
1791:"Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer"
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
991:
154:Undesireable components in raw extract
2970:
2890:
1816:"Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
1788:
1611:"Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g"
227:
2424:
2281:"Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
1771:
1757:"Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g"
1677:. The American Oil Chemists' Society
1330:. Significantly less expensive than
2869:
2599:Danielle Walsh (January 27, 2012).
2586:Associated Press. January 25, 2007
2287:
1918:
1711:
1379:Port Gibson Oil Works Mill Building
1184:
13:
2880:Insect Control: Horticultural Oils
2678:
2084:"Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g"
2028:. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
2016:
198:Comparison to other vegetable oils
14:
3609:
2936:
2777:Vegetable Oils in Food Technology
2522:. J.M. Smucker Co. Archived from
1224:) disrupted the cotton industry.
202:
107:has a similar structure to other
2760:. cotton 247.com. Archived from
2758:"Cottonseed oil use on the rise"
2644:"Cottonseed Oil and Food Safety"
1931:Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
1130:
1112:
1094:
1076:
1058:
1040:
47:
36:
2884:
2845:
2834:
2823:
2812:
2801:
2768:
2750:
2736:
2705:
2660:
2636:
2611:
2592:
2580:
2555:
2542:
2530:
2497:
2484:
2330:
2305:
2273:
2255:
2233:
2211:
2201:"Oil, sesame, salad or cooking"
2193:
2171:
2120:
2098:
2076:
2054:
2032:
2010:
1967:
1896:
1874:
1852:
1830:
1808:
1749:
1689:
1662:
1625:
1603:
1381:: Historic cottonseed oil plant
1355:
1296:Cottonseed oil processing steps
1743:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070
1563:
1508:
1455:
1437:
1391:
1313:
130:
1:
1385:
1287:
1266:
1160:
1020:Production of cottonseed oil
2548:Willett WC and Skerrett PJ.
2450:Journal of Political Economy
2410:O'Brien, Richard D., et al.
1222:slavery in the United States
7:
2953:20th Century Press Archives
2891:Erler, Fedai (2010-01-01).
2668:"Cottonseed Oil Extraction"
1632:Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004).
1372:
1306:Cottonseed oil, like other
1000:. It has a relatively high
89:of various species, mainly
10:
3614:
1299:
1220:(and the resulting end of
985:160 °C (320 °F)
951:227 °C (440 °F)
883:238 °C (460 °F)
818:232 °C (450 °F)
781:232 °C (450 °F)
719:235 °C (455 °F)
686:193 °C (380 °F)
652:212 °C (414 °F)
619:166 °C (330 °F)
586:216 °C (421 °F)
552:107 °C (225 °F)
485:216 °C (420 °F)
452:232 °C (450 °F)
419:175 °C (347 °F)
386:204 °C (400 °F)
353:208 °C (406 °F)
320:250 °C (482 °F)
3544:
3413:
3344:
3315:
3299:
3266:
3257:
3202:
3174:
3140:
3089:
3051:
3011:
3002:
2897:Journal of Insect Science
1988:10.1080/09546630510035832
1789:Wolke RL (May 16, 2007).
1399:"Texas is Cotton Country"
251:
241:
234:
220:
215:
212:
53:Media: Cottonseed oil
32:
23:
1242:to utilize its oil. The
625:High-oleic safflower oil
115:, having an oil-bearing
42:Cookbook: Cottonseed Oil
175:cyclopropene fatty acid
3458:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
2019:"Smoke points of oils"
1297:
1197:
1174:
894:partially hydrogenated
177:, but purportedly are
143:
71:
3493:Rapeseed (canola) oil
2785:10.1002/9781444339925
2295:"Smoke Point of Oils"
1295:
1192:
1171:Shreveport, Louisiana
1169:A cotton oil mill in
1168:
1006:long-chain fatty acid
138:
69:
3245:Vegetable shortening
2997:Edible fats and oils
2909:10.1673/031.010.6301
2576:on October 21, 2013.
2203:. FoodData Central.
1367:apple clearwing moth
1343:Procter & Gamble
1240:Procter & Gamble
141:Jackson, Mississippi
3528:Watermelon seed oil
2672:GOYUM GROUP - INDIA
1795:The Washington Post
1494:. New York: Wiley.
1451:on August 24, 2012.
1024:
992:Physical properties
209:
98:Gossypium herbaceum
20:
2492:U.S. patent 17961A
2299:Baseline of Health
2263:"FoodData Central"
2181:. RITO Partnership
2155:10.1002/047167849X
1943:10.4137/NMI.S32910
1529:10.1007/BF02541462
1298:
1253:Wesson cooking oil
1229:Armour and Company
1218:American Civil War
1198:
1175:
1019:
144:
92:Gossypium hirsutum
72:
16:
3570:
3569:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3253:
3252:
3175:Other animal fats
3115:Manteiga-da-terra
2794:978-1-4443-3992-5
2420:978-0-471-67849-6
2412:"Cottonseed oil."
2164:978-0-471-38552-3
1501:978-0-471-59426-0
1350:Hydrogenated Oils
1196:
1158:
1157:
989:
988:
61:
60:
3605:
3488:Pumpkin seed oil
3385:Mongongo nut oil
3313:
3312:
3264:
3263:
3105:Clarified butter
3009:
3008:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2764:on July 8, 2011.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:. 18 April 2019.
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:inspection.gc.ca
2615:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2569:. Archived from
2568:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2445:
2422:
2408:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2338:"Cottonseed oil"
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2313:"Cottonseed oil"
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:. Jonbarron.org.
2291:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:FoodData Central
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1401:. Archived from
1395:
1194:
1185:Economic history
1136:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1018:
525:Flaxseed/linseed
210:
201:
51:
40:
28:
21:
19:
15:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3532:
3423:Ambadi seed oil
3409:
3340:
3302:
3295:
3291:Shark liver oil
3249:
3235:Palm kernel oil
3198:
3170:
3136:
3085:
3047:
2998:
2995:
2959:(Worldwide and
2939:
2934:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2710:
2706:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2446:
2425:
2409:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2207:. 1 April 2019.
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2179:"Rice bran oil"
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2011:
1972:
1968:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1723:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1358:
1316:
1304:
1290:
1269:
1206:Napoleonic Wars
1187:
1163:
1131:
1129:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1075:
1059:
1057:
1041:
1039:
1023:
1021:
994:
305:
284:
278:
276:
269:
267:
257:
255:
238:
236:Polyunsaturated
231:
229:Monounsaturated
224:
217:
207:
200:
192:Ferric chloride
156:
133:
64:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3593:Vegetable oils
3590:
3585:
3583:Cottonseed oil
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Grape seed oil
3445:
3443:Cottonseed oil
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Apple seed oil
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3203:Vegetable fats
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2938:
2937:External links
2935:
2933:
2932:
2883:
2868:
2844:
2833:
2822:
2811:
2800:
2793:
2767:
2749:
2735:
2704:
2693:(7): 472–486.
2677:
2659:
2648:www.cfs.gov.hk
2635:
2610:
2607:on 2013-04-25.
2591:
2579:
2554:
2541:
2529:
2526:on 2013-10-26.
2508:
2496:
2483:
2462:10.1086/254082
2423:
2380:
2351:
2329:
2304:
2286:
2272:
2254:
2232:
2210:
2192:
2170:
2163:
2137:
2119:
2097:
2075:
2053:
2031:
2009:
1966:
1917:
1895:
1873:
1851:
1829:
1807:
1770:
1748:
1731:Food Chemistry
1710:
1688:
1661:
1641:Food Chemistry
1624:
1602:
1585:
1562:
1542:
1507:
1500:
1479:
1454:
1436:
1433:on 2015-10-17.
1415:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1357:
1354:
1315:
1312:
1308:vegetable oils
1289:
1286:
1268:
1265:
1186:
1183:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1029:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
926:
920:
919:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
891:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
852:
851:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
802:
799:
794:
791:
789:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
661:
660:(extra virgin)
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
627:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
594:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
521:
520:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
498:
493:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
361:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
328:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
296:
294:
288:
287:
280:
271:
262:
259:
250:
246:
245:
240:
233:
226:
219:
214:
205:vegetable oils
203:Properties of
199:
196:
155:
152:
132:
129:
125:salad dressing
113:sunflower seed
75:Cottonseed oil
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
44:
33:
30:
29:
18:Cottonseed oil
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3562:Essential oil
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Sunflower oil
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Safflower oil
3501:
3499:
3498:Rice bran oil
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Poppyseed oil
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Pistachio oil
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Macadamia oil
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Cod liver oil
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Borneo tallow
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2339:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2128:"Oil, peanut"
2123:
2107:
2101:
2085:
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2063:
2057:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2026:veghealth.com
2020:
2013:
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1715:
1698:
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1650:on 2020-01-16
1646:
1642:
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1484:
1469:on 2013-09-05
1468:
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1405:on 2013-10-21
1404:
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1278:
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1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:Panic of 1837
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:lard compound
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1154:
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1141:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:United States
1110:
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1092:
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1087:
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1074:
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1037:
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1007:
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817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
792:
790:
788:
787:Rice bran oil
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
746:
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742:
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734:
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723:
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142:
137:
128:
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118:
114:
110:
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102:
100:
99:
94:
93:
88:
87:cotton plants
84:
80:
76:
68:
54:
50:
45:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
27:
22:
3588:Cooking oils
3523:Tea seed oil
3442:
3395:Pine nut oil
3370:Hazelnut oil
3225:Mango butter
3215:Cocoa butter
3120:Niter kibbeh
2900:
2896:
2886:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2803:
2776:
2770:
2762:the original
2752:
2738:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2605:the original
2594:
2582:
2571:the original
2557:
2544:
2532:
2524:the original
2499:
2486:
2456:(1): 73–85.
2453:
2449:
2371:. Retrieved
2342:. Retrieved
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2289:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2173:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2012:
1982:(2): 87–94.
1979:
1975:
1969:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1761:. Retrieved
1751:
1734:
1730:
1701:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1674:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1605:
1588:
1575:. Retrieved
1565:
1523:(2): 73–74.
1520:
1516:
1510:
1491:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1457:
1449:the original
1439:
1431:the original
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1393:
1363:
1359:
1356:Nonfood uses
1347:
1340:
1320:potato chips
1317:
1305:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1203:
1199:
1176:
1152:
1147:
1031:Millions of
995:
804:
796:
729:hydrogenated
496:hydrogenated
490:
457:
178:
157:
148:hydrogenated
145:
103:
96:
90:
74:
73:
70:Cotton seeds
3552:Cooking oil
3513:Soybean oil
3478:Perilla oil
3463:Mustard oil
3326:Avocado oil
3286:Seaweed oil
3268:Marine oils
3240:Shea butter
3220:Coconut oil
3151:Chicken fat
3130:Urfa butter
2322:29 November
2247:6 September
2225:6 September
2134:. usda.gov.
2112:6 September
2090:6 September
2068:6 September
2046:6 September
1910:6 September
1888:6 September
1866:6 September
1844:6 September
1822:6 September
1763:6 September
1703:6 September
1681:26 December
1617:6 September
1577:7 September
1314:Use in food
1010:tocopherols
1002:smoke point
571:14.3
265:α-Linolenic
243:Smoke point
239:fatty acids
232:fatty acids
225:fatty acids
131:Composition
105:Cotton seed
79:cooking oil
63:Cooking oil
3577:Categories
3508:Sesame oil
3468:Peanut oil
3433:Castor oil
3405:Walnut oil
3380:Marula oil
3365:Cashew oil
3355:Almond oil
3301:Vegetable
2961:by country
2862:2018-08-07
2653:2018-08-07
2629:2018-08-10
2185:22 January
2017:Melina V.
1654:15 January
1473:2012-02-13
1409:2013-10-23
1386:References
1336:canola oil
1300:See also:
1288:Extraction
1267:Regulation
1161:Production
1014:shelf life
957:Walnut oil
558:Grape seed
491:Cottonseed
458:Cottonseed
326:Brazil nut
216:Processing
165:, such as
121:mayonnaise
3557:Plant oil
3473:Pequi oil
3415:Seed oils
3390:Pecan oil
3360:Argan oil
3331:Olive oil
3281:Krill oil
3230:Margarine
3192:Whale oil
3161:Goose fat
3013:Pork fats
2903:(1): 63.
2857:Extension
2779:. Wiley.
2478:153333994
1937:: 59–64.
1737:: 59–65.
1332:olive oil
1274:Gossypium
1210:whale oil
1195:(1912 ad)
961:unrefined
924:Sunflower
649:very high
592:Hemp seed
583:very high
222:Saturated
218:treatment
188:bleaching
163:Malvaceae
81:from the
3548:See also
3453:Hemp oil
3438:Corn oil
3336:Palm oil
3166:Schmaltz
3156:Duck fat
3076:Tail fat
3066:Dripping
2927:20672979
2730:44046228
2344:6 August
2004:18445488
1996:16019622
1961:27559299
1800:March 5,
1675:Aocs.org
1537:84360576
1373:See also
1328:palm oil
1282:gossypol
1084:Pakistan
1028:Country
998:refining
274:Linoleic
184:refining
159:Gossypol
111:such as
109:oilseeds
3182:Blubber
3142:Poultry
3021:Fatback
2955:of the
2951:in the
2918:3014806
2470:1823218
2373:12 July
2369:). 2022
2367:FAOSTAT
1952:4988453
889:Soybean
856:Soybean
392:Coconut
292:Avocado
3598:Cotton
3187:Muktuk
3100:Butter
3081:Tallow
3057:Mutton
3043:Lardon
2925:
2915:
2791:
2728:
2476:
2468:
2418:
2161:
2002:
1994:
1959:
1949:
1535:
1498:
1324:Crisco
1249:Crisco
1179:tonnes
1173:, 1941
1138:Turkey
1135:
1117:
1102:Brazil
1099:
1081:
1063:
1045:
1033:tonnes
916:13.4:1
824:Sesame
815:15.6:1
778:61.6:1
754:Peanut
716:45.5:1
562:
359:Canola
317:12.5:1
179:mostly
171:insect
117:kernel
46:
3317:Fruit
3091:Dairy
3026:Lardo
2726:S2CID
2724:(1).
2574:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2474:S2CID
2466:JSTOR
2316:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
2000:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1148:World
1142:0.21
1124:0.22
1106:0.28
1088:0.32
1070:1.20
1066:India
1052:1.28
1048:China
948:128:1
880:7.3:1
848:138:1
772:0.318
658:Olive
616:2.5:1
549:0.2:1
517:1.5:1
410:0.019
350:419:1
304:52–66
285:ratio
283:ω−6:3
279:(ω−6)
270:(ω−3)
261:Total
258:(ω−9)
253:Oleic
249:Total
83:seeds
3348:oils
3319:oils
3307:List
3303:oils
3259:Oils
3144:fats
3125:Smen
3110:Ghee
3093:fats
3071:Suet
3059:fats
3053:Beef
3038:Lard
3031:Salo
3004:Fats
2923:PMID
2789:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2375:2022
2346:2012
2324:2010
2249:2017
2227:2017
2187:2021
2159:ISBN
2114:2017
2092:2017
2070:2017
2048:2017
1992:PMID
1957:PMID
1912:2017
1890:2017
1868:2017
1846:2017
1824:2017
1802:2011
1765:2017
1705:2017
1683:2019
1656:2020
1619:2017
1579:2017
1496:ISBN
1214:lard
1212:and
1153:4.45
1022:2019
979:52.9
976:10.4
973:63.3
970:22.2
967:22.8
945:20.5
942:0.16
939:20.7
936:62.9
933:63.4
930:8.99
913:34.9
907:37.6
904:42.5
901:43.0
898:14.9
871:57.7
868:22.6
865:22.8
862:15.6
845:41.3
839:41.7
836:39.3
833:39.7
830:14.2
812:34.4
805:36.6
801:38.4
797:38.4
775:19.6
769:19.9
766:55.4
763:57.1
760:16.2
732:88.2
725:Palm
701:37.0
698:49.3
692:Palm
683:14:1
674:10.5
671:71.3
668:73.0
665:13.8
646:12.8
640:12.8
637:75.2
634:75.2
613:54.0
610:22.0
607:82.0
580:74.7
577:0.15
574:74.9
568:14.8
565:10.4
540:67.8
534:18.4
500:93.6
482:54:1
473:51.9
467:17.8
464:25.9
449:58:1
440:54.7
437:27.3
434:27.6
431:12.9
425:Corn
416:88:1
413:1.68
398:82.5
380:18.6
374:28.1
371:61.8
368:63.3
347:41.9
341:42.0
338:31.3
335:32.7
332:24.8
314:12.5
308:13.5
301:70.6
298:11.6
277:acid
268:acid
256:acid
213:Type
167:okra
95:and
3346:Nut
2957:ZBW
2913:PMC
2905:doi
2781:doi
2695:doi
2691:102
2458:doi
2151:doi
1984:doi
1947:PMC
1939:doi
1739:doi
1735:120
1525:doi
1334:or
982:5:1
964:9.1
910:2.6
842:0.3
809:2.2
735:5.7
713:9.1
710:0.2
707:9.3
680:9.8
677:0.7
631:7.5
604:9.0
601:9.0
598:7.0
531:9.0
514:0.3
511:0.2
508:0.6
503:1.5
407:1.7
401:6.3
383:2:1
377:9.1
365:7.4
344:0.1
85:of
77:is
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2911:.
2901:10
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2895:.
2871:^
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2622:.
2511:^
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2464:.
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2265:.
2157:.
2130:.
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1998:.
1990:.
1980:16
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1955:.
1945:.
1933:.
1929:.
1793:.
1773:^
1733:.
1729:.
1713:^
1673:.
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1482:^
1418:^
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793:25
704:40
546:13
543:53
537:18
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123:,
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2797:.
2783::
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2722:6
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2460::
2377:.
2348:.
2326:.
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2251:.
2229:.
2189:.
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2116:.
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2050:.
2006:.
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1914:.
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1745:.
1741::
1707:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
