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36:
1240:, was keen to ally himself with the Catholics. He consented to come with the principal representatives of the Byzantine Church to some place in the West where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. There arose a double negotiation between him and Eugene IV on the one hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The council wished to fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel,
294:
1104:, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout. However, Eugene IV did not ratify all the decrees coming from Basel, nor make a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. He declined to express any forced pronouncement on this subject, and his enforced silence concealed the secret design of safeguarding the principle of
1203:"We likewise define that the holy Apostolic See, and the Roman Pontiff, hold the primacy throughout the entire world; and that the Roman Pontiff himself is the successor of blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles, and the true vicar of Christ, and that he is the head of the entire Church, and the father and teacher of all Christians; and that full power was given to him in blessed Peter by our Lord Jesus Christ, to feed, rule, and govern the universal Church."
98:
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each other on the sides of the altar, while the rest of the delegations were below further in chamber. The
Byzantine Emperor's throne was opposite that of the Holy Roman Emperor (who never attended), while the Patriarch of Constantinople faced opposite a cardinal, and the other high-ranking cardinals and bishops faced the Greek metropolitans. The throne of the pope was set slightly apart and higher.
1166:). Other conciliar decrees severely limited the jurisdiction of the court of Rome and even made rules for the election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred College. The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and
1035:, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. That opinion and his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go. He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed
1727:
salvation, unless they recoil at some time from these errors. Therefore it strictly orders all who glory in the name of
Christian, not to practise circumcision either before or after baptism, since whether or not they place their hope in it, it cannot possibly be observed without loss of eternal salvation.
1328:
Initially, the seating arrangements were meant to feature the pope in the middle with the Latins on one side and Greeks on the other, but the Greeks protested. It was decided to have the altar with the open Bible in the center of the one end of the chamber, and the two high ranking delegations facing
990:
was a member of the delegation sent to
Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the Council of Florence of 1439. At the time of the council's conclusion in 1439, Cusa was thirty-eight years old and thus, compared to the other clergy at the
1228:
Eugene IV, however much he may have wished to keep on good terms with the fathers of Basel, found himself neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. The question of the union with the
Byzantine church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a
2273:
Georgiou
Frantzi, " Constantinople has Fallen.Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinoples ", transl.: Ioannis A. Melisseidis & Poulcheria Zavolea Melisseidou (1998/2004) – Ioannis A. Melisseidis ( Ioannes A. Melisseides ), " Brief History of Events in Constantinople during the period 1440–1453 ",
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firmly... asserts that after the promulgation of the gospel they cannot be observed without loss of eternal salvation. Therefore it denounces all who after that time observe circumcision, the sabbath and other legal prescriptions as strangers to the faith of Christ and unable to share in eternal
1123:
The fathers, filled with suspicion, would allow only the legates of the pope to preside over them on condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council. The legates submitted the humiliating formality but in their own names, it was asserted only after the fact, thus reserving the final
1286:
The first public session at
Ferrara began on 10 January 1438. Its first act declared the Council of Basel transferred to Ferrara and nullified all further proceedings at Basel. In the second public session (15 February 1438), Pope Eugene IV excommunicated all who continued to assemble at Basel.
1365:
Upon their return, the
Eastern bishops found their attempts toward agreement with the West broadly rejected by the monks, the populace, and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the
750:
was strong and the authority of the papacy weak. The
Council at Basel opened with only a few bishops and abbots attending, but it grew rapidly and to make its numbers greater gave the lower orders a majority over the bishops. It adopted an anti-papal attitude, proclaimed the superiority of the
1186:
was deemed to be a mortal sin. Finally, they investigated and judged numbers of private cases, lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices, thus themselves committing one of the serious abuses for which they had criticized the court of Rome.
1510:
The struggle for East–West union at
Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
1157:
and provincial councils, which were usual topics in
Catholic councils. They also made decrees aimed at some of the assumed rights by which the popes had extended their power and improved their finances at the expense of the local churches. Thus the council abolished
1337:
With finances running thin and on the pretext that the plague was spreading in the area, both the Latins and the Byzantines agreed to transfer the council to Florence. Continuing at Florence in January 1439, the Council made steady progress on a compromise formula,
1325:. Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the Council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter. Even as it became clear that the Byzantine Church would not consent to the Filioque clause, the Byzantine Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.
726:) and disbanded, in circumstances still imperfectly known, just as it had begun to discuss the subject of reform (1424). The next council fell due at the expiration of seven years in 1431; Martin V duly convoked it for this date to the town of
1453:
character on 24 January 1438, it suspended Eugene IV. The council went on (in spite of the intervention of most of the powers) to pronounce Eugene IV deposed (25 June 1439), giving rise to a new schism by electing (4 November 1439) duke
1290:
In early April 1438, the Byzantine contingent, over 700 strong, arrived at Ferrara. On 9 April 1438, the first solemn session at Ferrara began, with the Eastern Roman Emperor, the Patriarch of Constantinople and representatives of the
896:. All but one of the bishops were present. Some Greek bishops, perhaps feeling political pressure from the Byzantine Emperor, reluctantly accepted the decrees of the Council. Other Eastern bishops did so by sincere conviction, such as
1063:
had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, and the fathers at Basel insisted upon their right of remaining assembled. They held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the government of the
1054:
would accuse the clergy of shirking reform, both with disastrous effects. The pope explained his reasons and yielded certain points, but the fathers were intransigent. Considerable powers had been decreed to Church councils by the
1144:
Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their principal object being to further curtail the power and resources of the papacy. They took decisions on the disciplinary measures that regulated the
1537:
1542:
1304:
1502:, who had already been governing the Church for two years. Trustworthy evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the dogma of the superiority of the council as defined at Constance and at Basel.
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983:
promulgated in session. Papal critics thus termed the council "an assembly of copyists" or even "a set of grooms and scullions". However, some prelates, although absent, were represented by their proxies.
1498:. The antipope, at the insistence of France, ended by abdicating (7 April 1449). Eugene IV died on 23 February 1447, and the council at Lausanne, to save appearances, gave their support to his successor,
1162:, greatly limited the abuse of "reservation" of the patronage of benefices by the Pope and completely abolished the right claimed by the pope of "next presentation" to benefices not yet vacant (known as
1514:
Perhaps the council's most important historical legacy was the lectures on Greek classical literature given in Florence by many of the delegates from Constantinople, including the renowned Neoplatonist
1421:
and Copts. A contemporary observer described the Ethiopians saying "They were black men and dry and very awkward in their bearing. At that time, Rome had delegates from a multitude of nations, from
1784:
Argyropoulos divided his time between Italy and Constantinople; he was in Italy (1439) for the Council of Florence and spent some time teaching and studying in Padua, earning a degree in 1443.
1050:
That order led to an outcry among the fathers and incurred the deep disapproval of the legate Cesarini. They argued that the Hussites would think the Church afraid to face them and that the
1405:
The Council soon became even more international. The signature of this agreement for the union of the Latins and the Byzantines encouraged Pope Eugenius to announce the good news to the
979:). Every decision made by three "deputations" (the lower clergy formed the majority in each) received ratification for the sake of form in general congregation and, if necessary led to
1100:
who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a
1351:) was signed by all the Eastern bishops but one, Mark of Ephesus, delegate for the Patriarch of Alexandria, who, contrary to the views of all others, held that Rome continued in both
1362:
had died the previous month. The Byzantine Patriarchs were unable to assert that ratification by the Eastern Church could be achieved without a clear agreement of the whole Church.
604:
ambassadors who were in attendance at Basel to Italy. Some Council members rejected the papal decree and remained at Basel: this rump Council suspended Eugene, declared him a
1377:
The Emperor, bishops, and people of Constantinople accepted this act as a temporary provision until the removal of the Ottoman threat. Yet, it was too late: on 29 May 1453
1345:
In the following months, agreement was reached on the Western doctrine of Purgatory and a return to the pre-schism prerogatives of the papacy. On 6 July 1439 an agreement (
943:
and clerks of inferior orders constantly outnumbered the prelates in it, and the influence of the superior clergy had less weight because instead of being separated into "
1478:, which became law on 13 July 1438) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV. Finally, in 1447,
2255:
1445:
During this time the council of Basel, though nullified at Ferrara and abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted nonetheless, under the presidency of
876:(Serbian, Byzantine, Moldo-Wallachian, Bulgarian, Russian, Georgian, Armenian etc.), and nonreligious matters such as the promise of military assistance against the
1039:
as their meeting place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the
919:
occurred in May 1453. The Council declared the Basel group heretics and excommunicated them, and affirmed the superiority of the Pope over the Councils in the bull
872:. Another key issue was papal primacy, which involved the universal and supreme jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Church, including the national
525:
1083:, and tried a compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.
752:
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Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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1486:, after negotiations with Eugene, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial city.
1275:'s offer. By a bull dated 18 September 1437, Pope Eugene again pronounced the dissolution of the Council of Basel and summoned the fathers to
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2225:
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1068:, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of the universal Church, presumed to impose laws upon the sovereign pontiff himself.
17:
2335:
1959:
947:", as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or "deputations" (
518:
2047:
Geanakoplos, Deno J. (1980). "The Council of Florence (1438–9) and the Problem of Union between the Byzantine and Latin Churches," in
1872:
The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase C.1400-c.1700 : Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday
1961:
Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches
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908:, upon learning of the union, angrily rejected it and ousted any prelate who was even remotely sympathetic to it, declaring itself
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and of certain universities. Germany remained neutral; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom (by the
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Pope Martin V convoked the Council of Basel in 1431: it became the Council of Ferrara in 1438 and the Council of Florence in 1439
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This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope found few adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of
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Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence',
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Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence',
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From Italy, France and Germany, the fathers came late to Basel. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the war against the
844:, and was the only claimant to the papal throne who ever took the Basel oath. Driven out of Basel in 1448, they moved to
1409:
Christians, and invite them to send a delegation to Florence. He wrote a letter on 7 July 1439, and to deliver it, sent
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Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar
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57:
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904:, who became the leader of opposition back in Byzantium; the Serbian patriarch did not even attend the council. The
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1136:, lying in the bottom of a boat, left him at first little chance of resisting the enterprises of the council.
1128:. Furthermore, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugene had to contend, such as the insurrection at
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pp. 105–119, edit.5th, Athens 2004, Vergina Asimakopouli Bros, Greek National Bibliography 1999/2004,
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council, a fairly young man though one of the more accomplished in terms of the body of his complete works.
762:
The council was held in the Cathedral of Basel, where benches were placed for the 400 and more members, and
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2567:
2551:
2525:
2425:
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Stavros Lazaris, "L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare – Florence",
1598:
The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17): Their Legitimacy, Origins, Contents, and Implementation
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Despite the religious union, Western military assistance to Byzantium was ultimately insufficient, and the
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310:
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1703:
1248:. On the other hand, the Byzantines wanted a coastal location in Italy for their ease of access by ship.
935:
character of the assembly at Basel was a result of both its composition and its organization. Doctors of
837:
663:
reflected the desire among parties seeking reform to meet outside territories directly controlled by the
1692:"Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438–1445): Session 11 – 4 February 1442; Bull of union with the Copts"
1381:. The union signed at Florence, down to the present, has not been implemented by the Orthodox Churches.
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2706:
2230:
1914:
1876:
1838:
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571:
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164:
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1772:
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in attendance and Pope Eugene IV presiding. The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each
788:
of the Hussites in January 1433. Pope Eugene acknowledged the council in May and crowned Sigismund
710:
to summon general councils periodically. At the expiration of the first term fixed by this decree,
382:
44:
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Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence
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905:
900:, who subsequently suffered greatly for it. Only one Eastern Bishop refused to accept the union,
341:
270:
2177:
1256:
759:, tried to dissolve it and open a new council on Italian soil at Bologna, but he was overruled.
2647:
2591:
2363:"From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities"
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111:
61:
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777:
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2108:
1748:
1471:
1455:
1426:
1268:
1233:
1175:
1111:
893:
480:
423:
2213:
1015:, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of
824:
at Ferrara and because Florence had agreed, against future payment, to finance the Council.
2897:
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2833:
2817:
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2489:
2140:
2030:
1869:
Quinn, David B.; Clough, Cecil H.; Hair, P. E. H.; Hair, Paul Edward Hedley (Jan 1, 1994).
1520:
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703:
632:
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2037:, ed. and trans. V. Laurent, Concilium Florentinum: Documenta et Scriptores 9 (Rome, 1971)
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8:
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were held either in the cathedral or in its chapter house. The clerks of ceremonies were
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proved fleeting, but was a political coup for the papacy. In 1447, Sigismund's successor
171:
1075:
considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the
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1434. In June 1434, the pope had to flee a revolt in Rome and began a ten-year exile in
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two decades later). Facing the imminent threat, the Union was officially proclaimed by
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575:
551:
501:
351:
2197:"L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare-Florence"
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Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
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Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
1422:
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Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted reunion with Eastern Orthodox Churches
1065:
987:
797:
723:
464:
1079:. He soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as ordinary
883:
On 6 July 1439 the union was proclaimed (in both Latin and Greek) in the document
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Fatto dei Greci: Pictorial Allusions to the Nearly-Forgotten Council of Florence
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in 1438. Some remained at Basel, still claiming to be the Council. They elected
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in August 1431. Under his sponsorship, the Council negotiated a peace with the
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shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the
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860:, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase "
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was a Greek Byzantine diplomat who attended the Council of Florence in 1439.
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1196:
711:
699:
563:
216:
2339:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464.
2287:"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise"
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Decaluwe, Michiel; Thomas M. Izbicki; Gerald Christianson (editors) (2016).
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2014:
1446:
1430:
1314:
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688:
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567:
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as an apostolic delegate. On 26 August 1441, Sarteano returned with four
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1096:
909:
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translated the Council to Ferrara on 8 January 1438, where it became the
2154:
Johannes VIII. Palaiologos und das Konzil von Ferrara-Florenz (1438/39).
1307:(1054) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, the
776:, King of Hungary and titular King of Bohemia, had been defeated at the
1418:
1101:
889:("Let the Heavens Rejoice") which was signed by Pope Eugene and by the
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266:
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1318:
1280:
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1810:
1495:
1339:
1309:
1150:
1146:
1125:
1091:
1072:
936:
868:, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of
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817:
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648:
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496:
245:
2316:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2244:
Das Basler Konzil: Synodale Praxis zwischen Routine und Revolution
848:. In 1449, Felix V resigned and the rump Council formally closed.
2910:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
2071:, "Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union", CreateSpace, 2017.
1910:
The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story
1834:
The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story
1276:
1241:
1167:
1043:
of the Byzantine East, scheduled to be held there with a view to
1036:
1000:
833:
813:
755:
to be taken by each new Pope. On 18 December Martin's successor,
746:
The Council was seated on 14 December 1431, at a period when the
738:. Martin himself, however, died before the opening of the synod.
735:
672:
613:
605:
596:
237:
very light in first sessions, eventually 117 Latins and 31 Greeks
1721:
718:. Due to an epidemic the location transferred almost at once to
2205:, 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1993, 2nd ed., pp. 306–317, 339–368.
1434:
1389:
1352:
1159:
1016:
980:
944:
707:
1440:
619:
After becoming the Council of Florence (having moved to avoid
2111:, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1874.
1154:
1133:
1051:
960:
952:
727:
719:
715:
640:
623:
in Ferrara), the Council concluded in 1445 after negotiating
1333:
Council transferred to Florence and the near East–West union
1406:
1129:
1024:
975:), and the fourth with what they called "common concerns" (
940:
2147:
Das Basler Konzil; 1431–1449; Forschungsstand und Probleme
2093:
Personalities of the Council, of Florence and other Essays
2081:, vol. iv. pp. 312ff (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1853).
807:
2618:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
2237:
Die Organisation and Geschäftsordnung des Basler Konziis
2025:
Monumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv., Scriptorum,
1668:
2176:. Jouhsinfo.googlepages.com. 2009-03-14. Archived from
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Le Cardinal Louis Aleman, président du concile de Bâle
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2 Vol., Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag 2013–2014,
558:, held between 1431 and 1449. It was convoked as the
27:
Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church (1431–1449)
1797:
The Journal of the Oxford University History Society
1645:
1560:
1393:
The multinational character of the Council inspired
2051:24 (1955), 324–346; reprinted in D.J. Geanakoplos,
1868:
1267:As a result of negotiations with the East, Emperor
1090:, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his
1740:
1153:service and on the periodical holding of diocesan
856:The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated
2005:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio
1494:In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to
1023:, the war that had lately broken out between the
832:Most of the original Council moved from Basel to
2934:
2169:Journal of the Oxford University History Society
1489:
683:, whose influences the council hoped to avoid.
574:. At stake was the greater conflict between the
1458:, as (anti)pope, who took the name of Felix V.
1207:
812:In 1438, Pope Eugene convened a new council at
2433:
2055:(Madison, Wisconsin, 1989), pp. 224–254.
1622:
1620:
1618:
1401:, featuring a black figure in the attendance.
1132:, which forced him to escape by means of the
730:and selected to preside over it the cardinal
519:
328:Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent
269:, short-lived compromise of reunion with the
1224:is assumed to portray John VIII Palaiologos.
2258:. Peterlang.com. 2010-01-14. Archived from
1957:
1811:"COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION"
1686:
1441:Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel
939:, masters and representatives of chapters,
858:reunification with several Eastern Churches
2440:
2426:
2408:Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Florence
2203:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
2174:"issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)"
1799:, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009), pp. 4–6
1615:
1119:of the Byzantine delegation at the Council
698:Under pressure for ecclesiastical reform,
526:
512:
322:
121:. Please do not remove this message until
2360:
2356:Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union
2027:vol. i., ii. and iii. (Vienna, 1857–1895)
1629:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1305:theological issue of the East–West Schism
1195:The Council clarified the Latin dogma of
585:The Council entered a second phase after
282:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2998:15th century in the Republic of Florence
2814:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
1461:
1388:
1255:
1211:
1110:
994:
827:
537:
117:Relevant discussion may be found on the
43:This article includes a list of general
2914:
2447:
2398:Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Basle
2041:
1958:Geanakoplos, Deno John (Dec 27, 1989).
1906:
1830:
1594:
1519:. These greatly helped the progress of
1384:
951:). One was concerned with questions of
840:, as Pope Felix V. He is considered an
608:, and then in November 1439 elected an
14:
2958:Catholic Church councils held in Italy
2935:
2321:
2284:
2130:Greek Emigres in the West c. 1400–1520
1674:
1662:
1577:
851:
808:Replacement by the Council of Florence
2963:15th-century Catholic Church councils
2421:
1743:Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium
1374:in Hagia Sophia on 12 December 1452.
1360:Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople
600:and succeeded in drawing some of the
2393:Detailed chronology of the Consilium
1907:Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997).
1831:Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997).
1808:
1738:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1433:and various parts of north and east
91:
29:
3003:Byzantine Empire–Holy See relations
2948:Catholic Church ecumenical councils
2061:A Companion to the Council of Basel
1139:
816:, which however was transferred to
741:
643:to expel the Council of Basel; the
273:, reunion with delegation from the
24:
2344:
2171:, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009)
2132:, Camberley, 1995, pp. 72–84.
1994:
1698:. 2 volumes (in Greek and Latin).
1696:Decrees of the ecumenical councils
1680:
651:before dissolving itself in 1449.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3019:
2374:
1631:, Oxford University Press, 2005,
1595:Minnich, Nelson H. (2018-10-24).
1583:
1059:, which amid the troubles of the
959:), another with negotiations for
820:in 1439 because of the danger of
780:in the fifth crusade against the
714:complied by calling a council at
687:attended the Council of Basel as
157:Council of Basel–Ferrara–Florence
2842:State church of the Roman Empire
2413:Documents of Council of Florence
2309:
1190:
495:
455:Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–42)
292:
163:
96:
34:
2673:First seven ecumenical councils
2537:First seven ecumenical councils
2457:First seven ecumenical councils
1951:
1938:
1900:
1862:
1824:
1802:
866:Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
2983:History of Eastern Catholicism
2978:15th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
2403:Catholic Encyclopedia: Ferrara
2118:, New Haven and London, 2010.
1789:
1765:
1747:. Our Sunday Visitor. p.
1732:
926:
706:(9 October 1417) obliging the
13:
1:
2195:, 29, 2007, pp. 293–324
2105:, vol. i–v, Basel, 1896–1904.
1820:– via www.academia.edu.
1694:. In Norman P. Tanner (ed.).
1553:
1490:Schism reconciled at Lausanne
1476:Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
1086:Abandoned by a number of his
654:
261:Documents and statements
2361:Armstrong, Jesse L. (2013).
2007:editio nova vol. xxix–xxxi.
1505:
1208:Eugene IV's eastern strategy
1066:papal countship of Venaissin
659:The initial location in the
378:Constantinople III (680–681)
207:Fifth Council of the Lateran
7:
3008:Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
2065:Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016.
2053:Constantinople and the West
1964:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
1704:Georgetown University Press
1526:
1293:Patriarchal Sees of Antioch
1019:, the reported troubles in
838:Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
751:Council over the Pope, and
702:sanctioned a decree of the
388:Constantinople IV (869–870)
169:Council of Florence in the
123:conditions to do so are met
18:Council of Ferrara-Florence
10:
3024:
2256:"Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe"
2246:, Frankfurt-am-Main 2005.
1989:
1915:Princeton University Press
1877:Liverpool University Press
1839:Princeton University Press
1047:union (18 December 1431).
572:rise of the Ottoman Empire
2908:
2890:Conference of Addis Ababa
2805:
2758:
2703:
2658:
2524:
2455:
2323:Valois, Joseph Marie Noel
2193:Byzantinische Forschungen
2128:Harris, Jonathan (1995).
2114:Harris, Jonathan (2010).
1981:– via Google Books.
1934:– via Google Books.
1896:– via Google Books.
1858:– via Google Books.
1775:. Encyclopedia Britannica
661:Prince-Bishopric of Basel
280:
259:
241:
233:
222:
212:
200:
188:
180:
162:
155:
2707:Oriental Orthodox Church
2019:De rebus Basileae gestis
1627:"Florence, Council of",
1149:, on the celebration of
2882:Synod of Constantinople
2663:Eastern Orthodox Church
2336:Encyclopædia Britannica
2285:Andrić, Stanko (2016).
2086:The Council of Florence
1946:The journey of the Magi
1358:To complicate matters,
1007:forced him to evacuate
906:Russian Orthodox Church
768:Enea Silvio Piccolomini
631:. This bridging of the
373:Constantinople II (553)
271:Eastern Orthodox Church
64:more precise citations.
2943:15th-century elections
2079:Ecclesiastical History
1739:Shaw, Russell (2000).
1402:
1264:
1236:, pressed hard by the
1225:
1205:
1120:
917:fall of Constantinople
647:Council reconvened in
639:commanded the city of
543:
502:Catholicism portal
347:Constantinople I (381)
2091:Gill, Joseph (1964).
2084:Gill, Joseph (1959).
1462:Effects of the schism
1456:Amadeus VIII of Savoy
1392:
1269:John VIII Palaiologos
1259:
1234:John VIII Palaiologos
1215:
1201:
1176:Charles VII of France
1114:
995:Attempted dissolution
894:John VIII Palaiologos
828:Rump Council of Basel
764:general congregations
578:and the principle of
541:
2898:Pan-Orthodox Council
2152:Kolditz, Sebastian.
2116:The End of Byzantium
2103:Concilium Basiliense
2042:Secondary literature
2031:Sylvester Syropoulos
1521:Renaissance humanism
1385:Copts and Ethiopians
1164:gratiae expectativae
1057:Council of Constance
912:(i.e., autonomous).
874:Churches of the East
792:on 31 May 1433. The
770:and Michel Brunout.
704:Council of Constance
486:Vatican II (1962–65)
195:Council of Constance
2795:Synod of Beth Lapat
2449:Ecumenical councils
2001:Gian Domenico Mansi
1773:"John Argyropoulos"
1677:, pp. 463–464.
1472:Swiss confederation
1468:Alfonso V of Aragon
1411:Alberto da Sarteano
1399:Journey of the Magi
1379:Constantinople fell
1222:Journey of the Magi
1170:, which led to the
852:Meeting in Florence
778:Battle of DomaĹľlice
734:, a well-respected
685:Ambrogio Traversari
570:in Bohemia and the
550:is the seventeenth
548:Council of Florence
481:Vatican I (1869–70)
473:19th–20th centuries
460:Lateran V (1512–17)
450:Constance (1414–18)
442:15th–16th centuries
396:12th–14th centuries
311:Ecumenical councils
172:Nuremberg Chronicle
110:of this article is
2874:Synod of Jerusalem
2787:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2762:Church of the East
2506:Constantinople III
2386:2009-04-24 at the
2149:, (Cologne, 1987).
2075:Gieseler, J. C. L.
2069:Sergey F. Dezhnyuk
1809:Dezhnyuk, Sergey.
1484:Holy Roman Emperor
1403:
1265:
1226:
1121:
967:), the third with
923:of 20 April 1441.
921:Etsi non dubitemus
790:Holy Roman Emperor
753:prescribed an oath
748:conciliar movement
589:'s death in 1437.
576:conciliar movement
554:recognized by the
552:ecumenical council
544:
414:Lateran III (1179)
2930:
2929:
2858:Quinisext Council
2759:Recognized by the
2704:Recognized by the
2681:Constantinople IV
2659:Recognized by the
2544:Constantinople IV
2526:Recognized by the
2498:Constantinople II
2327:Basel, Council of
2201:Donald M. Nicol,
2162:978-3-7772-1319-4
2136:Johannes Helmrath
2124:978-0-300-11786-8
1688:Eugenius IV, Pope
1638:978-0-19-280290-3
1608:978-1-351-89173-8
1533:Compacts of Basel
1261:John Argyropoulos
1231:Byzantine emperor
1178:with the duke of
891:Byzantine Emperor
786:Calixtine faction
627:with the various
587:Emperor Sigismund
536:
535:
419:Lateran IV (1215)
409:Lateran II (1139)
365:6th–9th centuries
334:4th–5th centuries
287:
286:
158:
151:
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90:
89:
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16:(Redirected from
3015:
2953:East–West Schism
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2861:
2853:
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2779:Constantinople I
2774:
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2743:
2735:
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2724:Constantinople I
2719:
2696:
2692:Constantinople V
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2474:Constantinople I
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2419:
2418:
2370:
2340:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2291:Byzantinoslavica
2270:
2268:
2267:
2239:, Leipzig, 1877.
2234:
2217:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2144:
2099:Haller, Johannes
2088:Cambridge, 1959.
1983:
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1700:Washington, D.C.
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1660:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1449:. Affirming its
1140:Issues of reform
1124:judgment of the
1005:disaster of Taus
988:Nicholas of Cusa
794:divided Hussites
742:Council of Basel
724:Council of Siena
629:eastern churches
560:Council of Basel
528:
521:
514:
500:
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434:Vienne (1311–12)
404:Lateran I (1123)
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250:East–West Schism
213:Convoked by
190:Previous council
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2968:1430s in Europe
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2345:Further reading
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2297:(1–2): 202–227.
2265:
2263:
2254:
2242:Stefan Sudmann,
2228:
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2209:Gabriel PĂ©rouse
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1500:Pope Nicholas V
1492:
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1447:Cardinal Aleman
1443:
1395:Benozzo Gozzoli
1387:
1372:Isidore of Kiev
1348:Laetentur Caeli
1335:
1254:
1218:Benozzo Gozzoli
1210:
1193:
1174:, concluded by
1172:treaty of Arras
1142:
1041:Orthodox Church
997:
929:
902:Mark of Ephesus
898:Isidore of Kiev
886:Laetentur Caeli
854:
830:
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798:defeated in May
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732:Julian Cesarini
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580:papal supremacy
556:Catholic Church
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465:Trent (1545–63)
383:Nicaea II (787)
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1940:
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70:January 2018
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2642:(1869–1870)
2634:(1545–1563)
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2610:(1414–1418)
2602:(1311–1312)
2568:Lateran III
2303:Attribution
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2212: [
2139: [
1675:Valois 1911
1663:Valois 1911
1578:Valois 1911
1106:sovereignty
1097:condottieri
927:Composition
595:Council of
267:Papal bulls
62:introducing
2937:Categories
2740:Ephesus II
2648:Vatican II
2576:Lateran IV
2560:Lateran II
2280:9607171918
2266:2010-01-18
2226:O. Richter
2184:2010-01-18
1924:0691011265
1848:0691011265
1779:2009-10-02
1758:0879735554
1554:References
1451:ecumenical
1419:Zara Yaqob
1415:Ethiopians
1340:"ex filio"
1297:Alexandria
1102:papal bull
1045:ecumenical
1011:in haste.
1003:until the
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655:Background
621:the plague
234:Attendance
108:neutrality
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2608:Constance
2552:Lateran I
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2490:Chalcedon
2325:(1911). "
1690:(1990) .
1506:Aftermath
1470:, of the
1319:purgatory
1301:Jerusalem
1281:Po Valley
1271:accepted
1147:elections
1117:Pisanello
1092:dominions
1088:cardinals
870:Purgatory
864:" to the
774:Sigismund
602:Byzantine
275:Armenians
226:Cardinal
223:President
184:1431–1449
119:talk page
2993:Filioque
2806:See also
2771:Nicaea I
2716:Nicaea I
2466:Nicaea I
2384:Archived
2035:MĂ©moires
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1944:Trexler
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1397:'s 1459
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1126:Holy See
1073:doctrine
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846:Lausanne
842:antipope
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802:Florence
782:Hussites
649:Lausanne
610:antipope
303:a series
301:Part of
265:Several
246:Hussites
131:May 2022
112:disputed
2732:Ephesus
2592:Lyon II
2482:Ephesus
2333:(ed.).
2320::
1990:Sources
1977:Dec 27,
1930:Dec 27,
1892:Dec 27,
1854:Dec 27,
1816:Dec 27,
1423:Armenia
1279:in the
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1242:Avignon
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1021:Germany
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614:Felix V
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1353:heresy
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1151:divine
1081:rebels
1077:schism
1017:heresy
969:reform
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677:Aragon
667:, the
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