2723:
3235:
3125:
2993:
2741:
2916:. Oppenheimer, who was appointed chief court factor, together with his two sons Emanuel and Wolf, and Wertheimer, who was at first associated with him, devoted their time and talents to the service of Austria and the House of Habsburg: during the Rhenish, French, Turkish, and Spanish wars they loaned millions of florins for provisions, munitions, etc. Wertheimer, who, by title at least, was also chief court factor to the
4365:
2569:, causing profits associated with moneylending to be higher than they otherwise would have been. By most parameters, the standard of living of the Jewish community in Early Medieval period was at least equal to that of the lower nobility. However, despite this economic prosperity, the community was not safe: religious hostility manifested itself in the form of massacres and
2667:
were primarily active in the west in maritime and colonial trade, the
Ashkenazi Jews in the service of the emperor and princes tended toward domestic trade. They were mostly wealthy businessmen, distinguished above their co-religionists by their commercial instincts and their adaptability. Court Jews
2564:
applied only to
Christians, meaning that Jews were allowed to lend money at interest. Eventually, a sizable sector of the Jewish community were engaged in financial occupations, and the community was a financially highly successful part of the medieval economy. The religious restrictions on
3892:
Western Europe suffered virtual famine for many years in the tenth and eleventh centuries, there is no hint or echo of this in the Jewish sources of the region in this period. They lived at an aristocratic level, as befitted international merchants and honored local
2513:
mainly through the
Christian nobility and church. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution. The most famous example of this occurred in
3205:. Through his marriage with the widow of the above-named Israel Aaron, he succeeded to the latter's position, and was highly esteemed by the elector. He had continual quarrels with the court Jew of the crown prince,
3099:, and, in 1730, Isaac Nathan (Ischerlein) were court Jews together with Elkan Fränkel; Ischerlein, through the intrigues of the Fränkels, suffered the same fate as Elkan Fränkel. Nevertheless, Nathan's son-in-law,
2576:
Although the phenomenon of "Court Jewry" did not occur until the early 17th century, there are some earlier examples of Jewish moneylenders who accumulated enough capital to finance the nobility. Among them was
3327:, in 1750 had a fixed salary as court agent. About this time the court agent Wolf lived at the court of Frederick III of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Disputes with the court Jews often led to protracted lawsuits.
2421:
2380:
3331:
3073:, energetic, and proud man, possessed the confidence of the margrave to such a degree that his advice was sought in the most important affairs of the state. Denounced by a certain
3590:
2870:
2606:
1025:
2509:
for the various courts. They could amass personal fortunes and gain political and social influence. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the
2463:
who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including, in some cases, being
3065:, who had the largest business in the whole principality and extensively supplied the court and the army. He fell into disgrace through the intrigues of the court Jew
3108:
2866:
1603:
2948:
3296:
2578:
1258:
953:
3312:
2862:
3198:
3096:
1145:
3308:
2976:
3074:
3653:
3351:
3324:
2846:
2834:
2826:
2637:
2353:
3066:
2952:
2838:
2649:
2645:
117:
3581:
2944:
2854:
1140:
2814:
1388:
3104:
4285:
3194:
2620:(d. 1572), also known as "Jud Joseph zum Goldenen Schwan", became the most important Jewish businessman of his era, trading not only with the
1642:
3818:
Backhaus, Fritz (1996). "The Last of the Court Jews â Mayer
Amschel Rothschild and His Sons". In Mann, Vivian B.; Cohen, Richard I. (eds.).
3092:
3062:
2818:
627:
590:
4202:
3729:
3186:
1566:
3563:
2552:
Prohibited from nearly every other trade, some Jews began to occupy an economic niche as moneylenders in the Middle Ages. While the
2519:
4408:
1589:
939:
2695:, even in places where no other Jews were allowed. Wherever they settled they could buy houses, slaughter meat according to the
4220:
2582:
2346:
1516:
1451:
1333:
2538:â successfully detached their businesses from these courts and established what eventually developed into full-fledged banks.
637:
1075:
4095:
3483:
1343:
1160:
1150:
390:
2526:
was put on trial and executed. In an effort to avoid such fate, some court bankers in the late 18th century â including
4026:
1739:
1689:
1654:
1348:
1213:
1080:
3908:
Koyama, Mark (2010). "The
Political Economy of Expulsion: The Regulation of Jewish Moneylending in Medieval England".
4347:
4080:
4042:
3827:
3802:
3657:
3282:
3172:
3040:
2788:
2339:
1431:
1393:
1368:
1288:
1273:
1120:
1060:
1015:
3264:
3189:, also kept a court Jew, Israel Aaron (1670), who by his influence tried to prevent the influx of foreign Jews into
3154:
3022:
2770:
3734:
2822:
2810:
2573:, culminating in repeated expulsions of all Jews from various parts of Western Europe in the late medieval period.
1724:
1706:
1612:
1506:
1358:
1353:
1278:
1243:
1110:
3618:
2570:
2242:
2141:
1696:
1679:
1632:
1531:
1441:
1378:
1328:
1308:
1303:
1223:
1197:
1172:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1010:
1005:
4328:
3952:
3885:
3854:
3670:
3260:
3150:
3018:
2766:
2611:
1715:
1701:
1669:
1649:
1617:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1491:
1481:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1398:
1313:
1298:
1218:
1177:
1130:
1125:
1045:
990:
3666:
3594:
2136:
1674:
1659:
1622:
1584:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1501:
1486:
1471:
1446:
1412:
1383:
1283:
1268:
1192:
1182:
1100:
1070:
995:
981:
3699:
3077:, however, who desired to be baptized, an accusation was brought against Elkan Fränkel; and the latter was
2925:
1744:
1664:
1627:
1551:
1496:
1363:
1338:
1263:
1238:
1228:
1167:
1090:
1085:
1065:
1055:
1035:
1020:
913:
617:
381:
376:
3968:
Hillaby, Joe (2001). "Testimony from the margin: the
Gloucester Jewry and its neighbours, c. 1159â1290".
3639:
3559:
2523:
1734:
1729:
1684:
1637:
1323:
1293:
1253:
1248:
1105:
411:
4001:
2955:
and Isaac, received the same titles as he, chief court factors and agents. Isaac Cohen's father-in-law,
4071:
Graetz, Michael. "Court Jews in
Economics and Politics". In Mann, Vivian B.; Cohen, Richard I. (eds.).
3544:
3256:
3146:
3014:
2762:
2208:
2053:
1761:
1155:
351:
341:
77:
2589:, "probably the wealthiest person in England," who left an estate of about ÂŁ100,000. Also notable was
4135:
3970:
3593:(1724â1789), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the Habsburgs. "Bankaldirektor" for
2486:. Jewish financiers could use their family connections to provide their sponsors with finance, food,
2322:
2015:
1866:
1807:
698:
3635:
3600:
3446:
3245:
3135:
3003:
2751:
2531:
2025:
2005:
1115:
595:
136:
4413:
4380:
3614:
3540:
3422:
3249:
3139:
3007:
2755:
2605:. By the 16th century, Jewish financiers had become increasingly connected to rulers and courts.
2547:
2446:
2405:
2166:
2156:
2121:
2000:
1990:
1773:
944:
886:
720:
399:
356:
71:
4371:
4299:
4250:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4123:
2951:. He also had relationships with several other rulers and high dignitaries. Behrends' two sons,
2515:
4199:
3214:
2617:
2285:
2020:
1934:
1000:
552:
171:
141:
3877:
3871:
2935:
Samson
Wertheimer was succeeded as court factor by his son Wolf. Contemporaneous with him was
4403:
3687:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2483:
2176:
2171:
2116:
1904:
819:
547:
534:
429:
146:
3479:
3320:
2527:
3662:
3534:
3432:
2842:
2535:
2247:
2199:
1939:
1797:
610:
475:
464:
422:
16:
Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, European royalty and nobility
8:
4398:
4265:
Joachim Edler von Popper. Ein Zeit- und
Lebensbild aus der Geschichte der Juden in BĂśhmen
2972:
2802:
2367:
2300:
1995:
673:
540:
443:
436:
366:
254:
129:
4317:
4279:
3979:
3925:
3844:
3498:
3494:
2897:
2821:, who furnished cloth for four squadrons of cavalry for the wedding of the Emperor and
2151:
2101:
2048:
2043:
1957:
1827:
1095:
924:
683:
603:
457:
23:
3103:, became court Jew. Other court Jews of the princes of Ansbach were Michael Simon and
4343:
4324:
4076:
4022:
3948:
3881:
3850:
3823:
3798:
3714:
3509:
3488:
2936:
2909:
2874:
2806:
2692:
2629:
2498:
2295:
2237:
2217:
2034:
1594:
1233:
693:
564:
494:
371:
284:
151:
4228:
3929:
3917:
3428:
3370:
3355:
2722:
2586:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2435:
2394:
2265:
2146:
2106:
2070:
1768:
1318:
829:
585:
489:
404:
294:
86:
4340:
The Court Jew: A Contribution to the
History of the Period of Absolutism in Europe
3193:. Other court Jews of Frederick William were Elias Gumperz in Cleves (died 1672),
3070:
2679:
of the state, enjoyed special privileges. They were under the jurisdiction of the
4269:
Joachim Edler of Popper. A time and life picture from the history of the Jews in
4206:
3709:
3644:
3629:
3554:
3503:
3451:
3394:
3388:
3376:
3343:
3210:
2878:
2553:
2510:
2425:
2384:
2227:
2186:
2181:
2161:
2083:
2077:
2010:
1962:
1802:
1783:
934:
663:
575:
558:
102:
3469:
4375:
3724:
3623:
3550:
3457:
3442:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3382:
2956:
2917:
2913:
2502:
2327:
2126:
1981:
1861:
1840:
1817:
1812:
1790:
1778:
1373:
854:
788:
753:
731:
668:
506:
484:
346:
325:
301:
67:
49:
3947:. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Vol. 7. London: Routledge.
3921:
3597:. First Austrian Jew to be ennobled without converting to Christianity (1789).
3209:. After his death, his influential position fell to his widow, the well-known
4392:
3739:
3463:
3307:. Others mentioned toward the end of the seventeenth century are: Bendix and
3300:
3206:
3202:
2886:
2664:
2633:
2625:
2566:
2475:
2275:
2270:
1476:
1403:
929:
778:
773:
768:
758:
736:
688:
450:
289:
194:
156:
107:
3607:. Second Austrian Jew to be ennobled without needing to be converted (1790).
3316:
3704:
3677:
3648:
3610:
3347:
3335:
2684:
2680:
2660:
2628:, but also with the nobility and the Church. In the early 17th century the
2305:
2131:
1972:
1967:
1925:
1878:
972:
839:
824:
783:
748:
361:
203:
4050:
3472:(ca. 1580â1653), court agent in Hamburg, elder of the Jewish community in
3330:
3513:
3438:
3304:
2967:, with the title of "Resident"; and his son Lehman Behrend was called to
2464:
2290:
2232:
1897:
803:
798:
793:
763:
4019:
Cultural Exchange: Jews, Christians, and Art in the Medieval Marketplace
3983:
3086:
3061:
about the middle of the seventeenth century. Especially influential was
2671:
The court Jews, as the agents of the rulers, and in times of war as the
4073:
From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600â1800
3997:
3820:
From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600â1800
3754:
3744:
3568:
3529:
2901:
2712:
2676:
1948:
962:
891:
849:
678:
658:
217:
124:
44:
3358:, both of whom occupy honorable positions in the history of the Jews.
3604:
3603:(1720â1795), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the
3576:
2704:
2672:
2668:
frequently came into conflict with court rivals and co-religionists.
2561:
2478:
or employed them as financiers. Among the most notable of these were
2111:
2096:
1186:
1134:
896:
844:
834:
515:
511:
501:
416:
176:
3795:
The Jew SĂźss: His Life and Afterlife in Legend, Literature, and Film
3418:
3234:
3124:
2992:
2740:
864:
3749:
3719:
3402:
3100:
3054:
2696:
2653:
2474:
when the royalty, the nobility, and the church borrowed money from
2280:
1890:
1822:
653:
161:
112:
3089:
for life imprisonment on November 2, 1712. He died there in 1720.
3069:, member of a family that had been driven from Vienna. Fränkel, a
4270:
3682:
3521:
3517:
3473:
3218:
3082:
3078:
3058:
2968:
2940:
2932:, received from the emperor a chain of honor with his miniature.
2850:
2809:
kept a considerable number of court Jews. Among those of Emperor
2688:
2641:
2470:
Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged in the
2457:
2371:
2256:
2222:
2091:
1885:
874:
869:
741:
632:
527:
523:
519:
268:
263:
240:
222:
97:
92:
82:
60:
35:
4124:
Josel (Joselmann, Joselin) of Rosheim (Joseph Ben Gershon Loanz)
2830:
3572:
3190:
2964:
2929:
2905:
2882:
2858:
2708:
2621:
2598:
2460:
1916:
1911:
1871:
1856:
967:
859:
279:
245:
231:
166:
3585:
3525:
2921:
2700:
2557:
879:
308:
212:
181:
3295:
There were court Jews at all the petty German courts; e.g.,
4110:
The first of the Tudors: a study of Henry VII and his reign
3849:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
2506:
2491:
31:
3425:; Rachel was lady-in-waiting of the queen mother Elizabeth
3647:(1768â1828), philanthropist and reformer, court agent of
2716:
3391:(1437â1508), financier for Portuguese and Spanish courts
3863:
3656:(1751â1829), factor to the Elector of Hesse, father of
4369:
3506:(1649â1714), court Jew to King Frederick I of Prussia
2711:, and could not be taxed or assessed higher than the
2451:
2410:
4319:
European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550â1750
4107:
3671:
Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and I of Austria
1895:
1876:
299:
2565:moneylending had inadvertently created a source of
2518:in 1737â1738, when, after the death of his sponsor
4370:Deutsch, Gotthard; Kayserling, Meyer (1901â1906).
4316:
3221:) that she could go unannounced into his cabinet.
2715:. Jews were sometimes assigned the role of local
3632:(1739â1809), court Jew of the Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3319:in Mecklenburg, who soon associated himself with
4390:
2979:of Prague was also court Jew of Saxony in 1679.
2889:, the first Jew to be ennobled, with the title "
3876:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.
3201:(1678). More influential than any of these was
2501:in Central Europe brought many Jews, mostly of
3626:(â 1810), court Jew of the Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3945:Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia
3553:(1670â1739), vice-chancellor of Russia under
2347:
3903:
3901:
3303:, and others in the service of the dukes of
2691:held his court, and to live anywhere in the
4016:
3263:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3153:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2769:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2687:. They were permitted to stay wherever the
591:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4284:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4021:. Princeton University Press. p. 53.
3996:
3869:
3836:
3730:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry
3491:(Liepmann Cohen) of Hanover (c. 1630â1714)
2982:
2354:
2340:
4122:Deutsch, Gotthard; Feilchenfeld, Alfred.
3898:
3361:
3283:Learn how and when to remove this message
3173:Learn how and when to remove this message
3041:Learn how and when to remove this message
2789:Learn how and when to remove this message
2505:origin, into the position of negotiating
3817:
3482:(1617â1692), court agent in Hamburg and
3329:
3053:The Model family were court Jews of the
2943:, court factor and agent of the elector
2730:
2721:
3990:
3967:
3497:(1635â1703), military supplier for the
3299:(1694) in the service of the Prince of
4391:
4314:
4262:
4108:Van Cleave Alexander, Michael (1981).
4006:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 15.
3907:
3564:Charles Alexander, Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3224:
2583:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
4337:
4323:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4218:
4075:. New York: Prestel. pp. 27â43.
3842:
3822:. New York: Prestel. pp. 79â95.
3792:
2683:, and were not compelled to wear the
4249:Singer, Isidore; Templer, Bernhard.
3942:
3466:von Treuenberg (a noble) (1580â1634)
3261:adding citations to reliable sources
3228:
3151:adding citations to reliable sources
3118:
3114:
3019:adding citations to reliable sources
2986:
2885:. A specially favored court Jew was
2767:adding citations to reliable sources
2734:
2585:'s conquest of Ireland in 1170; and
4251:Israel HĂśnig (Edler Von HĂśnigsberg)
4173:Singer, Isidore; Kisch, Alexander.
4112:. Taylor & Francis. p. 97.
2439:
2398:
13:
4308:
4070:
3846:Aspects of Jewish Economic History
3584:(c. 1675â1744), court purveyor of
2896:Important as court Jews were also
2593:, who in 1339 â just prior to the
14:
4425:
4357:
3658:Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach
3512:(1658â1724), Austrian financier,
3421:, court Jews during the reign of
382:Historical population comparisons
4384:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
4363:
4186:Singer, Isidore; Mannheimer, S.
4160:Gottheil, Richard; Freimann, A.
4003:A History of the Jews in England
3910:Constitutional Political Economy
3735:List of European Jewish nobility
3638:(1744â1812), "court factor" for
3454:(MiĹĄka Marek Meisel) (1528â1601)
3342:The last actual court Jews were
3233:
3123:
2991:
2739:
2726:Lämmle Seeligmann, the court Jew
1026:Democratic Republic of the Congo
940:Historical population by country
4409:Historical economic occupations
4292:
4256:
4243:
4212:
4193:
4180:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4129:
4116:
4101:
4089:
4064:
4043:"Judengasse:Goldschmidt, Josef"
4035:
4010:
3619:Frederick William II of Prussia
3217:(from 1701 King Frederick I of
3961:
3936:
3873:A History of the Jewish People
3811:
3786:
3767:
3441:(1524â1579), court Jew in the
3401:, he was made the governor of
3366:In rough chronological order:
3213:, who was so well received by
2703:. They could sell their goods
1:
3780:
3676:In fiction, Isaac the Jew in
2813:are mentioned the following:
2541:
597:Christianity and Judaism
4315:Israel, Jonathan I. (1985).
4149:Jacob Bassevi Von Treuenberg
4017:Shatzmiller, Joseph (2013).
3870:Ben-Sasson, H., ed. (1976).
3665:(1753â1839), a court Jew of
3613:(1723â1799), a court Jew of
3397:(c. 1440â1508), a godson of
2926:Electorate of the Palatinate
7:
4221:"Alan A. Guggenheim Family"
3843:Arkin, Marcus, ed. (1975).
3693:
3640:William I, Elector of Hesse
3591:Israel Edler von HĂśnigsberg
3562:(1698â1738), financier for
2494:and other precious metals.
2452:
2411:
1896:
1877:
1604:Latin America and Caribbean
300:
10:
4430:
4298:Singer, Isidore; Baar, H.
4274:] (in German). Vienna.
3107:(1743), Meyer Berlin, and
2949:Rudolf August of Brunswick
2871:Samuel zum Weissen Drachen
2545:
2209:Jewish political movements
1906:Conversion to Judaism
4342:. New York: Transaction.
4302:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4253:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4190:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4177:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4164:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4151:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4138:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4126:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4098:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
3971:Jewish Historical Studies
3922:10.1007/s10602-010-9087-3
2632:employed the services of
612:Hinduism and Judaism
4200:Genealogy Data Page 1948
3760:
3636:Mayer Amschel Rothschild
3601:Joachim Edler von Popper
3476:, richest Jew in Hamburg
2971:as court factor by King
2963:, was a court factor of
2532:Mayer Amschel Rothschild
2370:Europe, particularly in
438:Temple in Jerusalem
131:Bar and bat mitzvah
4381:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4263:Krauss, Samuel (1926).
3686:serves this purpose to
3541:Issachar Berend Lehmann
3423:John I Albert of Poland
3338:'s seventieth birthday.
3109:Amson Solomon Seligmann
2983:Intrigues of court Jews
2548:Jews in the Middle Ages
400:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4378:; et al. (eds.).
3615:Frederick II the Great
3560:Joseph Sßà Oppenheimer
3362:Examples of court Jews
3339:
2727:
2524:Joseph Sßà Oppenheimer
2429:
2388:
4338:Stern, Selma (1950).
3797:. London: Continuum.
3793:Tegel, Susan (2011).
3333:
2731:At the Austrian court
2725:
2603:Edward III of England
2591:Vivelin of Strasbourg
2484:Vivelin of Strasbourg
1146:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1141:Republic of the Congo
535:Second Temple Judaism
406:Kingdom of Judah
377:Modern historiography
3663:Bernhard von Eskeles
3551:Baron Peter Shafirov
3535:Moses Benjamin Wulff
3484:MecklenburgâSchwerin
3257:improve this section
3147:improve this section
3015:improve this section
2867:Samuel zum Straussen
2763:improve this section
2536:Aron Elias Seligmann
2465:granted noble status
2248:World Agudath Israel
1389:United Arab Emirates
476:Second Temple period
466:Babylonian captivity
4209:, HeymannFamily.com
4147:Deutsch, Gotthard.
4096:Abrabanel/Abravanel
3773:around AD 1000â1250
3395:Sir Edward Brampton
3297:Zacharias Seligmann
3225:Other German courts
3185:The Great Elector,
2973:Augustus the Strong
2961:Bärmann Halberstadt
2912:(Wertheimher) from
2803:Holy Roman Emperors
2579:Josce of Gloucester
2499:absolute monarchies
541:Hellenistic Judaism
119:Land of Israel
78:Principles of faith
4231:on January 1, 2005
4205:2012-12-09 at the
4175:Samuel Oppenheimer
3690:and other nobles.
3499:Holy Roman Emperor
3495:Samuel Oppenheimer
3480:Moses Israel FĂźrst
3340:
3321:Moses Israel FĂźrst
3313:Michael Hinrichsen
3085:, and sent to the
2898:Samuel Oppenheimer
2863:Samuel zum Drachen
2823:Eleonora of Mantua
2728:
2595:Hundred Years' War
2528:Samuel BleichrĂśder
2102:Jewish Koine Greek
1644:Dominican Republic
925:Judaism by country
604:Jews and Christmas
459:Assyrian captivity
4188:Samson Wertheimer
4162:Leffmann Behrends
4047:www.judengasse.de
3943:Roth, N. (2002).
3510:Samson Wertheimer
3489:Leffmann Behrends
3410:(c. 1450âc. 1510)
3346:, court agent of
3323:, and whose son,
3309:Ruben Goldschmidt
3293:
3292:
3285:
3187:Frederick William
3183:
3182:
3175:
3115:The Great Elector
3051:
3050:
3043:
2977:Moses Bonaventura
2937:Leffmann Behrends
2910:Samson Wertheimer
2875:Frankfurt am Main
2807:House of Habsburg
2799:
2798:
2791:
2699:, and maintain a
2693:Holy Roman Empire
2607:Josef Goldschmidt
2520:Charles Alexander
2450:
2409:
2364:
2363:
2313:
2312:
2061:
2060:
1808:Reconstructionist
1752:
1751:
904:
903:
711:
710:
548:JewishâRoman wars
496:Hasmonean dynasty
412:Kingdom of Israel
316:
315:
4421:
4385:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4334:
4322:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4227:. Archived from
4216:
4210:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4049:. Archived from
4039:
4033:
4032:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3774:
3771:
3654:Wolf Breidenbach
3429:Josel of Rosheim
3371:Aaron of Lincoln
3356:Elector of Hesse
3354:, factor to the
3352:Wolf Breidenbach
3325:Ruben Hinrichsen
3288:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3237:
3229:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3127:
3119:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3026:
2995:
2987:
2947:and of the duke
2900:, who went from
2853:; the physician
2847:Ventura Pariente
2835:Joseph Marburger
2827:Joseph Pincherle
2794:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2743:
2735:
2638:Joseph Pincherle
2615:
2587:Aaron of Lincoln
2497:The rise of the
2480:Aaron of Lincoln
2472:High Middle Ages
2455:
2445:
2443:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2383:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2205:
2204:
2086:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1846:
1845:
1793:
1740:New Zealand
1692:
1655:El Salvador
1645:
1577:Northern America
1569:
1163:
919:
918:
830:Crimean Karaites
726:
725:
704:
702:
623:
621:
613:
607:
598:
586:Rabbinic Judaism
567:
561:
555:
543:
531:
497:
490:Maccabean Revolt
467:
460:
454:
446:
439:
433:
425:
407:
331:
330:
305:
200:
199:
132:
120:
19:
18:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4389:
4388:
4376:Singer, Isidore
4364:
4360:
4350:
4331:
4311:
4309:Further reading
4306:
4300:Israel Jacobson
4297:
4293:
4277:
4276:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4225:users.qwest.net
4217:
4213:
4207:Wayback Machine
4198:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4015:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3941:
3937:
3906:
3899:
3888:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3710:Jewish heraldry
3696:
3645:Israel Jacobson
3630:Karoline Kaulla
3555:Peter the Great
3504:Esther Liebmann
3452:Mordecai Meisel
3389:Isaac Abravanel
3377:Elias of London
3364:
3344:Israel Jacobson
3289:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3254:
3238:
3227:
3199:Solomon Fränkel
3179:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3144:
3128:
3117:
3097:Gabriel Fränkel
3047:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3012:
2996:
2985:
2953:Mordecai Gumpel
2945:Ernest Augustus
2879:Mordecai Meisel
2795:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2760:
2744:
2733:
2659:At the dawn of
2650:Jacob Marburger
2609:
2597:â lent 340,000
2581:, who financed
2550:
2544:
2511:Christian world
2441:ק×Öˇ××¨× ×¤×֡ק××֡ר
2420:
2379:
2360:
2315:
2314:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2182:Judeo-Malayalam
2162:Judaeo-Georgian
2082:
2073:
2063:
2062:
1963:Yiddish theatre
1905:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1791:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1690:
1643:
1567:
1161:
945:Genetic studies
916:
906:
905:
723:
713:
712:
700:
699:
619:
618:
611:
601:
596:
578:and Middle Ages
576:Rabbinic period
563:
557:
550:
538:
509:
495:
465:
458:
449:
441:
437:
428:
423:in Judaism
420:
405:
328:
318:
317:
197:
187:
186:
130:
118:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4414:Jewish bankers
4411:
4406:
4401:
4387:
4386:
4359:
4358:External links
4356:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4335:
4329:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4291:
4255:
4242:
4211:
4192:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4128:
4115:
4100:
4088:
4081:
4063:
4034:
4028:978-1400846092
4027:
4009:
3989:
3960:
3953:
3935:
3916:(4): 374â406.
3897:
3886:
3862:
3855:
3835:
3828:
3810:
3803:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Landesrabbiner
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3674:
3673:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3627:
3624:Raphael Kaulla
3621:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3579:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3538:
3532:
3507:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3477:
3467:
3461:
3458:Abramo Colorni
3455:
3449:
3443:Ottoman Empire
3436:
3426:
3411:
3408:Abraham Zacuto
3405:
3399:King Edward IV
3392:
3386:
3383:Abraham Senior
3380:
3379:(13th century)
3374:
3373:(12th century)
3363:
3360:
3291:
3290:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3181:
3180:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3075:Isaiah Fränkel
3049:
3048:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2959:, called also
2957:Behrend Lehman
2891:von Treuenberg
2855:Elijah Chalfon
2797:
2796:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2567:monopoly rents
2543:
2540:
2490:, ammunition,
2476:money changers
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:Territorialism
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Judaeo-Spanish
2124:
2122:Judaeo-Iranian
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:United Kingdom
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Bilad-el-Sudan
998:
993:
985:
984:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
957:
956:
954:Land of Israel
950:
949:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
917:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
814:
813:
812:Related groups
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
739:
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
708:
707:
706:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
669:Jewish atheism
666:
661:
656:
648:
647:
643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:IslamicâJewish
615:
608:
593:
588:
580:
579:
572:
571:
570:
569:
545:
532:
504:
499:
492:
487:
485:Yehud Medinata
479:
478:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
455:
447:
434:
426:
414:
409:
402:
394:
393:
391:Ancient Israel
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:Land of Israel
344:
336:
335:
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
302:Shulchan Aruch
297:
292:
287:
282:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
258:
257:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
235:
234:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
207:
206:
198:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
127:
122:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
80:
75:
68:God in Judaism
64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4426:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4349:0-88738-019-0
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4082:3-7913-1624-9
4078:
4074:
4067:
4053:on 2013-02-07
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3829:3-7913-1624-9
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3804:9781847250179
3800:
3796:
3789:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Lords of Gois
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:Jacob Bassevi
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Duke of Naxos
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:) (1476â1554)
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:Rachel Fishel
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Hesse-Homburg
3298:
3287:
3284:
3276:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3242:This section
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:Frederick III
3212:
3208:
3207:Markus Magnus
3204:
3203:Jost Liebmann
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3177:
3174:
3166:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3132:This section
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:Elkan Fränkel
3064:
3060:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3034:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3000:This section
2998:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:Jacob Bassevi
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2790:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2748:This section
2746:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:Jewish ritual
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:court marshal
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2665:Sephardi Jews
2663:, while most
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:Jacob Bassevi
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:universally,
2559:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Judeo-Aramaic
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Judeo-Italian
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:Denominations
1758:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:United States
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Guinea-Bissau
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
983:
980:
979:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
955:
952:
951:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Lists of Jews
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
909:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:
811:
810:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
716:
705:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:The Holocaust
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
645:
644:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
616:
614:
609:
605:
599:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
574:
573:
566:
560:
554:
549:
546:
542:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
461:
456:
452:
448:
445:
440:
435:
431:
427:
424:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
392:
389:
388:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
333:
332:
327:
322:
321:
310:
307:
304:
303:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:Mishneh Torah
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
190:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
128:
126:
123:
121:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
51:
50:Who is a Jew?
48:
46:
43:
42:
41:
40:
37:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4404:Court titles
4379:
4372:"Court Jews"
4339:
4318:
4294:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:the original
4224:
4214:
4195:
4182:
4169:
4156:
4143:
4131:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4091:
4072:
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4046:
4037:
4018:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3944:
3938:
3913:
3909:
3891:
3872:
3865:
3845:
3838:
3819:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3769:
3705:Hakham Bashi
3681:
3678:Walter Scott
3675:
3611:Daniel Itzig
3582:LĂśw Sinzheim
3571:(â 1740) of
3470:Chajim FĂźrst
3365:
3341:
3336:Daniel Itzig
3311:of Hamburg;
3294:
3279:
3270:
3255:Please help
3243:
3197:(1675), and
3195:Berend Wulff
3184:
3169:
3160:
3145:Please help
3133:
3091:
3052:
3037:
3028:
3013:Please help
3001:
2960:
2934:
2895:
2890:
2833:; Moses and
2811:Ferdinand II
2800:
2785:
2776:
2761:Please help
2749:
2719:collectors.
2670:
2661:mercantilism
2658:
2575:
2551:
2496:
2469:
2453:kourt faktor
2440:
2430:
2417:court factor
2416:
2399:
2389:
2375:
2368:early modern
2365:
2306:Post-Zionism
2177:Judeo-Berber
2172:Judeo-Arabic
2132:Judeo-Gascon
1879:Pidyon haben
1798:Conservative
1344:Saudi Arabia
1162:South Africa
1151:Sierra Leone
973:Israeli Jews
887:Mosaic Arabs
840:Kaifeng Jews
701:ArabâIsraeli
674:Emancipation
553:Great Revolt
362:Anti-Judaism
357:Antisemitism
352:Name "Judea"
147:Baal teshuva
4219:gasuzanne.
3893:financiers.
3715:Jewish oath
3700:Crown rabbi
3688:Prince John
3547:(1661â1730)
3537:(1661-1729)
3514:chief rabbi
3460:(1544-1599)
3439:Joseph Nasi
3385:(1412â1493)
3305:Mecklenburg
3071:circumspect
2685:Jews' badge
2636:of Prague,
2610: [
2516:WĂźrttemberg
2301:Revisionist
2291:Neo-Zionism
1898:Zeved habat
1691:Puerto Rico
1517:Netherlands
1349:South Korea
1334:Philippines
1214:Afghanistan
1081:Ivory Coast
855:Crypto-Jews
820:Bnei Anusim
799:Bene Israel
764:Beta Israel
721:Communities
628:Middle Ages
367:Persecution
142:Bereavement
4399:Court Jews
4393:Categories
4330:0198219288
4057:2013-07-02
3998:Cecil Roth
3978:: 41â112.
3954:0415937124
3887:0674397304
3856:0827600674
3781:References
3755:Useful Jew
3745:Schutzjude
3569:Aaron Beer
3530:Eisenstadt
3413:Moses and
3334:Medal for
3317:GlĂźckstadt
3211:Liebmannin
3105:LĂśw Israel
3093:David Rost
3063:Marx Model
2902:Heidelberg
2713:Christians
2677:treasurers
2571:expulsions
2556:condemned
2546:See also:
2542:Background
2286:Maximalism
2238:Secularism
2218:Autonomism
2035:Literature
1828:Humanistic
1432:Azerbaijan
1394:Uzbekistan
1369:Tajikistan
1289:Kyrgyzstan
1274:Kazakhstan
1121:Mozambique
1096:Madagascar
1016:Cape Verde
968:New Yishuv
963:Old Yishuv
914:Population
892:Subbotniks
850:Samaritans
789:Romanyotim
732:Ashkenazim
679:Old Yishuv
659:Sabbateans
646:Modern era
638:Golden Age
565:Bar Kokhba
285:Beit Yosef
152:Philosophy
4280:cite book
3667:Joseph II
3649:Brunswick
3605:Habsburgs
3595:Joseph II
3577:Frankfurt
3348:Brunswick
3244:does not
3134:does not
3079:pilloried
3055:margraves
3002:does not
2819:Ber Mayer
2805:from the
2750:does not
2705:wholesale
2673:purveyors
2630:Habsburgs
2618:Frankfurt
2562:canon law
2503:Ashkenazi
2447:romanized
2431:Hoffaktor
2422:âšSee Tfdâş
2406:romanized
2381:âšSee Tfdâş
2376:court Jew
2296:Religious
2152:Zarphatic
2142:Bukharian
2112:Judeo-Tat
2097:Yeshivish
2071:Languages
2026:Sephardic
2016:Israelite
2006:Ethiopian
1996:Ashkenazi
1935:Religious
1725:Australia
1707:Venezuela
1613:Argentina
1595:Greenland
1507:Lithuania
1359:Sri Lanka
1354:Singapore
1279:Kurdistan
1244:Indonesia
1234:Hong Kong
1187:Abayudaya
1111:Mauritius
845:Igbo Jews
835:Krymchaks
754:Sephardim
622:relations
516:Sadducees
512:Pharisees
502:Sanhedrin
417:Jerusalem
177:Synagogue
45:Etymology
4203:Archived
4000:(1941).
3984:29780029
3750:Shtadlan
3720:Judenhut
3694:See also
3403:Guernsey
3273:May 2023
3163:May 2023
3111:(1763).
3101:Dessauer
3087:WĂźrzburg
3083:scourged
3031:May 2023
2918:electors
2843:Gradisca
2839:Morpurgo
2779:May 2023
2675:and the
2654:Gradisca
2456:) was a
2400:×××ף ×××
2323:Category
2281:Kahanism
2228:Feminism
2200:Politics
2084:Biblical
2054:American
2001:Bukharan
1991:American
1891:Shidduch
1867:Clothing
1823:Haymanot
1769:Orthodox
1697:Suriname
1680:Paraguay
1633:Colombia
1532:Portugal
1442:Bulgaria
1379:Thailand
1329:Pakistan
1309:Mongolia
1304:Malaysia
1224:Cambodia
1198:Zimbabwe
1173:Tanzania
1051:Eswatini
1041:Ethiopia
1031:Djibouti
1011:Cameroon
1006:Botswana
935:Diaspora
897:Noahides
870:Marranos
794:Cochinim
779:Bukharim
769:Gruzinim
759:Teimanim
749:Mizrahim
737:Galician
703:conflict
664:Hasidism
654:Haskalah
559:Diaspora
430:timeline
342:Timeline
255:Rabbinic
162:Kabbalah
137:Marriage
113:Tzedakah
103:Holidays
61:Religion
24:a series
22:Part of
4271:Bohemia
4235:May 22,
3930:7573759
3683:Ivanhoe
3522:Moravia
3518:Hungary
3474:Hamburg
3265:removed
3250:sources
3219:Prussia
3155:removed
3140:sources
3059:Ansbach
3023:removed
3008:sources
2969:Dresden
2941:Hanover
2851:Trieste
2815:Solomon
2771:removed
2756:sources
2689:Emperor
2642:Gorizia
2626:Imhoffs
2622:Fuggers
2599:florins
2449::
2436:Yiddish
2412:hoyf id
2408::
2395:Yiddish
2390:Hofjude
2372:Germany
2266:General
2257:Zionism
2233:Leftism
2223:Bundism
2147:Knaanic
2107:Yevanic
2092:Yiddish
2049:Yiddish
2044:Israeli
2021:Mizrahi
2011:Israeli
1982:Cuisine
1958:Ancient
1940:Secular
1886:Kashrut
1862:Wedding
1849:Customs
1841:Culture
1818:Science
1813:Renewal
1803:Karaite
1784:Hasidic
1716:Oceania
1702:Uruguay
1670:Jamaica
1650:Ecuador
1618:Bolivia
1562:Ukraine
1537:Romania
1512:Moldova
1492:Hungary
1482:Germany
1477:Georgia
1467:Finland
1462:Estonia
1457:Denmark
1452:Czechia
1437:Belarus
1427:Austria
1422:Armenia
1399:Vietnam
1314:Myanmar
1299:Lebanon
1219:Bahrain
1178:Tunisia
1156:Somalia
1131:Nigeria
1126:Namibia
1116:Morocco
1046:Eritrea
991:Algeria
875:Neofiti
784:Italkim
774:Juhurim
684:Zionism
633:Khazars
528:Sicarii
524:Zealots
520:Essenes
507:Schisms
372:Leaders
334:General
326:History
269:Tosefta
264:Midrash
241:Mishnah
223:Ketuvim
218:Nevi'im
167:Customs
98:Shabbat
93:Halakha
85: (
83:Mitzvot
70: (
36:Judaism
4368:
4346:
4327:
4136:Meisel
4079:
4025:
3982:
3951:
3928:
3884:
3853:
3826:
3801:
3573:Aurich
3524:, and
3419:KrakĂłw
3350:, and
3191:Berlin
2965:Saxony
2930:Treves
2928:, and
2924:, the
2908:, and
2906:Vienna
2883:Prague
2877:; and
2869:, and
2859:Vienna
2709:retail
2644:, and
2554:Church
2534:, and
2461:banker
2458:Jewish
2426:German
2385:German
2328:Portal
2187:Domari
2117:Shassi
2078:Hebrew
1973:Humour
1917:Hiloni
1912:Aliyah
1872:Niddah
1857:Minyan
1792:Reform
1779:Haredi
1774:Modern
1675:Mexico
1660:Guyana
1623:Brazil
1585:Canada
1557:Sweden
1547:Serbia
1542:Russia
1527:Poland
1522:Norway
1502:Latvia
1487:Greece
1472:France
1447:Cyprus
1413:Europe
1384:Turkey
1374:Taiwan
1284:Kuwait
1269:Jordan
1259:Israel
1193:Zambia
1183:Uganda
1101:Malawi
1071:Guinea
1061:Gambia
996:Angola
982:Africa
865:DĂśnmeh
860:Anusim
804:Berber
742:Litvak
694:Israel
600:
537:
451:Second
419:
280:Targum
246:Gemara
232:Talmud
204:Tanakh
157:Ethics
108:Prayer
4374:. In
4267:[
3980:JSTOR
3926:S2CID
3761:Notes
3586:Mainz
3526:rabbi
2939:, of
2922:Mainz
2914:Worms
2841:) of
2701:rabbi
2646:Moses
2614:]
2558:usury
2507:loans
2415:) or
2276:Labor
2271:Green
1968:Dance
1926:Music
1745:Palau
1665:Haiti
1628:Chile
1552:Spain
1497:Italy
1404:Yemen
1364:Syria
1339:Qatar
1319:Nepal
1264:Japan
1239:India
1229:China
1168:Sudan
1091:Libya
1086:Kenya
1066:Ghana
1056:Gabon
1036:Egypt
1021:Benin
880:Xueta
825:Lemba
444:First
309:Zohar
213:Torah
195:Texts
182:Rabbi
172:Rites
72:names
4344:ISBN
4325:ISBN
4286:link
4237:2018
4077:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3949:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3824:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3669:and
3617:and
3575:and
3520:and
3445:and
3248:any
3246:cite
3138:any
3136:cite
3006:any
3004:cite
2831:GĂśrz
2817:and
2801:The
2754:any
2752:cite
2707:and
2648:and
2624:and
2492:gold
2488:arms
2482:and
2374:, a
1735:Guam
1730:Fiji
1685:Peru
1638:Cuba
1324:Oman
1294:Laos
1254:Iraq
1249:Iran
1206:Asia
1135:Igbo
1106:Mali
125:Brit
34:and
32:Jews
3918:doi
3878:401
3680:'s
3528:of
3516:of
3417:of
3315:of
3259:by
3149:by
3057:of
3017:by
2920:of
2904:to
2893:".
2881:of
2873:of
2857:of
2849:of
2829:of
2765:by
2717:tax
2652:of
2640:of
2616:of
2601:to
2366:In
1949:Art
295:Tur
87:613
4395::
4282:}}
4278:{{
4223:.
4045:.
3976:37
3974:.
3924:.
3914:21
3912:.
3900:^
3890:.
3880:.
3545:de
3543:;
3433:de
3095:,
3081:,
2975:.
2865:,
2861:;
2845:;
2825:;
2656:.
2612:de
2530:,
2522:,
2467:.
2444:,
2438::
2434:,
2428::
2403:,
2397::
2393:,
2387::
562:,
556:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
26:on
4352:.
4333:.
4288:)
4239:.
4085:.
4060:.
4031:.
3986:.
3957:.
3932:.
3920::
3859:.
3832:.
3807:.
3431:(
3286:)
3280:(
3275:)
3271:(
3267:.
3253:.
3176:)
3170:(
3165:)
3161:(
3157:.
3143:.
3044:)
3038:(
3033:)
3029:(
3025:.
3011:.
2837:(
2792:)
2786:(
2781:)
2777:(
2773:.
2759:.
2419:(
2378:(
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
1189:)
1185:(
1137:)
1133:(
606:)
602:(
568:)
551:(
544:)
539:(
530:)
510:(
453:)
442:(
432:)
421:(
89:)
74:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.