348:
common lands, adjust the rights over them, and restraining in any case their excessive exercise, as in the pasturage of cattle; to guard against the adulteration of food, to inspect weights and measures, to look in general to the morals of the people, and to find a remedy for each social ill and inconvenience. To take cognisance of grosser crimes of assault, arson, burglary, larceny, manslaughter, murder, treason, and every felony at common law.
1424:
43:
361:
Attendance at the court leet was often compulsory for those under its jurisdiction, with fines being meted out for non-attendance. The ability of the court to levy a fine was always subject to limitations, but the limits were never updated to account for inflation over the centuries; for those courts
534:
Nevertheless, courts leet technically survived into the late 20th century, though almost all of the small number which still operated had become merely ceremonial, simply forming a way of promoting or celebrating their local area. Despite this, their legal jurisdiction over crime was only abolished
347:
To enquire regularly and periodically into the proper condition of watercourses, roads, paths, and ditches; to guard against all manner of encroachments upon the public rights, whether by unlawful enclosure or otherwise; to preserve landmarks, to keep watch and ward in the town, and overlook the
554:
Although the
Administration of Justice Act had abolished the legal jurisdiction of the other courts leet, it emphasised that "any such court may continue to sit and transact such other business, if any, as was customary for it". Schedule 4 to the Act specified the "business" which was to be
268:
Before feudalism, hundred courts had also dealt with administrative matters within their area, such as bridge repairs, road conditions, and so forth, but the courts baron had largely superseded that in practice, and some manorial lords began claiming authority over criminal matters as well.
310:, and the court leet, exercising the powers formerly held by the hundred court, emphasising that the ability to hold court leet depended upon a royally granted franchise. However, in many areas it became customary for the court baron and court leet to meet together, as a single operation.
352:
The court generally sat only a few times each year, sometimes just annually. A matter was introduced into the court by means of a "presentment", from a local man or from the jury itself. Penalties were in the form of fines or imprisonment.
261:, with the tithing reporting any wrongdoing in their area, and handing over the perpetrators among them. If the wrongdoing was minor, it would be dealt with by the hundred court, but serious crimes were passed up to the
397:, the servant of the court. He was responsible for ensuring that the decisions of the court were enacted, including being responsible for summoning the jury, and performing any arrests that had been ordered by the court
523:, which effectively negated the remaining significance of the court leet, and they gradually ceased to be held, largely dying out. Following the collapse of the feudal system, and subsequent rise of
867:
The following courts leet are also listed here for unclear reasons, despite not having been exempted from abolition by the 1977 act, and despite it not being clear whether they are still operative:
253:
was an area of 10 hides, which therefore originally corresponded to about 10 households. The heads of each household were judicially bound to the others in their tithing by an arrangement called
391:, a stand-in for the lord of the manor, and hence his chief official. The steward thus acted as chairman of proceedings – in a comparable manner to a modern-day judge in a jury trial
744:
In addition, the following courts leet are in operation, having been re-established, or continued, but without statutory authority (not having been preserved by the 1977 act):
336:
as understood today. The court leet had developed while the jury system was still evolving; the jury indicted wrongdoers, stood witness, and helped decide on punishment.
1462:
377:
means persons having taken an oath). The jury's role was similar to that of the doomsmen of the Anglo-Saxons and included electing the officers (other than the
828:
807:
653:
1477:
783:
By contrast, the statutory backing for the following courts leet was preserved by the 1977 Act, but it is not clear whether they are still operative:
339:
It also developed as a means of proactively ensuring that standards in such matters as sales of food and drink, and agriculture, were adhered to. The
860:
322:, and its duty was not only to view the pledges, which were the freemen's oaths of peacekeeping and good practice in trade, but also to try with a
567:
The following courts leet were exempted from abolition by the
Administration of Justice Act 1977, and were known to be still functioning in 2010:
667:
1338:
1016:
555:
considered customary, which included the taking of presentments relating to matters of local concern and – in some cases – the management of
1439:
832:
818:
257:, which created collective responsibility for behaviour within their tithing. The hundred court monitored this system, in a process called
467:
Surveyor of the highways or overseer of pavements, and brook looker or ditch reeve, to ensure the proper condition of roads and waterways
330:
committed within the jurisdiction; more serious crimes were committed to the king's justices. Despite the presence of a jury, it was not
1444:
1472:
1099:
1321:
1138:
1467:
473:
Scavenger, to ensure standards of hygiene within the lanes and privies and to try and prevent the spread of infectious disease
1264:
403:, the bailiff's deputy (originally the servant of the hundred court, from which the court leet had taken its jurisdiction)
168:
107:
1199:
179:
The word "leet", as used in reference to special court proceedings, dates from the late 13th century, from Anglo-French
536:
79:
1415:
1289:
1071:
126:
1121:
A Treatise on
Copyholds, Customary Freeholds, Ancient Demesne and the Jurisdiction of Courts Baron and Courts Leet
86:
531:
had largely taken over the remaining authority of courts baron, and tithings were seen as a parish sub-division.
277:
that had been held by the hundred court over the tithings in the lord's manor, the most important of those being
64:
1033:
Reiber De Windt, Anne (1991). "Local
Government in a Small Town: A Medieval Leet Jury and its Constituents".
93:
249:, with each hide being an area of land of variable size that is enough to support one entire household. A
1186:
938:
60:
1228:
705:
547:
of farming, which had been replaced everywhere else by the 18th century (as a result of the process of
75:
17:
430:
or bellman, responsible for announcing of the court's decisions to the people of the manor in general
381:
who was appointed by the lord), bringing matters to the attention of the court and deciding on them.
242:
1149:
1013:
1153:
847:
660:
540:
519:
gradually rebalanced power away from manorial lords. Magistrates were later given authority over
53:
1410:
Baker, J. H. (2002). An
Introduction to English Legal History (4th ed.). London: Butterworths.
726:
632:
622:
498:
The
Woodward, responsible for patrolling woodlands and stopping poachers from hunting illegally
457:
Bread weighers, responsible for verifying the freshness and weight of bread sold in the manor
31:
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709:
516:
485:
8:
303:
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100:
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440:
Specialist professional inspectors, in lieu of portions of the jury's responsibility:
1411:
794:
757:
544:
203:
152:
996:
281:. The group of tithings that were located within each manor had come to be called a
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841:
681:
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406:
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378:
164:
933:
1382:
1325:
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in the House of Lords Debate on the
Administration of Justice Bill on 2 May 1977
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1103:
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963:
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701:
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417:
363:
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274:
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Altrincham, Cheshire – Trafford Court Leet, Court Baron and View of
Frankpledge
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697:
370:
148:
489:
191:
1456:
1435:
1430:
598:
332:
306:
established a sharp distinction between the court baron, exercising strictly
245:, and there was a hundred court for each of them. Each hundred comprised 100
238:
1448:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–328.
1203:
722:
Manor of
Stoborough Court Leet as exempted in the Wareham Borough exemption.
481:
Specialist enacting staff, in lieu of parts of the bailiff's responsibility
575:
528:
298:
1297:
1014:
The Court Leet of the
Worshipful Town Mayor and Chief Burgesses of Warwick
1383:"THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF THE MANOR OF RUSHTON OR RUSHTON JAMES"
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752:
687:
556:
493:
454:
Carniters or "flesh tasters", to ensure the freshness of meat and poultry
307:
286:
262:
254:
246:
223:
219:
184:
160:
144:
384:
The officers of courts leet could include some or all of the following:
215:
1166:
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853:
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649:
604:
444:
434:
427:
979:
962:
Ritson, J., The Jurisdiction of the Court Leet (1809): Introduction –
539:. However, one exception was allowed: the court leet for the manor of
762:
693:
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270:
207:
1046:
42:
814:
800:
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571:
551:), and required the court in order to administer the field system.
340:
1429:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
421:, in modern-day courts leet, since this is largely all he now does
1365:"The Lordship and Manor of Rushton (overlordship) (Staffordhire)"
1245:
776:
770:
737:
696:
Courts Leet and Views of Frankpledge for the three Manors of the
674:
502:
461:
394:
250:
211:
156:
543:, which had continued to operate judicially; Laxton retains the
1364:
1097:
The Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Henley-in-Arden
677:
Court of Mayoralty (held by the town council to admit freemen)
362:
leet that still exist, the fine has effectively become merely
1225:
874:
Courts Leet and Baron of the Manor of Rushton (Staffordshire)
610:
594:
412:
327:
231:
227:
1041:(4). North American Conference on British Studies: 627–654.
1200:"The Manor of Henley-in-Arden Court Leet & Court Baron"
323:
190:
of unknown origin, with a possible connection to the verb "
1035:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
460:
Searcher and sealer of leather, to ensure the quality of
448:
748:
The Court Leet and Baron of Carrick Blacker at Portadown
609:
Courts Leet and Baron of Barony of Cemaes in County of
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
1235:, City of Southampton Society – retrieved 23 May 2009
803:
View of Frankpledge, Court Leet and Great Court Baron
1150:
Schedule 4 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977
476:
Overseer of the poor, to collect and distribute alms
27:
Historical court baron in England, Wales and Ireland
900:
810:
Court Leet with Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
719:
Court Leet and Court Baron with View of Frankpledge
603:Ancient Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
593:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Ancient Manor of
470:
Chimney peeper, to ensure chimneys were swept clean
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1066:
1064:
578:) Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
369:Courts leet generally had a jury formed from the
218:. The exercise of those rights was combined with
1463:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
1454:
1339:"Taunton's Court Leet law day upholds tradition"
273:formally granted certain trusted lords with the
1032:
999:, Dovecote Inn, Laxton – retrieved 23 May 2009
1061:
424:Chapelayne, who provided prayers for the court
202:At a very early time in medieval England, the
797:Courts Leet and Baron and View of Frankpledge
628:Manor of Fyling Court Leet in North Yorkshire
501:The Pinherd, to impound stray animals in the
373:tenants, as bondsmen could not give an oath (
680:Court Leet of the Island and Royal Manor of
343:Court Leet contained the following wording:
1478:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1977
751:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
641:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
1246:"Guildable Manor of Southwark – Home Page"
1114:
1112:
975:
973:
971:
616:Manorial Court for Hundred and Borough of
562:
451:, and to check that true measures are used
1009:
1007:
1005:
767:Court Leet of Northleach, Gloucestershire
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1434:
992:
990:
988:
958:
956:
919:
366:– 2p for example in the case of Laxton.
289:these judicial powers came to be called
1109:
968:
827:Courts Leet and Baron of the Manors of
731:Court Leet of the Manor and Borough of
409:, to ensure order during court sessions
167:, which was normally restricted to the
14:
1455:
1002:
590:Manor Court (held by the town council)
415:, the usher; typically referred to as
237:Criminal jurisdiction was held by the
1404:
1090:
985:
953:
666:Court Leet and Baron of the Manor of
433:Affeerers, responsible for assessing
1262:
1026:
356:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1074:. Wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from
964:Full text available on Google Books
24:
1263:Rhea, Nicholas (22 January 2016).
931:
537:Administration of Justice Act 1977
25:
1489:
1473:1977 disestablishments in England
1422:
1319:Report of Hatherleigh Court Leet
1124:(1823): Part III, Chapter XVIII.
510:
220:manorial administrative concerns
197:
41:
1375:
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1282:
1256:
1238:
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1192:
1180:
1159:
1143:
1127:
824:The Court Baron of East Horndon
684:still continues as of July 2024
241:; the country was divided into
52:needs additional citations for
1265:"When sheep were big business"
925:
535:in 1977, by section 23 of the
30:For other uses of "leet", see
13:
1:
1468:Medieval English court system
1269:Darlington and Stockton Times
893:
652:and the Manor and Liberty of
631:Court Baron for the Manor of
206:exercised or claimed certain
165:attendant police jurisdiction
877:Normanton on Soar Court Leet
437:(setting the level of fines)
174:
159:that exercised the "view of
7:
939:Online Etymology Dictionary
881:
447:, to ensure the quality of
10:
1494:
982:– retrieved 26 August 2018
850:Court Leet and Court Baron
625:Court Leet and Court Baron
285:, and hence, in the later
230:had no power to deal with
29:
725:Courts Leet and Baron of
1445:Encyclopædia Britannica
1343:Somerset County Gazette
1328:. Retrieved 26 May 2009
1167:"Bromsgrove Court Leet"
1154:UK Statute Law Database
1152:, as amended, from the
1106:– retrieved 23 May 2009
1019:12 October 2008 at the
623:Danby (North Yorkshire)
563:Surviving jurisdictions
541:Laxton, Nottinghamshire
313:
1388:. rushton-manor.org.uk
1226:Southampton Court Leet
1102:6 October 2009 at the
727:Stockbridge, Hampshire
350:
856:Courts Leet and Baron
584:Courts Leet and Baron
345:
318:The court leet was a
32:Leet (disambiguation)
1369:rushton-manor.org.uk
1324:23 July 2011 at the
1290:"Wareham Court Leet"
1189:of Fyling Court Leet
1072:"Wareham Court Leet"
1023:– retrieved Nov 2018
656:Court and Court Leet
515:The introduction of
61:improve this article
1300:on 23 November 2018
1206:on 28 November 2010
1078:on 23 November 2018
980:Alcester Court Leet
829:Eton-cum-Stockdales
808:Dorney with Boveney
654:Sanden Fee Hocktide
521:view of frankpledge
279:view of frankpledge
259:view of frankpledge
1405:Sources referenced
1345:. 25 November 2010
1250:guildablemanor.org
1231:8 May 2009 at the
648:Town and Manor of
488:, responsible for
1294:wareham-tc.gov.uk
997:Laxton Court Leet
932:Harper, Douglas.
758:Holsworthy, Devon
545:open-field system
357:Jury and officers
204:lord of the manor
153:England and Wales
143:was a historical
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1172:13 December
817:(otherwise
791:Court Baron
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635:in City of
557:common land
517:magistrates
494:common land
435:amercements
418:mace bearer
287:Middle Ages
263:shire court
255:frankpledge
224:court baron
214:and feudal
185:Anglo-Latin
161:frankpledge
147:(a type of
145:court baron
117:August 2022
1457:Categories
1440:Court Leet
894:References
888:Cert-money
863:Court Leet
854:Spitchwick
833:Colenorton
819:Blackslade
789:Bucklebury
779:Court Leet
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702:Guildable
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582:Ashburton
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222:, in his
175:Etymology
1392:11 March
1322:Archived
1304:11 March
1274:14 April
1229:Archived
1133:Per the
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1017:Archived
945:26 March
882:See also
815:Dunstone
801:Croyland
717:Spaunton
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588:Bideford
572:Alcester
371:freehold
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304:Edward I
271:the king
243:hundreds
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738:Warwick
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503:pinfold
486:Hayward
462:leather
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157:Ireland
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1394:2020
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