543:
235:(also known as the Willebroek Canal). The Senne had always been a river with an inconsistent flow, often overflowing its banks. In times of heavy rainfall, even the sluice gates were unable to regulate the flow of the river, which was often swollen by numerous creeks flowing down from higher ground. Making matters worse, within the city, the river's bed was narrowed by encroaching construction due to demographic pressure. The supports of numerous unregulated bridges impeded water flow and caused water levels to rise even further, exacerbated by a riverbed of accumulated waste.
868:
287:
467:
22:
661:
2459:
814:
2796:
999:
434:, would accumulate potentially dangerous gases and would not be able to handle enough water to prevent floods. Others opposed to the project complained about the soaring taxes resulting from its high cost, poor compensation for seized property and the lack of public input into the project. The press accused Anspach of being responsible for demolishing Brussels' old town, and published numerous caricatures mocking him.
138:
2284:
220:
793:, the church's facade was intended by Suys to be one of the new boulevards' focal points. The work to cover the river, which nearly surrounded the church, preserved the building's integrity at great trouble and expense, but it was finally demolished in 1893, its style no longer popular with the people and its presence unsuitable for the area. The church was replaced by a
390:
982:
In 2021, a small part (200 m (660 ft)) of the river was uncovered again near the suburb of Buda. Plans are underway to uncover a larger 600 m (2,000 ft) section in
Maximilien Park (north of the city centre) by 2025. These moves were made after the success of the water treatment in
727:
The construction of private buildings on the boulevards and surrounding areas took place later. Brussels' middle class continued to prefer living in new suburbs rather than the cramped areas of the city centre. Besides, the high prices of the land (expected to finance part of the construction costs)
114:
In the 1930s, plans were made to cover the Senne along its entire course within the greater
Brussels area, which had grown significantly since the 19th-century covering. By 1955, the course of the Senne was diverted to the downtown's peripheral boulevards. In 1976, the disused tunnels were converted
518:
built upriver and downriver in the adjacent suburbs, the covered section itself was 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) in length. Constructed from bricks, the covering consisted of two parallel 6-metre-wide (20 ft) tunnels, and a set of two lateral drainage pipes, each taking in waste water from its
501:
The expropriation procedure of the first 1,100 houses located on the route was long and laborious, requiring an individual assessment of each building. The gigantic work, involving thousands of workers, began on 13 February 1867. From 1867 to 1871, the river was temporarily diverted and much of the
294:
The first studies and propositions to clean up the river date back to 1859, and between 1861 and 1864, the
Brussels authorities assigned successive commissions of engineers to examine possible solutions. Dozens of different ideas were submitted, many of which were completely unfeasible. Several of
522:
There were several technical difficulties that delayed the covering, many of which were due to
Brussels' geology, though they were not as bad as some engineers had forecast. The embezzlement scandal also caused a significant delay in construction, largely due to the change in control. In spite of
421:
neighbourhood. The selling of land after the project's completion was seen as a way of financing the project itself. That the lower town's poorer residents were forced away into other already overcrowded districts or into the surrounding suburbs did not trouble the upper classes very much, as the
351:
Anspach's backing of Suys' proposal was a calculated decision, as he had radical plans to transform the city. Anspach saw the proposal as an unexpected boon, as it allowed him to accomplish several of his goals at once. It had long been his ambition to transform the impoverished lower city into a
739:
on their works, two architectural competitions were organised, first in the period 1872–1876 and again in 1876–1878. Great freedom was given to the architects; no unity of style was sought nor imposed (other than a minimum height of 15 metres (49 ft) to avoid speculation) and the monumental
380:
for the city. The elimination of the numerous alleys and dead-ends in the lower town in favour of a large, straight, wide, open-air boulevard, linking the two rapidly growing train stations, seemed both a necessity and an opportunity to beautify the city and improve both traffic circulation and
299:
system in the city. Other proposals involved diverting the Senne's main course completely to the Lesser Senne, which would then be enlarged and thus be more useful for boat traffic and mills. Others considered any sort of sanitisation impossible, and proposed covering the Senne without greatly
445:
company, the
Belgian Public Work Company (the English name was used), which was created for the task. The contract was signed on 15 June 1866, and the contractor was given three years for the undertaking. However, partway through construction, it was forced to relinquish control to the
416:
in nature, and allowed for more land to be taken beyond what was strictly necessary for a project. The city expropriated large swathes of the lower town, counting on reselling the land for a profit, which, after the project was complete, would be on a grandiose modern boulevard in an
498:—amounting to 18 million Belgian francs. The city's financial resources for public works were temporarily monopolised by the operation. Now in sole control of the works, the city had to rely on the sub-contractors working on the project to see it through to completion.
238:
During dry periods, however, much of the Senne's water was diverted for the needs of the city's populace, as well as to maintain the water level in the
Charleroi Canal. This left a flow too feeble to evacuate the filthy water, leaving the
300:
changing its course. Among these was a proposal to double the size of the underground drainage tunnels, creating space for a subterranean railroad tunnel. The idea was ahead of its time, but would be implemented a century later with the
527:
gates on 30 November. The work's effectiveness was soon put to the test. After a minor flood was stopped in 1873, torrential rains in 1876 brought the river's flow to 85 m (3,000 cu ft) without apparent disturbances.
629:)—were laid out between 1869 and 1871, and were progressively opened to traffic from 1871 to 1873. The opening of these new routes offered a more efficient way to get into Brussels' lower town than the cramped streets such as the
319:, expressed the wish that Brussels "will succeed in getting rid of this cesspool called the Senne" before the end of his reign. In October of that year, the municipal council adopted a project submitted by the architect
247:
and industrial waste that had been dumped into the river to accumulate in the stagnant water. The Senne, which a witness in 1853 described as "the most nauseous little river in the world", had become an open-air
327:
and the north of the city. This main branch would be channelled into tunnels, to be placed directly beneath a long, straight 30-metre-wide (100 ft) boulevard, stretching from the
Greater Sluice Gate to the
429:
Even after Suys' proposal was officially adopted in 1865, Anspach faced strong opposition to the project. This opposition came first from engineers who felt that the covering was incompatible with
Brussels'
111:
scandal. This delayed the project, but it was still completed in 1871. Its completion allowed the construction of the modern buildings and boulevards that are focal to downtown
Brussels today.
2009:
323:, which had Anspach's backing. The plan involved suppressing the Senne's secondary arm by closing the Lesser Sluice Gate and rectifying the sinuous course of its main arm between
2490:
975:. This station is capable of treating the water of 1.2 million inhabitants and should finally be capable of fully purifying the Senne, which had also long caused much of the
196:. The two branches met up on the north side of Saint-GĂ©ry Island, exiting the Pentagon one block east of the Antwerp Gate. A man-made arm, called the "Lesser Senne" (French:
789:. After having been used as a Protestant church from 1815 to 1830, it subsequently saw use as a concert hall, a commercial exchange, and a post office. At the centre of the
728:
and the high rents were not within the means of the lower classes. Moreover, life in apartments was no longer desirable for residents of
Brussels, who preferred to live in
2072:
2473:
2099:
955:
were built. The Brussels-South station treats refuse water from 360,000 inhabitants, which is about one third of the polluted water, and lies on the border of
844:. This was done in order to expand the benefits that the covering achieved in the old city. In the centre, the course of the river was to be changed (using a
107:
and demolition of working-class neighbourhoods. The construction was contracted to a British company, but control was returned to the government following an
2675:
2042:
767:(loosely, "House of Cats") on the Boulevard du Nord. Nonetheless, it took another twenty years, until 1895, for buildings to solidly line the boulevards.
423:
2478:
252:
spreading pestilential odours throughout the city. Early in the second half of the 19th century, Brussels saw numerous dry periods, floods and a
412:
of privately owned land by the government when the land was to be used for the "greater good". This could be done even if the project was still
173:
river, was densely populated and industrial, characterised by an illogical street layout, back alleys, narrow streets, and numerous dead-ends.
80:
and was filled with garbage and decaying organic matter. It was heavily polluted, and it flooded frequently, inundating the lower town and the
2304:
2017:
837:
in the canal. The drainage into the canal was not able to completely stop the floods that regularly affected certain outer areas of the city.
76:
of Brussels, but it became more polluted and less navigable as the city grew. By the second half of the 19th century, it had become a serious
2631:
2230:. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 20. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine.
129:
was not completed until March 2007, when two treatment stations were built, thus finally cleansing the Senne after centuries of problems.
442:
801:. Its facade's masonry, however, was preserved, being disassembled and reconstructed as the facade of the Church of the Holy Trinity in
227:
Still described, in the 18th century, as a river with a "useful and pleasant course", the Senne had long since lost its usefulness as a
2225:
192:. The courses of the two traced a meandering path through the city centre, forming several islands, the largest of which was known as
2485:
840:
In 1930, a group was created whose objective was to channel the Senne into tunnels for nearly its entire course through the Brussels
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2421:
2416:
2411:
2288:
295:
them proposed diverting large amounts of cleaner water from other rivers upstream to dilute the Senne, while greatly improving the
2446:
1022:
312:
88:
829:
in Brussels' old city, this was not the case in peripheral areas. The Senne was still very polluted, despite work done to the
2656:
2431:
2244:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2136:
2641:
771:
329:
165:, was upscale and modern. The rest of the city, however, in particular the lower town, located in the western half of the
2076:
232:
2830:
2610:
2337:
2263:
1012:
441:, Anspach feared the government's weakness and rigidity and therefore gave the work of covering the river to a private
2294:
2820:
2543:
1387:
103:
and public buildings. The project faced fierce opposition and controversy, mostly due to its cost and the need for
967:, between the Senne and the Charleroi-Willebroek Canal, near Buda Bridge. A portion of the cost was footed by the
2646:
2605:
2050:
676:
In order to accomplish this revitalisation and attract investment, public buildings were constructed as part of
2525:
2386:
849:
537:
337:
324:
185:
100:
58:
2396:
2825:
2651:
2626:
2358:
2299:
720:, replaced unhygienic open-air markets, though they were torn down in 1958. The monumental fountain at the
523:
this, the project was completed in 1871, with the municipal council ceremonially opening the reconstructed
213:
892:
tunnels ensured that there was minimal disruption on the surface. Some of the former pipes also served as
2636:
2129:
Bruxelles sortie des eaux : Les relations entre la ville et ses cours d'eau du Moyen Age Ă nos jours
744:
2150:(in French). Vol. I: Du voûtement de la Senne à la jonction Nord-Midi. Brussels: Paul Legrain/CFC.
626:
2548:
2371:
983:
earlier decades, and a desire to include more green space in the city, as well as to build the river's
861:
405:
301:
184:, in two places. The main and more southern arm entered through the Greater Sluice Gate, near today's
2840:
2584:
2506:
2381:
231:, having been replaced by the first half of the 19th century by the Brussels–Charleroi Canal and the
2845:
2406:
181:
732:. For these reasons, the buildings constructed by private citizens had difficulty finding buyers.
2436:
948:
681:
154:
126:
542:
454:
scandal in which a company director, Frédéric Doulton, allegedly attempted to steal 2.5 million
2441:
2330:
693:
506:
stroke, wells had to be installed at regular intervals, then the water pumped out to lower the
2752:
2747:
2697:
2183:
984:
610:
438:
308:
790:
333:
2772:
2742:
2563:
2366:
2046:
952:
879:
853:
654:
511:
482:
The covering of the river itself, by far the largest operation, absorbed two-thirds of the
471:
345:
341:
281:
189:
116:
62:
193:
8:
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775:
747:
approach throughout the immense perspective of the boulevards. The first prize of 20,000
491:
265:
166:
61:
in its place. Carried out between 1867 and 1871, it is one of the defining events in the
2511:
968:
940:
729:
353:
228:
867:
724:, which was to break the boulevards' uniformity, was abandoned for budgetary reasons.
2553:
2391:
2376:
2323:
2240:
2210:
2189:
2168:
2151:
2132:
884:
841:
786:
594:
547:
223:
Many unsanitary and unsafe wooden add-ons projected over the river in the lower town.
121:
888:(underground tram), which opened in 1976. The conversion of the existing tunnels to
369:
2702:
2538:
897:
878:
The central boulevards' disused channels later facilitated the construction of the
857:
794:
495:
447:
269:
1046:
This amount is roughly equivalent to €63 million in 2020 when taking into account
466:
2717:
2204:
960:
782:
752:
721:
669:
365:
188:. The smaller northerly arm entered through the Lesser Sluice Gate, near today's
38:
458:
from the company. Anspach only barely kept his office in the 1869 by-elections.
286:
2800:
2533:
1004:
972:
964:
889:
872:
871:
The Senne leaving the Brussels-North water treatment plant near Buda Bridge in
515:
475:
409:
256:
epidemic, caused as much by the river itself as by the poverty and the lack of
249:
46:
21:
2814:
2589:
2558:
845:
798:
748:
455:
393:
373:
316:
261:
170:
142:
104:
92:
81:
77:
69:
26:
2155:
352:
centre of business and commerce, suitable for a modern capital (Belgium had
2295:
An 1837 map of Brussels, showing the city before the covering of the Senne.
900:
was reinstalled in May 1981 in a basin that occupies the space between the
825:
Although the original covering of the Senne resolved sanitary problems and
660:
503:
451:
357:
108:
2674:
2300:
An 1883 map of Brussels, showing the city after the covering of the Senne.
2100:"Brussels battles old prejudices as it frees unloved river from its vault"
818:
677:
502:
old city centre was opened up. To prevent the water from rising with each
320:
96:
944:
893:
813:
507:
418:
413:
377:
162:
150:
2458:
680:' massive programme of beautification of the city centre, including the
149:
At the beginning of the 19th century, Brussels was still in many ways a
2757:
2737:
2687:
956:
177:
2271:(in French). Vol. 1A: Pentagone A-D. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1989.
389:
87:
Numerous proposals were made to remedy this problem, and in 1865, the
2722:
2707:
2692:
2013:
1047:
963:. The Brussels-North station, completed in March 2007, is located in
2346:
834:
830:
826:
296:
244:
158:
73:
54:
1990:
2727:
2426:
976:
802:
778:
487:
483:
431:
361:
257:
253:
817:
The building housing the Greater Sluice's mechanism, rebuilt by
785:, was the only remaining part of a convent destroyed in 1796 by
735:
To give builders an incentive to create elaborate and appealing
290:
The 1837 course of the Senne superimposed on the modern downtown
137:
2283:
736:
524:
240:
216:
before rejoining the main part of the Senne north of the city.
209:
219:
2762:
2732:
2712:
2010:"Waterzuivering – waterzuiveringsstation Brussel Noord"
336:) before splitting into two. One branch was to head towards
53:) was the covering and later diverting of the main river of
2315:
1924:
1449:
1447:
1422:
1420:
1249:
1247:
1186:
1184:
751:
for the 1872–1876 competition was awarded to the architect
360:, most of whom had left the dingy downtown for the cleaner
205:
1885:
204:), continued on the borders of the Pentagon in the former
2254:
Loze, Pierre; Vautier, Dominique; Vestre, Marina (1990).
1956:
1954:
1941:
1939:
1902:
1900:
1689:
1687:
1288:
1286:
971:, as seven of the adjacent municipalities lie within the
2131:(in French). Brussels: Musées de la Ville de Bruxelles.
1831:
1783:
1759:
1723:
1699:
1648:
1583:
1525:
1444:
1417:
1310:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1181:
57:, Belgium, and the construction of public buildings and
1875:
1873:
1848:
1846:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1542:
1540:
1503:
1501:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1213:
1211:
1133:
1092:
356:, with Brussels its capital). He wanted to attract the
2258:(in French). Brussels: Eiffel Editions - CFC Éditions.
1951:
1936:
1897:
1819:
1771:
1684:
1660:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1488:
1486:
1368:
1356:
1327:
1325:
1283:
1259:
1082:
1080:
1078:
264:
in the lower city. This forced the governments of the
1636:
1393:
1298:
1223:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1912:
1870:
1843:
1807:
1747:
1672:
1564:
1552:
1537:
1513:
1498:
1337:
1271:
1208:
1121:
994:
774:, built at the beginning of the 17th century in the
557:
The series of boulevards created by the project—the
157:
in the historic upper town, inhabited mainly by the
1978:
1966:
1858:
1795:
1735:
1711:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1432:
1405:
1322:
1196:
1157:
1075:
951:was not completed until the 21st century, when two
657:, and helped revitalise the town's lower quarters.
180:, penetrating the Pentagon, the former site of the
2265:Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles
2075:(in Dutch). brusselnieuws.be. 2007. Archived from
1169:
1145:
1104:
1063:
422:displaced residents did not pay taxes or have the
125:. Actual purification of the waste water from the
2253:
1996:
2812:
2307:Bruxelles, chronique d’une capitale en chantier
2148:Bruxelles, chronique d'une capitale en chantier
99:to cover the river and build a series of grand
16:Covering of the main river of Brussels, Belgium
2073:"Brussel eindelijk in orde met waterzuivering"
461:
2773:Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe
2676:Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
2331:
684:(1868–1873). The vast Central Halls (French:
531:
384:
925:
913:
901:
756:
709:
697:
642:
630:
614:
598:
588:
582:
570:
558:
2753:Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node
2698:Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem
2043:"Brussels-North wastewater treatment plant"
931:
919:
907:
762:
715:
703:
672:, which won first prize in the 1876 contest
648:
636:
627:Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan
620:
604:
576:
564:
275:
2743:Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
2338:
2324:
2037:
2035:
808:
119:of Brussels' underground tram system, the
2778:Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe
2768:Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde
2499:
2206:Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History
348:, thus forming a long, narrow "Y" shape.
72:(French/Dutch) was historically the main
2256:Guide de Bruxelles XIXème et Art Nouveau
2223:
2202:
2181:
1960:
1945:
1906:
1777:
1693:
1666:
1642:
1374:
1362:
1292:
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1127:
866:
812:
659:
541:
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388:
285:
218:
136:
132:
20:
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2126:
2032:
1930:
1891:
1825:
1765:
1654:
1519:
1399:
1304:
1238:
2813:
2239:(in French). Brussels: 180° éditions.
2234:
2165:Bruxelles, des remparts aux boulevards
2097:
1852:
1023:Belgium in the long nineteenth century
550:in 1880, etching by Armand Heins from
486:granted by the public authorities—the
408:had passed a law in 1858 allowing the
396:and the Senne, editorial cartoon from
342:Place Charles Rogier/Karel Rogierplein
145:in 1837; north is roughly to the right
2673:
2319:
2162:
2145:
1984:
1972:
1918:
1879:
1864:
1837:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1753:
1741:
1729:
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1705:
1678:
1630:
1613:
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1507:
1492:
1477:
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1350:
1331:
1316:
1277:
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1217:
1202:
1190:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1115:
1098:
1086:
1069:
611:Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan
176:The Senne split into two branches in
95:, selected a design by the architect
852:to the peripheral boulevards of the
791:Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein
334:Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein
1040:
987:, which had been essentially dead.
84:neighbourhoods that surrounded it.
13:
2432:L'Innovation department store fire
14:
2857:
2276:
2098:Boffey, Daniel (27 August 2021).
354:declared its independence in 1830
2794:
2457:
2282:
2167:(in French). Brussels: Badeaux.
997:
860:and the work carried out on the
764:Hier is't in den kater en de kat
2836:Environmental issues in Belgium
2606:Brussels and the European Union
2120:
2091:
2065:
2002:
1997:Loze, Vautier & Vestre 1990
1380:
1013:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
519:respective side of the street.
233:Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal
2703:Bruxelles-Ville / Stad Brussel
856:. The project, delayed by the
722:Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein
538:Central Boulevards of Brussels
338:Brussels-North railway station
325:Brussels-South railway station
186:Brussels-South railway station
161:and the richer members of the
1:
1028:
595:Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan
548:Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan
2345:
1057:
1033:
313:City of Brussels' then-mayor
7:
2305:Présentation de l'ouvrage:
2188:(in Dutch). Tielt: Lannoo.
990:
797:dedicated to the memory of
572:Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier
462:Demolition and construction
10:
2862:
2748:Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis
2397:Duchess of Richmond's ball
772:Temple of the Augustinians
535:
532:The new central boulevards
514:. Excluding the important
385:Controversy and opposition
376:, causing a large loss in
330:Temple of the Augustinians
279:
2831:Urban planning in Belgium
2790:
2683:
2669:
2619:
2598:
2572:
2524:
2507:Drapery Court of Brussels
2466:
2455:
2357:
2353:
2182:De Roose, Fabien (1999).
1388:City Archives of Brussels
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
716:
710:
704:
698:
649:
643:
637:
631:
621:
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583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
141:Map of Brussels with the
2821:19th century in Brussels
2227:Les Boulevards du Centre
2224:Eggericx, Laure (1997).
2209:. Oxford: Signal Books.
2203:De Vries, André (2003).
2185:De fonteinen van Brussel
864:, was finished in 1955.
552:L'Illustration nationale
474:and construction of the
374:Avenue Louise/Louizalaan
344:, the other towards the
276:Attempts at purification
214:Brussels–Charleroi Canal
51:Overwelving van de Zenne
2758:Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek
2437:Heysel Stadium disaster
2289:Senne/Zenne in Brussels
2237:Bruxelles et ses places
2163:Demey, Thierry (2013).
2146:Demey, Thierry (1990).
2127:Deligne, Chloé (2005).
1386:Map of Suys' proposal.
949:Brussels-Capital Region
809:Diversion and treatment
781:style after designs by
717:Zwarte Lievevrouwstraat
682:Brussels Stock Exchange
212:gates. It followed the
169:, in the valley of the
127:Brussels-Capital Region
89:City of Brussels' mayor
2611:Science and technology
2549:North–South connection
2235:Gérard, Hervé (2023).
2049:. 2007. Archived from
2016:. 2007. Archived from
875:
862:North–South connection
822:
787:French revolutionaries
763:
757:
740:composition adopted a
711:Rue de la Vierge Noire
696:, located between the
689:
685:
673:
554:
479:
401:
368:(now often called the
302:North–South connection
291:
224:
201:
197:
146:
50:
42:
30:
2402:Covering of the Senne
985:ecological resilience
953:purification stations
915:Quai au Bois à Brûler
870:
816:
694:metallic architecture
692:), a good example of
663:
655:Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat
616:Boulevard de la Senne
578:Maurice Lemonnierlaan
545:
470:The beginning of the
469:
392:
289:
222:
140:
133:The Senne in Brussels
43:Voûtement de la Senne
35:covering of the Senne
24:
2693:Auderghem / Oudergem
2291:at Wikimedia Commons
560:Boulevard du Hainaut
340:and the present-day
282:Wastewater treatment
25:The covering of the
2826:Subterranean rivers
2079:on 17 November 2007
1933:, p. 200, 366.
1018:History of Brussels
730:single family homes
492:Province of Brabant
266:Province of Brabant
63:history of Brussels
2801:Belgium portal
2512:Guilds of Brussels
2479:Minister-President
1894:, p. 40, 366.
1840:, p. 212–213.
1792:, p. 541–542.
1732:, p. 555–556.
1708:, p. 550–553.
1592:, p. 534–536.
1534:, p. 537–538.
1456:, p. 527–529.
1429:, p. 532–534.
1319:, p. 531–532.
1256:, p. 530–531.
1193:, p. 529–530.
1142:, p. 290–291.
1101:, p. 284–290.
969:Flemish Government
876:
850:central boulevards
823:
674:
555:
480:
406:Belgian Parliament
402:
311:, speaking to the
292:
229:navigable waterway
225:
147:
101:central boulevards
31:
2808:
2807:
2786:
2785:
2665:
2664:
2657:Parks and gardens
2544:Charleroi Airport
2520:
2519:
2359:Historical events
2287:Media related to
2246:978-2-940721-32-0
2216:978-1-902669-46-5
2195:978-90-209-3838-8
2174:978-2-930609-02-7
2138:978-2-9600373-1-9
842:metropolitan area
755:who designed the
650:Kleerkopersstraat
600:Boulevard du Nord
584:Boulevard Central
194:Saint-GĂ©ry Island
182:second city walls
2853:
2841:Water in Belgium
2799:
2798:
2797:
2728:Ixelles / Elsene
2671:
2670:
2642:Railway stations
2539:Brussels Airport
2497:
2496:
2482:
2461:
2450:
2387:1695 bombardment
2355:
2354:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2286:
2272:
2270:
2259:
2250:
2231:
2220:
2199:
2178:
2159:
2142:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
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2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2006:
2000:
1999:, p. 40–41.
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:, p. 39–40.
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1657:, p. 39–41.
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1617:
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1605:
1599:
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1194:
1188:
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1125:
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1102:
1096:
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1073:
1067:
1051:
1044:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
935:
934:
929:
928:
927:Sainte-Catherine
923:
922:
917:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:
903:Quai aux Briques
898:Anspach Fountain
880:North–South Axis
858:Second World War
795:fountain-obelisk
766:
760:
758:Maison des Chats
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
686:Halles Centrales
652:
651:
646:
645:
644:Rue des Fripiers
640:
639:
634:
633:
624:
623:
618:
617:
608:
607:
602:
601:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
496:City of Brussels
448:City of Brussels
370:European Quarter
364:, including the
270:City of Brussels
117:North–South Axis
59:major boulevards
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:Water pollution
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2679:
2661:
2627:Notable persons
2615:
2594:
2568:
2516:
2495:
2476:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2377:Massacre (1370)
2349:
2344:
2310:
2279:
2268:
2247:
2217:
2196:
2175:
2139:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
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1105:
1097:
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1085:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
936:neighbourhood.
811:
783:Jacob Franquart
690:Centrale Hallen
540:
534:
464:
387:
366:Leopold Quarter
309:King Leopold II
284:
278:
135:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Forest / Vorst
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Metro stations
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2470:
2468:
2467:Administration
2464:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Fortifications
2369:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2278:
2277:External links
2275:
2274:
2273:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2090:
2064:
2053:on 19 May 2007
2031:
2020:on 26 May 2007
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1923:
1921:, p. 545.
1911:
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 213.
1869:
1857:
1842:
1830:
1828:, p. 366.
1818:
1816:, p. 542.
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 543.
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1683:
1681:, p. 544.
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 538.
1563:
1561:, p. 535.
1551:
1549:, p. 536.
1536:
1524:
1512:
1510:, p. 537.
1497:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1443:
1431:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1353:, p. 534.
1336:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1282:
1280:, p. 530.
1270:
1258:
1243:
1222:
1220:, p. 531.
1207:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 529.
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1103:
1091:
1089:, p. 532.
1074:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:Belgium portal
992:
989:
979:'s pollution.
973:Flemish Region
933:Sint Katelijne
810:
807:
749:Belgian francs
699:Rue des Halles
566:Henegouwenlaan
536:Main article:
533:
530:
463:
460:
456:Belgian francs
386:
383:
277:
274:
208:, outside the
134:
131:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2858:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Uccle / Ukkel
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
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2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2590:Iris Festival
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Brussels Ring
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2448:
2443:
2442:2016 bombings
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
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2400:
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2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1987:, p. 85.
1986:
1981:
1975:, p. 84.
1974:
1969:
1963:, p. 50.
1962:
1961:De Roose 1999
1957:
1955:
1948:, p. 31.
1947:
1946:Eggericx 1997
1942:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1909:, p. 30.
1908:
1907:Eggericx 1997
1903:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1867:, p. 82.
1866:
1861:
1855:, p. 28.
1854:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1804:, p. 68.
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1780:, p. 19.
1779:
1778:Eggericx 1997
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1744:, p. 67.
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1720:, p. 66.
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1696:, p. 27.
1695:
1694:Eggericx 1997
1690:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1669:, p. 26.
1668:
1667:Eggericx 1997
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:Eggericx 1997
1639:
1633:, p. 65.
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1616:, p. 62.
1615:
1610:
1604:, p. 59.
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1495:, p. 61.
1494:
1489:
1487:
1480:, p. 71.
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 51.
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1441:, p. 57.
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1414:, p. 52.
1413:
1408:
1402:, p. 55.
1401:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1377:, p. 13.
1376:
1375:Eggericx 1997
1371:
1365:, p. 11.
1364:
1363:Eggericx 1997
1359:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1334:, p. 49.
1333:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1307:, p. 53.
1306:
1301:
1295:, p. 25.
1294:
1293:De Vries 2003
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1268:, p. 26.
1267:
1266:De Vries 2003
1262:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1241:, p. 39.
1240:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1205:, p. 47.
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1178:, p. 43.
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1154:, p. 42.
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1128:Eggericx 1997
1124:
1118:, p. 48.
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1072:, p. 16.
1071:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
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988:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
921:Brandhoutkaai
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
874:
869:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
820:
815:
806:
804:
800:
799:Jules Anspach
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
768:
765:
759:
754:
753:Henri Beyaert
750:
746:
743:
738:
733:
731:
725:
723:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
670:Henri Beyaert
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666:House of Cats
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410:expropriation
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317:Jules Anspach
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78:health hazard
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2599:Other topics
2407:Francisation
2401:
2306:
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2184:
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2147:
2128:
2121:Bibliography
2107:. Retrieved
2104:The Guardian
2103:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2012:(in Dutch).
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1931:Mardaga 1989
1926:
1914:
1892:Mardaga 1989
1887:
1860:
1833:
1826:Mardaga 1989
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1766:Mardaga 1989
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1674:
1662:
1655:Mardaga 1989
1650:
1645:, p. 5.
1638:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1554:
1527:
1522:, p. 5.
1520:Deligne 2005
1515:
1473:
1461:
1434:
1407:
1400:Deligne 2005
1395:
1390:: p.p. 1.169
1382:
1370:
1358:
1312:
1305:Deligne 2005
1300:
1273:
1261:
1239:Mardaga 1989
1198:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1130:, p. 8.
1123:
1094:
1065:
1042:
981:
941:purification
938:
909:Baksteenkaai
894:storm drains
883:
877:
839:
824:
821:in 1868–1871
769:
741:
734:
726:
705:Hallenstraat
675:
665:
590:Centraallaan
556:
551:
521:
500:
481:
452:embezzlement
436:
428:
403:
397:
358:middle class
350:
346:Antwerp Gate
306:
293:
237:
226:
202:Kleine Zenne
198:Petite Senne
175:
148:
120:
113:
109:embezzlement
86:
67:
34:
32:
18:
2382:1656 treaty
2311:(in French)
1853:GĂ©rard 2023
945:waste water
848:) from the
770:The former
632:Rue du Midi
613:), and the
508:water table
419:upper-class
414:speculative
378:tax revenue
243:, garbage,
190:Ninove Gate
163:bourgeoisie
70:Senne/Zenne
29:in Brussels
2815:Categories
2738:Koekelberg
2688:Anderlecht
2564:Small Ring
2500:Historical
2486:Parliament
2474:Government
2392:1746 siege
2109:16 October
2083:5 November
2057:5 November
2024:5 November
1985:Demey 1990
1973:Demey 1990
1919:Demey 2013
1880:Demey 2013
1865:Demey 1990
1838:Demey 2013
1814:Demey 2013
1802:Demey 1990
1790:Demey 2013
1754:Demey 2013
1742:Demey 1990
1730:Demey 2013
1718:Demey 1990
1706:Demey 2013
1679:Demey 2013
1631:Demey 1990
1614:Demey 1990
1602:Demey 1990
1590:Demey 2013
1578:Demey 2013
1559:Demey 2013
1547:Demey 2013
1532:Demey 2013
1508:Demey 2013
1493:Demey 1990
1478:Demey 1990
1466:Demey 1990
1454:Demey 2013
1439:Demey 1990
1427:Demey 2013
1412:Demey 1990
1351:Demey 2013
1332:Demey 1990
1317:Demey 2013
1278:Demey 2013
1254:Demey 2013
1218:Demey 2013
1203:Demey 1990
1191:Demey 2013
1176:Demey 1990
1164:Demey 2013
1152:Demey 1990
1140:Demey 2013
1116:Demey 1990
1099:Demey 2013
1087:Demey 2013
1070:Demey 1990
1029:References
957:Anderlecht
854:Small Ring
776:Brabantine
638:Zuidstraat
510:below the
398:L'Espiègle
372:) and the
280:See also:
178:Anderlecht
153:city. The
2723:Ganshoren
2708:Etterbeek
2678:, Belgium
2632:Buildings
2526:Transport
2447:reactions
2427:Expo 1958
2422:Expo 1935
2417:Expo 1910
2412:Expo 1897
2014:Vilvoorde
1058:Citations
1048:inflation
1034:Footnotes
947:from the
846:diversion
835:spillways
819:LĂ©on Suys
688:, Dutch:
678:LĂ©on Suys
625:(now the
622:Zennelaan
609:(now the
606:Noordlaan
593:(now the
569:(now the
484:subsidies
450:after an
381:hygiene.
332:(now the
321:LĂ©on Suys
307:In 1865,
200:, Dutch:
115:into the
97:LĂ©on Suys
2491:Governor
2367:Timeline
2347:Brussels
2156:44643865
991:See also
912:and the
885:premetro
827:flooding
745:eclectic
742:de facto
708:and the
653:and the
494:and the
472:vaulting
297:drainage
272:to act.
268:and the
245:detritus
167:Pentagon
159:nobility
151:medieval
122:premetro
74:waterway
55:Brussels
2652:Schools
2637:Museums
2580:Symbols
2573:Symbols
2047:Aquiris
977:Scheldt
943:of the
939:Actual
924:in the
882:of the
803:Ixelles
779:Baroque
737:facades
597:), the
581:), the
478:in 1867
443:British
439:liberal
432:geology
362:suburbs
258:hygiene
254:cholera
2243:
2213:
2192:
2171:
2154:
2135:
961:Forest
896:. The
831:sewers
641:, the
525:sluice
516:sewers
504:shovel
490:, the
476:sewers
400:, 1868
241:sewage
210:sluice
39:French
2733:Jette
2713:Evere
2620:Lists
2585:Flags
2554:Trams
2534:Metro
2269:(PDF)
965:Haren
890:metro
873:Haren
512:apron
250:sewer
171:Senne
143:Senne
47:Dutch
27:Senne
2241:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2152:OCLC
2133:ISBN
2111:2021
2085:2007
2059:2007
2026:2007
959:and
833:and
664:The
546:The
404:The
260:and
206:moat
68:The
33:The
761:or
668:by
2817::
2102:.
2045:.
2034:^
1953:^
1938:^
1899:^
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805:.
437:A
426:.
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304:.
91:,
65:.
49::
45:;
41::
2481:)
2477:(
2449:)
2445:(
2339:e
2332:t
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37:(
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