174:"The fact that the vigilantes "do the job" is very convenient for the rulers. The state is not guilty of violence since this violence is allegedly spontaneous and if the followers of Hinduism are taking the law into their hands, it is for a good reason—for defending their religion. The moral and political economies of this arrangement are even more sophisticated: The state cannot harass the minorities openly, but by letting vigilantes do so, it keeps majoritarian feelings satisfied. The private armies, which may be useful for polarising society before elections are also kept happy—not only can they flex their muscles, but they usually extort money (violence mostly occurs when they cannot do so, as is evident from the recent cases of lynching)."
458:
government mandate. Scholar Radha Sarkar has stated that the bans on beef "tacitly legitimize vigilante activity." Cow protection groups formed in
Haryana in 2012 see themselves as "acting upon the mandate of the government." Such groups across the country have " it upon themselves to punish those they believe to be harming the cow." Such incidents of violence have occurred even in situations in which no illegal actions have occurred, such as in the handling of dead cattle. According to Sarkar, cow protection groups have taken actions that they know to be illegal, because they believe that they have the support of the government.
557:), an independent, non-profit documentation center, created an online platform that compiles instances of violence, with particular emphasis on marginalized groups and issues. The database aims to provide a repository of the instances of hate violence and give a wholesome narrative of the same; providing reports that add and supplement media-provided information, done to aid in intervention i.e., by advocacy or litigation. DOTO aims to tackle the issue with a right and community-based approach to increase all round vigilance on the issues.
242:
115:, have stated that they are protecting the rights of Hindus, and that the police do not adequately deal with cow slaughter. Scholar Radha Sarkar has argued that "cow vigilantism itself is not new in India, and violence over the protection of cows has occurred in the past. However, the frequency, impunity, and flagrance of the current instances of cow-related violence are unprecedented." In 2015
505:
report, citing a data journalism website, a total of "28 Indians – 24 of them
Muslims – have been killed and 124 injured since 2010 in cow-related violence". The frequency and severity of cow-related violence have been described as "unprecedented". The report stated that "Almost all of the 63 attacks
805:
India's Prime
Minister Narendra Modi has spoken out against violence by cow vigilante groups, a day after thousands of Indians gathered in cities across the country on Wednesday evening to protest against a string of attacks on minority Muslims that have sparked concern about the fraying of India's
164:
is attempting to transform society from within through a sense of discipline which it believes is needed for defending Hindus more effectively. He also has stated that the Hindu nationalists do not want the state to prevail over the society, and want the society to regulate itself, with an emphasis
52:
Since 2014, mob attacks have mostly targeted illegal cow smugglers, but in some cases even licensed cow traders, have become targets. There is a debate on whether there has been any change in the number of such incidents, as government data points out to reduced communal tensions after 2014. Cattle
96:
in
September 2017 ruled that each state should appoint a police officer in each district to take strict action against cow vigilantism. The court also expressed its concerns that animals were being illegally slaughtered such as the case of 200 slaughtered cattle found floating in a Bihar river.
457:
were asked by the
Supreme Court to answer a request to ban cow-protection related vigilantism. Many vigilantes believe their actions are approved by the government and Hindus of the country. For example, the vigilante group "Gau Rakshak Dal", formed in Haryana in 2012, believes it is acting on
110:
communities. These attacks have been carried out with the stated intention of protecting cows. Dalit groups are particularly vulnerable to such attacks, as they are frequently responsible for disposing cattle carcasses and skins. The perpetrators of these attacks, described as "vigilantism" by
426:
The BJP government has introduced some restrictions on the slaughter of cattle. The slaughter of cattle for export was banned in May 2017. This restriction threatened an Indian beef export industry worth $ 4 billion annually. Several Indian states further restricted the slaughter of cows. For
564:
in April 2017 reported that Indian authorities should promptly investigate and take action against the self-appointed "cow protectors", many linked to extremist Hindu groups, who have carried out attacks against
Muslims and Dalits over rumors of selling, buying or killing of cows for beef.
169:
ideology. According to him, this Hindu nationalist approach gives the act of policing a greater legitimacy and it is clearly synonymous with the populist behaviour, since for the populist leader, the people and their will prevail over the law and institutions. Jaffrelot further
522:
community took to the streets to protest what they saw was "government inaction". The protests spread across the state. In clashes with the police, one policeman was killed and dozens of protesters were arrested. At least five Dalit youth attempted suicide, one of whom died.
1396:
The rules build on legislation passed in several states, most led by Modi's
Bharatiya Janata Party, to ban the slaughter of cattle. The laws have stoked violence by Hindu vigilante groups that have attacked Muslims and others on suspicion of smuggling cattle or possessing
194:
Among cow protection groups are gangs who patrol highways and roads at night, looking for trucks that might be "smuggling" cows across the state borders. These gangs are sometimes armed; they justify this by claiming that cow smugglers themselves are also often armed. The
597:
remarked that Modi has selectively condemned vigilante attacks on Dalits but not on
Muslims, since while condemning this vigilantism, Modi did not specifically mention 'Muslims', who have been the major victims of the vigilante violence, despite mentioning 'Dalits'.
232:
to circulate information. Their relationship with the police is disputed; some vigilantes claim to work with the police, while others claim that the police are corrupt and incompetent, and that they are forced to take matters into their own hands.
209:
that it had exchanged gunfire with alleged smugglers, killed several of them and lost several of its members too. The gangs have been described as "unorganized", and gang leaders admit that their members can be hard to control.
483:, accused BJP officials of justifying vigilantism. He pointed out that after some vigilante attacks, the BJP officials attempted to convince the police to charge the victims (or their families) for provoking the assault.
53:
slaughter is banned in most states of India. Recently emerged cow vigilante groups, claiming to be protecting cattle, have been violent leading to a number of deaths. Cow-protection groups see themselves as preventing
486:
In 2018, a three-judge panel of the
Supreme Court made observations that such incidents of vigilantism were mob violence and a crime. In addition, it placed the responsibility to prevent such crimes on the states.
105:
The BJP has run the Indian central government since its election victory in 2014. Following
Narendra Modi's rise to power, extremist Hindu groups have led attacks across the country that have targeted Muslim and
413:
1550:
461:
In November 2016, the BJP-led Haryana government said it would provide ID cards for cow vigilantes. They were not issued after the government collected many vigilantes' details. According to
434:
banning the possession, sale, and consumption of beef in March 2015. Cow vigilantes have also been emboldened by these laws, and attack Muslims suspected of smuggling cattle for slaughter.
1236:
1144:
670:
Such 'cow vigilantism' is the policing of behaviour by Hindu nationalists against non-Hindus (mostly Muslims) in the name of protecting cows, which they consider sacred in Hindu religion.
245:
Cow slaughter laws in various states of India. Green - Cows, Bulls and Bullocks are allowed to be slaughtered Yellow - Bulls and Bullocks are allowed Red - None of the above are allowed
217:. The volunteers often tend to be young. According to a gang leader, "it's easy to motivate a youth". Often the youth are given "emotional" motivation by being shown graphic videos of
1427:
1634:
1029:
1409:
1336:
1125:
133:
representatives, cow vigilantes have been stopping vehicles, extorting money and stealing valuable livestock. Cow vigilante activity also increased during the run up to the
845:
406:
1453:
17:
1891:
1865:
1687:
1216:
1171:
399:
187:
groups were estimated to have sprung up in "hundreds, perhaps thousands" of towns and villages in northern India. There were an estimated 200 such groups in
1098:
496:
1278:
739:
India's prime minister Narendra Modi has distanced himself from a spate of mob attacks in the name of "cow protection" that have mostly targeted Muslims.
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1739:
876:
774:
1015:
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investigation that found that vigilantes in Punjab charge cattle transporters 200 rupees ($ 3) per cow in exchange for not harassing their trucks.
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1506:
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61:. According to a Reuters report, a total of 63 cow vigilante attacks had occurred in India between 2010 and mid 2017, most after Prime Minister
2462:
1365:
372:
261:
1607:
1951:
589:
expressed his displeasure at the rising frequency of incidents of cow vigilantism and condemned the practice. Several observers such as
228:
drivers, and vegetable vendors, who alert them to supposed incidents of cow slaughter. The group members and their network often use
1524:
437:
Some Indian states have been accused of having laws that enable cow protection groups. In April 2017 the governments of six states:
134:
1820:
2452:
660:
506:
since 2010 involving cow-related violence were recorded after Modi and his Hindu nationalist government came to power in 2014".
92:
in India. Many vigilante groups say they feel "empowered" by the victory of the Hindu nationalist BJP in the 2014 election. The
253:
829:
88:
has reported that there has been a surge in cow vigilante violence since 2015. The surge is attributed to the recent rise in
1834:
919:
Radha Sarkar. "Sacred Slaughter: An Analysis of Historical, Communal, and Constitutional Aspects of Beef Bans in India".
582:
has denied allegations that the BJP administration condones vigilantism and said that illegal attacks would be punished.
2205:
1254:
659:
Mareš, M.; Bjørgo, T. (2019). "Vigilantism against migrants and minorities: Concepts and goals of current research".
1922:
1713:
1080:
949:
2401:
2215:
2386:
2052:
1944:
431:
188:
568:
Members of the BJP have denied supporting cow slaughter vigilantism. In May 2017, Union Minister and BJP leader
2391:
2102:
1761:
1385:
1304:
2457:
66:
884:
2017:
1890:
Abraham, Shirley; Madheshiya, Amit; Phillips, Charlie; Edenbrow, Jacqueline; Cook, Charlotte (May 2019).
966:
470:
382:
161:
2280:
2148:
1937:
1510:
761:
Last month Prime Minister Narendra Modi said murder in the name of cow protection is "not acceptable."
2077:
1994:
1129:
1055:
619:
84:
in 2014. The frequency and severity of cow vigilante violence has been described as "unprecedented".
58:
1583:"Protests rock Gujarat after Hindu vigilantes brutally beat low-caste youths accused of killing cow"
1191:
1126:"Cow vigilantes take to the streets as India's Hindu leaders accused of 'right-wing' muscle flexing"
141:
said the election was "a fight between those who eat beef and those who are against cow slaughter".
2138:
2082:
1030:"Take urgent steps to stop cow vigilantism, Supreme Court tells Centre and states - Times of India"
539:
479:
377:
349:
730:
683:
578:
stated that BJP is partly to blame, as they have stoked inflammatory rhetoric over cow slaughter.
2325:
2220:
2174:
2072:
797:"India's Modi Speaks Out Against Cow Vigilantes After 'Beef Lynchings' Spark Nationwide Protests"
354:
324:
289:
200:
184:
42:
846:"After crackdown on cattle-smuggling, Indo-Bangladesh border sees spike in wildlife trafficking"
2406:
2245:
2117:
2032:
1099:"Holy Cow: As Hindu Nationalism Surges In India, Cows Are Protected But Minorities Not So Much"
796:
709:
344:
93:
77:
819:
2042:
624:
387:
147:
argued in 2016 that cow vigilantism can sometimes be a profitable business. It pointed to an
54:
76:
There has been a rise in the number of incidents of cow vigilantism since the election of a
2442:
2210:
2200:
579:
334:
304:
157:
41:. The attacks are perpetuated by Hindu nationalists against non-Hindus (mostly Muslims) to
1337:"The cow keepers: Some cattle vigilante groups operating in Delhi and neighbouring states"
8:
2396:
2275:
2250:
367:
319:
299:
284:
279:
81:
2315:
1662:"Rise of gau rakshaks: Don't hide behind euphemisms, this is murder, writes Barkha Dutt"
2265:
2240:
2153:
1984:
1386:"India bans sale of cows for slaughter, a move designed to appease conservative Hindus"
818:
Li, P.J.; Rahman, A.; Brooke, P.D.B.; Collins, L.M. (2008). Appleby, Michael C. (ed.).
594:
574:
561:
462:
339:
314:
294:
218:
112:
85:
34:
710:"Hindutva Terrorism in India: Cow vigilantism is pre-meditated, politically motivated"
2255:
1974:
1960:
1769:
1612:
1480:
1390:
993:
825:
752:
138:
89:
2285:
1551:"States have to check mob violence: Supreme Court on pleas against cow vigilantism"
1413:
775:"Can Data Tell Us Whether Lynchings Have Gone Up Under Modi, And Should It Matter?"
590:
359:
241:
117:
70:
2169:
1635:"Not in my name: 5,000 turn up in Dadar to protest lynching of Muslims and Dalits"
1525:"Cow vigilantism unacceptable, onus on states to prevent lynchings: Supreme Court"
1145:"In the name of cow: Lynching, thrashing, condemnation in three years of BJP rule"
783:
Can Data Tell Us Whether Lynchings Have Gone Up Under Modi, And Should It Matter?.
2411:
2365:
2345:
2260:
2133:
2112:
2057:
1921:
Siddiqui, Zeba; N. Das, Krishna; Wilkes, Tommy; Lasseter, Tom (6 November 2017).
1149:
309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2143:
2047:
1989:
1340:
1240:
629:
149:
126:
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is centred on the attack and murder of dairy farmer Rakbar Khan in July 2018.
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said that the BJP does not support cow protection vigilantes. An editorial in
2436:
2370:
2340:
2310:
2290:
2107:
2087:
2022:
1773:
1410:"'Should cow vigilantes be banned,' SC asks 6 states after Rajasthan killing"
1259:
586:
554:
474:
465:, many cow protection vigilante groups are allied with the BJP. According to
454:
143:
130:
62:
1428:"ID cards for cow vigilantes, funding: Hindutva high on Haryana govt agenda"
1366:"On patrol with the Hindu vigilantes who would kill to protect India's cows"
2416:
2355:
2350:
2270:
2097:
1639:
1370:
714:
569:
329:
229:
205:
121:
reported that vigilante attacks on trucks carrying cattle had increased in
684:"The Menacing Growth of Mob Lynching: A Study in Indian Legal Perspective"
501:
A number of incidents of violence have occurred. According to a June 2017
221:. One member said that cow vigilantism had given him a "purpose in life".
2320:
2067:
1305:"India's Prime Minister Modi Stands By as Cow Vigilantes Terrorize India"
428:
224:
The vigilantes often have a network of informers consisting of cobblers,
69:. In these attacks between 2010 and June 2017, "28 Indians – 24 of them
2360:
2330:
2179:
2092:
2062:
2027:
639:
531:
122:
1923:"In Modi's India, cow vigilantes deny Muslim farmers their livelihood"
1740:"BJP does not support cow vigilantes, other such groups: Smriti Irani"
1056:"Terror In The Name of Cow: Muslim Genocide And Beyond =The Companion"
2335:
2037:
1866:"'The Hour of Lynching': new documentary on cow vigilantism in India"
1221:
450:
446:
438:
1929:
1016:"Cow-Saving Vigilantes Are a Sign of Rising Political Risk in India"
469:, many cow-protection vigilantes attend training camps organized by
191:
alone. Some of the larger groups claim to have up to 5,000 members.
1979:
1892:"The Hour of Lynching: vigilante violence against Muslims in India"
1237:"Cow vigilantes chop away at secular India as Modi calls for peace"
1217:"NDA will ban cow slaughter in Bihar if it wins: Sushil Kumar Modi"
634:
535:
466:
225:
166:
57:, protecting the cow or upholding the law in an Indian state which
46:
2184:
1889:
1821:"Modi condemns rise in mob violence against beef-eaters in India"
502:
442:
214:
196:
1081:"Hindu Cow Vigilantes in Rajasthan, India, Beat Muslim to Death"
1454:"Cow vigilantes rue delay in ID cards promised by Haryana govt"
547:
515:
1013:
550:, against forming lynch mobs in the name of cow vigilantism.
543:
519:
107:
38:
1920:
73:– were killed and 124 injured", states the Reuter's report.
1688:"Database for religion-based hate crimes launched in Delhi"
967:"Cattle trade ban to halt beef exports, lead to job losses"
877:"Protests held across India after attacks against Muslims"
753:"Why stopping India's vigilante killings will not be easy"
1795:"Cow Vigilantes Are Putting India's Meat Exports at Risk"
1192:"Cow vigilantes who are threatening Modi's grip on power"
731:"Indian PM distances himself from cow vigilante attacks"
236:
1481:"A night patrol with India's cow protection vigilantes"
213:
The gangs consist of volunteers, many of whom are poor
994:"Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal"
817:
518:
in Gujarat in July 2016, thousands of members of the
538:
post against the violence. Many people protested at
497:
List of incidents of cow vigilante violence in India
156:
Analysing the reasons for the vigilantism, academic
821:
Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals
766:
1714:"India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence"
950:"India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence"
871:
869:
867:
788:
744:
697:(4). The Law Brigade (Publishing) Group: 134–148.
546:and more 16 cities across the country, including
2434:
722:
553:After 2014, the Documentation of the Oppressed (
165:on social order and hierarchy, which is part of
864:
1255:"Cowboys and Indians; Protecting India's cows"
1945:
407:
373:Violence against Muslims in independent India
1576:
1574:
1572:
1507:"The cow as cause - Vigilantism and the BJP"
1272:
1270:
707:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
662:Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities
658:
1952:
1938:
1074:
1072:
961:
959:
473:, which is the BJP's parent organization.
414:
400:
18:Cow vigilante violence in India since 2014
1569:
1504:
1276:
1267:
1142:
1136:
100:
1863:
1347:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
918:
240:
135:2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
27:Mob attacks against bovine meat industry
2448:Religiously motivated violence in India
1608:"What is the 'Not In My Name' protest?"
1580:
1303:Jha, Prem Shankar (10 September 2016).
1069:
1009:
1007:
956:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
681:
14:
2435:
1762:"Opinion | Vigilante Justice in India"
1478:
1402:
1185:
1183:
1181:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
750:
728:
1959:
1933:
1835:"Cowing down | Asad Ashraf | Tehelka"
1322:
1277:Jaffrelot, Christophe (13 May 2017).
1054:Wahab, P. Hisham ul (14 April 2017).
1053:
1047:
794:
691:Journal of Legal Studies and Research
237:Laws, state support, and legal issues
33:is a pattern of mob-based collective
2463:Hinduism-motivated violence in India
1164:
1143:Chatterji, Saubhadra (30 May 2017).
1004:
931:
1302:
1189:
1178:
1123:
1078:
1014:Ian Marlow and Bibhudatta Pradhan.
985:
899:
708:Ramachandran, Sudha (7 July 2017).
24:
2206:Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
1914:
1479:Biswas, Soutik (29 October 2015).
1190:Jha, Prem Shankar (October 2016).
991:
25:
2474:
921:Politics, Religion & Ideology
772:
45:, which are considered sacred in
2216:Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal
1864:Fernando, Benita (24 May 2019).
1841:. 16 August 2016. Archived from
1596:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
1581:Marszal, Andrew (20 July 2016).
2422:Cow vigilante violence in India
2387:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
2053:Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad
1883:
1857:
1827:
1813:
1787:
1754:
1732:
1706:
1680:
1654:
1627:
1600:
1543:
1517:
1498:
1472:
1446:
1420:
1378:
1296:
1247:
1229:
1209:
1117:
1091:
1022:
751:Biswas, Soutik (10 July 2017).
585:In August 2016, Prime Minister
560:The international organization
2453:Hinduism-related controversies
2392:Demolition of the Babri Masjid
2103:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
1896:The Guardian / Field of Vision
1079:Raj, Suhasini (5 April 2017).
883:. 28 June 2017. Archived from
838:
811:
795:Kumar, Nikhil (29 June 2017).
701:
675:
652:
13:
1:
645:
189:Delhi-National Capital Region
981:– via www.reuters.com.
729:Kazmin, Amy (17 July 2017).
668:. Routledge. pp. 1–30.
509:
490:
7:
2018:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
773:S, Rukimini (3 July 2017).
613:
530:was conducted by filmmaker
471:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
432:passed stricter legislation
383:Religious violence in India
129:reported that according to
10:
2479:
2281:Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras
2149:Rastriya Prajatantra Party
494:
55:cattle theft and smuggling
2379:
2233:
2193:
2162:
2126:
2078:Bharatiya Janshakti Party
2010:
2003:
1967:
1130:The Sydney Morning Herald
620:Cattle slaughter in India
178:
2380:Events and controversies
2139:Hindu Prajatantrik Party
2083:Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
601:
514:After an attack on four
378:Violence against Muslims
350:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
320:1987 Hashimpura massacre
280:1948 Hyderabad massacres
263:Violence against Muslims
2402:Boycott of Hindi cinema
2326:Rajendra Prasad Lingden
2221:Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)
2175:Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
2073:Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal
1692:Business Standard India
1279:"Over to the vigilante"
325:1989 Bhagalpur violence
290:1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots
201:Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal
185:cow protection movement
2407:Haridwar hate speeches
2246:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
2118:Virat Hindustan Sangam
2033:Bharatiya Janata Party
345:2006 Malegaon bombings
246:
219:animals being tortured
176:
101:Background and history
94:Supreme Court of India
80:(BJP) majority in the
78:Bharatiya Janata Party
31:Cow vigilante violence
2043:Vishva Hindu Parishad
625:Cattle theft in India
388:Religious persecution
244:
172:
2211:Jammu Praja Parishad
2201:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
682:Chandra, R. (2018).
608:The Hour of Lynching
580:Siddharth Nath Singh
335:1993 Pangal massacre
310:1983 Nellie massacre
305:1980 Moradabad riots
265:in independent India
158:Christophe Jaffrelot
2458:Hinduism and cattle
2397:1970 Bhiwandi riots
2276:Murli Manohar Joshi
2251:Deendayal Upadhyaya
1587:The Daily Telegraph
1513:on 3 November 2017.
368:Freedom of religion
355:2014 Assam violence
300:1970 Bhiwandi riots
285:1964 Calcutta riots
82:Parliament of India
2266:Kailashpati Mishra
2241:Dattopant Thengadi
2154:Shanti Party Nepal
1985:Uniform Civil Code
1766:The New York Times
1718:Human Rights Watch
1555:hindustantimes.com
1529:The Indian Express
1283:The Indian Express
1085:The New York Times
1034:The Times of India
850:The Indian Express
595:Zafarul Islam Khan
575:The New York Times
562:Human Rights Watch
463:Human Rights Watch
340:2002 Gujarat riots
315:1985 Gujarat riots
295:1969 Gujarat riots
247:
160:has said that the
113:Human Rights Watch
86:Human Rights Watch
59:bans cow slaughter
35:vigilante violence
2430:
2429:
2256:Subramanian Swamy
2229:
2228:
1995:Integral Humanism
1975:Hindu nationalism
1961:Hindu nationalism
1613:Indianexpress.com
1460:. 20 January 2017
1434:. 8 November 2016
1391:Los Angeles Times
1263:. 16 August 2016.
1243:. 9 October 2015.
887:on 9 October 2020
852:. 27 October 2021
831:978-1-84593-403-3
424:
423:
330:1992 Bombay riots
139:Sushil Kumar Modi
90:Hindu nationalism
65:came to power in
16:(Redirected from
2470:
2316:François Gautier
2286:Kushabhau Thakre
2008:
2007:
1968:General ideology
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
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1784:
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1758:
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1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
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1673:
1658:
1652:
1651:
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1647:
1631:
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1620:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1564:
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1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1509:. Archived from
1502:
1496:
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1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
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1450:
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1443:
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1414:Deccan Chronicle
1406:
1400:
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1362:
1345:
1344:
1343:. 8 August 2016.
1333:
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1187:
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1175:
1174:. 12 April 2015.
1168:
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1159:
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1140:
1134:
1133:
1124:Dhillon, Amrit.
1121:
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992:Biswas, Soutik.
989:
983:
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978:
963:
954:
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952:. 27 April 2017.
946:
929:
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606:The documentary
591:Prem Shankar Jha
416:
409:
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360:2020 Delhi riots
266:
249:
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118:Business Insider
21:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
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2469:
2468:
2467:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2412:Hindu terrorism
2375:
2366:Yogi Adityanath
2346:K. S. Sudarshan
2261:Nanaji Deshmukh
2225:
2189:
2158:
2134:GFP Ramdir Sena
2122:
2113:Sanatan Sanstha
2058:Hindu Mahasabha
1999:
1963:
1958:
1917:
1915:Further reading
1912:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1874:
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1823:. 29 June 2017.
1819:
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1801:. 19 April 2017
1793:
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1768:. 28 May 2017.
1760:
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1720:. 27 April 2017
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1505:Mukul Kesavan.
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1458:Hindustan Times
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1150:Hindustan Times
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1105:. 28 April 2017
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832:
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806:secular fabric.
793:
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779:Huffington Post
771:
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749:
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735:Financial Times
727:
723:
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686:
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616:
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441:, Maharashtra,
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272:Major incidents
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103:
28:
23:
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15:
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5:
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2303:
2301:Nathuram Godse
2298:
2296:Mahatma Gandhi
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2144:Shivsena Nepal
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2048:Abhinav Bharat
2045:
2040:
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2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:Saffronisation
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
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1949:
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1934:
1928:
1927:
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1898:. The Guardian
1882:
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1845:on 1 July 2017
1826:
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1694:. 7 March 2018
1679:
1668:. 7 April 2017
1653:
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1377:
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1341:Indian Express
1321:
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1241:The Australian
1228:
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1177:
1163:
1135:
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1103:HuffPost India
1090:
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787:
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743:
721:
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647:
644:
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637:
632:
630:Saffron terror
627:
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600:
528:Not In My Name
511:
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495:Main article:
492:
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150:Indian Express
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2371:Narendra Modi
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2341:Digvijay Nath
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2311:Koenraad Elst
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2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Panun Kashmir
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Hindu Munnani
2086:
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2079:
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2036:
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2031:
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2026:
2024:
2023:Sangh Parivar
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:Organisations
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1972:
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1962:
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1943:
1941:
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1932:
1924:
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1918:
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1800:
1799:Bloomberg.com
1796:
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1763:
1757:
1742:. 21 May 2017
1741:
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1693:
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1615:
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1588:
1584:
1577:
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1573:
1557:. 3 July 2018
1556:
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1531:. 3 July 2018
1530:
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1260:The Economist
1256:
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1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1197:
1196:Chatham House
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:"In the Pink"
1167:
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1139:
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1127:
1120:
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1073:
1057:
1050:
1035:
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1017:
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1008:
999:
995:
988:
973:. 29 May 2017
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587:Narendra Modi
583:
581:
577:
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571:
566:
563:
558:
556:
555:DOTO Database
551:
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545:
541:
540:Jantar Mantar
537:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
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504:
498:
488:
484:
482:
481:
480:The Telegraph
476:
475:Mukul Kesavan
472:
468:
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459:
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455:Uttar Pradesh
452:
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202:
198:
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186:
175:
171:
168:
163:
159:
154:
152:
151:
146:
145:
144:The Economist
140:
137:. BJP leader
136:
132:
131:meat industry
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
109:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:Narendra Modi
60:
56:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2421:
2417:Hindutva pop
2356:B. S. Moonje
2351:Savitri Devi
2271:L. K. Advani
2098:Sri Ram Sena
1900:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1838:
1829:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:Timesofindia
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1511:the original
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1371:The Guardian
1369:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1258:
1249:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1148:
1138:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1084:
1059:. Retrieved
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
997:
987:
975:. Retrieved
970:
924:
920:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
880:
854:. Retrieved
849:
840:
820:
813:
804:
800:
790:
782:
778:
768:
760:
756:
746:
738:
734:
724:
715:The Diplomat
713:
703:
694:
690:
677:
669:
661:
654:
607:
605:
584:
573:
570:Smriti Irani
567:
559:
552:
527:
526:A campaign,
525:
513:
500:
485:
478:
460:
436:
425:
230:social media
223:
212:
206:The Guardian
204:
193:
183:As of 2016,
182:
173:
155:
148:
142:
116:
104:
75:
51:
43:protect cows
30:
29:
2443:Vigilantism
2321:Kamal Thapa
2068:Bajrang Dal
1839:tehelka.com
429:Maharashtra
125:. In 2017,
2437:Categories
2361:Uma Bharti
2331:Ram Madhav
2180:Siva Senai
2170:Banga Sena
2093:Hindu Sena
2063:Karni Sena
2028:Arya Samaj
1925:. Reuters.
1849:7 November
1805:7 November
1779:7 November
1724:7 November
1672:7 November
1039:7 November
781:. London.
737:. London.
646:References
640:Hate crime
534:through a
532:Saba Dewan
199:branch of
123:Maharastra
2336:Amit Shah
2038:Shiv Sena
1774:0362-4331
1561:20 August
1535:20 August
1222:The Hindu
1061:15 August
510:Responses
491:Incidents
451:Karnataka
447:Jharkhand
439:Rajasthan
427:example,
127:Bloomberg
2163:Overseas
1980:Hindutva
1870:livemint
1485:BBC News
1309:Newsweek
998:BBC News
856:28 April
824:. CABI.
757:BBC News
635:Hindutva
614:See also
536:Facebook
467:BBC News
254:a series
252:Part of
226:rickshaw
215:laborers
170:remarks:
167:Hindutva
47:Hinduism
37:seen in
2194:Defunct
2185:HINDRAF
1902:16 July
1875:15 July
1698:31 July
1314:25 July
1288:25 July
1201:25 July
1156:29 June
971:Reuters
891:29 June
881:Reuters
503:Reuters
443:Gujarat
197:Haryana
71:Muslims
2234:People
1772:
1746:6 July
1646:7 June
1619:7 June
1592:6 July
1490:6 July
1464:28 May
1438:28 May
1109:6 July
977:6 July
828:
548:Mumbai
516:Dalits
453:, and
179:Groups
2127:Nepal
2011:India
1397:beef.
687:(PDF)
666:(PDF)
602:Media
544:Delhi
520:Dalit
477:, in
108:Dalit
39:India
1904:2019
1877:2019
1851:2017
1807:2017
1781:2017
1770:ISSN
1748:2019
1726:2017
1700:2018
1674:2017
1648:2017
1621:2017
1594:2019
1563:2018
1537:2018
1492:2019
1466:2017
1440:2017
1316:2017
1290:2017
1203:2017
1158:2017
1111:2019
1063:2018
1041:2017
979:2019
927:(4).
893:2017
858:2022
826:ISBN
801:Time
593:and
67:2014
542:in
162:RSS
2439::
1894:.
1868:.
1837:.
1797:.
1764:.
1716:.
1690:.
1664:.
1637:.
1610:.
1585:.
1571:^
1553:.
1527:.
1483:.
1456:.
1430:.
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