1103:. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand; however, the predominant view today is that most cpDNA is circular. When the original experiments on cpDNA were performed, scientists did notice linear structures; however, they attributed these linear forms to broken circles. If the branched and complex structures seen in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular DNA or broken circles, then a D-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate. At the same time, homologous recombination does not explain the multiple A → G gradients seen in plastomes. This shortcoming is one of the biggest for the linear structure theory.
1240:
1611:
1919:
602:
1087:
replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened (the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination. It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures.
1078:
34:
963:
1031:
573:. The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986,
1610:
804:
In most plant species, the chloroplast genome encodes approximately 120 genes. The genes primarily encode core components of the photosynthetic machinery and factors involved in their expression and assembly. Across species of land plants, the set of genes encoded by the chloroplast genome is fairly
1001:
is the insertion, deletion, and substitution of nucleotides in a mRNA transcript prior to translation to protein. The highly oxidative environment inside chloroplasts increases the rate of mutation so post-transcription repairs are needed to conserve functional sequences. The chloroplast editosome
1086:
In cpDNA, there are several A → G deamination gradients. DNA becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded. When replication forks form, the strand not being copied is single stranded, and thus at risk for A → G deamination. Therefore, gradients in deamination indicate that
1239:
946:
coded by the chloroplast's own genome, which is related to RNA polymerases found in bacteria. Chloroplasts also contain a mysterious second RNA polymerase that is encoded by the plant's nuclear genome. The two RNA polymerases may recognize and bind to different kinds of
716:
flipped one of its inverted repeats (making them direct repeats). It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more.
3178:
Ohyama, K.; Fukuzawa, H.; Kohchi, T.; Shirai, H.; Sano, T.; Sano, S.; Umesono, K.; Shiki, Y.; Takeuchi, M.; Chang, Z. & Aota, S. (1986). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort
Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA".
909:
Of the approximately three-thousand proteins found in chloroplasts, some 95% of them are encoded by nuclear genes. Many of the chloroplast's protein complexes consist of subunits from both the chloroplast genome and the host's nuclear genome. As a result,
1081:
Over time, base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes hypoxanthine, which can pair with cytosine. During replication, the cytosine will pair with guanine, causing an A → G base
1046:
moves through the circular DNA, it adopts a theta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate, and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism. Replication starts at specific points of origin. Multiple
1002:
substitutes C -> U and U -> C at very specific locations on the transcript. This can change the codon for an amino acid or restore a non-functional pseudogene by adding an AUG start codon or removing a premature UAA stop codon.
1918:
1892:. They vary in the length of their A-domains, which is completely gone in Toc90. Toc132, Toc120, and Toc90 seem to have specialized functions in importing stuff like nonphotosynthetic preproteins, and can't replace Toc159.
2299:; the mature form probably undergoes processing that trims it down to something that weighs 56 thousand daltons when it gets imported into the chloroplast. Tic56 is largely embedded inside the 1 million dalton complex.
1005:
The editosome recognizes and binds to cis sequence upstream of the editing site. The distance between the binding site and editing site varies by gene and proteins involved in the editosome. Hundreds of different
1855:
than the one that phosphorylates Toc34. Its M-domain forms part of the tunnel that chloroplast preproteins travel through, and seems to provide the force that pushes preproteins through, using the energy from
2716:
Shaw J, Lickey EB, Schilling EE, Small RL (March 2007). "Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III".
1687:. This loss of GTP makes the Toc34 protein release the chloroplast preprotein, handing it off to the next TOC protein. Toc34 then releases the depleted GDP molecule, probably with the help of an unknown
1867:. This suggests that it might act as a shuttle that finds chloroplast preproteins in the cytosol and carries them back to the TOC complex. There isn't a lot of direct evidence for this behavior though.
1010:
from the nuclear genome are involved in the RNA editing process. These proteins consist of 35-mer repeated amino acids, the sequence of which determines the cis binding site for the edited transcript.
1051:
open up, allowing replication machinery to replicate the DNA. As replication continues, the forks grow and eventually converge. The new cpDNA structures separate, creating daughter cpDNA chromosomes.
1327:
are added to the N-termini of the polypeptides, which are used to help direct the polypeptide to the chloroplast for import (N-terminal transit peptides are also used to direct polypeptides to plant
683:
to contain as few as four or as many as over 150 genes. While a given pair of inverted repeats are rarely completely identical, they are always very similar to each other, apparently resulting from
1038:
The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via
4775:
Sun YJ, Forouhar F, Li Hm HM, Tu SL, Yeh YH, Kao S, Shr HL, Chou CC, Chen C, Hsiao CD (February 2002). "Crystal structure of pea Toc34, a novel GTPase of the chloroplast protein translocon".
2567:
Ohyama, Kanji; Fukuzawa, Hideya; Kohchi, Takayuki; Shirai, Hiromasa; Sano, Tohru; Sano, Satoshi; Umesono, Kazuhiko; Shiki, Yasuhiko; Takeuchi, Masayuki; Chang, Zhen; Aota, Shin-ichi (1986).
1125:
in the chloroplast are now synthesized in the cytoplasm. This means that these proteins must be directed back to the chloroplast, and imported through at least two chloroplast membranes.
872:
lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while
648:
Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. Over 95% of the chloroplast DNA in
4893:
Kikuchi S, BĂ©dard J, Hirano M, Hirabayashi Y, Oishi M, Imai M, Takase M, Ide T, Nakai M (February 2013). "Uncovering the protein translocon at the chloroplast inner envelope membrane".
1013:
Basal land plants such as liverworts, mosses and ferns have hundreds of different editing sites while flowering plants typically have between thirty and forty. Parasitic plants such as
973: with: Genome size differences between algae and land plants, chloroplast stuff coded by the nucleus, DNA replication, NADPH redox, special tRNA synthetases, etc.. You can help by
1509:
The heat shock protein and the 14-3-3 proteins together form a cytosolic guidance complex that makes it easier for the chloroplast polypeptide to get imported into the chloroplast.
671:
long each. Inverted repeats in plants tend to be at the upper end of this range, each being 20,000–25,000 base pairs long. The inverted repeat regions usually contain three
1944:
wide at the ends, and shrinks to about 1.4–1.6 nanometers in diameter at its narrowest point—wide enough to allow partially folded chloroplast preproteins to pass through.
1502:
prematurely. This is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the
1034:
Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms. Adapted from
Krishnan NM, Rao BJ's paper "A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication."
851:
compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have more than 1500 genes in their genome. The parasitic
4240:
914:
must be coordinated between the chloroplast and the nucleus. The chloroplast is mostly under nuclear control, though chloroplasts can also give out signals regulating
2510:
Shinozaki, K.; Ohme, M.; Tanaka, M.; Wakasugi, T.; Hayashida, N.; Matsubayashi, T.; Zaita, N.; Chunwongse, J.; Obokata, J.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Ohto, C. (1986).
901:, corresponding to about 4,500 protein-coding genes. There have been a few recent transfers of genes from the chloroplast DNA to the nuclear genome in land plants.
561:) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of
3129:
Shinozaki, K.; Ohme, M.; Tanaka, M.; Wakasugi, T.; Hayashida, N.; Matsubayashi, T.; Zaita, N.; Chunwongse, J.; Obokata, J. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (1986).
2012:. Chloroplast polypeptide chains probably often travel through the two complexes at the same time, but the TIC complex can also retrieve preproteins lost in the
3528:"Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus"
1042:
since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop (D-loop). As the
4620:"A transit peptide-like sorting signal at the C terminus directs the Bienertia sinuspersici preprotein receptor Toc159 to the chloroplast outer membrane"
1512:
Alternatively, if a chloroplast preprotein's transit peptide is not phosphorylated, a chloroplast preprotein can still attach to a heat shock protein or
694:
among land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (
3689:"The chloroplast genomes of Bryopsis plumosa and Tydemania expeditiones (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta): compact genomes and genes of bacterial origin"
1699:
might be the exchange factor that carry out the GDP removal. The Toc34 protein can then take up another molecule of GTP and begin the cycle again.
1592:
The first three proteins form a core complex that consists of one Toc159, four to five Toc34s, and four Toc75s that form four holes in a disk 13
861:. Contrarily, there are only a few known instances where genes have been transferred to the chloroplast from various donors, including bacteria.
488:
725:
Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into
1972:
2963:
Palmer JD, Thompson WF (June 1982). "Chloroplast DNA rearrangements are more frequent when a large inverted repeat sequence is lost".
2141:
2056:
1739:
1735:
1346:. They can be from 20 to 150 amino acids long—an unusually long length, suggesting that transit peptides are actually collections of
2303:
2253:
2201:
2182:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2048:
2044:
2028:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1785:
1696:
1574:
1513:
2284:
2230:
2186:
2166:
2137:
2097:
2067:
2052:
2036:
2032:
1960:
1925:
1883:
1821:
1797:
1634:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1389:
Not all chloroplast proteins include a N-terminal cleavable transit peptide though. Some include the transit sequence within the
2225:
888:
genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a
777:
and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (
1128:
Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became
4488:
4454:
3470:
Huang CY, Ayliffe MA, Timmis JN (March 2003). "Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus".
3419:
Berry, J. O.; Yerramsetty, P.; Zielinski, A. M. & Mure, C. M. (2013). "Photosynthetic gene expression in higher plants".
2818:
2774:
4112:
Tillich M, Krause K (July 2010). "The ins and outs of editing and splicing of plastid RNAs: lessons from parasitic plants".
740:, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a
2268:, and since the mature protein probably doesn't lose any amino acids when itself imported into the chloroplast (it has no
1506:. At the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized and imported into the chloroplast.
920:
3526:
Martin W, Rujan T, Richly E, Hansen A, Cornelsen S, Lins T, Leister D, Stoebe B, Hasegawa M, Penny D (September 2002).
3990:
Hedtke B, Börner T, Weihe A (August 1997). "Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in
Arabidopsis".
4955:
3022:
2102:
4827:
Agne B, Andrès C, Montandon C, Christ B, Ertan A, Jung F, Infanger S, Bischof S, Baginsky S, Kessler F (July 2010).
1722:
molecule, inhibiting the protein's activity. This might provide a way to regulate protein import into chloroplasts.
1620:. Toc34 has three almost identical molecules (shown in slightly different shades of green), each of which forms a
2569:"Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA"
2273:
2013:
889:
467:
3943:
Koussevitzky S, Nott A, Mockler TC, Hong F, Sachetto-Martins G, Surpin M, Lim J, Mittler R, Chory J (May 2007).
2272:), it was named Tic100. Tic100 is found at the edges of the 1 million dalton complex on the side that faces the
4513:"Functional characterization of sequence motifs in the transit peptide of Arabidopsis small subunit of rubisco"
4210:
4077:
Takenaka M, Zehrmann A, Verbitskiy D, Härtel B, Brennicke A (2013). "RNA editing in plants and its evolution".
1777:
of Toc34 because it can be turned off by phosphorylation. AtToc34 on the other hand cannot be phosphorylated.
865:
3847:"Endosymbiotic gene transfer and transcriptional regulation of transferred genes in Paulinella chromatophora"
1397:
instead. Most of the polypeptides that lack N-terminal targeting sequences are the ones that are sent to the
881:
729:
which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast.
2109:
895:
In land plants, some 11–14% of the DNA in their nuclei can be traced back to the chloroplast, up to 18% in
3131:"The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression"
3060:"Detection and localization of a chloroplast-encoded HU-like protein that organizes chloroplast nucleoids"
3058:
Kobayashi T, Takahara M, Miyagishima SY, Kuroiwa H, Sasaki N, Ohta N, Matsuzaki M, Kuroiwa T (July 2002).
2512:"The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression"
2348:
Stocking, C. R. & Gifford, E. M. (1959). "Incorporation of thymidine into chloroplasts of
Spirogyra".
629:
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of
622:
long. They can have a contour length of around 30–60 micrometers, and have a mass of about 80–130 million
2323:
843:
768:
586:
1600:. The other two proteins, Toc64 and Toc12, are associated with the core complex but are not part of it.
751:, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and
2242:
2177:
and nearly all chloroplast lineages, suggesting it evolved before the first chloroplast endosymbiosis.
2009:
1558:
1402:
1398:
1323:
180:
152:
974:
2269:
2071:
1675:
attaches to Toc34, the protein becomes much more able to bind to many chloroplast preproteins in the
1445:(both very common in chloroplast transit sequences—making up 20–30% of the sequence) are often the
1208:
1096:
933:
798:
519:
3640:"The case of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to the peculiar dinoflagellate plastid genome"
1188:. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway).
4997:
3738:
Robison, TA, Grusz AL, Wolf PG, Mower, JP, Fauskee BD, Sosa K, and
Schuettpelz E (October 2018).
1947:
Toc75 can also bind to chloroplast preproteins, but is a lot worse at this than Toc34 or Toc159.
1095:
One of the main competing models for cpDNA asserts that most cpDNA is linear and participates in
2310:
among land plants, but they don't resemble any protein whose function is known. Neither has any
1054:
In addition to the early microscopy experiments, this model is also supported by the amounts of
2626:
1857:
1844:
1825:
1789:
1719:
1711:
1672:
1668:
1649:
1566:
1521:
1426:
1192:
52:
1863:
Toc159 is not always found as part of the TOC complex—it has also been found dissolved in the
4977:
4945:
4478:
2808:
2764:
2311:
2238:
2213:
1680:
1625:
1232:
1122:
937:
652:
chloroplasts has been observed to be in branched linear form rather than individual circles.
581:
17:
4116:. Special Issue: Biotechnology Annual Review 2010RNA Basics and Biotechnology Applications.
702:), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of
4992:
4982:
4902:
3956:
3899:
3803:
3539:
3479:
3428:
3368:
3188:
2914:
2663:
2580:
2468:
2220:
end. Tic214 is notable for being coded for by chloroplast DNA, more specifically the first
2149:
2132:
2075:
1951:
1888:
1726:
1145:
607:
3014:
1074:, and when the HC base pair is replicated, it becomes a GC (thus, an A → G base change).
664:, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC).
8:
1758:
1688:
1684:
1343:
1185:
1039:
1014:
948:
684:
4906:
4400:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
4090:
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3192:
2918:
2667:
2584:
2472:
1937:
4926:
4853:
4828:
4800:
4705:
4644:
4619:
4571:"14-3-3 proteins form a guidance complex with chloroplast precursor proteins in plants"
4537:
4512:
4420:
4395:
4376:
4186:
4159:
3925:
3827:
3764:
3739:
3715:
3688:
3664:
3639:
3615:
3586:
3503:
3452:
3332:
3305:
3240:
3224:"Complete genome structure of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803"
3223:
3204:
3155:
3146:
3130:
2988:
2742:
2604:
2544:
2527:
2511:
2492:
2401:
2376:
2221:
2170:
1829:
1809:
1481:
1458:
1351:
1165:
1141:
814:
691:
495:
474:
460:
439:
418:
285:
271:
229:
138:
131:
108:
4753:
4595:
4570:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4051:
4026:
3944:
3562:
3527:
3418:
3084:
3059:
2937:
2902:
2873:
2848:
4951:
4918:
4858:
4792:
4757:
4697:
4649:
4600:
4542:
4484:
4450:
4425:
4368:
4191:
4129:
4094:
4056:
4007:
3972:
3917:
3868:
3819:
3788:
3769:
3720:
3669:
3620:
3567:
3495:
3444:
3396:
3391:
3356:
3337:
3286:
3245:
3160:
3089:
3018:
2980:
2976:
2942:
2878:
2814:
2770:
2734:
2691:
2686:
2651:
2596:
2549:
2531:
2484:
2441:
2437:
2406:
2361:
2328:
2307:
2086:
1774:
1731:
1161:
1117:
The movement of so many chloroplast genes to the nucleus means that many chloroplast
1112:
1017:
show a loss of RNA editing resulting in a loss of function for photosynthesis genes.
911:
575:
536:
509:
432:
404:
341:
320:
173:
4804:
4709:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4380:
3929:
3831:
3787:
Moustafa A, Beszteri B, Maier UG, Bowler C, Valentin K, Bhattacharya D (June 2009).
3456:
3306:"Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering"
2992:
2746:
601:
4930:
4910:
4848:
4840:
4829:"The acidic A-domain of Arabidopsis TOC159 occurs as a hyperphosphorylated protein"
4784:
4749:
4687:
4639:
4631:
4590:
4582:
4532:
4524:
4497:
4415:
4407:
4360:
4222:
4181:
4171:
4121:
4086:
4046:
4042:
4038:
3999:
3964:
3907:
3858:
3811:
3759:
3751:
3710:
3700:
3659:
3651:
3610:
3602:
3557:
3547:
3507:
3487:
3436:
3386:
3376:
3327:
3317:
3276:
3235:
3208:
3196:
3150:
3142:
3079:
3071:
2972:
2932:
2922:
2868:
2860:
2726:
2681:
2671:
2608:
2588:
2539:
2523:
2496:
2476:
2433:
2396:
2388:
2357:
1813:
1638:
1383:
1100:
1048:
877:
848:
680:
4345:
3845:
Nowack EC, Vogel H, Groth M, Grossman AR, Melkonian M, Glöckner G (January 2011).
2241:. Tic20 is buried inside the complex while Tic214 is exposed on both sides of the
1843:
Toc159 probably works a lot like Toc34, recognizing proteins in the cytosol using
4463:
4003:
3107:
3007:
2190:
2024:
1848:
1793:
1715:
1703:
1562:
1499:
1477:
1473:
1450:
1434:
1137:
915:
630:
3936:
3354:
1077:
4441:
4439:
3532:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2907:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2656:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2288:
2257:
2020:
1987:
1852:
1801:
1707:
1692:
1653:
1454:
1390:
1355:
1347:
1273:
943:
869:
838:
818:
806:
774:
756:
641:
long. Each minicircle contains one to three genes, but blank plasmids, with no
590:
525:
481:
355:
313:
306:
250:
222:
101:
80:
4740:
Jarvis P, Soll J (December 2001). "Toc, Tic, and chloroplast protein import".
4125:
3912:
3887:
3838:
3705:
3440:
3322:
2758:
2756:
4971:
4176:
3281:
3264:
2600:
2535:
2459:
Heber, U. (1962). "Protein synthesis in chloroplasts during photosynthesis".
2424:
Lyttleton, J. W. (1962). "Isolation of ribosomes from spinach chloroplasts".
2296:
2265:
2264:
long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 thousand
2234:
2174:
2093:
2082:
2040:
1929:
1621:
1430:
1379:
1375:
1204:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1133:
672:
623:
411:
390:
376:
292:
236:
201:
187:
45:
4914:
4692:
4675:
4436:
4018:
3968:
3863:
3846:
3815:
3381:
2676:
2377:"Ultrastructure of DNA-containing areas in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas"
2204:
is another TIC core complex protein, named because it weighs just under 214
544:, segments with labels on the outside are on the A strand. Notches indicate
4987:
4922:
4862:
4796:
4761:
4676:"Phosphorylation of the transit sequence of chloroplast precursor proteins"
4653:
4635:
4611:
4604:
4546:
4429:
4411:
4372:
4195:
4133:
4098:
3976:
3921:
3872:
3823:
3773:
3724:
3673:
3624:
3571:
3552:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3499:
3448:
3341:
3290:
3164:
3128:
3093:
2946:
2882:
2753:
2738:
2568:
2553:
2488:
2445:
2410:
1462:
1393:
of the protein itself. A few have their transit sequence appended to their
1328:
1318:
1290:
1218:
1196:
1067:
1066:
that often results in base changes. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes
794:
570:
327:
257:
4844:
4701:
4528:
4511:
Lee DW, Lee S, Lee GJ, Lee KH, Kim S, Cheong GW, Hwang I (February 2006).
4060:
4011:
3400:
3249:
3177:
2984:
2695:
2124:), it has been proposed to be part of the TIC import channel. There is no
2078:
797:
origin of the chloroplast. It also demonstrated the significant extent of
3755:
3606:
3263:
Sato, S.; Nakamura, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Asamizu, E. & Tabata, S. (1999).
3262:
2927:
2730:
2392:
2261:
2209:
2205:
1978:
1964:
1837:
1660:
1642:
1597:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1466:
1446:
1414:
1298:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1224:
1200:
1149:
1129:
1059:
1055:
1007:
998:
897:
885:
752:
695:
667:
The inverted repeats vary wildly in length, ranging from 4,000 to 25,000
633:
are a notable exception—their genome is broken up into about forty small
615:
243:
215:
4586:
4226:
3945:"Signals from chloroplasts converge to regulate nuclear gene expression"
3780:
3514:
3491:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2295:
its gene encodes is 527 amino acids long, weighing close to 62 thousand
1933:
1928:
is the most abundant protein on the outer chloroplast envelope. It is a
1907:
1160:. Some transferred chloroplast DNA protein products get directed to the
962:
837:
Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
3591:(Apodanthaceae) Each Retain Just Five or Six Possibly Functional Genes"
3075:
2864:
2292:
2217:
2089:
2004:
1941:
1906:
The general shape of a β-barrel is a hollow cylinder lined by multiple
1840:
M-domain, which anchors the protein to the outer chloroplast membrane.
1833:
1817:
1805:
1718:
to the Toc34 protein, preventing it from being able to receive another
1679:. The chloroplast preprotein's presence causes Toc34 to break GTP into
1645:
1593:
1541:
1394:
1310:
1302:
1269:
1254:
892:
at some point, which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast.
853:
668:
642:
638:
619:
38:
3655:
3265:"Complete structure of the chloroplast genome of Arabidopsis thaliana"
1472:
Phosphorylation changes the polypeptide's shape, making it easier for
3200:
2827:
2592:
2480:
1617:
1442:
1363:
1336:
1212:
826:
748:
737:
726:
707:
699:
166:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4660:
4364:
4160:"A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication"
3355:
Clegg, M. T.; Gaut, B. S.; Learn, G. H. & Morton, B. R. (1994).
1030:
4788:
3057:
2126:
1956:
1418:
1294:
1118:
1071:
1063:
952:
741:
712:
634:
3789:"Genomic footprints of a cryptic plastid endosymbiosis in diatoms"
1812:
and takes up about half the protein length. The A-domain is often
1557:, is a collection of proteins that imports preproteins across the
1342:
Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and
4811:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
3983:
2145:
1864:
1676:
1664:
1641:
in the outer chloroplast membrane that's anchored into it by its
1503:
1422:
1367:
1228:
1207:
for secretion), the new chloroplast host had to develop a unique
1177:
873:
832:
822:
733:
562:
545:
59:
4396:"The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids"
4076:
3303:
821:
complex that are involved in plastid gene expression. The large
710:
have since lost the inverted repeats. Others, like the red alga
2027:
surrounded by some loosely associated peripheral proteins like
1438:
1371:
1359:
1339:
synthesize polypeptides from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.
1176:
outside of the cell, because to reach the chloroplast from the
1043:
566:
540:. Segments with labels on the inside reside on the B strand of
4892:
4553:
4387:
3879:
1480:
only bind to chloroplast preproteins. It is also bound by the
4742:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2347:
1968:
1495:
1408:
1335:
because they are located at the "front" end of a polypeptide—
1211:
to avoid having chloroplast proteins being sent to the wrong
1168:
are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host's
810:
502:
334:
299:
264:
194:
94:
87:
66:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2008:
is another protein complex that imports proteins across the
4208:
3942:
3786:
3053:
3051:
2509:
1762:
1153:
858:
762:
703:
676:
649:
605:
The 154 kb chloroplast DNA map of a model flowering plant (
453:
446:
425:
397:
383:
369:
362:
348:
278:
208:
159:
145:
124:
117:
73:
3680:
3637:
3034:
2958:
2956:
2783:
2566:
2140:
proteins in the outer chloroplast membrane, there are two
1710:
drifting around on the outer chloroplast membrane can use
1437:
to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences.
4826:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2638:
1461:
for chloroplast polypeptides, and ignores ones meant for
1317:. For many (but not all) chloroplast proteins encoded by
785:). Comparison of the gene sequences of the cyanobacteria
541:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
3888:"Algal genomics: exploring the imprint of endosymbiosis"
3844:
3587:"The Plastomes of Two Species in the Endoparasite Genus
3048:
2903:"Inverted repeats in chloroplast DNA from higher plants"
2715:
1932:
tube that forms most of the TOC pore itself. Toc75 is a
1648:
tail. Most of the protein, however, including its large
1219:
Cytoplasmic translation and N-terminal transit sequences
801:
from the cyanobacterial ancestor to the nuclear genome.
3525:
2953:
2896:
2894:
2892:
1667:
and hand them off to the rest of the TOC complex. When
3686:
2849:"Circular chloroplast chromosomes: the grand illusion"
2702:
2233:
together probably make up the part of the one million
1350:
with different functions. Transit peptides tend to be
904:
27:
DNA located in cellular organelles called chloroplasts
4258:
2769:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 62.
2620:
2618:
1025:
864:
Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the
618:
DNAs are circular, and are typically 120,000–170,000
4241:"Effect of chemical mutagens on nucleotide sequence"
4024:
3304:
Daniell, H.; Lin, C.; Yu, M. & Chang, W (2016).
3221:
2889:
2650:
Clegg MT, Gaut BS, Learn GH, Morton BR (July 1994).
2649:
955:
in chloroplasts are similar to bacterial ribosomes.
829:
proteins are encoded within the chloroplast genome.
4025:Harris EH, Boynton JE, Gillham NW (December 1994).
3740:"Mobile Elements Shape Plastome Evolution in Ferns"
3631:
2350:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1090:
942:Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on an
732:Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true
611:: Brassicaceae) showing genes and inverted repeats.
4774:
3737:
3638:Mackiewicz P, Bodył A, Moszczyński K (July 2013).
3469:
3006:
2810:The Chloroplast: Interactions with the Environment
2615:
2193:chloroplasts, suggesting that they evolved later.
3989:
3357:"Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution"
3044:. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson). 2009. p. 516.
2999:
2652:"Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution"
1979:The translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane
1528:The translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane
1144:. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the
847:. As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily
4969:
2423:
2374:
1596:across. The whole core complex weighs about 500
1331:). N-terminal transit sequences are also called
1132:, taking on new functions like participating in
4072:
4070:
1301:. The two ends of a polypeptide are called the
1106:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
3100:
3013:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 2005. p.
2962:
2900:
1624:with one of its adjacent molecules. Part of a
833:Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer
4943:
4673:
4233:
4111:
4027:"Chloroplast ribosomes and protein synthesis"
3171:
1828:binding domain, which is very similar to the
1628:molecule binding site is highlighted in pink.
773:More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been
755:, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the
534:Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from
4768:
4510:
4343:
4209:Heinhorst, Gordon C. Cannon, Sabine (1993).
4067:
3687:Leliaert F, Lopez-Bautista JM (March 2015).
3585:Bellot, Sidonie; Renner, Susanne S. (2016).
3584:
3414:
3412:
3410:
2417:
2039:. The core complex weighs about one million
1565:of the TOC complex have been identified—two
1386:, the transit sequence forms a random coil.
4869:
4716:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
3731:
3297:
2341:
4739:
4617:
4476:
3215:
3122:
3029:number of copies of ctDNA per chloroplast.
1917:
1609:
1409:Phosphorylation, chaperones, and transport
1238:
1058:seen in cpDNA. Deamination occurs when an
993:
4852:
4691:
4643:
4594:
4536:
4419:
4202:
4185:
4175:
4050:
3911:
3885:
3862:
3763:
3714:
3704:
3663:
3614:
3561:
3551:
3407:
3390:
3380:
3348:
3331:
3321:
3280:
3239:
3154:
3083:
2936:
2926:
2872:
2806:
2766:An introduction to plant cell development
2685:
2675:
2543:
2458:
2400:
1757:), which are each about 60% identical in
1659:Toc34's job is to catch some chloroplast
1476:to attach to the polypeptide. In plants,
1191:Because the cell acquiring a chloroplast
4449:. Benjamin Cummings. 2008. p. 340.
4447:Biology 8th edition—Campbell & Reece
4140:
3256:
3042:Biology 8th Edition Campbell & Reece
2452:
2136:, it is known that for about every five
1520:on the outer chloroplast membrane using
1457:that carries out the phosphorylation is
1076:
1029:
817:, and 4 subunits of the plastid-encoded
763:Gene content and plastid gene expression
600:
585:(liverwort) by Ozeki et al. Since then,
579:(tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and
4568:
4393:
2846:
2762:
1184:, just like if you were headed for the
857:have even lost their plastid genes for
690:The inverted repeat regions are highly
14:
4970:
4353:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
2901:Kolodner R, Tewari KK (January 1979).
2368:
2085:TIC complex. Because it is similar to
2023:, the TIC translocon has a large core
1808:end is the A-domain, which is rich in
1769:Toc34). AtToc33 is the most common in
1099:and replication structures similar to
789:to those of the chloroplast genome of
596:
4947:Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis
2154:) in the inner chloroplast membrane.
4483:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 53–74.
3222:Kaneko, T. & Tabata, S. (1997).
2624:
1910:. Note that the protein depicted is
1832:GTP-binding domain in Toc34. At the
1253:linked together. At the left is the
957:
927:
4680:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4091:10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133519
951:within the chloroplast genome. The
905:Proteins encoded by the chloroplast
679:genes, but they can be expanded or
655:
24:
4674:Waegemann K, Soll J (March 1996).
4480:Structure and function of plastids
4346:"Protein import into chloroplasts"
3241:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029103
3147:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04464.x
2634:. Green DNA: BIOSCIENCE EXPLAINED.
2528:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04464.x
1516:. These complexes can bind to the
1026:Leading model of cpDNA replication
1020:
660:Many chloroplast DNAs contain two
587:a great number of chloroplast DNAs
25:
5009:
4618:Lung SC, Chuong SD (April 2012).
4344:Soll J, Schleiff E (March 2004).
4211:"DNA replication in chloroplasts"
3108:"NCBI Organelle Genome Resources"
1940:. The hole it forms is about 2.5
4158:Krishnan NM, Rao BJ (May 2009).
2375:Ris, H. & Plaut, W. (1962).
2212:long and is thought to have six
1702:Toc34 can be turned off through
1671:, an energy molecule similar to
1498:that keeps the polypeptide from
1401:, plus at least one sent to the
1091:Alternative model of replication
961:
32:
4937:
4105:
3851:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3578:
3463:
2274:chloroplast intermembrane space
2081:. It is found in the 1 million
1975:is the most abundant of these.
1603:
890:green algal derived chloroplast
589:from various species have been
569:separate from that in the cell
4944:Curran SP, Koehler CM (2004).
4569:May T, Soll J (January 2000).
4043:10.1128/MMBR.58.4.700-754.1994
3886:Archibald JM (December 2006).
3110:. National Institute of Health
2560:
2503:
1847:. It can be regulated through
1656:projects out into the stroma.
1070:(H). Hypoxanthine can bind to
841:of the host, a process called
825:subunit and 28 photosynthetic
805:conserved. This includes four
13:
1:
4754:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00147-1
2334:
2130:evidence for this though. In
2074:protein thought to have four
1870:A family of Toc159 proteins,
882:red algal derived chloroplast
793:provided confirmation of the
4004:10.1126/science.277.5327.809
3744:Genome Biology and Evolution
3595:Genome Biology and Evolution
2977:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90170-2
2438:10.1016/0014-4827(62)90183-0
2362:10.1016/0006-291X(59)90010-5
1577:, the protein import tunnel
1107:Protein targeting and import
720:
7:
4477:Wise RR, Hoober JK (2007).
2324:List of sequenced plastomes
2317:
2237:TIC complex that spans the
1773:, and it is the functional
1268:) group in green. The blue
1148:—most became nonfunctional
844:endosymbiotic gene transfer
769:List of sequenced plastomes
10:
5014:
2719:American Journal of Botany
2243:inner chloroplast membrane
2059:, possibly three of each.
2010:inner chloroplast envelope
1559:outer chloroplast envelope
1403:inner chloroplast membrane
1399:outer chloroplast membrane
1324:cleavable transit peptides
1222:
1110:
931:
766:
182:replication origin regions
154:replication origin regions
4777:Nature Structural Biology
4394:Keeling PJ (March 2010).
4126:10.1016/j.nbt.2010.02.020
4079:Annual Review of Genetics
3913:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.008
3706:10.1186/s12864-015-1418-3
3441:10.1007/s11120-013-9880-8
3323:10.1186/s13059-016-1004-2
2270:cleavable transit peptide
2248:
2196:
1780:
1121:that were supposed to be
4950:. Springer. p. 59.
4177:10.1186/1471-2164-10-237
2847:Bendich AJ (July 2004).
2813:. Springer. p. 18.
2279:
2062:
1895:
1209:protein targeting system
1180:, you have to cross the
1156:genes still work in the
1097:homologous recombination
645:, have also been found.
4915:10.1126/science.1229262
4693:10.1074/jbc.271.11.6545
4215:Journal of Cell Science
4031:Microbiological Reviews
3969:10.1126/science.1140516
3816:10.1126/science.1172983
3644:Mobile Genetic Elements
3382:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6795
2677:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6795
1824:. In the middle is its
994:RNA editing in plastids
918:in the nucleus, called
884:, the presence of many
4636:10.1105/tpc.112.096248
4412:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103
3553:10.1073/pnas.182432999
3282:10.1093/dnares/6.5.283
1963:that are named by the
1650:guanosine triphosphate
1429:energy can be used to
1083:
1035:
612:
490:atp-dependent protease
54:acetyl-CoA carboxylase
4845:10.1104/pp.110.158048
4529:10.1104/pp.105.074575
3864:10.1093/molbev/msq209
2807:Sandelius AS (2009).
2312:transmembrane domains
2214:transmembrane domains
2092:transporters and the
1851:, but by a different
1681:guanosine diphosphate
1080:
1033:
783:Marchantia polymorpha
604:
582:Marchantia polymorpha
2928:10.1073/pnas.76.1.41
2731:10.3732/ajb.94.3.275
2628:Bioscience—Explained
2393:10.1083/jcb.13.3.383
2133:Arabidopsis thaliana
2003:hloroplast membrane
1971:that code for them.
1952:Arabidopsis thaliana
1936:channel lined by 16
1889:Arabidopsis thaliana
1727:Arabidopsis thaliana
1581:, plus the proteins
1417:is synthesized on a
1413:After a chloroplast
1358:amino acids such as
1293:, the precursors of
1146:mitochondrial genome
921:retrograde signaling
637:, each 2,000–10,000
608:Arabidopsis thaliana
4907:2013Sci...339..571K
4587:10.1105/tpc.12.1.53
4227:10.1242/jcs.104.1.1
3961:2007Sci...316..715K
3904:2006CBio...16R1033A
3808:2009Sci...324.1724M
3544:2002PNAS...9912246M
3492:10.1038/nature01435
3484:2003Natur.422...72H
3433:2013PhoRe.117...91B
3373:1994PNAS...91.6795C
3193:1986Natur.322..572O
2919:1979PNAS...76...41K
2668:1994PNAS...91.6795C
2585:1986Natur.322..572O
2473:1962Natur.195...91H
2260:protein that's 871
2144:proteins (the main
2014:intermembrane space
1914:Toc75 specifically.
1886:have been found in
1816:off, leaving an 86
1800:. Toc159 has three
1759:amino acid sequence
1689:GDP exchange factor
1685:inorganic phosphate
1555:hloroplast membrane
1344:amino acid sequence
1284:H) is at the right.
1186:extracellular space
1040:electron microscopy
1015:Epifagus virginiana
809:, approximately 30
685:concerted evolution
597:Molecular structure
469:initiation factor 1
3756:10.1093/gbe/evy189
3607:10.1093/gbe/evv251
3228:Plant Cell Physiol
3076:10.1105/tpc.002717
3009:Plant Biochemistry
2865:10.1105/tpc.160771
2763:Burgess J (1989).
2222:open reading frame
1810:acidic amino acids
1569:-binding proteins
1352:positively charged
1166:secondary plastids
1142:disease resistance
1084:
1036:
815:ribosomal proteins
613:
497:ribosomal proteins
476:ribosomal proteins
462:ribosomal proteins
441:nadh dehydrogenase
420:nadh dehydrogenase
287:ribosomal proteins
273:nadh dehydrogenase
231:ribosomal proteins
140:ribosomal proteins
133:nadh dehydrogenase
4490:978-1-4020-6570-5
4456:978-0-321-54325-7
4114:New Biotechnology
3750:(10): 2669–2571.
3656:10.4161/mge.25845
3367:(15): 6795–6801.
3234:(11): 1171–1176.
3187:(6079): 572–574.
2820:978-3-540-68696-5
2776:978-0-521-31611-8
2579:(6079): 572–574.
2329:Mitochondrial DNA
1995:ranslocon on the
1967:positions of the
1374:amino acids like
1162:secretory pathway
1113:Protein targeting
1062:is lost and is a
1049:replication forks
991:
990:
928:Protein synthesis
912:protein synthesis
866:lost chloroplasts
781:) and liverwort (
779:Nicotiana tabacum
576:Nicotiana tabacum
537:Nicotiana tabacum
512:nicotiana tabacum
434:ribosomal protein
406:ribosomal protein
343:ribosomal protein
322:ribosomal protein
175:ribosomal protein
16:(Redirected from
5005:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4890:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4833:Plant Physiology
4824:
4809:
4808:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4737:
4714:
4713:
4695:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4566:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4517:Plant Physiology
4508:
4495:
4494:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4406:(1541): 729–48.
4391:
4385:
4384:
4350:
4341:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4155:
4138:
4137:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3998:(5327): 809–11.
3987:
3981:
3980:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3802:(5935): 1724–6.
3793:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3538:(19): 12246–51.
3523:
3512:
3511:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3325:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3201:10.1038/322572a0
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3141:(9): 2043–2049.
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2844:
2825:
2824:
2804:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2662:(15): 6795–801.
2647:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2593:10.1038/322572a0
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2522:(9): 2043–2049.
2516:The EMBO Journal
2507:
2501:
2500:
2481:10.1038/195091a0
2456:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2345:
1982:
1938:β-pleated sheets
1921:
1820:fragment called
1639:integral protein
1613:
1531:
1449:that accept the
1384:aqueous solution
1297:, are chains of
1242:
1172:, and therefore
1101:bacteriophage T4
986:
983:
965:
958:
878:heterokontophyte
744:has been found.
662:inverted repeats
656:Inverted repeats
514:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
120:
113:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
62:
55:
48:
41:
36:
35:
21:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4901:(6119): 571–4.
4891:
4870:
4825:
4812:
4773:
4769:
4738:
4717:
4686:(11): 6545–54.
4672:
4661:
4616:
4612:
4567:
4554:
4509:
4498:
4491:
4475:
4464:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4392:
4388:
4365:10.1038/nrm1333
4348:
4342:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4207:
4203:
4156:
4141:
4110:
4106:
4075:
4068:
4023:
4019:
3988:
3984:
3955:(5825): 715–9.
3941:
3937:
3898:(24): R1033-5.
3892:Current Biology
3884:
3880:
3843:
3839:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3736:
3732:
3685:
3681:
3636:
3632:
3583:
3579:
3524:
3515:
3468:
3464:
3421:Photosynth. Res
3417:
3408:
3353:
3349:
3302:
3298:
3261:
3257:
3220:
3216:
3176:
3172:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2961:
2954:
2899:
2890:
2845:
2828:
2821:
2805:
2784:
2777:
2761:
2754:
2714:
2703:
2648:
2639:
2631:
2625:Dann L (2002).
2623:
2616:
2565:
2561:
2508:
2504:
2457:
2453:
2422:
2418:
2373:
2369:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2320:
2289:nuclear encoded
2282:
2258:nuclear encoded
2251:
2239:entire membrane
2199:
2191:chloroplastidan
2096:import protein
2065:
1984:
1980:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1898:
1849:phosphorylation
1783:
1716:phosphate group
1704:phosphorylation
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1606:
1533:
1529:
1478:14-3-3 proteins
1474:14-3-3 proteins
1451:phosphate group
1435:phosphate group
1411:
1391:functional part
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1264:
1235:
1221:
1152:, though a few
1138:protein routing
1115:
1109:
1093:
1028:
1023:
1021:DNA replication
996:
987:
981:
978:
971:needs expansion
940:
930:
916:gene expression
907:
835:
771:
765:
723:
658:
631:dinophyte algae
599:
555:Chloroplast DNA
552:
551:
550:
549:
532:Chloroplast DNA
529:
516:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4998:Photosynthesis
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4936:
4868:
4839:(3): 1016–30.
4810:
4789:10.1038/nsb744
4767:
4748:(1–2): 64–79.
4715:
4659:
4630:(4): 1560–78.
4624:The Plant Cell
4610:
4575:The Plant Cell
4552:
4496:
4489:
4462:
4455:
4435:
4386:
4359:(3): 198–208.
4257:
4232:
4201:
4139:
4104:
4066:
4017:
3982:
3935:
3878:
3837:
3779:
3730:
3679:
3630:
3601:(1): 189–201.
3577:
3513:
3478:(6927): 72–6.
3462:
3406:
3347:
3296:
3275:(5): 283–290.
3255:
3214:
3170:
3121:
3099:
3070:(7): 1579–89.
3064:The Plant Cell
3047:
3033:
3023:
2998:
2952:
2888:
2853:The Plant Cell
2826:
2819:
2782:
2775:
2752:
2701:
2637:
2614:
2559:
2502:
2451:
2432:(1): 312–317.
2416:
2367:
2356:(3): 159–164.
2339:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2281:
2278:
2250:
2247:
2198:
2195:
2189:are unique to
2064:
2061:
2021:TOC translocon
1988:TIC translocon
1983:
1977:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1853:protein kinase
1782:
1779:
1708:protein kinase
1652:(GTP)-binding
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1532:
1526:
1410:
1407:
1370:, and poor in
1281:
1274:carboxyl group
1262:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1217:
1108:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
995:
992:
989:
988:
968:
966:
944:RNA polymerase
929:
926:
906:
903:
870:chromalveolate
839:nuclear genome
834:
831:
819:RNA polymerase
807:ribosomal RNAs
764:
761:
722:
719:
657:
654:
598:
595:
530:
517:
508:
501:
494:
487:
483:RNA polymerase
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
357:photosystem II
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
315:RNA polymerase
312:
308:photosystem II
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
252:photosystem II
249:
242:
235:
228:
224:photosystem II
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
123:
116:
107:
103:photosystem II
100:
93:
86:
82:photosystem II
79:
72:
65:
58:
51:
44:
37:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5010:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4959:
4957:9783540214892
4953:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:(2): 95–100.
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:(2): 466–83.
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4246:
4245:Biocyclopedia
4242:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4120:(3): 256–66.
4119:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4085:(1): 335–52.
4084:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:(4): 700–54.
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3857:(1): 407–22.
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:(4): e25845.
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:(1): 91–120.
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3024:9780120883912
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:(2): 537–50.
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:(7): 1661–6.
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:(3): 275–88.
2724:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:Exp. Cell Res
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:(3): 383–91.
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:protein. The
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:. Tic214 and
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:. It is 1786
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:cyanobacteria
2173:relatives in
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:itochondrial
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:mitochondrial
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:transmembrane
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:and contains
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:has multiple
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:transmembrane
1927:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:Toc34 from a
1612:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:phosphorylate
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:glutamic acid
1377:
1376:aspartic acid
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:cell membrane
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:cell membrane
1179:
1175:
1174:topologically
1171:
1170:cell membrane
1167:
1164:(though many
1163:
1159:
1158:mitochondrion
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:cell division
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1000:
985:
976:
972:
969:This section
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
954:
950:
945:
939:
935:
934:Transcription
925:
923:
922:
917:
913:
902:
900:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
880:) now have a
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
802:
800:
799:gene transfer
796:
795:endosymbiotic
792:
788:
787:Synechocystis
784:
780:
776:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
747:In primitive
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
718:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:ribosomal RNA
670:
665:
663:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
610:
609:
603:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
528:
527:
522:
521:
515:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
413:photosystem I
408:
401:
394:
392:ribosomal RNA
387:
380:
378:ribosomal RNA
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
294:photosystem I
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
238:photosystem I
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
203:ribosomal RNA
198:
191:
189:ribosomal RNA
184:
177:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
47:photosystem I
42:
19:
4978:Cell anatomy
4946:
4939:
4898:
4894:
4836:
4832:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4745:
4741:
4683:
4679:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4581:(1): 53–64.
4578:
4574:
4520:
4516:
4479:
4446:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4356:
4352:
4248:. Retrieved
4244:
4235:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4170:(237): 237.
4167:
4164:BMC Genomics
4163:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4082:
4078:
4034:
4030:
4020:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3799:
3795:
3782:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3696:
3693:BMC Genomics
3692:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3535:
3531:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3424:
3420:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3102:
3067:
3063:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3008:
3001:
2968:
2964:
2910:
2906:
2856:
2852:
2809:
2765:
2722:
2718:
2659:
2655:
2627:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2467:(1): 91–92.
2464:
2460:
2454:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2384:
2381:J. Cell Biol
2380:
2370:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2301:
2283:
2252:
2224:
2200:
2169:, Tic20 has
2156:
2150:
2148:of Tic20 in
2131:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2066:
2018:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1924:
1911:
1903:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1792:binding TOC
1784:
1770:
1766:
1761:to Toc34 in
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1725:
1724:
1701:
1658:
1633:
1604:Toc34 and 33
1591:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1511:
1508:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1463:mitochondria
1412:
1388:
1356:hydroxylated
1341:
1333:presequences
1332:
1329:mitochondria
1322:
1315:carboxyl end
1314:
1306:
1291:Polypeptides
1289:
1277:
1265:
1197:mitochondria
1190:
1127:
1116:
1094:
1085:
1068:hypoxanthine
1053:
1037:
1012:
1008:PPR proteins
1004:
997:
982:January 2013
979:
975:adding to it
970:
941:
919:
908:
896:
894:
863:
852:
842:
836:
803:
790:
786:
782:
778:
772:
746:
731:
724:
711:
689:
666:
661:
659:
647:
628:
614:
606:
580:
574:
565:, contain a
558:
554:
553:
535:
531:
524:
518:
511:
329:atp synthase
259:atp synthase
4993:Plant genes
4983:Chromosomes
3310:Genome Biol
2913:(1): 41–5.
2306:are highly
2262:amino acids
2210:amino acids
2206:kilodaltons
2151:Arabidopsis
1973:AtToc75 III
1965:chromosomal
1838:hydrophilic
1836:end is the
1788:is another
1771:Arabidopsis
1751:rabidopsis
1746:stands for
1661:preproteins
1643:hydrophobic
1598:kilodaltons
1537:TOC complex
1518:TOC complex
1467:peroxisomes
1447:amino acids
1433:, or add a
1415:polypeptide
1299:amino acids
1272:, with its
1257:, with its
1251:amino acids
1247:polypeptide
1233:translation
1225:Polypeptide
1201:peroxisomes
1150:pseudogenes
1140:, and even
1130:exaptations
1060:amino group
1056:deamination
999:RNA editing
938:translation
898:Arabidopsis
886:green algal
791:Arabidopsis
753:green algae
700:rhodophyceæ
696:glaucophyta
616:Chloroplast
245:cytochromes
217:cytochromes
4972:Categories
4250:24 October
3699:(1): 204.
3589:Pilostyles
3316:(1): 134.
3114:August 18,
2335:References
2302:Tic56 and
2293:preprotein
2287:is also a
2218:N-terminal
2171:homologous
2106:ranslocase
2090:amino acid
2005:translocon
1942:nanometers
1834:C-terminal
1830:homologous
1818:kilodalton
1806:N-terminal
1734:proteins,
1732:homologous
1683:(GDP) and
1646:C-terminal
1594:nanometers
1395:C-terminus
1354:, rich in
1311:C-terminus
1309:, and the
1303:N-terminus
1270:C-terminus
1255:N-terminus
1249:with four
1223:See also:
1123:translated
1111:See also:
932:See also:
854:Pilostyles
767:See also:
706:and a few
669:base pairs
643:coding DNA
639:base pairs
620:base pairs
40:cytochrome
2601:1476-4687
2536:0261-4189
2308:conserved
2087:bacterial
2079:α-helices
2019:Like the
1804:. At the
1714:to add a
1618:pea plant
1545:ranslocon
1443:threonine
1364:threonine
1337:ribosomes
1307:amino end
1213:organelle
953:ribosomes
949:promoters
827:thylakoid
775:sequenced
749:red algae
738:red algae
727:nucleoids
721:Nucleoids
708:red algae
692:conserved
591:sequenced
168:small RNA
110:ribosomal
4923:23372012
4863:20457805
4805:21855733
4797:11753431
4762:11750663
4710:26014578
4654:22517318
4605:10634907
4547:16384899
4430:20124341
4381:32453554
4373:14991000
4196:19457260
4134:20206308
4099:24274753
3977:17395793
3930:17830745
3922:17174910
3873:20702568
3832:11408339
3824:19556510
3774:30165616
3725:25879186
3674:24195014
3625:26660355
3572:12218172
3500:12594458
3457:16536768
3449:23839301
3342:27339192
3291:10574454
3165:16453699
3094:12119376
2993:11571695
2947:16592612
2883:15235123
2747:30501148
2739:21636401
2554:16453699
2489:13905812
2446:14467684
2411:14492436
2318:See also
2127:in vitro
2072:integral
1957:isoforms
1934:β-barrel
1908:β-sheets
1904:β-barrel
1775:analogue
1765:(called
1730:has two
1563:subunits
1524:energy.
1459:specific
1419:ribosome
1382:. In an
1295:proteins
1203:, and a
1119:proteins
1072:cytosine
1064:mutation
868:in many
742:nucleoid
734:histones
713:Porphyra
675:and two
635:plasmids
112:proteins
4931:5062593
4903:Bibcode
4895:Science
4854:2899928
4702:8626459
4645:3398564
4538:1361317
4421:2817223
4221:: 1–9.
4187:2695485
4061:7854253
4012:9242608
3992:Science
3957:Bibcode
3949:Science
3900:Bibcode
3804:Bibcode
3796:Science
3765:6166771
3716:4487195
3665:3812789
3616:4758247
3540:Bibcode
3508:4319507
3480:Bibcode
3429:Bibcode
3401:8041699
3369:Bibcode
3333:4918201
3269:DNA Res
3250:9435137
3209:4311952
3189:Bibcode
3156:1167080
2985:6288261
2915:Bibcode
2696:8041699
2664:Bibcode
2609:4311952
2581:Bibcode
2545:1167080
2497:4265095
2469:Bibcode
2402:2106071
2297:daltons
2266:daltons
2216:on its
2157:Unlike
2142:Tic20 I
2121:embrane
2108:on the
2057:Tic20 I
2041:daltons
2025:complex
1865:cytosol
1814:cleaved
1802:domains
1796:, like
1794:subunit
1755:haliana
1740:AtToc34
1736:AtToc33
1677:cytosol
1665:cytosol
1663:in the
1561:. Five
1547:on the
1504:cytosol
1500:folding
1423:cytosol
1421:in the
1368:proline
1348:domains
1321:genes,
1319:nuclear
1229:protein
1193:already
1178:cytosol
1082:change.
874:diatoms
849:reduced
823:Rubisco
681:reduced
624:daltons
571:nucleus
563:plastid
546:introns
61:rubisco
4954:
4929:
4921:
4861:
4851:
4803:
4795:
4760:
4708:
4700:
4652:
4642:
4603:
4596:140214
4593:
4545:
4535:
4487:
4453:
4428:
4418:
4379:
4371:
4194:
4184:
4132:
4097:
4059:
4052:372988
4049:
4010:
3975:
3928:
3920:
3871:
3830:
3822:
3772:
3762:
3723:
3713:
3672:
3662:
3623:
3613:
3570:
3563:129430
3560:
3506:
3498:
3472:Nature
3455:
3447:
3399:
3389:
3340:
3330:
3289:
3248:
3207:
3181:Nature
3163:
3153:
3135:EMBO J
3092:
3085:150708
3082:
3021:
2991:
2983:
2945:
2938:382872
2935:
2881:
2874:514151
2871:
2817:
2773:
2745:
2737:
2694:
2684:
2607:
2599:
2573:Nature
2552:
2542:
2534:
2495:
2487:
2461:Nature
2444:
2409:
2399:
2304:Tic100
2254:Tic100
2249:Tic100
2235:dalton
2202:Tic214
2197:Tic214
2185:, and
2183:Tic100
2179:Tic214
2163:Tic100
2159:Tic214
2083:dalton
2070:is an
2055:, and
2049:Tic100
2045:Tic214
2035:, and
2029:Tic110
1882:, and
1880:Toc120
1876:Toc132
1872:Toc159
1786:Toc159
1781:Toc159
1697:Toc159
1693:domain
1654:domain
1637:is an
1575:Toc159
1514:Toc159
1493:rotein
1455:enzyme
1453:. The
1439:Serine
1372:acidic
1366:, and
1360:serine
1231:, and
1044:D-loop
757:stroma
567:genome
4927:S2CID
4801:S2CID
4706:S2CID
4377:S2CID
4349:(PDF)
3926:S2CID
3828:S2CID
3792:(PDF)
3504:S2CID
3453:S2CID
3392:44285
3205:S2CID
2989:S2CID
2743:S2CID
2687:44285
2632:(PDF)
2605:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2285:Tic56
2280:Tic56
2256:is a
2231:Tic20
2187:Tic56
2167:Tic56
2165:, or
2138:Toc75
2113:nner
2098:Tim17
2068:Tic20
2063:Tic20
2053:Tic56
2037:Tic21
2033:Tic40
1999:nner
1990:, or
1981:(TIC)
1969:genes
1961:Toc75
1926:Toc75
1896:Toc75
1884:Toc90
1822:Toc86
1798:Toc34
1742:(The
1635:Toc34
1622:dimer
1587:Toc12
1583:Toc64
1579:Toc75
1571:Toc34
1551:uter
1539:, or
1530:(TOC)
1496:Hsp70
1489:hock
1313:, or
1305:, or
1259:amino
1199:(and
813:, 21
811:tRNAs
736:, in
559:cpDNA
526:image
504:tRNAs
336:tRNAs
301:tRNAs
266:tRNAs
196:tRNAs
96:tRNAs
89:tRNAs
68:tRNAs
18:CpDNA
4952:ISBN
4919:PMID
4859:PMID
4793:PMID
4758:PMID
4746:1541
4698:PMID
4650:PMID
4601:PMID
4543:PMID
4485:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4426:PMID
4369:PMID
4252:2015
4192:PMID
4130:PMID
4095:PMID
4057:PMID
4008:PMID
3973:PMID
3918:PMID
3869:PMID
3820:PMID
3770:PMID
3721:PMID
3670:PMID
3621:PMID
3568:PMID
3496:PMID
3445:PMID
3397:PMID
3361:PNAS
3338:PMID
3287:PMID
3246:PMID
3161:PMID
3116:2021
3090:PMID
3019:ISBN
2981:PMID
2965:Cell
2943:PMID
2879:PMID
2815:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2735:PMID
2692:PMID
2597:ISSN
2550:PMID
2532:ISSN
2485:PMID
2442:PMID
2407:PMID
2226:ycf1
2146:form
1986:The
1763:peas
1738:and
1706:. A
1691:. A
1585:and
1573:and
1535:The
1485:eat
1441:and
1378:and
1195:had
1154:tRNA
936:and
859:tRNA
704:peas
698:and
677:tRNA
650:corn
520:edit
455:tRNA
448:tRNA
427:tRNA
399:tRNA
385:tRNA
371:tRNA
364:tRNA
350:tRNA
280:tRNA
210:tRNA
161:tRNA
147:tRNA
126:tRNA
119:tRNA
75:tRNA
4988:DNA
4911:doi
4899:339
4849:PMC
4841:doi
4837:153
4785:doi
4750:doi
4688:doi
4684:271
4640:PMC
4632:doi
4591:PMC
4583:doi
4533:PMC
4525:doi
4521:140
4416:PMC
4408:doi
4404:365
4361:doi
4223:doi
4219:104
4182:PMC
4172:doi
4122:doi
4087:doi
4047:PMC
4039:doi
4000:doi
3996:277
3965:doi
3953:316
3908:doi
3859:doi
3812:doi
3800:324
3760:PMC
3752:doi
3711:PMC
3701:doi
3660:PMC
3652:doi
3611:PMC
3603:doi
3558:PMC
3548:doi
3488:doi
3476:422
3437:doi
3425:117
3387:PMC
3377:doi
3328:PMC
3318:doi
3277:doi
3236:doi
3197:doi
3185:322
3151:PMC
3143:doi
3080:PMC
3072:doi
3015:517
2973:doi
2933:PMC
2923:doi
2869:PMC
2861:doi
2727:doi
2682:PMC
2672:doi
2589:doi
2577:322
2540:PMC
2524:doi
2477:doi
2465:195
2434:doi
2397:PMC
2389:doi
2358:doi
1959:of
1912:not
1858:GTP
1845:GTP
1826:GTP
1790:GTP
1720:GTP
1712:ATP
1695:of
1673:ATP
1669:GTP
1626:GDP
1567:GTP
1522:GTP
1465:or
1427:ATP
977:.
876:(a
542:DNA
4974::
4925:.
4917:.
4909:.
4897:.
4871:^
4857:.
4847:.
4835:.
4831:.
4813:^
4799:.
4791:.
4779:.
4756:.
4744:.
4718:^
4704:.
4696:.
4682:.
4678:.
4662:^
4648:.
4638:.
4628:24
4626:.
4622:.
4599:.
4589:.
4579:12
4577:.
4573:.
4555:^
4541:.
4531:.
4519:.
4515:.
4499:^
4465:^
4438:^
4424:.
4414:.
4402:.
4398:.
4375:.
4367:.
4355:.
4351:.
4260:^
4243:.
4217:.
4213:.
4190:.
4180:.
4168:10
4166:.
4162:.
4142:^
4128:.
4118:27
4093:.
4083:47
4081:.
4069:^
4055:.
4045:.
4035:58
4033:.
4029:.
4006:.
3994:.
3971:.
3963:.
3951:.
3947:.
3924:.
3916:.
3906:.
3896:16
3894:.
3890:.
3867:.
3855:28
3853:.
3849:.
3826:.
3818:.
3810:.
3798:.
3794:.
3768:.
3758:.
3748:10
3746:.
3742:.
3719:.
3709:.
3697:16
3695:.
3691:.
3668:.
3658:.
3646:.
3642:.
3619:.
3609:.
3597:.
3593:.
3566:.
3556:.
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