870:
605:
749:
924:
799:
655:
63:
792:
906:. Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like populations in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding. The dusky crag martin and rock are largely resident apart from local movements after breeding, when many birds descend to lower altitudes, although some pale northern rock martins from North African and southern Arabian may winter further south alongside the local subspecies in Ethiopia, Mali and Mauritania.
38:
648:
598:
936:
pellets and lined with soft dry grass or sometimes feathers. It may be a half-cup when constructed under an overhang on a vertical wall or cliff, or shaped as a bowl like that of the barn swallow when placed on a sheltered ledge. The nest may be built on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or on a man-made structure, and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. Usually two broods are raised, and the rock martin may nest for a third time in a season.
742:
783:
639:
733:
693:
588:
813:
sexes are similar, but juveniles show pale edges to the upperparts and flight feathers. The species differ in plumage shades and size, Eurasian crag martin being significantly larger than the others. The flight is slow, with rapid wing beats interspersed with flat-winged glides. The songs of these birds are simple twitterings, and contact calls include a high-pitched
940:
17.7 x 13.0 mm (0.70 x 0.51 in) with a weight of 1.57 g (0.06 oz) for the dusky crag martin. Both adults incubate the eggs for 13–19 days to hatching, and feed the chicks at least ten times an hour until they fledge 24–27 days later. The fledged young continue to be fed by the parents for some time after they can fly.
952:
are fed, the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they have to fly to catch insects, the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest. At other times, they may hunt low over open ground. The insects taken depend on what is locally available, but may include
951:
martins feed mainly on insects caught in flight, although they will occasionally feed on the ground. When breeding, birds often fly back and forth along a rock face catching insects in their bills and usually feeding close to the nesting territory. To maintain the high frequency with which the young
909:
The crag martins mainly breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges, and the
Eurasian crag martin reaches 5,000 m (16,500 ft) in Central Asia. The use of buildings as artificial cliffs has enabled breeding expansion into lowland areas, particularly for
240:
barn swallows and are placed in that genus by some authorities. These are small swallows with brown upperparts, paler underparts without a breast band, and a square tail with white patches. They can be distinguished from each other on size, the colour shade of the upperparts and underparts, and minor
1071:
All four species have extensive ranges and large populations, and the increasing use of artificial nest sites has enabled range expansion. The rock martin often breeds in lowland and desert towns, the
Eurasian crag martin's range is expanding in Austria, Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Romania,
860:
species overlap, the
Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin, and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts, than the dusky crag martin. The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives. In the east
812:
These martins are 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in) long with drab brown or grey plumage and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The
935:
may form. These are more common south of the Sahara, where up to 40 rock martin pairs together have been recorded. Crag martins aggressively defend their nesting territory against conspecifics and other species. The nest, built by both adults over several weeks, is made from several hundred mud
939:
The clutch is two to five eggs that are white with brownish, ruddy or grey blotches particularly at the wide end. The egg size ranges from an average 20.2 x 14.0 mm (0.80 x 0.55 in) with a weight of 2.08 g (0.073 oz) for the
Eurasian crag martin to
910:
the two tropical species, and the rock martin breeds in desert towns. In South Asia, migrant
Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings in winter.
1212:
Schield, D.R.; Brown, C.E.; Shakya, S.B.; Calabrese, G.M.; Safran, R.J.; Sheldon, F.H. (2024). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the swallow family (Hirundinidae) inferred from comparisons of thousands of UCE loci".
877:
These are exclusively Old World species. The rock martin breeds throughout Africa and through the Middle East as far as
Afghanistan and Pakistan, and is replaced by the dusky crag martin further east in India and
988:
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. Crag martins exploit the area close to the cliff when they hunt, relying on their high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns.
413:
studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the
Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built. The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the
1080:. There is also a recent unconfirmed report from Cambodia. Their large ranges and presumed high numbers mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
252:, although all four will also frequent human habitation. The African rock martin and the south Asian dusky crag martin are resident, but the Eurasian crag martin is a partial
1990:
1242:; Whittingham, Linda A; Moyle, Robert G; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W (2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
405:
These are members of the swallow family of birds, and are placed in the subfamily
Hirundininae, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive
1797:
268:
overhangs or in crevices in their mountain homes, and have readily adapted to the artificial cliffs provided by buildings and motorway bridges. Up to five
2089:
2056:
706:
256:; birds breeding in southern Europe are largely resident, but some northern breeders and most Asian birds are migratory, wintering in north Africa or
5512:
1933:
Hoogstraal, Harry; Kaiser, Makram N; Walker, Jane B; Ledger, John A; Converse, James D; Rice, Robin G A (June 1975). "Observations on the subgenus
2057:"Ornithological records from the lowlands of southern Laos during December 1995-September 1996, including areas on the Thai and Cambodian borders"
7363:
5142:
1814:
Dowsett, R J; Douglas, M G; Stead, D E; Taylor, V A; Alder, J R; Carter, A T (July 1983). "Breeding and other observations on the Taita Falcon
7402:
4518:
4385:
2141:
5581:
4598:
4484:
234:). They are closely related to each other, and have formerly sometimes been considered to be one species. They are closely related to the
5429:
3959:
260:. They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are more gregarious outside the breeding season. These martins build neat mud
7463:
284:
caught in flight, and patrol cliffs near the breeding site with a slow hunting flight as they seek their prey. They may be hunted by
2166:
2032:
1580:
296:, but their large ranges and populations mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
7337:
7376:
2335:
2316:
2279:
2269:
2258:
2227:
2208:
1244:
7381:
3281:
2366:
968:. Martins often feed alone, but sizeable groups may congregate if food is abundant, such as where insects are fleeing
1914:
7316:
7407:
1794:
7329:
2104:
869:
2071:
7389:
2913:
2908:
1191:
1028:
as predators if they approach the nesting cliffs. The dusky crag martin has been recorded in the diet of the
20:
1239:
2121:
Azam, Mirza
Mohammad; Shafique, Chaudhry M (2005). "Birdlife in Nagarparkar, district Tharparkar, Sindh".
1715:
1141:
7285:
3212:
2993:
1845:
1515:
Verzeichniss einer
Sammlung von Säugethieren und Vögeln aus dem Kaffernlande, nebst einer Käffersammlung
861:
of its range, the rock martin always has lighter, more contrasted underparts than the dusky crag martin.
604:
377:
62:
7290:
1491:
3197:
2651:
1555:
1422:
849:
3222:
3202:
2192:
1029:
674:
3018:
662:
573:
329:
2148:
2055:
Evans, T D; Towll, H C; Timmins, R J; Thewlis, R M; Stones, A J; Robichaud, W G; Barzen J (2000).
4555:
3274:
3177:
3112:
2458:
1281:"Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): A molecular phylogenetic perspective"
7433:
3259:
1444:
7263:
7225:
3192:
3122:
3117:
3008:
2978:
2888:
2883:
2533:
2359:
2174:
2040:
1588:
1528:
1452:
1395:
748:
567:
7368:
7458:
7428:
3207:
3092:
2863:
2823:
2543:
1105:
1004:
that specialise in catching swallows and martins in flight, and by other falcons such as the
894:
to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations of the Eurasian crag martin are
762:
712:
668:
618:
7420:
7272:
4732:
3717:
3240:
3142:
3040:
3003:
2931:
2858:
2853:
2803:
2783:
2743:
2738:
2713:
2589:
2453:
2196:
1292:
1017:
836:
These drab martins can only be confused with each other, or with sand martins of the genus
561:
317:
203:
168:
1468:
798:
461:
into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that a coherent enlarged genus
8:
5835:
5340:
3077:
2998:
2988:
2958:
2828:
2571:
2392:
2237:
1532:
1399:
1108:
in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than
830:
768:
718:
546:
369:
353:
2788:
1296:
4209:
3267:
3132:
3087:
3082:
2629:
1945:, n. sp., a Pretoria virus-infected parasite of birds in southern and eastern Africa".
1831:
931:
Martin pairs often nest alone, although where suitable sites are available small loose
554:
425:
species construct a mud nest and therefore belong to the last group; They resemble the
151:
57:
2088:
Shing, Lee Kwok; Wai-neng Lau, Michael; Fellowes, John R; Lok, Chan Bosco Pui (2006).
1932:
1238:
7415:
7298:
7277:
6618:
6519:
5473:
4690:
3137:
3050:
2983:
2656:
2538:
2352:
2331:
2312:
2275:
2254:
2223:
2204:
1962:
1895:
1795:
A review of the population status and threats to Peregrine Falcons throughout Namibia
1756:
1369:
1320:
1315:
1280:
1261:
883:
756:
511:
357:
227:
45:
1179:
1167:
1051:. Invertebrate species first found in nests of crag martin species include the tick
6281:
4676:
3152:
3147:
3055:
2773:
2733:
2609:
2379:
1954:
1885:
1827:
1774:
1550:
1486:
1417:
1310:
1300:
1253:
1218:
1005:
612:
333:
211:
7303:
2344:
1890:
1869:
7178:
5992:
5662:
4788:
4527:
4090:
3900:
2973:
2968:
2798:
2793:
2748:
1801:
1012:. Crows may attack migrating Eurasian crag martins, and that species also treats
923:
678:
654:
7394:
1257:
1222:
7324:
7311:
7248:
6958:
6909:
6699:
6604:
6424:
6316:
6209:
6164:
6136:
5628:
5347:
5331:
5224:
4896:
4493:
3781:
3770:
3172:
3127:
2963:
2899:
2833:
2778:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2553:
2548:
2142:"Cambodia Oriental Bird Club fundraising tour 21st January – 2nd February 2007"
1958:
1013:
1001:
895:
253:
1779:
1758:
902:, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the
487:
house martins are considered to be a separate genus, as is normally the case,
7452:
7171:
7143:
7012:
6976:
6867:
6811:
6783:
6769:
6357:
6334:
6246:
6122:
6094:
6021:
6001:
5877:
5683:
5597:
5494:
5080:
5073:
5031:
5024:
4781:
4725:
4683:
4464:
4358:
4316:
4231:
4160:
4153:
4081:
4061:
4007:
3969:
3830:
3790:
3625:
3549:
3524:
3376:
3163:
2768:
2686:
1541:
1477:
1408:
1085:
1081:
997:
985:
506:
The small, pale northern subspecies of crag martin found in the mountains of
495:
445:
301:
297:
273:
2480:
2090:"Forest bird fauna of South China: notes on current distribution and status"
1757:
Rizzolli, Franco; Sergio, Fabrizio; Marchesi, Luigi; Pedrini, Paolo (2005).
1305:
1039:
Crag martins may host parasites, including blood-sucking mites of the genus
791:
7129:
7106:
7074:
7060:
7046:
6965:
6951:
6818:
6804:
6797:
6739:
6708:
6681:
6653:
6646:
6595:
6570:
6447:
6385:
6260:
6253:
6150:
6143:
6129:
6012:
5972:
5807:
5800:
5777:
5745:
5590:
5535:
5459:
5409:
5402:
5386:
5368:
5245:
5183:
5094:
4979:
4937:
4854:
4669:
4500:
4475:
4457:
4436:
4415:
4376:
4195:
4167:
4111:
4097:
4030:
3889:
3850:
3634:
3570:
3496:
3489:
3475:
3461:
3427:
3217:
3182:
3013:
2953:
2874:
2708:
2444:
2393:
2249:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).
1899:
1759:"Density, productivity, diet and population status of the Peregrine Falcon
1265:
1025:
1021:
1009:
898:, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the
887:
624:
507:
478:
418:
410:
406:
393:
341:
160:
134:
37:
1966:
1324:
647:
7350:
7257:
7199:
7115:
7081:
6916:
6888:
6860:
6719:
6674:
6611:
6577:
6479:
6461:
6413:
6371:
6364:
6343:
6309:
6302:
6198:
6191:
6171:
6108:
6087:
6073:
5947:
5940:
5898:
5828:
5814:
5697:
5639:
5619:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5452:
5160:
4993:
4965:
4903:
4882:
4802:
4795:
4660:
4635:
4562:
4450:
4422:
4394:
4351:
4280:
4202:
4188:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4118:
3938:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3882:
3742:
3706:
3666:
3600:
3559:
3482:
3468:
3355:
3187:
3045:
2814:
2697:
2666:
2661:
2620:
1072:
and Bulgaria, and the dusky crag martin is spreading northeastwards into
932:
903:
845:
597:
414:
345:
242:
219:
996:
The crag martins may be hunted by fast, agile birds of prey such as the
741:
7342:
7150:
7122:
7032:
7023:
6985:
6923:
6902:
6853:
6832:
6776:
6762:
6748:
6667:
6625:
6454:
6440:
6378:
6218:
6080:
6049:
5981:
5954:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5856:
5793:
5717:
5690:
5669:
5655:
5501:
5466:
5395:
5354:
5319:
5259:
5231:
5197:
5149:
5108:
5087:
5066:
5052:
5017:
4930:
4913:
4889:
4868:
4823:
4746:
4718:
4697:
4614:
4576:
4541:
4443:
4401:
4240:
4181:
4174:
4070:
4023:
4016:
3980:
3859:
3839:
3799:
3686:
3655:
3641:
3538:
3531:
3447:
3397:
3386:
2677:
2054:
973:
388:(Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The genus
272:, white with dark blotches at the wider end, may be laid, and a second
7355:
7192:
7088:
6996:
6895:
6790:
6660:
6639:
6535:
6499:
6468:
6433:
6406:
6392:
6350:
6323:
6288:
6274:
6267:
6028:
5926:
5849:
5842:
5821:
5766:
5759:
5731:
5708:
5648:
5528:
5420:
5361:
5266:
5252:
5176:
5045:
5010:
5003:
4986:
4951:
4845:
4830:
4774:
4760:
4739:
4649:
4569:
4534:
4507:
4429:
4365:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4260:
4104:
3996:
3763:
3754:
3607:
3591:
3580:
3510:
3454:
3343:
3328:
3291:
977:
891:
879:
261:
186:
114:
74:
7219:
1076:, south into lowland Laos, and westwards to the hills and plains of
7242:
7164:
7067:
7053:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6874:
6839:
6825:
6728:
6688:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6399:
6239:
6182:
6056:
6042:
6035:
5891:
5884:
5870:
5738:
5676:
5480:
5445:
5375:
5287:
5217:
5208:
5169:
5126:
4972:
4958:
4861:
4816:
4809:
4767:
4753:
4711:
4704:
4607:
4548:
4408:
4289:
4249:
4216:
4132:
4041:
3873:
3418:
3365:
3310:
3103:
3066:
2844:
2522:
981:
969:
953:
489:
483:
439:
433:
269:
94:
518:. The remaining birds are now identified as Eurasian crag martin.
7095:
7039:
7005:
6846:
6755:
6632:
6584:
6528:
6508:
6488:
6157:
6101:
6063:
5961:
5604:
5521:
5487:
5273:
5115:
5101:
5059:
4944:
4875:
4642:
4628:
4621:
4583:
4309:
4300:
4269:
3989:
3810:
3648:
3517:
3438:
3407:
3322:
3289:
2942:
2640:
2600:
2508:
2430:
2375:
2248:
1073:
427:
398:
384:(πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and
249:
236:
199:
124:
7185:
7136:
6115:
5933:
5863:
5786:
5724:
5438:
5280:
5238:
5190:
5038:
4920:
3304:
2759:
2309:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
2203:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2191:
965:
450:
385:
285:
281:
84:
7157:
6295:
6232:
6225:
5752:
4344:
4050:
3819:
3614:
3503:
3316:
2496:
2418:
1991:
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
1077:
972:. The Eurasian crag martin may take aquatic species such as
421:
that utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders".
265:
257:
190:
2274:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
2087:
1793:
Simmons, Robert E; Jenkins, Andrew R; Brown Christopher J "
6881:
1517:(in German). Berlin: Royal Academy of Sciences. p. 18.
1278:
1211:
899:
293:
289:
104:
1121:
Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.
852:, and have the white tail spots which are absent from the
2009:
Tsai, L-y; Pan, F-c; Liu Chuan (1980). "A new species of
1813:
961:
957:
886:
and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the
2222:. London: Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. p. 226.
2218:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2002).
2120:
514:
peninsula is now usually split as the pale crag martin,
2217:
1527:
1466:
1394:
241:
plumage details like throat colour. They resemble the
2008:
844:
species are slightly larger and more robust than the
6069:
5138:
4999:
4926:
4909:
3965:
3955:
3870:
1921:. Texas A&M University Department of Entomology.
1720:) [The hunting strategy of the crag martin]"
774:
724:
684:
630:
579:
2374:
2328:
A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world
2307:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1804:" in Sielicki & Mizera (2008) pp. 99–108
1492:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005790A104344586.en
1285:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
431:species in that they make open cup nests, whereas
380:in 1850. The genus name is derived from the Greek
1556:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005679A94325303.en
1423:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22712216A118840565.en
469:the mud-builder genera. Although the nests of the
2302:(in French). Lipsiae: Christian Gottlob Hischeri.
2267:
2244:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: R H Porter.
1874:Dugès, 1834 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae)"
553:
7450:
2293:(in German). Dresden and Leipzig: F. Hofmeister.
1984:-group (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) from crag martin (
1856:. The Darwin Initiative Centre for Bat Research.
1654:
453:closed nests with an entrance tunnel. The genus
417:, the "nest-adopters", which are birds like the
245:, but are darker below, and lack a breast band.
1279:Winkler, David W; Sheldon, Frederick H (1993).
457:is closely related to the larger swallow genus
2268:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005).
1867:
1575:
1573:
521:
3275:
2360:
1661:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1512:
1506:
1354:
2306:
2288:
2201:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
2159:
1655:Dodsworth, P T L (1912). "The Crag Martin (
1570:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
864:
3282:
3268:
2367:
2353:
2325:
2025:
1980:Hutson, A M (1981). "A new species of the
1926:
1160:
991:
36:
1889:
1787:
1778:
1737:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1554:
1490:
1421:
1314:
1304:
1234:
1232:
2139:
1750:
1331:
922:
868:
473:crag martins resembles those of typical
248:These are species of craggy mountainous
2297:
1912:
1807:
1716:"Die Jagdstrategie der Felsenschwalbe (
1690:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1058–1059
1650:
1648:
1620:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1059–1061
1596:
1367:
1272:
882:. The Eurasian crag martin breeds from
7451:
2326:Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989).
1979:
1973:
1713:
1702:
1671:
1642:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 311
1616:
1614:
1612:
1361:
1229:
481:, the DNA research showed that if the
7224:
7223:
5317:
3740:
3341:
3263:
2479:
2391:
2348:
2289:Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav (1850).
2271:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide
2133:
2123:Records Zoological Survey of Pakistan
2081:
2048:
1906:
1623:
1245:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1215:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1055:from a rock martin nest and the fly
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
368:by British soldier and ornithologist
7330:0319a09a-cff4-4d90-9527-9eb977063e4b
2236:
2114:
2002:
1838:
1684:
1645:
1521:
2311:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1861:
1609:
1542:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1478:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1409:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
437:martins build closed cups, and the
372:. They were moved to the new genus
13:
2298:Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769).
2242:The nests and eggs of Indian birds
1832:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1979.tb05020.x
1172:
1134:
14:
7475:
1915:"Bibliography of the Eriophyidae"
1699:Ali & Ripley (1986) pp. 53–54
1148:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
1063:from European crag martin nests.
352:), described by German zoologist
7464:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
2481:All other swallows and martins (
2013:from Chinghai Province, China".
1870:"Historical review of the genus
797:
790:
782:
781:
747:
740:
731:
691:
653:
646:
638:
637:
603:
596:
586:
364:) formally described in 1832 as
61:
3741:
1868:Roy, Lise; Chauve, C M (2007).
1693:
1636:
1467:BirdLife International (2016).
1460:
1437:
1388:
1115:
5318:
2185:
2147:. birdtourasia. Archived from
1205:
1098:
807:
732:
692:
587:
1:
3342:
2914:Southern rough-winged swallow
2909:Northern rough-winged swallow
2398:subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae
1947:Journal of Medical Entomology
1513:Lichtenstein, Martin (1842).
1192:British Trust for Ornithology
1128:
856:martins. Where the ranges of
2330:. London: Christopher Helm.
913:
7:
3213:South African cliff swallow
2994:White-throated blue swallow
2506:
2428:
2300:Annus I Historico-Naturalis
1891:10.1051/parasite/2007142087
1457:Retrieved 20 November 2012.
1258:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008
1223:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108111
918:
522:List of crag martin species
378:Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
307:
10:
7480:
3198:Red-throated cliff swallow
2652:Brown-throated sand martin
1714:Fantur, von Roman (1997).
1485:: e.T104005790A104344586.
1061:Ceratophyllus nanshanensis
943:
850:brown-throated sand martin
503:should also be split off.
185:are four species of small
18:
7232:
7105:
7022:
6995:
6975:
6738:
6718:
6698:
6594:
6518:
6498:
6478:
6423:
6333:
6208:
6181:
6011:
5991:
5971:
5776:
5707:
5638:
5618:
5580:
5511:
5428:
5419:
5385:
5330:
5326:
5313:
5207:
5159:
5134:
5125:
4844:
4659:
4597:
4517:
4483:
4474:
4384:
4375:
4299:
4279:
4259:
4239:
4230:
4080:
4060:
4040:
4006:
3979:
3946:
3937:
3899:
3869:
3849:
3829:
3809:
3789:
3780:
3753:
3749:
3736:
3705:
3685:
3665:
3624:
3590:
3569:
3548:
3437:
3417:
3396:
3375:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3299:
3231:
3223:Chestnut-collared swallow
3161:
3101:
3064:
3027:
2940:
2922:
2897:
2872:
2842:
2812:
2757:
2695:
2675:
2638:
2618:
2598:
2580:
2562:
2520:
2505:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2442:
2427:
2416:
2412:
2387:
2253:. London: HarperCollins.
1988:) (Aves, Hirundinidae)".
1780:10.1080/00063650509461390
1729:(in German and English).
1549:: e.T104005679A94325303.
1416:: e.T22712216A118840565.
1370:"L'Hirondelle isabelline
1368:Bergier, Patrick (2007).
1358:Turner (1989) pp. 158–164
1066:
1049:Ptilonyssus ptyonoprognes
1030:greater false vampire bat
550:
545:
166:
159:
58:Scientific classification
56:
44:
35:
30:
3294:and their extinct allies
3019:Black-and-rufous swallow
2015:Acta Entomologica Sinica
1959:10.1093/jmedent/12.2.194
1681:(1997) pp. 276–277
1184:[Scopoli, 1769]"
1091:
865:Distribution and habitat
663:Red-throated rock martin
376:by German ornithologist
330:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
19:Not to be confused with
3178:Streak-throated swallow
3113:Greater striped swallow
2483:subfamily: Hirundininae
2459:White-eyed river martin
2179:Retrieved 26 March 2010
2103:: 23–38. Archived from
2070:: 29–52. Archived from
2045:Retrieved 11 April 2010
1937:(Ixodoidea: Argasidae:
1923:Retrieved 30 March 2010
1400:"Eurasian Crag Martin:
1306:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705
1053:Argas (A.) africolumbae
992:Predators and parasites
984:. Cliff faces generate
280:martins feed mainly on
3203:Preuss's cliff swallow
3193:American cliff swallow
3123:Rufous-chested swallow
3118:Lesser striped swallow
3009:Pearl-breasted swallow
2979:White-throated swallow
2889:Black-collared swallow
2884:Blue-and-white swallow
2534:Square-tailed saw-wing
2291:Avium systema naturale
2175:BirdLife International
2156:Retrieved 7 April 2010
2041:BirdLife International
1986:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1858:Retrieved 6 April 2010
1657:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1593:Retrieved 4 April 2010
1589:BirdLife International
1529:BirdLife International
1453:BirdLife International
1402:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1396:BirdLife International
1182:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
928:
874:
829:call like that of the
593:1,200,000 - 2,299,999
568:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
328:by Italian naturalist
7429:Paleobiology Database
3208:Red Sea cliff swallow
3093:Siberian house martin
2864:White-thighed swallow
2824:Brown-bellied swallow
2544:White-headed saw-wing
2197:Ripley, Sidney Dillon
1535:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1471:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
1372:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1047:, and the nasal mite
1018:Eurasian sparrowhawks
926:
872:
763:Ptyonoprogne concolor
713:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
669:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
619:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
535:IUCN Red List Status
516:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
202:family. They are the
50:Ptyonoprogne concolor
7325:Fauna Europaea (new)
3241:White-backed swallow
3143:West African swallow
3041:Eurasian crag martin
3004:White-tailed swallow
2932:Tawny-headed swallow
2859:Black-capped swallow
2854:White-banded swallow
2804:Brown-chested martin
2784:Grey-breasted martin
2744:White-rumped swallow
2739:White-winged swallow
2714:Violet-green swallow
2590:White-backed swallow
2454:African river martin
2238:Hume, Allan Octavian
1943:A. (A.) africolumbae
1800:20 July 2011 at the
1763:in the Italian Alps"
1533:"Large Rock Martin:
1240:Sheldon, Frederick H
1146:aviansystematics.org
873:Eurasian crag martin
562:Eurasian crag martin
318:Eurasian crag martin
204:Eurasian crag martin
3078:Common house martin
2999:Pied-winged swallow
2989:Wire-tailed swallow
2959:Red-chested swallow
2829:Pale-footed swallow
2572:Grey-rumped swallow
2167:"Species factsheet
2033:"Species factsheet
1581:"Species factsheet
1445:"Species factsheet
1297:1993PNAS...90.5705W
1166:Reichenbach (1850)
840:. Even the smaller
370:William Henry Sykes
354:Martin Lichtenstein
3133:Red-rumped swallow
3088:Nepal house martin
3083:Asian house martin
2251:Collins Bird Guide
1106:binomial authority
960:, aerial spiders,
929:
875:
288:and infected with
7444:
7443:
7416:Open Tree of Life
7226:Taxon identifiers
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
6520:Paradoxornithidae
5614:
5613:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
4840:
4839:
4593:
4592:
4226:
4225:
3933:
3932:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3138:Sri Lanka swallow
3051:Dusky crag martin
2984:Ethiopian swallow
2657:Congo sand martin
2539:Mountain saw-wing
2516:
2515:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2437:
2337:978-0-7470-3202-1
2318:978-0-19-854099-1
2281:978-84-87334-66-5
2260:978-0-00-219728-1
2229:978-0-7136-6304-4
2210:978-0-19-561857-0
2169:Hirundo rupestris
2035:Hirundo fuligula
1982:Ornithomya biloba
1816:Falco fasciinucha
1718:Hirundo rupestris
1447:Hirundo fuligula
1378:Go-South Bulletin
1291:(12): 5705–5707.
805:
804:
757:Dusky crag martin
707:Large rock martin
532:Scientific name
477:species like the
366:Hirundo concolor
358:dusky crag martin
356:in 1842, and the
326:Hirundo rupestris
322:P. rupestris
228:dusky crag martin
208:P. rupestris
179:
178:
169:Hirundo rupestris
155:
46:Dusky crag martin
7471:
7437:
7436:
7424:
7423:
7411:
7410:
7398:
7397:
7395:NHMSYS0000530796
7385:
7384:
7372:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7346:
7345:
7333:
7332:
7320:
7319:
7307:
7306:
7294:
7293:
7281:
7280:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7221:
7220:
6071:
5426:
5425:
5328:
5327:
5315:
5314:
5140:
5132:
5131:
5001:
4928:
4911:
4481:
4480:
4382:
4381:
4237:
4236:
3967:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3872:
3787:
3786:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3737:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3153:Striated swallow
3148:Striated swallow
3056:Pale crag martin
2789:Galápagos martin
2774:Caribbean martin
2734:Mangrove swallow
2610:Mascarene martin
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2389:
2388:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2322:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2264:
2245:
2233:
2214:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2154:on 20 July 2011.
2153:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2110:on 10 June 2011.
2109:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:on 10 June 2011.
2076:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1761:Falco peregrinus
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:Hirundo concolor
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1057:Ornithomya rupes
801:
794:
785:
784:
778:
751:
744:
735:
734:
728:
695:
694:
688:
657:
650:
641:
640:
634:
613:Pale crag martin
607:
600:
590:
589:
583:
526:
525:
449:swallows, have
362:P. concolor
350:P. fuligula
340:), described by
338:P. obsoleta
334:pale crag martin
316:species are the
232:P. concolor
224:P. fuligula
216:P. obsoleta
212:pale crag martin
150:
66:
65:
40:
28:
27:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7440:
7432:
7427:
7419:
7414:
7406:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7380:
7375:
7367:
7362:
7354:
7349:
7341:
7336:
7328:
7323:
7315:
7310:
7302:
7297:
7289:
7284:
7276:
7271:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7228:
7218:
7205:
7179:Tephrozosterops
7101:
7018:
6991:
6971:
6734:
6714:
6694:
6590:
6514:
6494:
6474:
6419:
6329:
6204:
6177:
6007:
5993:Erythrocercidae
5987:
5967:
5772:
5703:
5663:Cryptosylvicola
5634:
5610:
5576:
5507:
5415:
5381:
5322:
5293:
5203:
5155:
5121:
4836:
4655:
4589:
4513:
4470:
4371:
4295:
4275:
4255:
4222:
4091:Campylorhynchus
4076:
4056:
4036:
4002:
3975:
3929:
3901:Ptiliogonatidae
3895:
3865:
3845:
3825:
3805:
3776:
3745:
3724:
3701:
3681:
3661:
3620:
3586:
3565:
3544:
3433:
3413:
3392:
3371:
3346:
3333:
3295:
3288:
3258:
3245:
3227:
3157:
3097:
3071:(house martins)
3070:
3060:
3033:
3023:
2974:Welcome swallow
2969:Pacific swallow
2947:(barn swallows)
2946:
2936:
2918:
2893:
2868:
2838:
2808:
2799:Southern martin
2794:Peruvian martin
2753:
2749:Chilean swallow
2702:(tree swallows)
2701:
2691:
2671:
2644:
2634:
2630:Brazza's martin
2614:
2594:
2576:
2558:
2526:
2512:
2486:
2463:
2434:
2408:
2383:
2382:: Hirundinidae)
2373:
2338:
2319:
2282:
2261:
2230:
2211:
2188:
2183:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2007:
2003:
1998:(1–2): 157–162.
1978:
1974:
1931:
1927:
1919:Biology Catalog
1911:
1907:
1866:
1862:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1812:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1733:(107): 229–252.
1722:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1465:
1461:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1393:
1389:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1332:
1277:
1273:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1069:
1014:common kestrels
994:
946:
921:
916:
867:
810:
766:
716:
672:
622:
571:
524:
465:should contain
324:) described as
310:
175:
172:
149:
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7477:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7425:
7412:
7399:
7386:
7373:
7360:
7347:
7334:
7321:
7312:Fauna Europaea
7308:
7295:
7282:
7269:
7254:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6962:
6959:Thescelocichla
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6910:Phyllastrephus
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6704:
6702:
6700:Phylloscopidae
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6605:Gampsorhynchus
6600:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6427:
6425:Macrosphenidae
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6317:Trochalopteron
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6210:Leiothrichidae
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6165:Stelgidopteryx
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6137:Pseudochelidon
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5515:
5513:Certhilaudinae
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5348:Calamonastides
5344:
5336:
5334:
5332:Acrocephalidae
5324:
5323:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5225:Chlamydochaera
5221:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4924:
4917:
4907:
4900:
4897:Cinnyricinclus
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3952:
3950:
3948:incertae sedis
3941:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3782:Bombycilloidea
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Forest swallow
3169:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Mosque swallow
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3034:(crag martins)
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Angola swallow
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2900:Stelgidopteryx
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2834:Andean swallow
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Sinaloa martin
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Tumbes swallow
2726:
2724:Bahama swallow
2721:
2719:Golden swallow
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2645:(sand martins)
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2554:Fanti saw-wing
2551:
2549:Black saw-wing
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2445:Pseudochelidon
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2404:Pseudochelidon
2385:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2220:Birds of India
2215:
2209:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2158:
2140:Eaton, James.
2132:
2113:
2080:
2047:
2024:
2001:
1972:
1953:(2): 194–210.
1925:
1905:
1860:
1848:Megaderma lyra
1837:
1826:(3): 362–366.
1806:
1786:
1773:(2): 188–192.
1749:
1736:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1670:
1644:
1635:
1622:
1608:
1595:
1569:
1520:
1505:
1459:
1436:
1387:
1360:
1330:
1271:
1252:(1): 254–270.
1228:
1204:
1171:
1168:plate LXXXVII.
1159:
1142:"Hirundinidae"
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1034:Megaderma lyra
1002:Eurasian hobby
993:
990:
986:standing waves
945:
942:
920:
917:
915:
912:
866:
863:
809:
806:
803:
802:
795:
788:
786:
779:
772:
759:
753:
752:
745:
738:
736:
729:
722:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
696:
689:
682:
665:
659:
658:
651:
644:
642:
635:
628:
615:
609:
608:
601:
594:
591:
584:
577:
564:
558:
557:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
523:
520:
309:
306:
177:
176:
173:
164:
163:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
16:Genus of birds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7476:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7447:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7172:Sterrhoptilus
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7144:Megazosterops
7141:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6977:Scotocercidae
6974:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6812:Calyptocichla
6809:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6784:Arizelocichla
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6770:Altimastillas
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6358:Cincloramphus
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6335:Locustellidae
6332:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6247:Grammatoptila
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6123:Psalidoprocne
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:Petrochelidon
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6022:Alopochelidon
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6002:Erythrocercus
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5878:Micromacronus
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5598:Heteromirafra
5595:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:Melanocorypha
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:Meridiocichla
5137:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:Speculipastor
5078:
5076:
5075:
5074:Scissirostrum
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5025:Onychognathus
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:Myrmecocichla
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:Heteroxenicus
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4684:Campicoloides
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4465:Xenocopsychus
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:Ramphocinclus
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:Cinclocerthia
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Muscicapoidea
4229:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:Odontorchilus
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:Microcerculus
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4082:Troglodytidae
4079:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4062:Tichodromidae
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4008:Polioptilidae
4005:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3970:Kischinskinia
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3831:Hylocitreidae
3828:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3791:Bombycillidae
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3626:Stenostiridae
3623:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:Picathartidae
3547:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:Pseudopodoces
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:Chloropseidae
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:Petrochelidon
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:Alopochelidon
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Purple martin
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2687:Banded martin
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2523:Psalidoprocne
2519:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:River martins
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Ceratophyllus
2005:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1913:Amrine, Jim.
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1884:(2): 87–100.
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1854:Bats in China
1851:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1747:(1997) p. 165
1746:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:(2): 660–661.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:(2002) p. 268
1632:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1380:(in French).
1379:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:"Crag Martin
1175:
1169:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1086:IUCN Red List
1083:
1082:Least Concern
1079:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1059:and the flea
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:D. chelidonis
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:common ravens
1023:
1022:Eurasian jays
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Taita falcons
1007:
1003:
999:
998:African hobby
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
941:
937:
934:
925:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
800:
796:
793:
789:
787:
780:
777:
773:
770:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
737:
730:
727:
723:
720:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
699:
697:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
643:
636:
633:
629:
626:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
585:
582:
578:
575:
570:
569:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
548:
544:
538:Distribution
527:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:
496:Petrochelidon
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
446:Petrochelidon
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:river martins
403:
401:
400:
396:to the genus
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:in 1850, the
343:
339:
335:
332:in 1769, the
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
302:IUCN Red List
299:
298:Least Concern
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
192:
189:birds in the
188:
184:
174:Scopoli, 1769
171:
170:
165:
162:
158:
153:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:Passeriformes
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7459:Ptyonoprogne
7446:
7278:Ptyonoprogne
7264:Ptyonoprogne
7234:Ptyonoprogne
7233:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7130:Dasycrotapha
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:Zosteropidae
7094:
7087:
7080:
7075:Pomatorhinus
7073:
7066:
7061:Melanocichla
7059:
7052:
7047:Erythrogenys
7045:
7038:
7031:
7011:
7004:
6984:
6966:Tricholestes
6964:
6957:
6952:Stelgidillas
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6819:Chlorocichla
6817:
6810:
6805:Brachypodius
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:Pycnonotidae
6727:
6709:Phylloscopus
6707:
6687:
6682:Schoeniparus
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6654:Malacopteron
6652:
6647:Malacocincla
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:Pellorneidae
6583:
6576:
6571:Paradoxornis
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6507:
6487:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6448:Macrosphenus
6446:
6439:
6432:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6261:Ianthocincla
6259:
6254:Heterophasia
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6197:
6190:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6151:Pygochelidon
6149:
6144:Ptyonoprogne
6142:
6135:
6130:Pseudhirundo
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:Hirundinidae
6000:
5980:
5973:Donacobiidae
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5808:Calamonastes
5806:
5801:Bathmocercus
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:Cisticolidae
5765:
5758:
5751:
5746:Phyllergates
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5627:
5603:
5596:
5591:Calendulauda
5589:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5536:Ammomanopsis
5534:
5527:
5520:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5460:Chersophilus
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5410:Psaltriparus
5408:
5403:Leptopoecile
5401:
5394:
5387:Aegithalidae
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5341:Acrocephalus
5339:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5246:Entomodestes
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5196:
5189:
5184:Neocossyphus
5182:
5175:
5168:
5148:
5141:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5095:Streptocitta
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4992:
4985:
4980:Lamprotornis
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4938:Goodfellowia
4936:
4929:
4919:
4912:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4855:Acridotheres
4853:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4670:Brachypteryx
4668:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4506:
4501:Cercotrichas
4499:
4492:
4476:Muscicapinae
4463:
4458:Swynnertonia
4456:
4449:
4442:
4437:Pogonocichla
4435:
4428:
4421:
4416:Cossyphicula
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4377:Muscicapidae
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4288:
4268:
4248:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4196:Thryorchilus
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4168:Pheugopedius
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4112:Cinnycerthia
4110:
4103:
4098:Cantorchilus
4096:
4089:
4069:
4049:
4031:Ramphocaenus
4029:
4022:
4015:
3995:
3988:
3968:
3958:
3947:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3888:
3881:
3858:
3851:Hypocoliidae
3838:
3818:
3798:
3769:
3762:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3635:Chelidorhynx
3633:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3579:
3571:Promeropidae
3558:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3497:Pardaliparus
3495:
3490:Melanochlora
3488:
3481:
3476:Machlolophus
3474:
3467:
3462:Cephalopyrus
3460:
3453:
3446:
3426:
3406:
3385:
3364:
3327:Infraorder:
3232:
3218:Cave swallow
3183:Fairy martin
3162:
3102:
3065:
3030:Ptyonoprogne
3029:
3028:
3014:Blue swallow
2954:Barn swallow
2941:
2923:
2898:
2875:Pygochelidon
2873:
2843:
2813:
2758:
2709:Tree swallow
2696:
2676:
2639:
2619:
2599:
2581:
2564:Pseudhirundo
2563:
2521:
2507:
2495:
2482:
2443:
2429:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2327:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2270:
2250:
2241:
2219:
2200:
2168:
2161:
2149:the original
2135:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2105:the original
2100:
2096:
2083:
2072:the original
2067:
2063:
2050:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1789:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1695:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1606:(1999) p.240
1603:
1598:
1582:
1560:. Retrieved
1546:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1482:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1446:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1413:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1243:
1214:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1187:
1181:
1174:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1117:
1109:
1100:
1070:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
995:
982:pond skaters
949:Ptyonoprogne
948:
947:
938:
930:
908:
888:Persian Gulf
876:
858:Ptyonoprogne
857:
853:
842:Ptyonoprogne
841:
837:
835:
831:house martin
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
775:
761:
725:
719:Lichtenstein
711:
685:
667:
631:
617:
580:
566:
529:Common name
515:
508:North Africa
505:
501:Ptyonoprogne
500:
494:
488:
482:
479:barn swallow
474:
471:Ptyonoprogne
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:Ptyonoprogne
454:
444:
438:
432:
426:
423:Ptyonoprogne
422:
419:tree swallow
411:DNA sequence
404:
397:
390:Ptyonoprogne
389:
381:
374:Ptyonoprogne
373:
365:
361:
349:
342:Jean Cabanis
337:
325:
321:
314:Ptyonoprogne
313:
311:
278:Ptyonoprogne
277:
247:
235:
231:
223:
215:
207:
195:Ptyonoprogne
194:
193:
183:crag martins
182:
180:
167:
161:Type species
146:Ptyonoprogne
145:
144:
135:Hirundininae
125:Hirundinidae
49:
31:Crag martin
25:
21:Craig Martin
7351:iNaturalist
7258:Wikispecies
7200:Zosterornis
7116:Apalopteron
7082:Spelaeornis
6917:Poliolophus
6889:Microtarsus
6720:Pnoepygidae
6675:Ptilocichla
6612:Graminicola
6578:Rhopophilus
6480:Nicatoridae
6462:Sphenoeacus
6414:Schoenicola
6372:Helopsaltes
6365:Elaphrornis
6344:Bradypterus
6310:Pterorhinus
6303:Montecincla
6199:Pholidornis
6172:Tachycineta
6109:Phedinopsis
6088:Orochelidon
6074:Miochelidon
5948:Schistolais
5941:Scepomycter
5899:Oreophilais
5829:Drymocichla
5815:Camaroptera
5698:Xanthomixis
5640:Bernieridae
5620:Alcippeidae
5571:Ramphocoris
5564:Pinarocorys
5557:Eremopterix
5550:Chersomanes
5543:Certhilauda
5453:Calandrella
5161:Myadestinae
4966:Hartlaubius
4904:Creatophora
4883:Arizelopsar
4803:Pinarochroa
4796:Phoenicurus
4661:Saxicolinae
4636:Leucoptilon
4563:Melaenornis
4519:Muscicapini
4451:Stiphrornis
4423:Dessonornis
4395:Chamaetylas
4386:Erithacinae
4352:Oreoscoptes
4281:Elachuridae
4210:Troglodytes
4203:Thryothorus
4189:Thryophilus
4147:Hylorchilus
4140:Henicorhina
4126:Cyphorhinus
4119:Cistothorus
3939:Certhioidea
3924:Ptiliogonys
3917:Phainoptila
3910:Phainopepla
3883:Chaetoptila
3743:Muscicapida
3718:Passeroidea
3707:Passeroidea
3696:See below ↓
3676:See below ↓
3667:Muscicapida
3601:Anthoscopus
3560:Picathartes
3483:Melaniparus
3469:Lophophanes
3356:Chaetopidae
3188:Tree martin
3046:Rock martin
2815:Orochelidon
2698:Tachycineta
2667:Pale martin
2662:Sand martin
2621:Phedinopsis
2527:(saw-wings)
2186:Cited texts
2021:(1): 79–81.
1872:Dermanyssus
1498:7 September
1041:Dermanyssus
978:caddisflies
970:grass fires
927:Rock martin
904:Middle East
900:Nile Valley
846:sand martin
808:Description
675:Fischer, GA
451:retort-like
415:sand martin
346:rock martin
276:is common.
243:sand martin
220:rock martin
152:Reichenbach
131:Subfamily:
7453:Categories
7151:Parayuhina
7123:Cleptornis
7033:Cyanoderma
7024:Timaliidae
6986:Scotocerca
6924:Pycnonotus
6854:Hypsipetes
6833:Euptilotus
6777:Andropadus
6763:Alophoixus
6749:Acritillas
6668:Pellorneum
6626:Illadopsis
6619:Gypsophila
6455:Melocichla
6441:Cryptillas
6379:Locustella
6219:Actinodura
6081:Neophedina
6050:Cheramoeca
5982:Donacobius
5955:Spiloptila
5920:Phyllolais
5913:Phragmacia
5906:Orthotomus
5857:Hypergerus
5794:Artisornis
5718:Abroscopus
5691:Thamnornis
5670:Hartertula
5656:Crossleyia
5582:Mirafrinae
5502:Spizocorys
5474:Eremophila
5467:Eremalauda
5396:Aegithalos
5355:Chloropeta
5320:Sylvioidea
5260:Hylocichla
5232:Cichlopsis
5198:Stizorhina
5150:Pinarornis
5109:Sturnornis
5088:Spodiopsar
5067:Saroglossa
5053:Rhabdornis
5018:Notopholia
4931:Fregilupus
4914:Cryptopsar
4890:Basilornis
4869:Ampeliceps
4824:Thamnolaea
4747:Leonardina
4719:Heinrichia
4698:Emarginata
4691:Cinclidium
4615:Cyanoptila
4599:Niltavinae
4577:Namibornis
4542:Empidornis
4485:Copsychini
4444:Sheppardia
4402:Cichladusa
4241:Buphagidae
4182:Thryomanes
4175:Salpinctes
4071:Tichodroma
4024:Polioptila
4017:Microbates
3981:Certhiidae
3860:Hypocolius
3840:Hylocitrea
3800:Bombycilla
3687:Sylvioidea
3656:Stenostira
3642:Culicicapa
3539:Sylviparus
3532:Sittiparus
3448:Baeolophus
3398:Hyliotidae
3387:Chloropsis
3321:Suborder:
3292:passerides
3290:Genera of
3233:Cheramoeca
2678:Neophedina
2582:Cheramoeca
2193:Ali, Salim
1767:Bird Study
1602:Mullarney
1217:: 108111.
1188:Bird facts
1129:References
974:stoneflies
956:and other
954:mosquitoes
555:Population
226:) and the
7193:Zosterops
7089:Stachyris
6997:Sylviidae
6896:Neolestes
6791:Baeopogon
6661:Napothera
6640:Laticilla
6536:Chrysomma
6500:Panuridae
6469:Sylvietta
6434:Achaetops
6407:Robsonius
6393:Megalurus
6351:Catriscus
6324:Turdoides
6289:Liocichla
6282:Leiothrix
6275:Leioptila
6268:Laniellus
6029:Atronanus
5927:Poliolais
5850:Euryptila
5843:Eremomela
5822:Cisticola
5767:Urosphena
5760:Tickellia
5732:Hemitesia
5709:Cettiidae
5649:Bernieria
5529:Ammomanes
5430:Alaudinae
5421:Alaudidae
5362:Hippolais
5267:Ridgwayia
5253:Geokichla
5177:Myadestes
5046:Poeoptera
5011:Neocichla
5004:Necropsar
4987:Leucopsar
4952:Gracupica
4846:Sturnidae
4831:Vauriella
4775:Myophonus
4761:Monticola
4740:Larvivora
4650:Sholicola
4570:Muscicapa
4556:Humblotia
4535:Bradornis
4508:Copsychus
4430:Erithacus
4366:Toxostoma
4338:Melanotis
4331:Margarops
4324:Dumetella
4261:Cinclidae
4105:Catherpes
3997:Salpornis
3960:Certhiops
3764:Corthylio
3755:Regulidae
3608:Auriparus
3592:Remizidae
3581:Promerops
3511:Periparus
3455:Cyanistes
3344:Passerida
3329:Passerida
3303:Kingdom:
1727:Carinthia
1629:Grimmett
1562:3 January
1429:3 January
1374:au Maroc"
1110:Accipiter
1006:peregrine
914:Behaviour
896:migratory
892:Himalayas
880:Indochina
679:Reichenow
312:The four
187:passerine
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
7249:Q1192748
7243:Wikidata
7165:Staphida
7068:Mixornis
7054:Macronus
6945:Spizixos
6938:Setornis
6931:Rubigula
6875:Ixonotus
6840:Eurillas
6826:Criniger
6729:Pnoepyga
6689:Turdinus
6564:Myzornis
6557:Moupinia
6550:Lioparus
6543:Fulvetta
6400:Poodytes
6240:Garrulax
6183:Hyliidae
6057:Delichon
6043:Cecropis
6036:Atticora
5892:Oreolais
5885:Neomixis
5871:Malcorus
5739:Horornis
5677:Oxylabes
5481:Galerida
5446:Alaudala
5376:Nesillas
5288:Zoothera
5218:Catharus
5209:Turdinae
5170:Grandala
5127:Turdidae
4973:Hylopsar
4959:Grafisia
4862:Agropsar
4817:Tarsiger
4810:Saxicola
4789:Oenanthe
4768:Myiomela
4754:Luscinia
4712:Ficedula
4705:Enicurus
4677:Calliope
4608:Anthipes
4549:Fraseria
4528:Agricola
4409:Cossypha
4290:Elachura
4250:Buphagus
4217:Uropsila
4133:Ferminia
4042:Sittidae
3874:Mohoidae
3419:Irenidae
3366:Chaetops
3311:Chordata
3309:Phylum:
3305:Animalia
3104:Cecropis
3067:Delichon
2845:Atticora
2376:Swallows
2240:(1890).
2199:(1986).
2129:: 26–32.
2097:Forktail
2064:Forktail
1900:17645179
1878:Parasite
1798:Archived
1531:(2016).
1398:(2017).
1266:15737595
1197:28 March
1043:such as
933:colonies
919:Breeding
890:and the
821:, and a
819:chi, chi
771:, 1832)
721:, 1842)
681:, 1884)
627:, 1850)
576:, 1769)
541:Picture
510:and the
490:Cecropis
484:Delichon
440:Cecropis
434:Delichon
308:Taxonomy
250:habitats
121:Family:
95:Chordata
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
7369:1047059
7343:7340277
7096:Timalia
7040:Dumetia
7006:Curruca
6847:Hemixos
6756:Alcurus
6633:Kenopia
6585:Suthora
6529:Chamaea
6509:Panurus
6489:Nicator
6158:Riparia
6102:Phedina
6064:Hirundo
5962:Urolais
5629:Alcippe
5605:Mirafra
5522:Alaemon
5488:Lullula
5274:Ixoreus
5116:Sturnus
5102:Sturnia
5060:Sarcops
4945:Gracula
4876:Aplonis
4643:Niltava
4629:Eumyias
4622:Cyornis
4584:Sigelus
4310:Allenia
4301:Mimidae
4270:Cinclus
3990:Certhia
3811:Dulidae
3771:Regulus
3649:Elminia
3518:Poecile
3439:Paridae
3408:Hyliota
3323:Passeri
3315:Class:
2943:Hirundo
2641:Riparia
2601:Phedina
2509:Species
2431:Species
2402:genus:
2400:·
1967:1159742
1743:Barlow
1677:Barlow
1384:: 6–25.
1325:8516319
1293:Bibcode
1152:15 July
1084:on the
1074:Guangxi
966:beetles
944:Feeding
854:Riparia
838:Riparia
625:Cabanis
574:Scopoli
512:Arabian
475:Hirundo
463:Hirundo
459:Hirundo
428:Hirundo
399:Hirundo
300:on the
286:falcons
282:insects
254:migrant
237:Hirundo
218:), the
210:), the
200:swallow
198:of the
141:Genus:
111:Order:
101:Class:
7434:379187
7421:302791
7382:915802
7356:144348
7186:Yuhina
7137:Heleia
7013:Sylvia
6868:Ixodia
6116:Progne
5934:Prinia
5864:Incana
5836:Eminia
5787:Apalis
5725:Cettia
5684:Randia
5439:Alauda
5281:Turdus
5239:Cochoa
5191:Sialia
5039:Pholia
5032:Pastor
4921:Enodes
4733:Irania
4494:Alethe
2760:Progne
2380:family
2334:
2315:
2278:
2257:
2226:
2207:
1965:
1941:) 10.
1898:
1745:et al.
1679:et al.
1323:
1313:
1264:
1067:Status
884:Iberia
677:&
551:Trend
547:Status
394:sister
386:Procne
274:clutch
264:under
154:, 1850
7408:72889
7364:IRMNG
7317:97285
7291:52591
7158:Rukia
6798:Bleda
6386:Malia
6296:Minla
6233:Cutia
6226:Argya
6192:Hylia
5753:Tesia
5369:Iduna
4345:Mimus
4051:Sitta
3820:Dulus
3615:Remiz
3504:Parus
3428:Irena
2497:Genus
2419:Genus
2152:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
1939:Argas
1935:Argas
1723:(PDF)
1631:et al
1604:et al
1316:46790
1092:Notes
1078:Sindh
958:flies
823:tshir
769:Sykes
382:ptuon
294:fleas
290:mites
266:cliff
262:nests
258:India
191:genus
7403:NCBI
7377:ITIS
7338:GBIF
7304:759N
7286:BOLD
6882:Ixos
6861:Iole
4994:Mino
3890:Moho
3716:See
3317:Aves
2332:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:ISBN
1963:PMID
1896:PMID
1820:Ibis
1659:)".
1564:2021
1547:2016
1500:2024
1483:2016
1431:2021
1414:2017
1321:PMID
1262:PMID
1199:2010
1154:2023
1024:and
1008:and
980:and
964:and
962:ants
848:and
827:trrt
815:twee
499:and
443:and
292:and
270:eggs
181:The
105:Aves
7390:NBN
7299:CoL
7273:ADW
6903:Nok
1955:doi
1886:doi
1828:doi
1824:125
1818:".
1775:doi
1731:187
1551:doi
1487:doi
1418:doi
1311:PMC
1301:doi
1254:doi
1219:doi
1016:,
1000:or
825:or
817:or
467:all
392:is
7455::
7431::
7418::
7405::
7392::
7379::
7366::
7353::
7340::
7327::
7314::
7301::
7288::
7275::
7260::
7245::
2195:;
2173:.
2127:16
2125:.
2101:22
2099:.
2095:.
2068:16
2066:.
2062:.
2039:.
2019:23
2017:.
1996:54
1994:.
1961:.
1951:12
1949:.
1917:.
1894:.
1882:14
1880:.
1876:.
1852:.
1822:.
1771:52
1769:.
1765:.
1725:.
1704:^
1665:21
1663:.
1647:^
1611:^
1587:.
1572:^
1545:.
1539:.
1481:.
1475:.
1451:.
1412:.
1406:.
1376:.
1333:^
1319:.
1309:.
1299:.
1289:90
1287:.
1283:.
1260:.
1250:35
1248:.
1231:^
1190:.
1186:.
1144:.
1104:A
1088:.
1036:.
1032:,
1020:,
976:,
833:.
776:LC
726:LC
686:LC
632:LC
581:LC
493:,
409:.
402:.
304:.
52:)
6070:†
5139:†
5000:†
4927:†
4910:†
3966:†
3956:†
3871:†
3573:?
3552:?
3400:?
3379:?
3358:?
3283:e
3276:t
3269:v
2485:)
2407:)
2396:(
2378:(
2368:e
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2354:v
2340:.
2321:.
2284:.
2263:.
2232:.
2213:.
2177:.
2171:"
2043:.
2037:"
1969:.
1957::
1902:.
1888::
1850:"
1846:"
1834:.
1830::
1783:.
1777::
1591:.
1585:"
1566:.
1553::
1537:"
1502:.
1489::
1473:"
1469:"
1455:.
1449:"
1433:.
1420::
1404:"
1382:4
1327:.
1303::
1295::
1268:.
1256::
1225:.
1221::
1201:.
1156:.
1112:.
767:(
717:(
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