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20:
1281:
168:, i.e., a physician, psychiatrist, nurse practitioner, psychologist, physician assistant, or occupational therapist who has an appropriate electrotherapy license, dependent upon state regulations. The United States requires a prescription for CES devices from a licensed healthcare practitioner. The FDA says that there are 11 CES devices cleared for marketing in the United States.
827:
175:
In
December 2019, the FDA announced that there is no valid evidence for CES as a treatment for depression, and request new trials to be made. "FDA concluded that the four studies published after January 1, 2016, through November 1, 2019, did not contribute sufficient information in the form of valid
108:
studies. CES treatments have been found to induce changes in neurohormones and neurotransmitters that have been implicated in psychiatric disorders: substantial increases in beta endorphins, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and serotonin; moderate increases in melatonin and norepinephrine, modest or
171:
In June 2014, the FDA announced that it "has determined that there is sufficient information to establish special controls, and that these special controls, together with general controls, will provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for CES devices. In this action, FDA is
511:
Soroush Zaghi, Mariana Acar, Brittney
Hultgren, Paulo S. Boggio, and Felipe Fregni. "Noninvasive Brain Stimulation with Low-Intensity Electrical Currents: Putative Mechanisms of Action for Direct and Alternating Current Stimulation." Neuroscientist. 2010 Jun;16(3):285–307
147:
in the 1990s, CES was not a well-known treatment for doctors and patients. During the mid-2000s, the combination of pharmaceutical brands becoming generic and
Internet advertising caused CES devices to gain popularity. In 2011, the devices received media attention from the
100:
CES stimulation of 1 mA (milliampere) has shown to reach the thalamic area at a radius of 13.30 mm. CES has shown to induce changes in the electroencephalogram, increasing alpha relative power and decreasing relative power in delta and beta frequencies.
315:
Rigorous clinical trial evidence is lacking on the use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in acute depression. Thus, at present, there is insufficient evidence on which to base decisions for using CES in treatment of acute
331:
Devices; Reclassification of
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator Devices Intended To Treat Anxiety and/or Insomnia; Effective Date of Requirement for Premarket Approval for Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator Devices Intended To Treat
344:
Shekelle PG, Cook IA, Miake-Lye IM, Booth MS, Beroes JM, Mak S (2018). "Benefits and Harms of
Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Chronic Painful Conditions, Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia: A Systematic Review".
330:
78:
A 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine whether or not CES with alternating current is safe and effective for treating depression. The FDA came to the same conclusion in
December 2019.
1548:
631:
172:
withdrawing the proposed rule and proposed order to call for PMAs for CES devices. FDA plans to issue a proposed order in the future for the reclassification of the CES device into class II."
546:
Gibson TH, Donald E. O'Hair. Cranial application of low level transcranial electrotherapy vs. relaxation instruction in anxious patients. American
Journal of Electromedicine. 1987;4(1):18–21
86:, headache, neuromusculoskeletal pain, degenerative joint pain, depression, or insomnia; low-strength evidence suggests modest benefit in patients with anxiety and depression.
125:
and others in the 18th century. Aldini had experimented with galvanic head current as early as 1794 (upon himself) and reported the successful treatment of patients with
1533:
1712:
1543:
136:
CES was initially studied for insomnia and called electrosleep therapy; it is also known as cranial-electro stimulation and transcranial electrotherapy.
1463:
537:
Iwanovsky, A., & Dodge, C. H. (1968). Electrosleep and electroanesthesia–theory and clinical experience. Foreign
Science Bulletin, 4 (2), 1–64
632:
Neurological
Devices; Withdrawal of Proposed Effective Date of Requirement for Premarket Approval for Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator Devices
117:
Low intensity electrical stimulation is believed to have originated in the studies of galvanic currents in humans and animals as conducted by
1719:
1702:
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619:
1189:
1468:
430:
Feusner, Jamie D; Madsen, Sarah; Moody, Teena D; Bohon, Cara; Hembacher, Emily; Bookheimer, Susan Y; Bystritsky, Alexander (May 2012).
66:, and opiate withdrawal, but there is little evidence of effectiveness for many of these conditions and the evidence for use in acute
176:
scientific evidence to demonstrate that the subjects met the criteria for any recognized depressive disorder, as defined in DSM-5"
109:
unquantified increases in cholinesterase, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dehydroepiandrosterone, and moderate reductions in cortisol.
185:
661:
395:
Kirsch, DL; Nichols, F (March 2013). "Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia".
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CES has also shown to reach cortical and subcortical areas of the brain, in electromagnetic tomography and
82:
A 2018 systematic review found that evidence is insufficient that CES has clinically important effects on
1778:
1204:
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via electrodes on the head. CES is used with the intention of treating a variety of conditions such as
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1357:
1199:
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195:
528:
Appel, C. P. (1972). Effect of electrosleep: Review of research. Goteborg
Psychology Report, 2, 1–24
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Electrodes are placed on the earlobes, maxilla-occipital junction, mastoid processes or temples.
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Despite the long history of CES, its underlying principles and mechanisms are still not clear.
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164:(FDA) as a Class III medical device and must be dispensed by or on the order of a licensed
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Due to the rise of pharmaceutical treatments for depression, anxiety and insomnia, such as
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432:"Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on resting state brain activity"
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Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
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275:"Alternating current cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for depression"
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581:"Electrical Stimulators Need High-Risk Rating, Says FDA Panel"
489:"How to speed up your deep sleep using CES therapy Biohacking"
1297:
620:
FDA Panel Votes to Curtail Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulators
826:
343:
160:
In the United States, CES technology is classified by the
1534:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
429:
54:. CES has been suggested as a possible treatment for
1544:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
272:
1464:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1770:
558:"Using Electricity, Magnets for Mental Illness"
1514:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
1313:
655:
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1190:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
603:"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
555:
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397:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
273:Kavirajan HC, Lueck K, Chuang K (2014).
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18:
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223:"Somatic treatments for mood disorders"
207:
186:Transcranial direct-current stimulation
1771:
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321:
221:Rosa, MA; Lisanby, SH (January 2012).
1703:Neurological conditions and disorders
1474:American Neuropsychiatric Association
1301:
643:
486:
1280:
505:
381:
1524:National Institute of Mental Health
13:
1509:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
1484:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
28:Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
14:
1810:
1170:Development of the nervous system
556:Melinda Beck (January 11, 2011).
191:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
70:is not sufficient to justify it.
1752:
1742:
1499:European Psychiatric Association
1479:American Psychiatric Association
1279:
1268:
1267:
825:
669:
133:low-intensity currents in 1804.
1753:
1504:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
1353:Child and adolescent psychiatry
613:
579:Shelley A (February 17, 2012).
549:
531:
73:
38:that delivers a small, pulsed,
1720:Psychiatric survivors movement
1610:Psychiatric survivors movement
1580:Controversies about psychiatry
1539:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1327:
522:
480:
423:
292:10.1002/14651858.CD010521.pub2
89:
1:
1605:Political abuse of psychiatry
1554:World Psychiatric Association
1489:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
1011:Social cognitive neuroscience
201:
155:
986:Molecular cellular cognition
162:Food and Drug Administration
7:
1205:Neurodevelopmental disorder
1180:Neural network (biological)
1175:Neural network (artificial)
487:Singh, Honey (2021-02-20).
179:
10:
1815:
1519:Indian Psychiatric Society
732:Computational neuroscience
279:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
112:
23:Device used to perform CES
1738:
1690:
1595:Electroconvulsive therapy
1590:Biopsychiatry controversy
1562:
1456:
1363:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1358:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
1335:
1263:
1200:Neurodegenerative disease
1157:
1044:Evolutionary neuroscience
1019:
959:
834:
823:
695:
677:
560:. The Wall Street Journal
409:10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.006
196:Electroconvulsive therapy
1642:Psychiatric epidemiology
1637:Philosophy of psychiatry
1529:Philadelphia Association
1368:Developmental disability
1165:Brain–computer interface
1114:Neuromorphic engineering
1039:Educational neuroscience
946:Nutritional neuroscience
851:Clinical neurophysiology
747:Integrative neuroscience
518:10.1177/1073858409336227
16:Form of neurostimulation
1708:Psychiatric medications
976:Behavioral neuroscience
583:. Medscape Medical News
227:Neuropsychopharmacology
166:healthcare practitioner
1677:Psychosomatic medicine
1413:Nutritional psychiatry
1373:Descriptive psychiatry
971:Affective neuroscience
752:Molecular neuroscience
707:Behavioral epigenetics
607:www.accessdata.fda.gov
24:
1600:Insulin shock therapy
1575:Clinical neuroscience
1494:Democratic Psychiatry
1348:Biological psychiatry
1034:Cultural neuroscience
1029:Consumer neuroscience
871:Neurogastroenterology
727:Cellular neuroscience
22:
1713:by condition treated
1652:Psychiatric hospital
1647:Psychiatric genetics
1393:Geriatric psychiatry
1383:Emergency psychiatry
1343:Addiction psychiatry
1006:Sensory neuroscience
846:Behavioral neurology
817:Systems neuroscience
239:10.1038/npp.2011.225
1570:Behavioral medicine
1428:Palliative medicine
1408:Military psychiatry
1388:Forensic psychiatry
1149:Social neuroscience
1049:Global neurosurgery
926:Neurorehabilitation
896:Neuro-ophthalmology
881:Neurointensive care
712:Behavioral genetics
622:, Psychiatric Times
150:Wall Street Journal
40:alternating current
1779:Medical treatments
1672:Psychopharmacology
1403:Liaison psychiatry
1225:Neuroimmune system
1119:Neurophenomenology
1059:Neural engineering
782:Neuroendocrinology
762:Neural engineering
634:, Federal Register
436:Brain and Behavior
334:, Federal Register
25:
1766:
1765:
1698:Counseling topics
1632:Pentylenetetrazol
1398:Immuno-psychiatry
1295:
1294:
1144:Paleoneurobiology
1079:Neuroepistemology
1054:Neuroanthropology
1020:Interdisciplinary
906:Neuropharmacology
866:Neuroepidemiology
143:in the 1980s and
64:smoking cessation
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1617:Imaging genetics
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1185:Detection theory
1069:Neurocriminology
996:Neurolinguistics
911:Neuroprosthetics
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742:Imaging genetics
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123:Alessandro Volta
36:neurostimulation
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1799:Medical devices
1784:Neurotechnology
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1730:Psychotherapies
1686:
1667:Psycho-oncology
1627:Neurophysiology
1585:Anti-psychiatry
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1423:Neuropsychiatry
1378:Eating disorder
1331:
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1245:Neurotechnology
1240:Neuroplasticity
1235:Neuromodulation
1230:Neuromanagement
1153:
1124:Neurophilosophy
1021:
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1001:Neuropsychology
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916:Neuropsychiatry
876:Neuroimmunology
861:Neurocardiology
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812:Neurophysiology
802:Neuromorphology
757:Neural decoding
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285:(7): CD010521.
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119:Giovanni Aldini
115:
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34:) is a form of
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442:(3): 211–220.
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353:(6): 414–421.
347:Ann Intern Med
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106:functional MRI
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587:February 21,
585:. Retrieved
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562:. Retrieved
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127:melancholia
90:Description
1773:Categories
1329:Psychiatry
1250:Neurotoxin
951:Psychiatry
498:2021-02-26
332:Depression
316:depression
202:References
156:Regulation
68:depression
48:depression
1418:Narcology
1195:Neurochip
961:Cognitive
886:Neurology
456:2162-3279
56:headaches
1274:Category
1158:Concepts
1104:Neurolaw
836:Clinical
474:22741094
417:23538086
367:29435567
311:25000907
302:10554095
257:21976043
180:See also
52:insomnia
1758:Outline
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699:science
687:History
682:Outline
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113:History
44:anxiety
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141:Prozac
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129:using
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371:S2CID
589:2015
566:2016
470:PMID
452:ISSN
413:PMID
363:PMID
307:PMID
253:PMID
50:and
514:doi
460:PMC
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243:PMC
235:doi
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