1278:. However, there is no direct evidence that the existence of large Carnivora caused the extinction of these taxa, and in many cases (in Africa throughout the Early and Middle Miocene, and in North America and Eurasia during much of the Oligocene), hyaenodonts thrived in environments in which large carnivorans such as nimravids and (later) larger amphicyonids were also present as competitors. Theories that suggest they were outcompeted by the Carnivora include that their smaller brains limited their intelligence, but carnivoran brain sizes have not always been consistently large throughout their evolution, and the importance of brain size as a factor in intelligence has been vastly overestimated in the past when these ideas were published. Other speculations focus on their limb structure, which limited leg movement to a vertical plane, as in ungulates; they were unable to turn their wrists and forearms inward to trip, slash, or grab prey as some modern carnivores can. Creodonts had to depend entirely on their jaws to capture prey, which may be why creodonts generally had a larger head size in relation to their bodies than carnivores of similar stature. However, many carnivorans, such as large
819:
835:
949:
787:. One pair performed the largest cutting function (either M1/m2 or M2/m3). This arrangement is unlike modern carnivorans, which use P4 and m1 for carnassials. This difference suggests convergent evolution among meat-eaters, with a separate evolutionary history and an order-level distinction, given that different teeth evolved as the carnassials both between creodonts and carnivorans, and between oxyaenids and hyaenodonts. Carnassials are also known in other flesh-eating mammal clades, such as in the extinct
166:
970:
915:
898:
1059:
847:
1026:
987:
113:
1214:
1044:
932:
1297:, allowing the rearmost molar teeth to evolve adaptations for feeding on non-meat foods. In creodonts, either the first upper and second lower molars, or the second upper and third lower molars, were the primary carnassials, and the rear teeth formed a carnassial series. This structure committed them to eating meat almost exclusively, which may have limited their ability to exploit
745:. M2 and m3 form the carnassials. M3 is present in most species, while m3 is always present. Manus and pes range from plantigrade to digitigrade. The fibula articulates with the calcaneum, while the astragalar-cuboid articulation is reduced or absent. Terminal phalanges are compressed and fissured at the tip.
1305:
ecological niches. These differences may have caused environmental changes to affect hyaenodonts and oxyaenids differently than they did many carnivorans, as the former would have been restricted to largely or entirely faunivorous diets, while many (though not all) carnivoran lineages were/are able
1123:
seen in other mammal genera. A proposed explanation for this phenomenon is that the increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere directly affected carnivores through increased temperature and aridity and also indirectly affected them by reducing the size of their herbivorous prey through the
655:
between oxyaenids and hyaenodontids is a large metastylar blade on the first molar (M1), but he believes that that feature is common for all basal eutheria. Separating
Oxyaenidae from Hyaenodontidae would also comport with biogeographic evidence, since the first oxyaenid is known from the North
582:
Over time, various groups and species were removed from this order. It stabilized in the mid-20th century as representing oxyaenids, hyaenodonts, mesonychids, and arctocyonids, which were understood as the major groups of flesh-eating placental mammals that were not members of the
Carnivora. It
805:
Different molars were involved in the two major groups of creodonts. In the
Oxyaenidae, M1 and m2 that form the carnassials. Among the hyaenodontids, it is M2 and m3. Unlike most modern carnivorans, in which the carnassials are the sole shearing teeth, other creodont molars have a subordinate
780:, but later forms often had reduced numbers of incisors, premolars and/or molars. The canines are always large and pointed. The lateral incisors are large, while the medial incisors are usually small. Premolars are primitive, with one primary cusp and various secondary cusps.
467:, but are not their direct ancestors. It is still unclear how closely the two families are related to each other. In general, classification is complicated by the fact that relationships among fossil mammals are usually decided by similarities in the teeth, but the teeth of
1450:
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the
Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae".
1182:, one of the most common carnivorous mammals in early Eocene North America, developed a more open trigonid on M3 over the course of the Early Eocene, increasing the shearing ability of the carnassials. A similar development can be seen by comparing
640:) in the other. However, some phylogenetic analysis recover them as a natural group, such as a phylogenetic analysis of Paleocene mammals published in 2015 that supported the monophyly of Creodonta, and placed the group as relatives of clade
1172:. Small forms had somewhat strong postmetacrista-metastellar crests suggesting that they were probably opportunistic feeders, eating such things as eggs, birds, small mammals, insects and possibly plant matter as well, possibly like extant
408:. The first large, obviously carnivorous mammals appeared with the radiation of the oxyaenids in the late Paleocene. During the Paleogene, "creodont" species were the most abundant terrestrial carnivores in the Old World. In
1370:
Kenneth E. Kinman (1994.) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable
Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88
1282:, are also dependent on their jaws alone to capture prey yet do so effectively even in situations where they must tackle large prey alone, so this also fails to provide a satisfactory explanation.
1009:
Creodonts had generalized postcranial skeletons. Their limbs were mesaxonic (with the axis of the foot provided by the middle of their five digits). Their method of locomotion ranged from
1886:
Solé, Floréal; Ladevèze, Sandrine (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars".
687:) within Hyaenodontidae. Gunnell is agnostic whether Limnocyonidae is a group within Hyaenodontidae (although a sister group to the rest of hyaenodontids) or entirely separate.
885:(which were probably derived features for the group). Many creodonts had proportionately large heads. In primitive forms, the auditory bullae was not ossified. Generally the
484:, a scissors-like modification of upper and lower cheek teeth that was used to slice muscle tissue. This adaptation is also seen in other clades of predatory mammals.
526:
2400:"New Earliest Wasatchian Mammalian Fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: Composition and Diversity in a Rarely Sampled High-Floodplain Assemblage"
2352:
1518:
Janis, Christine M.; Baskin, Jon A.; Berta, Annalisa; Flynn, John J.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Hunt, Robert M. Jr.; Martin, Larry D.; Munthe, Kathleen (1998).
1418:
Kretzoi, N. (1929.) "Materialien zur phylogenetischen
Klassifikation der Aeluroïdeen. X Congres International de Zoologie, Budapest 1927., 2, 1293–1355.
419:"Creodont" groups had an extensive range, both geographically and temporally. They are known from the late Paleocene through the late Oligocene in
1393:
Miklos
Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen ĂĽber das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.
2505:
1090:
2123:
575:
1137:
collected in the
Bridger Basin of southern Wyoming was the size of a full-grown black bear with a head almost the size of an adult male lion.
522:
394:, not a natural group. Oxyaenids are first known from the Palaeocene of North America, while hyaenodonts hail from the Palaeocene of Africa.
1930:"Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
1190:
1096:
683:
636:
630:
1140:
During the
Central Asia Expedition of 1930 by the American Museum of Natural History, the largest creodont ever discovered was collected:
671:
619:
2561:
1088:. The larger animals, however, were not known until late in the Paleocene with the radiation of the oxyaenids, such as the puma-sized
1382:"Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science"
2307:
1994:"The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (HĂ©rault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian"
1947:, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya"
1440:
Trouessart, E. L. (1879.) "Catalogue des mammifères vivants et fossiles. III. Insectivora." Rev. Mag. Zool. 3è ser. 7: 219 – 285.
2308:"Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming"
1274:
Several theories have suggested that hyaenodonts and oxyaenids became extinct because they were outcompeted by the newly-evolved
1178:
1105:
748:
The limnocyonids had the following features according to
Gunnell: M3/m3 were reduced or absent, other teeth were unreduced. The
2329:
2443:
2290:
2265:
1605:
1531:
1497:
681:. Wortman had even erected a subfamily of Limnocyoninae within the oxyaenids. Van Valen nests the same subfamily (including
869:
Creodonts had long, narrow skulls with small brains. The skull narrowed considerably behind the eyes, producing a distinct
444:
Though often assumed to have been outcompeted by carnivorans, there is little empirical support for this. The last genus,
2374:
560:"Inadaptive Creodonta" (Creodonta inadaptiva), group that includes "Pseudocreodi" (oxyaenids and hyaenodontids) and the
2095:
1526:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–90.
1381:
1407:
1261:
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1120:
857:
fossils: (1) Right upper cheek teeth, P2-M2; (2) Left ramus of mandible (p2-m2); (3) Right ramus of mandible (c-m2)
1361:
T. C. Winkler (1893.) "De Gewervelde Dieren van Het Verleden." Palaeontologische Studiën in Telyer's Museum 1-291
1855:"Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)"
1776:
Russell, Loris S. (1954). "Evidence of Tooth Structure on the Relationships of the Early Groups of Carnivora".
1239:
1600:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–109.
690:
According to Gunnell, the defining features of the oxyaenids include: A small braincase low in the skull. The
2556:
2034:
1854:
567:"Adaptive Creodonta" (Creodonta adaptiva), made up of the miacids and the taxa included in the wastebasket "
545:. In 1884, however, he regarded them as a basal group from which both carnivorans and insectivorans arose.
2250:
Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph F.; Krajewski, Carey (2015).
733:
Likewise, Gunnell's list of defining features of hyaenodontids includes: Long, narrow skull with a narrow
1658:
659:
Complicating this arrangement is the tentative endorsement by Gunnell of the erection of a third family,
1235:
1168:
Early creodonts (both oxyaenids and hyaenodontids) displayed the tribosphenic molars common for basal
598:
assemblage of carnivorous placental mammals (and not a natural group), and members of Creodonta being
412:
Africa, hyaenodonts were the dominant group of large flesh-eaters, persisting until the middle of the
165:
1326:
1348:
818:
1224:
806:
shearing functions. The difference in which teeth form the carnassials is a major argument for the
656:
American early Paleocene and the first hyaenodontids are from very late Paleocene of North Africa.
1402:
Romer, A. S. (1966.) "Vertebrate Paleontology." University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 3rd edition
1993:
1228:
834:
2257:
2251:
1929:
2523:
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961:
549:
441:, one of the largest mammalian land predators of all time, weighing an estimated 800 kg.
2518:
2185:
1942:
1593:
1519:
2510:
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1958:
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1082:
Creodonts ranged in size from the size of a small cat to the 800-kilogram (1,800 lb)
8:
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2145:
1823:
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493:
235:
2219:
1962:
1659:"Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction"
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2015:
1974:
1911:
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Evolving Eden: An Illustrated Guide to the Evolution of the African Large-Mammal Fauna
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2019:
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2010:
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1722:
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1554:
The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and relationships of the major extant clades
1460:
1428:
1176:. Larger forms had greater shearing capacity and the capacity increased over time.
480:
1970:
478:"Creodonts" share with the Carnivora, and many other predatory mammal clades, the
2328:
Chester, Stephen G. B.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Secord, Ross; Boyer, Doug M. (2010).
1464:
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343:
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534:
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391:
2317:. Ann Arbor: Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. pp. 141–180.
2124:"A further study of the lower Eocene mammalian faunas of southwestern Wyoming"
2540:
2481:
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1797:
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1290:
738:
707:
695:
660:
568:
518:
420:
378:. Originally thought to be a single group of animals ancestral to the modern
363:
129:
62:
1991:
1626:"A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators"
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387:
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Denison, Robert Howland (October 1937). "The Broad-Skulled Pseudocreodi".
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wide at base and narrowing dorsally (to give it a triangular shape). The
624:
615:
591:. By 1969, Creodonta contained only the oxyaenids and the hyaenodontids.
542:
510:
446:
437:
351:
252:
140:
134:
37:
435:. While most were small-to-medium sized mammals, among their number was
1805:
1596:. In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).
1522:. In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).
1294:
784:
719:
663:. The group includes taxa that were once considered oxyaenids, such as
611:
602:
to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives) within clade
530:
505:
497:
399:
347:
258:
82:
47:
2053:
1899:
1701:
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897:
796:, as well as highly unrelated taxa such as the flesh-eating marsupial
452:
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2315:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2161:
1839:
1762:
1726:
1688:
Cope, E. D. (March–December 1880). "On the Genera of the Creodonta".
1275:
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994:
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makes a semicircular expansion on the face. The mandibles have heavy
665:
553:
464:
409:
379:
355:
177:
112:
99:
87:
31:
2452:
2186:"Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum"
1789:
1429:"The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene."
1213:
1025:
986:
2475:
1747:"The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene"
1302:
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645:
588:
514:
197:
125:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2334:(Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum"
1043:
954:
Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of the skull of the hyaenodontid
840:
Upper teeth of creodonts from Middle Eocene Bridger Basin, Wyoming
752:
was elongated. The animals themselves were small to medium-sized.
2406:(28). Ann Arbor: Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan.
1940:
1871:
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691:
413:
359:
103:
92:
67:
2033:
Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015).
1200:
with the smaller, more generalized feeders among the creodonts.
931:
594:
More recently, "Creodonta" had been considered to be a nonvalid
548:
Hyaenodontidae was not included among the creodonts until 1909.
2249:
1169:
1151:
to which it bore many similarities. It has been estimated that
1066:
853:
711:
460:
Most modern paleontologists agree both "creodont" families are
432:
424:
405:
375:
367:
207:
187:
152:
121:
2306:
Gunnell, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (September 30, 1991).
2146:"A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas"
1328:
On the Supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains
1119:) seem to have experienced the dwarfing phenomenon during the
702:. M1 and m2 form the carnassials, while M3/m3 are absent. The
607:
603:
217:
2035:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
574:
and "Primitive Creodonta" (Creodonta primitiva), made up of
1598:
Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals
1524:
Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals
1431:
Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
1155:
attained the body mass of twice the largest American lion.
825:
428:
371:
2093:
Polly, P. D. (1994). "What, if anything, is a creodont?".
1449:
1992:
Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020).
788:
1486:
Lambert, David; et al. (The Diagram Group) (1985).
1147:. Its dimensions were described as 50% greater than the
2327:
2032:
1657:
Muizon, Christian; Lange-Badré, Brigitte (2007-03-29).
2133:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Museum. pp. 1–98.
1740:
1738:
1736:
16:
Former order of extinct flesh-eating placental mammals
2256:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
1721:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1718:
The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West
1517:
431:, and from the late Paleocene to the late Miocene in
397:
Creodonts were the dominant carnivorous mammals from
2431:
The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores
2375:"A Giant oxyaenid from the Upper Eocene of Mongolia"
2353:"Osteology of Patriofelis, a Middle Eocene Creodont"
2026:
513:. In 1880. he expanded the term to include families
2285:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 77.
1733:
1384:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
583:became increasingly clear that arctocyonids were a
2150:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1828:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
427:, from the late Paleocene through late Miocene in
2144:Matthew, William Diller; Granger, Walter (1915).
1985:
1751:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
1690:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1656:
1552:Rose, Kenneth David; Archibald, J. David (2005).
587:and mesonychids might be more closely related to
404:, peaking in diversity and prevalence during the
2538:
2393:
2391:
2305:
1928:Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018).
1556:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1587:
1585:
1583:
2143:
1619:
1617:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
541:. Cope originally placed creodonts within the
2388:
1852:
1551:
475:, to deal with the mechanics of eating meat.
423:, the early Eocene through late Oligocene in
1941:Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019).
1922:
1885:
1879:
1853:Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017).
1817:
1815:
1513:
1511:
1509:
2366:
2360:Bulletin American Museum of Natural History
2280:
1846:
1614:
1560:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1320:
1318:
1242:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1037:from the American Museum of Natural History
1017:. The terminal phalanges were fused claws.
920:Lateral outline and front view of skull of
2208:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2201:
2199:
1934:
552:regarded Creodonta as a suborder of order
487:
471:species may evolve similar shapes through
111:
2427:
2397:
2253:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
2166:In this paper the authors rename Marsh's
2122:Gazin, Charles Lewis (January 17, 1962).
2069:
2009:
1870:
1821:
1812:
1506:
1262:Learn how and when to remove this message
1094:and the probably bone-crushing scavenger
651:Polly has argued that the only available
382:, this order is now usually considered a
1540:
1492:. New York: Facts on File Publications.
1315:
877:segments of the cranium. They had large
730:are compressed and fissured at the tip.
386:assemblage of two different groups, the
2372:
2350:
2205:
2196:
2183:
1824:"Deltatheridia, a New Order of Mammals"
1775:
1745:Matthew, William Diller (August 1909).
1744:
1591:
1485:
1127:The largest North American creodont is
1004:
710:are plantigrade or subplantigrade. The
2539:
2281:Turner, Alan; AntĂłn, Mauricio (2004).
1623:
2457:
2456:
2131:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
2121:
2092:
2086:
1064:Mounted skeleton of the hyaenodontid
828:and typical hyaenodontid and oxyaenid
783:Creodonts have two or three pairs of
1714:
1687:
1324:
1306:to subsist on plant matter as well.
1240:adding citations to reliable sources
1207:
2240:(Subscription or payment required.)
1489:The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life
1453:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1163:
13:
2421:
2373:Granger, Walter (April 21, 1938).
2228:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1937.tb55483.x
2096:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1951:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1675:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x
824:Comparison of carnassial teeth of
14:
2573:
2562:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
2428:Macdonald, David (January 1992).
1331:. Vol. 27. pp. 444–449.
1285:In the Carnivora, the last upper
2174:and include it among the miacids
1644:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x
1624:Sorkin, Boris (December 2008) .
1212:
1121:Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
1057:
1042:
1024:
985:
968:
947:
930:
913:
896:
845:
833:
817:
618:plus its stem-relatives (family
164:
35:
2344:
2330:"A New Small-Bodied Species of
2321:
2299:
2274:
2243:
2184:Wortman, J. Lewis (July 1902).
2177:
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2115:
2011:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13
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1708:
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737:and a high narrow occiput. The
2338:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2109:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592
1434:
1421:
1412:
1396:
1387:
1374:
1364:
1355:
765:Among primitive creodonts the
610:), split in two groups: order
1:
2398:Gingerich, Philip D. (1989).
1971:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
1380:Arthur Sperry Pearse, (1936)
1325:Cope, Edward Drinker (1875).
1309:
1203:
755:
1822:Van Valen, Leigh M. (1966).
1465:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196
760:
7:
2190:American Journal of Science
1888:Evolution & Development
648:and their stem-relatives).
556:, divided in three groups:
496:in 1875. Cope included the
342:("meat teeth") is a former
10:
2578:
2351:Wortman, Jacob L. (1894).
1859:Palaeontologia Electronica
1592:Gunnell, Gregg F. (1998).
1158:
1124:same selective pressures.
864:
517:(including Viverravidae),
492:"Creodonta" was coined by
354:that lived from the early
2465:
2382:American Museum Novitates
273:
266:
248:
243:
161:Scientific classification
159:
120:Various creodonts of the
119:
110:
23:
939:Sarkastodon mongoliensis
923:Sarkastodon mongoliensis
741:are concave between the
1945:Simbakubwa kutokaafrika
1077:
614:as one group and order
488:Systematics and history
455: million years ago
450:, became extinct about
2404:Papers on Paleontology
1427:W. D. Matthew (1909.)
962:Henry Fairfield Osborn
957:Apterodon macrognathus
550:William Diller Matthew
2519:Paleobiology Database
1520:"Carnivorous mammals"
722:articulates with the
714:articulates with the
2557:Obsolete mammal taxa
1715:Cope, E. D. (1884).
1289:and the first lower
1236:improve this section
1005:Postcranial skeleton
527:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
473:convergent evolution
2362:. pp. 129–164.
2340:. pp. 227–243.
2220:1937NYASA..37..163D
2172:Didymictis protenus
1963:2019JVPal..39E0222B
1103:Certain creodonts (
906:Machaeroides eothen
494:Edward Drinker Cope
2168:Limnocyon protenus
2042:Biological Reviews
1070:from Bridger Basin
1049:Reconstruction of
1031:Mount of oxyaenid
978:Hyaenodon horridus
903:Skull of oxyaenid
881:and usually broad
400:55 to 35
329:(Trouessart, 1879)
2534:
2533:
2459:Taxon identifiers
2445:978-0-563-20844-0
2292:978-0-231-11944-3
2267:978-0-8018-8695-9
2192:. pp. 17–23.
2054:10.1111/brv.12242
1900:10.1111/ede.12219
1607:978-0-521-35519-3
1533:978-0-521-35519-3
1499:978-0-8160-1125-4
1272:
1271:
1264:
1051:Patriofelis ferox
1034:Patriofelis ferox
889:were very broad.
585:wastebasket taxon
402:million years ago
352:placental mammals
337:
336:
277:list of synonyms:
239:
2569:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2165:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1727:10.3133/70038954
1712:
1706:
1705:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1589:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1322:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1216:
1208:
1164:Diet and feeding
1133:. A specimen of
1061:
1046:
1028:
989:
972:
951:
934:
917:
900:
871:splanchnocranium
849:
837:
821:
785:carnassial teeth
779:
778:
777:
774:
509:but omitted the
481:carnassial shear
469:hypercarnivorous
456:
403:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
291:Creodontiformes
288:
234:
229:
169:
168:
115:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2461:
2446:
2424:
2422:Further reading
2419:
2396:
2389:
2384:. pp. 1–5.
2377:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2248:
2244:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2178:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2091:
2087:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2004:(13): 185–214.
1990:
1986:
1957:(1): e1570222.
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1884:
1880:
1851:
1847:
1820:
1813:
1790:10.2307/2405640
1774:
1770:
1743:
1734:
1713:
1709:
1686:
1682:
1655:
1651:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1590:
1561:
1550:
1541:
1534:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1233:
1217:
1206:
1166:
1161:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
995:Limnocyon verus
990:
982:
981:
973:
965:
964:
952:
943:
942:
941:
935:
927:
926:
918:
910:
909:
901:
887:temporal fossae
879:sagittal crests
867:
862:
861:
860:
859:
858:
850:
842:
841:
838:
830:
829:
822:
771:
770:
763:
758:
743:orbital regions
642:Pholidotamorpha
490:
451:
398:
333:
328:
323:(Matthew, 1909)
322:
317:(Kretzoi, 1929)
316:
310:
305:(Kretzoi, 1945)
304:
298:
292:
287:(Winkler, 1893)
286:
279:
278:
233:
227:
163:
106:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2487:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2387:
2365:
2343:
2320:
2298:
2291:
2273:
2266:
2242:
2214:(1): 163–255.
2195:
2176:
2136:
2114:
2085:
2048:(1): 521–550.
2025:
1984:
1933:
1921:
1878:
1845:
1811:
1784:(2): 166–171.
1768:
1732:
1707:
1696:(107): 76–82.
1680:
1669:(4): 353–366.
1649:
1638:(4): 333–347.
1613:
1606:
1559:
1539:
1532:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1459:(3): 303–322.
1442:
1433:
1420:
1411:
1395:
1386:
1373:
1363:
1354:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1270:
1269:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1003:
991:
984:
983:
974:
967:
966:
953:
946:
945:
944:
936:
929:
928:
919:
912:
911:
902:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
866:
863:
851:
844:
843:
839:
832:
831:
823:
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
810:of Creodonta.
767:dental formula
762:
759:
757:
754:
580:
579:
572:
565:
511:Hyaenodontidae
489:
486:
335:
334:
332:
331:
325:
319:
315:Paracarnivora
313:
307:
301:
299:(Pearse, 1936)
295:
293:(Kinman, 1994)
289:
283:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
262:
261:
255:
253:Hyaenodontidae
246:
245:
241:
240:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
157:
156:
117:
116:
108:
107:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
30:63.3–8.8
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2574:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:2027.42/48628
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Geodiversitas
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1408:0-7167-1822-7
1405:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:mesocarnivore
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1221:This section
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:Dipsalidictis
1087:
1086:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
997:
996:
988:
980:
979:
971:
963:
959:
958:
950:
940:
933:
925:
924:
916:
908:
907:
899:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
856:
855:
848:
836:
827:
820:
811:
809:
803:
801:
800:
795:
794:
790:
786:
781:
768:
753:
751:
746:
744:
740:
739:frontal bones
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:lacrimal bone
693:
688:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
661:Limnocyonidae
657:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:(in mirorder
605:
604:Pan-Carnivora
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
577:
573:
570:
569:Arctocyonidae
566:
563:
559:
558:
557:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:Ambloctonidae
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Arctocyonidae
516:
512:
508:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
463:
458:
454:
449:
448:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:North America
417:
415:
411:
407:
401:
395:
393:
392:hyaenodontids
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:North America
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
327:Subdidelphia
326:
321:Pseudocreodi
320:
314:
311:(Romer, 1966)
309:Hyaenodontia
308:
302:
296:
290:
285:Creodontidae
284:
281:
280:
272:
269:
265:
260:
256:
254:
250:
249:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
149:
148:
143:
142:
137:
136:
131:
130:United States
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
2466:
2430:
2403:
2381:
2368:
2359:
2346:
2337:
2332:Palaeonictis
2331:
2323:
2314:
2301:
2282:
2276:
2252:
2245:
2211:
2207:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2117:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1924:
1894:(2): 56–68.
1891:
1887:
1881:
1872:10.26879/776
1862:
1858:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1754:
1750:
1717:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1635:
1629:
1597:
1553:
1523:
1488:
1481:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1327:
1284:
1273:
1258:
1249:
1234:Please help
1222:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1145:mongoliensis
1141:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1116:Palaeonictis
1114:
1111:Prolimnocyon
1110:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1067:Sinopa rapax
1065:
1050:
1032:
1008:
993:
976:
955:
938:
921:
904:
875:neurocranium
868:
852:
804:
797:
791:
782:
764:
747:
732:
689:
682:
678:Prolimnocyon
676:
670:
664:
658:
653:synapomorphy
650:
635:
629:
623:
612:Oxyaenodonta
596:polyphyletic
593:
581:
576:Oxyclaenidae
547:
539:Mesonychidae
504:
491:
479:
477:
459:
445:
443:
436:
418:
396:
384:polyphyletic
358:to the late
350:carnivorous
339:
338:
297:Creodontina
230:
151:
147:Machaeroides
145:
139:
133:
132:. From top:
18:
2491:Wikispecies
1757:: 289–576.
1594:"Creodonta"
1345:|work=
1295:carnassials
1153:Sarkastodon
1149:Patriofelis
1143:Sarkastodon
1130:Patriofelis
1085:Sarkastodon
1015:digitigrade
1011:plantigrade
793:Necromantis
735:basicranium
724:cuboid bone
625:Altacreodus
622:and genera
620:Wyolestidae
616:Hyaenodonta
600:sister taxa
562:mesonychids
543:Insectivora
523:Leptictidae
447:Dissopsalis
438:Sarkastodon
282:Creodontia
141:Patriofelis
135:Tritemnodon
2541:Categories
1865:(3): 55A.
1310:References
1204:Extinction
1191:Prototomus
1097:Dipsalodon
799:Thylacoleo
756:Morphology
720:astragalus
718:, and the
684:Oxyaenodon
637:Tinerhodon
631:Simidectes
531:Oxyaenidae
506:Didymictis
502:viverravid
462:related to
362:epochs in
303:Creophaga
259:Oxyaenidae
214:Mirorder:
2547:Creodonta
2497:Creodonta
2467:Creodonta
2436:BBC Books
2236:129936019
2162:2246/1373
2156:: 4–103.
2062:1464-7931
2020:219585388
1979:145972918
1840:2246/1126
1798:0014-3820
1778:Evolution
1763:2246/5744
1347:ignored (
1337:cite book
1276:Carnivora
1252:June 2024
1223:does not
1197:Limnocyon
1174:viverrids
992:Skull of
975:Skull of
808:polyphyly
761:Dentition
728:phalanges
716:calcaneum
700:symphysis
672:Thinocyon
666:Limnocyon
646:pangolins
589:ungulates
554:Carnivora
498:oxyaenids
465:Carnivora
410:Oligocene
388:oxyaenids
380:Carnivora
356:Paleocene
340:Creodonta
244:Families
231:Creodonta
184:Kingdom:
178:Eukaryota
100:Paleocene
24:Creodonta
2476:Wikidata
2080:28075073
1916:46774007
1908:28181377
1473:84475034
1303:omnivore
1293:are the
1287:premolar
1170:therians
1135:P. ferox
937:Head of
883:mastoids
515:Miacidae
500:and the
390:and the
268:Synonyms
208:Mammalia
198:Chordata
194:Phylum:
188:Animalia
174:Domain:
126:Colorado
102:to Late
2482:Q691406
2216:Bibcode
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2071:6849585
1959:Bibcode
1806:2405640
1663:Lethaia
1631:Lethaia
1244:removed
1229:sources
1185:Oxyaena
1159:Biology
865:Cranium
776:3.1.4.3
773:3.1.4.3
750:rostrum
692:occiput
414:Miocene
360:Miocene
348:extinct
224:Order:
204:Class:
104:Miocene
2442:
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854:Sinopa
726:. The
712:fibula
433:Africa
425:Europe
406:Eocene
376:Africa
368:Europe
238:, 1875
153:Sinopa
150:, and
122:Eocene
98:Early
2552:Ferae
2524:40902
2511:12202
2506:IRMNG
2378:(PDF)
2356:(PDF)
2311:(PDF)
2232:S2CID
2127:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
2016:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1912:S2CID
1802:JSTOR
1698:JSTOR
1469:S2CID
1371:pages
1291:molar
1179:Arfia
1106:Arfia
704:manus
608:Ferae
525:(now
344:order
218:Ferae
2440:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2076:PMID
2058:ISSN
1904:PMID
1794:ISSN
1602:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1349:help
1301:and
1227:any
1225:cite
1194:and
1113:and
1078:Size
873:and
826:wolf
706:and
675:and
634:and
537:and
453:11.1
429:Asia
374:and
372:Asia
236:Cope
38:Preęž’
2408:hdl
2258:356
2224:doi
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2158:hdl
2105:doi
2066:PMC
2050:doi
2006:doi
1967:doi
1896:doi
1867:doi
1836:hdl
1832:132
1786:doi
1759:hdl
1723:doi
1671:doi
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