275:
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25:
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was changed to
Theoderichshafen. Hitler's ultimate goal for his planned "Gau Gothenland" ("Gothland" or "Gothia") was to replace the local population with "pure Germans" and turn the Crimea into what he described as "the German Gibraltar" — a national foothold not contiguous to the rest of Germany,
612:
that the
Crimean Goths had survived long enough to interbreed with later German settlers in Crimea and that the German communities in Crimea constituted native peoples of that area. Hitler had intended to re-settle German people to Crimea and rename numerous towns with their previous Crimean Gothic
249:, the Ostrogoths did not even exist until the 5th century, when they emerged from other Gothic and non-Gothic groups. Other Gothic groups may have settled in Crimea. Either way, the existence of Goths in Crimea was first attested from around the 3rd century, following which they were well reported.
390:, in which he claims that, during a voyage in the Black Sea, his ship was forced ashore by storms. There, to his surprise, he found a man singing a song in which he used "German words". When he asked him where he was from, he answered "that his home was nearby and that his people were Goths".
556:
Though there are no further records of the language's existence since the late 18th century, communities of
Germanic peoples with distinctly separate customs and physical features have been recorded living in Crimea, leading some to believe that the Gothic language may have survived as a
595:
It is likely that the Goths had begun to speak
Crimean Tatar and Crimean Greek from long before the arrival of Busbecq, thus they may well have integrated into the wider population, as later visitors to Mangup were unable to discover "any trace" of Gothic peoples.
142:. Aside from textual reports of the existence of the Goths in Crimea, both first- and second-hand, from as early as 850, numerous archaeological sites also exist, including the ruins of the former capital city of the Crimean Goths: Doros (present-day
521:
The language of the
Crimean Goths is poorly attested, with only 101 certain independent forms surviving, few of which are phrases, and a three-line song, which has never been conclusively translated. Possible loan words are still used in
792:
When I asked him about the nature and habits of these people, he gave the sort of replies that I expected. He said that the tribe was warlike and at the present day occupied numerous villages. Their chief towns were Mancup and
437:. The late Mr. Busbeq, who had been Imperial Ambassador at the Ottoman Port, collected and publish'd a great number of these words in his fourth letter; and in my own travels through that Country I took notice of many more.
499:, an Orthodox bishop, led an unsuccessful revolt against Khazar overlordship. Following the split of Chalcedonian Christianity in the 11th century between the Roman and Orthodox branches, these peoples remained loyal to
393:
Several inscriptions from the early 9th century found in the area use the word "Goth" only as a personal name, not an ethnonym. Meanwhile, some legends about a Gothic state in Crimea existed in Europe throughout the
432:
The language spoke in the
Peninsula Crimea, or Taurica Chersonesus, in Asia, still retains many German words, brought thither, as is suppos'd by a colony of Goths, who went to settle there about 850 years after the
166:
in 1595 on the
Crimean Goths, he claims not to be able to determine whether the Germanic peoples of Crimea were Goths or Saxons; certainly, the language cannot be directly linked to the well-attested
553:
c. 1780, who visited Crimea at the end of the 18th century, and noted the existence of people whose language and customs differed greatly from their neighbours and who he concluded must be "Goths".
2807:
274:
252:
During the late 5th and early 6th century, the
Crimean Goths had to fight off hordes of Huns who were migrating back eastward after losing control of their European empire. In the 5th century,
460:, Apostle to the Slavs, who went to Crimea to preach the gospel to the Khazars (c. 850). He lists "Goths" as people who read and praised the Christian God "in their own language". In 1606
386:
By the 16th century, the existence of Goths in Crimea had become well-known to
European scholars. Many travellers visited Crimea and wrote about the Goths. One romantic report appears in
425:
visited Crimea in the mid-to-late 16th century and reported the existence of Goths, who spoke their own language, but used Greek, Tatar and
Hungarian in dealing with outsiders.
1097:
A slightly revised German translation was published as "Gotische Graffito-Inschriften aus der Bergkrim", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und Literatur 145 (2016) 141–157.
115:. They were the longest-lasting of the Gothic communities. Their existence is well attested through the ages, though the exact period when they ceased to exist as a distinct
170:. Though most scholars agree that the peoples must have been of Gothic origin, some others have maintained that the so-called "Crimean Goths" were in fact West or even
692:
533:
in 1938, and deciphered by him and Maksim Korobov. The reading of these inscription was made difficult because they were later overwritten by some Greek graffiti.
2599:
814:. European history/Medieval studies/Classical studies. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas (revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.
146:). Furthermore, numerous articles of jewellery, weaponry, shields, buttons, pins, and small personal artefacts on display in museums in Crimea and in the
3087:
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2614:
997:
639:
2661:
1324:
346:
Many Crimean Goths were Greek speakers and many non-Gothic Byzantine citizens were settled in the region called "Gothia" by the government in
472:". These are the only two reports which refer to the existence of a written form of Crimean Gothic, but also confirm their Christian faith.
2696:
3082:
1351:
588:
who are sharply delineated from the inhabitants of neighboring villages by their tall height and other features characteristic of the
119:
is unknown; as with the Goths in general, they may have become diffused among the surrounding peoples. In his Fourth Turkish letter,
2398:
484:
1250:
Shepard, Jonathan (1973). "The English and Byzantium: A Study of Their Role in the Byzantine Army in the Later Eleventh Century".
2477:
2416:
545:'s report, though none provide details of their language or customs. The last known record of the Goths in Crimea comes from the
414:. He also left the Gothic-Latin dictionary with about a hundred Germanic words that share some traits in common with the ancient
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In 2015, five Gothic graffiti inscriptions were found by Andrey Vinogradov, a Russian historian, on stone plates excavated in
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64:
238:, when they revolted and regained independence. Like the Huns, the Goths in Crimea never regained their lost glory.
2801:
1459:
833:
Theodoric the Great wished the Crimean Goths to join his army on the march to Italy, but they declined with thanks.
3150:
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2681:
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2411:
1679:
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2513:
971:
782:. Oxford reprints. Translated by Foster, Edward Seymour (reprint ed.). Clarendon Press. pp. 201–202
2624:
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1064:"Молитвы на камнях Историк Андрей Виноградов рассказывает о первых надписях на крымско-готском языке"
773:
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269:
35:
779:
The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople, 1554–1562
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39:
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was not contiguous to the rest of the United Kingdom — to be connected to Germany proper by an
523:
461:
171:
1479:
1369:
991:
546:
630:. The plan was postponed for the duration of the war, and never went into effect due to the
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Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War, 2008, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
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8:
3004:
2646:
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577:
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There are numerous other sources referring to the existence of Goths in Crimea following
464:
claimed that the Goths of Crimea read both the Old and New Testaments "in the letters of
334:
253:
135:
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3055:
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246:
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2523:
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682:
631:
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399:
371:
306:
103:
1217:
Schäferdiek, Knut; Gschwantler, Otto (2010) . "Bekehrung und Bekehrungsgeschichte".
1098:
421:
Following the report by Busbecq, numerous European travellers went to visit Crimea.
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2546:
1988:
1360:
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614:
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tribes that had settled in Crimea, culturally and linguistically influenced by the
107:, a title applied to various Germanic tribes that remained in the lands around the
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3099:
2888:
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2541:
1597:
1575:
1519:
1489:
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809:
777:
476:
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370:, Genoese and other empires until 1475, when it was finally incorporated in the
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192:
147:
46:
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1993:
1953:
1819:
1548:
1507:
1184:
580:, he quotes Vozgrin as saying: "In all probability their descendants are the
242:
2132:
2757:
2745:
2531:
1724:
1714:
1697:
1514:
1280:(5th and 6th ed.). Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.
672:
635:
609:
215:; i.e. "king of noblemen") when the Huns migrated to the Ukrainian steppe.
972:"Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis Asiana et Europiana et de contentis in eis"
2727:
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2000:
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1553:
605:
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395:
278:
1263:
1252:
Traditio: Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought, and Religion
604:
Almost no signs of the Crimean Goths exist today. It was claimed by the
203:
had a huge kingdom north of the Black Sea in the 4th century, which the
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2171:
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2102:
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1913:
1863:
1739:
1734:
1702:
1421:
618:
574:
The Crimean Tatars: the diaspora experience and the forging of a nation
487:
from the 4th to 6th centuries AD. The Crimean Goths had converted from
200:
175:
131:
90:
3019:
2732:
2378:
2373:
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2201:
2097:
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2010:
1963:
1958:
1908:
1848:
1774:
1764:
1744:
1707:
1692:
1089:
1043:
707:
652:
623:
212:
208:
108:
378:. This is generally considered to be the fall of the Crimean Goths.
2569:
2554:
2351:
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2256:
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2236:
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1943:
1928:
1903:
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1853:
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1809:
1804:
1794:
1729:
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1396:
1329:
717:
677:
627:
339:
322:
286:
196:
2455:
2559:
2368:
2356:
2346:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2286:
2276:
2251:
2191:
2149:
2122:
2040:
1973:
1968:
1948:
1938:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1814:
1799:
1749:
712:
687:
465:
367:
363:
358:, continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the
318:
116:
2777:
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2341:
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2020:
2005:
1983:
1933:
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1918:
1831:
1826:
1784:
1754:
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909:
776:(1968) . "The Fourth Letter". In Foster, Edward Seymour (ed.).
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2025:
2015:
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1602:
1087:
565:
314:
257:
139:
94:
1304:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. Univ. of California Press.
218:
138:
failed to rouse Crimean Goths to support his 488–493 war in
2331:
1978:
702:
204:
77:
693:
History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union
613:
names. During the Nazi occupation of Crimea following its
564:
According to the Soviet ethnologist V. E. Vozgrin, the
281:
is the biggest cavern fortress on the Crimean peninsula
125:
a warlike people, who to this day inhabit many villages
1216:
1049:
452:
The first report of the Crimean Goths appears in the
638:'s eventual demise, and all German-speakers would be
410:
reported having had a conversation with two Goths in
1210:
Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric
969:
337:, and possibly part of its Crimean possessions, the
256:
tried to recruit Crimean Goths for his campaigns in
1325:
Brief history of Theodoro Principality (Mangup) ENG
1177:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
333:. The territory was initially under the control of
1292:. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
843:
841:
350:. A Gothic principality around the stronghold of
3132:
1245:. Freiburg im Breisgau: Böhlau Verlag: 156–164.
1195:
945:
838:
526:, though this too remains highly speculative.
81:Map of Gothia – territory of the Crimean Goths
2471:
1345:
1258:. New York: Fordham University Press: 53–92.
475:Gothic peoples originally practiced forms of
1009:
1007:
1376:origin primarily identified as speakers of
996:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
329:. The principality's official language was
207:overwhelmed in the time of the Gothic king
2478:
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1352:
1338:
1270:
1239:Saeculum: Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte
1204:
1081:
1061:
933:
871:
772:
617:in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union,
260:, but few showed interest in joining him.
1090:"Готские граффити из мангупской базилики"
1004:
388:Joachimus Cureus' Gentis Silesiae Annales
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
49:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
1284:
1237:Schwarz, Ernst (1953). "Die Krimgoten".
1088:А. Ю. Виноградов; М. И. Коробов (2016).
970:Miechowa (1457-1523), Maciej z. (1518).
859:
273:
217:
76:
2417:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1308:
1296:
1249:
1236:
1227:
1196:Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991).
1183:
1145:
1062:Nemalevich, Sergey (25 December 2015).
976:Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Berol. Ue 8438
957:
921:
904:
892:
847:
804:
561:(home language) until as late as 1945.
495:by the 6th century. In the 8th century
16:Extinct Germanic ethnic group of Crimea
3133:
2667:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)
150:have led to a better understanding of
2953:
2677:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
2459:
1333:
226:(Doros), capital of the Crimean Goths
1359:
18:
2485:
1179:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
13:
2687:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
2590:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
1050:Schäferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
325:and other nations, which followed
309:. Its population was a mixture of
14:
3172:
2682:Council of Ministers (until 2014)
1318:
1230:Goten, Nordgermanen, Angelsachsen
1220:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
984:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26278
130:However, in the 5th century, the
3115:
3114:
2695:
2647:President of Crimea (historical)
2440:
2439:
640:expelled from Soviet territories
551:Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz
536:
186:
47:add missing citation information
23:
2422:Christianization of Scandinavia
1151:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1055:
1034:
1025:
1016:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
584:of a series of villages in the
381:
234:of the Huns until the death of
123:(1522–1592) describes them as "
2620:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
2412:Christianization of the Franks
1485:Continental Germanic mythology
898:
886:
877:
865:
853:
798:
766:
736:
305:that were not occupied by the
293:out of parts of the Byzantine
285:The Principality of Gothia or
1:
2838:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2642:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2514:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
1311:Die Goten und ihre Geschichte
1095:(in Russian). pp. 57–75.
760:
157:
2625:Renaming of Crimean toponyms
1174:
263:
7:
2858:2014 parliamentary election
2509:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
2427:Christianization of Iceland
1198:Goths in the Fourth Century
1022:Kempfer, Kaempfer 1631:1716
946:Heather & Matthews 1991
645:
572:and converted to Islam. In
510:
441:
10:
3177:
2652:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
2635:Crimean Tatar repatriation
1168:
774:de Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin
632:Soviet recapture of Crimea
514:
445:
398:. In the 16th century, an
267:
181:
101:tribes that bore the name
3112:
3068:
3033:
2982:
2973:
2949:
2942:
2915:
2906:
2829:
2820:
2786:
2713:
2704:
2693:
2662:2014 annexation by Russia
2600:1783 annexation by Russia
2522:
2494:
2435:
2397:
1678:
1640:
1430:
1384:
1367:
599:
493:Chalcedonian Christianity
483:, before nominally being
448:Metropolitanate of Gothia
428:In 1690, Kampfer states:
408:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
164:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
121:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
3161:Ethnic groups in Ukraine
2894:Crimean Federal District
2630:1954 transfer to Ukraine
1665:North Germanic languages
1650:Germanic parent language
1309:Wolfram, Herwig (2001).
1212:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
1200:. Liverpool Univ. Press.
729:
356:Principality of Theodoro
270:Principality of Theodoro
222:The modern-day ruins of
2537:Crimea in the Roman era
1670:West Germanic languages
1660:East Germanic languages
1655:Proto-Germanic language
1475:Proto-Germanic folklore
1412:Romano-Germanic culture
1290:The Goths in the Crimea
1277:Gotisches Elementarbuch
1228:Schwarz, Ernst (1951).
1175:Bellamy, Chris (2008).
698:List of Germanic tribes
505:Eastern Orthodox Church
479:, in turn, a subset of
3151:Early Germanic peoples
2961:Crimean Premier League
2808:Urban-type settlements
2657:2014 status referendum
2615:Crimea in World War II
1286:Vasiliev, Aleksandr A.
462:Joseph Justus Scaliger
439:
282:
230:The Ostrogoths became
227:
162:In the report made by
82:
3088:Ukrainian Catholicism
2768:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1480:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1370:Ethnolinguistic group
1136:pallas(1801:363–364).
1118:Schwarz (1953:163-4).
547:Archbishop of Mohilev
446:Further information:
430:
354:(modern Mangup), the
327:Orthodox Christianity
289:was formed after the
277:
221:
80:
2870:Legislative Assembly
1302:History of the Goths
1127:Stearns(1979:39–40).
811:History of the Goths
34:needs more complete
2585:Genoese–Mongol Wars
2575:Empire of Trebizond
2407:Gothic Christianity
1272:Streitberg, Wilhelm
1232:. Bern: A. Francke.
1223:. pp. 350–409.
1206:Kulikowski, Michael
658:Chernyakhov culture
578:Brian Glyn Williams
568:interbred with the
254:Theodoric the Great
136:Theodoric the Great
2930:Crimean Trolleybus
2834:Republic of Crimea
1790:Germani cisrhenani
1498:Funerary practices
1402:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1378:Germanic languages
948:, p. 92 n. 87
907:, pp. 78–263
883:Siebs 1922:170-72.
850:, pp. 271–280
283:
247:Michael Kulikowski
228:
83:
3128:
3127:
3108:
3107:
3083:Roman Catholicism
3064:
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2902:
2901:
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2815:
2753:Crimean Mountains
2453:
2452:
1625:Gothic and Vandal
1417:Germanic Iron Age
1392:Nordic Bronze Age
1374:Northern European
1109:Loewe (1869:200).
683:Haplogroup I-M438
481:Germanic paganism
372:Khanate of Crimea
313:, Crimean Goths,
75:
74:
67:
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2547:Bosporan Kingdom
2499:Political status
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2399:Christianization
1989:Ripuarian Franks
1361:Germanic peoples
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1099:English abstract
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1040:Stearns 1971:16.
1038:
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1001:
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978:. Marx Wirsung.
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924:, pp. 52–55
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723:Wielbark culture
111:, especially in
99:Western Germanic
70:
63:
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56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
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3165:
3146:Medieval Crimea
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3104:
3060:
3029:
2965:
2934:
2898:
2889:Black Sea Fleet
2812:
2782:
2763:Perekop Isthmus
2700:
2691:
2595:Crimean Khanate
2542:Cherson (theme)
2518:
2490:
2484:
2454:
2449:
2431:
2393:
1674:
1636:
1598:Gothic alphabet
1490:Norse mythology
1426:
1380:
1363:
1358:
1321:
1298:Wolfram, Herwig
1171:
1166:
1158:Chris Bellamy,
1156:
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1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:loewe 1896:114.
1030:
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1021:
1017:
1013:Stearns 1971:7.
1012:
1005:
989:
988:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
934:Kulikowski 2006
932:
928:
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916:
903:
899:
891:
887:
882:
878:
872:Streitberg 1920
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
839:
826:
824:
822:
806:Wolfram, Herwig
803:
799:
785:
783:
771:
767:
763:
758:
757:
745:(army/noble) +
741:
737:
732:
727:
648:
622:similar to how
602:
539:
519:
513:
503:as part of the
477:Gothic paganism
450:
444:
416:Gothic language
384:
272:
266:
189:
184:
168:Gothic language
160:
71:
60:
54:
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28:
24:
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5:
3174:
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3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
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3025:Crimea Germans
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
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3000:Crimean Tatars
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2971:
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2963:
2957:
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2925:Crimean Bridge
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2773:Southern Coast
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2056:Thracian Goths
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1981:
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1407:Roman Iron Age
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1319:External links
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1066:(in Russian).
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570:Crimean Tatars
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517:Crimean Gothic
515:Main article:
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501:Constantinople
497:John of Gothia
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440:
412:Constantinople
383:
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376:Ottoman Empire
348:Constantinople
291:Fourth Crusade
268:Main article:
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193:Herwig Wolfram
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172:North Germanic
159:
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152:Crimean Gothia
148:British Museum
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2880:2017 election
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2031:Crimean Goths
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2019:
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1994:Salian Franks
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860:Vasiliev 1936
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241:According to
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187:Early history
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128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:Crimean Goths
79:
69:
66:
58:
55:February 2017
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3119:
3078:Christianity
2975:Demographics
2843:Constitution
2800:
2788:Subdivisions
2758:Kerch Strait
2564:
2532:Greek Crimea
2030:
1725:Anglo-Saxons
1715:Adrabaecampi
1698:Bucinobantes
1440:Architecture
1313:. C.H. Beck.
1310:
1301:
1289:
1276:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1197:
1191:. Blackwell.
1188:
1176:
1159:
1153:
1148:, p. 12
1146:Wolfram 2001
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1057:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
992:cite journal
975:
965:
958:Wolfram 1988
953:
941:
929:
922:Heather 1998
917:
908:
905:Wolfram 1988
900:
893:Schwarz 1951
888:
879:
874:, p. 17
867:
855:
848:Wolfram 1988
832:
825:. Retrieved
810:
800:
791:
784:. Retrieved
778:
768:
750:
746:
742:
738:
673:Gothiscandza
636:Nazi Germany
610:Adolf Hitler
603:
594:
573:
563:
558:
555:
540:
528:
520:
474:
453:
451:
431:
427:
422:
420:
392:
387:
385:
382:16th century
366:, Kipchaks,
345:
338:
300:
294:
284:
251:
240:
229:
195:, following
190:
161:
129:
124:
102:
86:
84:
61:
52:
45:Please help
40:verification
33:
2718:Arabat Spit
2605:Crimean War
2165:Nahanarvali
2088:Hilleviones
2001:Frisiavones
1869:Cananefates
1859:Burgundians
1770:Banochaemae
1620:Anglo-Saxon
1571:Anglo-Saxon
1537:Anglo-Saxon
1520:Anglo-Saxon
1503:Anglo-Saxon
1073:26 December
827:13 December
786:13 December
606:Third Reich
559:haussprache
458:Saint Cyril
396:Middle Ages
279:Mangup Kale
132:Ostrogothic
3135:Categories
2995:Ukrainians
2865:Sevastopol
2723:Arabat Bay
2504:Sevastopol
2384:Vinoviloth
2172:Marcomanni
2155:Helveconae
2133:Heaðobards
2103:Istvaeones
2093:Ingaevones
2078:Hermunduri
2046:Ostrogoths
2036:Greuthungi
1914:Chattuarii
1740:Angrivarii
1735:Ampsivarii
1703:Lentienses
1532:Literature
1422:Viking Age
761:References
708:Ostrogoths
619:Sevastopol
360:Byzantines
201:Ostrogoths
176:Ostrogoths
158:Definition
97:tribes or
91:Greuthungi
3056:Ukrainian
3034:Languages
3020:Krymchaks
3005:Armenians
2733:Black Sea
2706:Geography
2379:Vidivarii
2374:Victohali
2364:Vangiones
2297:Thuringii
2202:Nuithones
2098:Irminones
2061:Visigoths
2051:Thervingi
2011:Gambrivii
1964:Dulgubnii
1959:Dauciones
1909:Chasuarii
1849:Brondings
1775:Bastarnae
1765:Baiuvarii
1745:Armalausi
1708:Raetovari
1642:Languages
1610:Symbology
1470:Folklore
1465:Festivals
1300:(1988) .
1189:The Goths
808:(1990) .
793:Scivarin.
743:Here/Hari
718:Visigoths
653:Bastarnae
642:by 1950.
624:Gibraltar
423:Torquatus
406:'s court
402:envoy in
335:Trebizond
264:Byzantium
213:Hermanric
209:Ermanaric
109:Black Sea
36:citations
3121:Category
3070:Religion
3046:Krymchak
3010:Karaites
2990:Russians
2875:Governor
2822:Politics
2728:Azov Sea
2671:Chairman
2570:Kipchaks
2555:Akatziri
2445:Category
2352:Hasdingi
2337:Usipetes
2317:Tubantes
2302:Toxandri
2282:Tencteri
2257:Suarines
2242:Sicambri
2237:Semnones
2217:Reudigni
2187:Mattiaci
2177:Marsacii
2128:Lombards
2118:Lacringi
2113:Juthungi
1944:Corconti
1929:Cherusci
1904:Charudes
1884:Chaedini
1854:Bructeri
1839:Bateinoi
1810:Eburones
1805:Condrusi
1800:Caeroesi
1795:Atuatuci
1730:Ambrones
1693:Brisgavi
1688:Alemanni
1566:Paganism
1455:Clothing
1450:Calendar
1397:Germania
1288:(1936).
1274:(1920).
1264:27830955
1208:(2006).
1187:(1998).
753:(ruler))
751:ric/rike
747:mann/man
678:Gutasaga
646:See also
628:autobahn
511:Language
470:alphabet
442:Religion
404:Suleiman
400:Imperial
374:and the
340:Perateia
323:Kipchaks
287:Theodoro
197:Jordanes
3095:Judaism
3051:Russian
2983:Peoples
2943:Society
2920:Tourism
2908:Economy
2746:Vyalova
2560:Khazars
2524:History
2369:Varisci
2357:Silingi
2347:Vandals
2322:Tulingi
2312:Triboci
2307:Treveri
2287:Teutons
2277:Taifals
2252:Sitones
2192:Nemetes
2150:Helisii
2123:Lemovii
2041:Gutones
1974:Firaesi
1969:Favonae
1949:Cugerni
1939:Cobandi
1894:Chamavi
1889:Chaemae
1879:Casuari
1874:Caritni
1844:Betasii
1815:Paemani
1750:Auiones
1615:Warfare
1593:Scripts
1561:Numbers
1385:History
1169:Sources
713:Scandza
688:Herules
615:capture
608:and by
543:Busbecq
466:Wulfila
368:Mongols
364:Khazars
319:Bulgars
307:Genoese
302:Klimata
232:vassals
182:History
117:culture
2954:Sports
2802:Raions
2796:Cities
2778:Syvash
2741:Marble
2737:Caves
2487:Crimea
2389:Warini
2342:Vagoth
2327:Tungri
2292:Thelir
2272:Swedes
2267:Sunici
2232:Saxons
2227:Rugini
2160:Manimi
2145:Diduni
2083:Heruli
2021:Gepids
2006:Frisii
1984:Franks
1934:Cimbri
1924:Chauci
1919:Chatti
1832:Nervii
1827:Morini
1785:Belgae
1780:Batavi
1755:Avarpi
1720:Angles
1680:Groups
1630:Viking
1576:Gothic
1554:Gothic
1460:Family
1262:
1068:Meduza
910:passim
818:
600:Legacy
586:Crimea
582:Tatars
531:Mangup
435:Deluge
311:Greeks
236:Attila
224:Mangup
199:, the
144:Mangup
134:ruler
113:Crimea
95:Gothic
3156:Goths
3100:Islam
2262:Suebi
2247:Sciri
2222:Rugii
2212:Quadi
2197:Njars
2182:Marsi
2140:Lugii
2108:Jutes
2073:Harii
2068:Gutes
2026:Goths
2016:Geats
1954:Danes
1899:Chali
1820:Segni
1760:Baemi
1603:Runes
1588:Rings
1581:Norse
1549:Names
1542:Norse
1525:Norse
1508:Norse
1260:JSTOR
1093:(PDF)
730:Notes
566:Goths
489:Arian
352:Doros
331:Greek
315:Alans
296:thema
258:Italy
140:Italy
104:Gothi
89:were
2848:Head
2332:Ubii
1979:Fosi
1864:Buri
1075:2015
998:link
829:2022
816:ISBN
788:2022
703:Oium
634:and
454:Vita
245:and
211:(or
205:Huns
85:The
38:for
2207:Osi
1515:Law
1445:Art
1372:of
980:doi
592:."
576:by
491:to
468:'s
456:of
299:of
127:".
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