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involved in drug dealing - finding that their structure and behavior had a degree of organizational rationality. Members saw themselves as organized criminals; gangs were formal-rational organizations, Strong organizational structures, well defined roles and rules that guided members' behavior. Also a specified and regular means of income (i.e., drugs). Padilla (1992) agreed with the two above. However some have found these to be loose rather than well-defined and lacking persistent focus, there was relatively low cohesion, few shared goals and little organizational structure. Shared norms, value and loyalties were low, structures "chaotic", little role differentiation or clear distribution of labor. Similarly, the use of violence does not conform to the principles behind protection rackets, political intimidation and drug trafficking activities employed by those adult groups. In many cases gang members graduate from youth gangs to highly developed OC groups, with some already in contact with such syndicates and through this we see a greater propensity for imitation. Gangs and traditional criminal organizations cannot be universally linked (Decker, 1998), however there are clear benefits to both the adult and youth organization through their association. In terms of structure, no single crime group is archetypal, though in most cases there are well-defined patterns of vertical integration (where criminal groups attempt to control the supply and demand), as is the case in arms, sex and drug trafficking.
2719:(duplicating itself automatically across other computers a given network), while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions (such as retrieval of stored confidential data, corruption of information, or interception of transmissions). Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer system's data or performance. Applying the Internet model of organized crime, the proliferation of computer viruses and other malicious software promotes a sense of detachment between the perpetrator (whether that be the criminal organization or another individual) and the victim; this may help to explain vast increases in cyber-crime such as these for the purpose of ideological crime or terrorism. In mid July 2010, security experts discovered a malicious software program that had infiltrated factory computers and had spread to plants around the world. It is considered "the first attack on critical industrial infrastructure that sits at the foundation of modern economies," notes the
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to greater gang participation and solidarity and bonds between members. Downes and Rock (1988) on Parker's analysis: strain theory applies, labeling theory (from experience with police and courts), control theory (involvement in trouble from early childhood and the eventual decision that the costs outweigh the benefits) and conflict theories. No ethnic group is more disposed to gang involvement than another, rather it is the status of being marginalized, alienated or rejected that makes some groups more vulnerable to gang formation, and this would also be accounted for in the effect of social exclusion, especially in terms of recruitment and retention. These may also be defined by age (typically youth) or peer group influences, and the permanence or consistency of their criminal activity. These groups also form their own symbolic identity or public representation which are recognizable by the community at large (include colors, symbols, patches, flags and tattoos).
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enrichment of those participating at the expense of the community and its members. It is frequently accomplished through ruthless disregard of any law, including offenses against the person and frequently in connection with political corruption." (UN) "A criminal organization shall mean a lasting, structured association of two or more persons, acting in concert with a view to committing crimes or other offenses which are punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention order of a maximum of at least four years or a more serious penalty, whether such crimes or offenses are an end in themselves or a means of obtaining material benefits and, if necessary, of improperly influencing the operation of public authorities." (UE) Not all groups exhibit the same characteristics of structure. However, violence and corruption and the pursuit of multiple enterprises and continuity serve to form the essence of OC activity.
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relevance to organized crime. Where the upper- and lower-classes live in close proximity this can result in feelings of anger, hostility, social injustice and frustration. Criminals experience poverty; and witness affluence they are deprived of and which is virtually impossible for them to attain through conventional means. The concept of neighborhood is central to this theory, as it defines the social learning, locus of control, cultural influences and access to social opportunity experienced by criminals and the groups they form. Fear of or lack of trust in mainstream authority may also be a key contributor to social disorganization; organized crime groups replicate such figures and thus ensure control over the counter-culture. This theory has tended to view violent or antisocial behavior by gangs as reflective of their social disorganization rather than as a product or tool of their organization.
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system experienced by youth, family or peer involvement in crime, and the coercive actions of criminal authority figures. The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang," referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria. Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise." Some reasons youth join gangs include to feel accepted, attain status, and increase their self-esteem. A sense of unity brings together many of the youth gangs that lack the family aspect at home.
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Criminal organizations capitalize on states with a lack of norm by imposing criminogenic needs and illicit avenues to achieve them. This has been used as the basis for numerous meta-theories of organized crime through its integration of social learning, cultural deviance, and criminogenic motivations. If crime is seen as a function of anomie, organized behavior produces stability, increases protection or security, and may be directly proportional to market forces as expressed by entrepreneurship- or risk-based approaches. It is the inadequate supply of legitimate opportunities that constrains the ability for the individual to pursue valued societal goals and reduces the likelihood that using legitimate opportunities will enable them to satisfy such goals (due to their position in society).
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operations. An understanding of this theory sees close associations between criminals, imitation of superiors, and understanding of value systems, processes and authority as the main drivers behind organized crime. Interpersonal relationships define the motivations the individual develops, with the effect of family or peer criminal activity being a strong predictor of inter-generational offending. This theory also developed to include the strengths and weaknesses of reinforcement, which in the context of continuing criminal enterprises may be used to help understand propensities for certain crimes or victims, level of integration into the mainstream culture and likelihood of recidivism / success in rehabilitation.
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e.g., genocide). If a network operates primarily from one jurisdiction and carries out its illicit operations there and in some other jurisdictions it is 'international,' though it may be appropriate to use the term 'transnational' only to label the activities of a major crime group that is centered in no one jurisdiction but operating in many. The understanding of organized crime has therefore progressed to combined internationalization and an understanding of social conflict into one of power, control, efficiency risk and utility, all within the context of organizational theory. The accumulation of social, economic and political power have sustained themselves as a core concerns of all criminal organizations:
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legitimate enterprise. The methods they use for converting its 'dirty' money into 'clean' assets encourages corruption. Organized crime groups need to hide the money's illegal origin. This allows for the expansion of OC groups, as the 'laundry' or 'wash cycle' operates to cover the money trail and convert proceeds of crime into usable assets. Money laundering is bad for international and domestic trade, banking reputations and for effective governments and rule of law. This is due to the methods used to hide the proceeds of crime. These methods include, but are not limited to: buying easily transported values, transfer pricing, and using "underground banks," as well as infiltrating firms in the legal economy.
3110:, Southwest Asia, and Latin America. Heroin comes in two forms. The first is its chemical base form which presents itself as brown and the second is a salt form that is white. The former is mainly produced in Afghanistan and some south-west countries while the latter had a history of being produced in only south-east Asia, but has since moved to also being produced in Afghanistan. There is some suspicion white Heroin is also being produced in Iran and Pakistan, but it is not confirmed. This area of Heroin production is referred to as the Golden Crescent. Heroin is not the only drug being used in these areas. The European market has shown signs of growing use in opioids on top of the long-term heroin use.
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assassination of notable figures (public, private or criminal), once again dependent on authority, retribution or competition. Revenge killings, armed robberies, violent disputes over controlled territories and offenses against members of the public must also be considered when looking at the dynamic between different criminal organizations and their (at times) conflicting needs. After killing their victims, the gangsters often try to destroy evidence by getting rid of the victims remains in such a way as to prevent, hinder, or delay the discovery of the body, to prevent identification of the body, or to prevent autopsy. The different ways that organized criminals have been known to
1256:. From this perspective, organized crime is not a modern phenomenon - the construction of 17th and 18th century crime gangs fulfill all the present day criteria of criminal organizations (in opposition to the Alien Conspiracy Theory). These roamed the rural borderlands of central Europe embarking on many of the same illegal activities associated with today's crime organizations, with the exception of money laundering. When the French revolution created strong nation states, the criminal gangs moved to other poorly controlled regions like the Balkans and Southern Italy, where the seeds were sown for the Sicilian Mafia - the linchpin of organized crime in the New World.
1762:), destruction by industrial process (such as machinery, chemical bath, molten metal or a junked car), injection into the legitimate body disposal system (such as morgues, funeral homes, cemeteries, crematoriums, funeral pyres or cadaver donations) or covert killings at health care facilities, disguising as animal flesh (such as food waste or restaurant food), creating false evidence of the circumstances of death and letting investigators dispose of the body, possibly obscuring identity, abandonment in a remote area where the body can degrade significantly, while exposure to elements (such as rain, wind, heat, etc.) as well as animal activity (such as consumption by
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associations and interaction between criminals where knowledge may be shared, or values enforced, however, it is argued that rational choice is not represented in this. The choice to commit a certain act, or associate with other organized crime groups, may be seen as much more of an entrepreneurial decision - contributing to the continuation of a criminal enterprise, by maximizing those aspects that protect or support their own individual gain. In this context, the role of risk is also easily understandable, however it is debatable whether the underlying motivation should be seen as true entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship as a product of some social disadvantage.
1180:"Zones of transition" are deteriorating neighborhoods with shifting populations. In such areas, conflict between groups, fighting, "turf wars", and theft promote solidarity and cohesion. Cohen (1955): working class teenagers joined gangs due to frustration of inability to achieve status and goals of the middle class; Cloward and Ohlin (1960): blocked opportunity, but unequal distribution of opportunities lead to creating different types of gangs (that is, some focused on robbery and property theft, some on fighting and conflict and some were retreatists focusing on drug taking); Spergel (1966) was one of the first criminologists to focus on
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satisfaction with government and other economic factors all contribute to the likelihood of criminals to participate in tax evasion. As most organized crime is perpetrated in the liminal state between legitimate and illegitimate markets, these economic factors must adjusted to ensure the optimal amount of taxation without promoting the practice of tax evasion. As with any other crime, technological advancements have made the commission of tax evasion easier, faster and more globalized. The ability for organized criminals to operate fraudulent financial accounts, utilize illicit
3004:, it is not restricted to these activities. The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a
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Counterfeiters benefit because consumers believe they are buying goods from companies that they trust, when in reality they are buying low quality counterfeit goods. In 2007, the OECD reported the scope of counterfeit products to include food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, electrical components, tobacco and even household cleaning products in addition to the usual films, music, literature, games and other electrical appliances, software and fashion. A number of qualitative changes in the trade of counterfeit products:
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information and plan for their next crime. Harborers, people who provided safe houses for criminals, often played the role of receiving stolen goods from their harbored criminals to sell to other customers. Safe houses included inns, tea houses, brothels, opium dens, as well as gambling parlors and employees or owners of such institutions often functioned as harborers, as well as fences. These safe houses locate in places where there are high floating population and people from all kinds of social backgrounds.
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1721:, in connection to other property offenses, and as an expression of counter-cultural authority; violence is normalized within criminal organizations (in direct opposition to mainstream society) and the locations they control. Whilst the intensity of violence is dependent on the types of crime the organization is involved in (as well as their organizational structure or cultural tradition) aggressive acts range on a spectrum from low-grade physical assaults to
3832:'crime enterprises' than from a conceptually unclear frameworks such as 'OC'." Many of the definitions emphasize the 'group nature' of OC, the 'organization' of its members, its use of violence or corruption to achieve its goals and its extra-jurisdictional character...OC may appear in many forms at different times and in different places. Due to the variety of definitions, there is "evident danger" in asking "what is OC?" and expecting a simple answer.
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3466:. One example of human trafficking can be seen from Chen Akuei's gang who abducted a servant girl and sold her to Lin Baimao, who in turn sold her for thirty parts of silver as wives. In contrast to women, who required beauty to sell for a high price, children were sold regardless of their physical appearance or family background. Children were often sold as servants or entertainers, while young girls were often sold as prostitutes.
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directly proportional to the types of crime committed, their intensity and arguably the level of community response. The benefits of participating in organized crime (higher financial rewards, greater socioeconomic control and influence, protection of the family or significant others, perceived freedoms from 'oppressive' laws or norms) contribute greatly to the psychology behind highly organized group offending.
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members, their motivations and the environments in which they work. Opportunism is also a key factor â the organized criminal or criminal group is likely to frequently reorder the criminal associations they maintain, the types of crimes they perpetrate, and how they function in the public arena (recruitment, reputation, etc.) in order to ensure efficiency, capitalization and protection of their interests.
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crime; there is well-defined hierarchy of roles for leaders and members, underlying rules and specific goals that determine their behavior and these are formed as a social system, one that was rationally designed to maximize profits and to provide forbidden goods. Albini saw organized criminal behavior as consisting of networks of patrons and clients, rather than rational hierarchies or secret societies.
1873:, they may even be able to track down and retrieve any objects that were stolen from the business owner, to further help their clients the gang may also force out, disrupt, vandalize, steal from or shutdown competing businesses for their clients. In Colombia the insurgent groups were trying to steal land, kidnap family members, and extort money from the drug barons. As a result the drug lords of the
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criminals in markets in their line of work, and, recognizing a potential avenue for an extra source of income, formed acquaintances and temporary associations for mutual aid and protection with criminals. In one example, an owner of a tea house overheard the conversation between Deng Yawen, a criminal and others planning a robbery and he offered to help to sell the loot for an exchange of spoils.
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exceptions in which members of the so-called "well-respected" society became receivers and harborers. They not only help bandits to sell the stolen goods but also acted as agents of bandits to collect protection money from local merchants and residents. These "part-time" fences with high social status used their connection with bandits to help themselves gain social capital as well as wealth.
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exhibit organizational cohesion. Too much emphasis had been placed on the Mafia as controlling OC. The Mafia were certainly powerful but they "were part of a heterogeneous underworld, a network characterized by complex webs of relationships." OC groups were violent and aimed at making money but because of the lack of structure and fragmentation of objectives, they were "disorganized".
857:, mob, (crime) ring, or syndicate; the network, subculture, and community of criminals involved in organized crime may be referred to as the underworld or gangland. Sociologists sometimes specifically distinguish a "mafia" as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi-law enforcement. Academic studies of the original "Mafia", the
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generally typified by being tough, taking care of their own affairs and rejecting government authority. Role models include drug dealers, thieves and pimps, as they have achieved success and wealth not otherwise available through socially-provided opportunities. It is through modeling organized crime as a counter-cultural avenue to success that such organizations are sustained.
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2873:). Corporate crimes are motivated by either the individuals desire or the corporations desire to increase profits. The cost of corporate crimes to United States taxpayers is about $ 500 billion. Note that some forms of corporate corruption may not actually be criminal if they are not specifically illegal under a given system of laws. For example, some jurisdictions allow
2375:(FATF), an intergovernmental body set up to combat money laundering, has stated that "A sustained effort between 1996 and 2000 by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to produce such estimates failed." However, anti-money laundering efforts that seize money laundered assets in 2001 amounted to $ 386 million. The rapid growth of money laundering is due to:
3204:" or "enforced prostitution" appear in international and humanitarian conventions but have been insufficiently understood and inconsistently applied. "Forced prostitution" generally refers to conditions of control over a person who is coerced by another to engage in sexual activity. Official numbers of individuals in sexual slavery worldwide vary. In 2001
1981:, and as a result MS-13 is known to commit acts of violence against members of the Minutemen, to prevent them from interfering with their illegal immigration activities. Throughout the world there are various anti-gang vigilante groups, who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to gangs, including
3592:. The Cochise Cowboys, though loosely organized, were unique for their criminal operations in the Mexican border, in which they would steal and sell cattle as well smuggled contraband goods in between the countries. In the Old west there were other examples of gangs that operated in ways similar to an organized crime syndicate such as the
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among the groups they studied. All observed networks and a degree of persistence, and there may be utility in focusing on the identification of organizing roles of people and events rather than the group's structure. There may be three main approaches to understand the organizations in terms of their roles as social systems:
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of illegal immigration in countries around the world. People smuggling generally takes place with the consent of the person or persons being smuggled, and common reasons for individuals seeking to be smuggled include employment and economic opportunity, personal or familial betterment, and escape from persecution or conflict.
4386:(ISIL) (2010s to onward). Many argue this misinterprets and overstates the role of ethnicity in organized crime. A contradiction of this theory is that syndicates had developed long before large-scale Sicilian immigration in the 1860s, with these immigrants merely joining a widespread phenomenon of crime and corruption.
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2964:, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. Forms of corruption vary, but include
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national politicians, government officials and people engaged in legitimate business. People in the network may not directly be part of the core criminal organization. Furthering the approach of both
Cressey and Albini, Ianni and Ianni studied Italian-American crime syndicates in New York and other cities.
1901:(which also comprised members of the Colombian government, police and former members of the MedellĂn Cartel) to bring about the downfall of Pablo Escobar; they did so by bombing the properties of the MedellĂn Cartel and kidnapping, torturing and killing Escobar's associates as well as working alongside the
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It is a mistake to use the term "OC" as though it denotes a clear and well-defined phenomenon. The evidence regarding OC "shows a less well-organized, very diversified landscape of organizing criminalsâŠthe economic activities of these organizing criminals can be better described from the viewpoint of
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While some crime involved well-known criminal hierarchies in the city, criminal activity was not subject to central management by these hierarchies nor by other controlling groups, nor were activities limited to a finite number of objectives. The networks of criminals involved with the crimes did not
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and were often made up of lower-classes and operated on pick-pocketry, prostitution, forgery and counterfeiting, commercial burglary and even money laundering schemes. Unique also were the use of slang and argots used by
Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by
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In areas where military troops were stationed, stealing and selling military property would result in a more severe punishment. In the
Jiaqing time, a case was recorded of stealing and selling military horses. The emperor himself gave direction that the thieves who stole the horses and the people who
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Today, crime is sometimes thought of as an urban phenomenon, but for most of human history it was the rural interfaces that encountered the majority of crimes (bearing in mind the fact that for most of human history, rural areas were the vast majority of inhabited places). For the most part, within a
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as "...the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the person is not a national". This practice has increased over the past few decades and today now accounts for a significant portion
2925:
Labor racketeering, as defined by the United States
Department of Labor, is the infiltrating, exploiting, and controlling of employee benefit plan, union, employer entity, or workforce that is carried out through illegal, violent, or fraudulent means for profit or personal benefit. Labor racketeering
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The commission of violent crime may form part of a criminal organization's 'tools' used to achieve criminogenic goals (for example, its threatening, authoritative, coercive, terror-inducing, or rebellious role), due to psycho-social factors (cultural conflict, aggression, rebellion against authority,
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Organized crime groups provide a range of illegal services and goods. Organized crime often victimizes businesses through the use of extortion or theft and fraud activities like hijacking cargo trucks and ships, robbing goods, committing bankruptcy fraud (also known as "bust-out"), insurance fraud or
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rather than intuition into gang life and culture. Participation in gang-related events during adolescence perpetuate a pattern of maltreatment on their own children years later. Klein (1971) like
Spergel studied the effects on members of social workers' interventions. More interventions actually lead
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Under these conditions competition is discouraged, ensuring criminal monopolies sustain profits. Legal substitution of goods or services may (by increasing competition) force the dynamic of organized criminal operations to adjust, as will deterrence measures (reducing demand), and the restriction of
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This theory treats all individuals as rational operators, committing criminal acts after consideration of all associated risks (detection and punishment) compared with the rewards of crimes (personal, financial etc.). Little emphasis is placed on the offenders' emotional state. The role of criminal
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Kinship is seen as the basis of organized crime rather than the structures
Cressey had identified; this includes fictive godparental and affinitive ties as well as those based on blood relations and it is the impersonal actions, not the status or affiliations of their members, that define the group.
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Most fences were not individuals who only bought and sold stolen goods to make a living. The majority of fences had other occupations within the "polite" society and held a variety of official occupations. These occupations included laborers, coolies, and peddlers. Such individuals often encountered
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is defined as "the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents". The term is understood as
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or cheating of another person's identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person's identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person's name. Victims of identity theft (those whose identity has been assumed by the identity
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have at times provided genuine protection against other criminals for their clients, the reason for this is because the criminal organization would want the business of their clients to do better so that the gang can demand even more protection money, additionally if the gang has enough knowledge of
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or destroy evidence before being discovered, if ever, such as a wilderness area (such as national parks or nature reserves) or an abandoned area (such as an abandoned building, well or mine). However, there are also many instances of gangsters putting the bodies of their victims on display as a form
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The alien conspiracy theory and queer ladder of mobility theories state that ethnicity and 'outsider' status (immigrants, or those not within the dominant ethnocentric groups) and their influences are thought to dictate the prevalence of organized crime in society. The alien theory posits that the
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Criminal psychology is defined as the study of the intentions, behaviors, and actions of a criminal or someone who allows themselves to participate in criminal behavior. The goal is to understand what is going on in the criminal's head and explain why they are doing what they are doing. This varies
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One of the most important trends to emerge in criminological thinking about OC in recent years is the suggestion that it is not, in a formal sense, "organized" at all. Evidence includes lack of centralized control, absence of formal lines of communication, fragmented organizational structure. It is
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Brothels themselves helped these bandits to hide and sell stolen goods because of the special Ming Law that exempted brothels from being held responsible "for the criminal actions of their clients." Even though the government required owners of these places to report any suspicious activities, lack
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It was also essential for them to maintain a relationship with bandits. However, it was just as true that bandits needed fences to make a living. As a result, fences often held dominance in their relationship with bandits and fences could exploit their position, cheating the bandits by manipulating
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Butchers were also prime receivers for stolen animals because of the simple fact that owners could no longer recognize their livestock once butchers slaughtered them. Animals were very valuable commodities within Ming China and a robber could potentially sustain a living from stealing livestock and
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procedures and penalties in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale. More recently copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement. Organized criminal groups capitalize on consumer complicity,
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Launderers will also co-mingle illegal money with revenue made from businesses in order to further mask their illicit funds. Accurate figures for the amounts of criminal proceeds laundered are almost impossible to calculate, rough estimates have been made, but only give a sense of the scale of the
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Organized crime groups generate large amounts of money by activities such as drug trafficking, arms smuggling, extortion, theft, and financial crime. These illegally sourced assets are of little use to them unless they can disguise it and convert it into funds that are available for investment into
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has been generally consistent throughout the history of organized crime, whether that be due to the efficiency or expediency of hiring a professional assassin or the need to distance oneself from the commission of murderous acts (making it harder to prove criminal culpability). This may include the
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An estimate on youth street gangs in the United States provided by
Hannigan, et al., marked an increase of 35% between 2002 and 2010. A distinctive gang culture underpins many, but not all, organized groups; this may develop through recruiting strategies, social learning processes in the corrective
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Contemporary organized crime may be very different from traditional Mafia style, particularly in terms of the distribution and centralization of power, authority structures and the concept of 'control' over one's territory and organization. There is a tendency away from centralization of power and
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Further studies showed neither bureaucracy nor kinship groups are the primary structure of organized crime; rather, the primary structures were found to lie in partnerships or a series of joint business ventures. Despite these conclusions, all researchers observed a degree of managerial activities
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families exclusively and this limits his broader findings. Structures are formal and rational with allocated tasks, limits on entrance, and influence on the rules established for organizational maintenance and sustainability. In this context there is a difference between organized and professional
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believed deviance depended on society's definition of success, and the desires of individuals to achieve success through socially defined avenues. Criminality becomes attractive when expectations of being able to fulfill goals (therefore achieving success) by legitimate means cannot be fulfilled.
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In the past criminal organizations have naturally limited themselves by their need to expand, putting them in competition with each other. This competition, often leading to violence, uses valuable resources such as manpower (either killed or sent to prison), equipment and finances. In the United
3487:, the local elites not only got the provincial commissioner, Zhu Wan, dismissed from his office but also eventually " him to suicide". This was possible because fences often had legal means of making a living, as well as illegal activities and could threaten to turn in bandits to the authorities.
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Like merchants of honest goods, one of the most significant tools of a fence was their network of connections. As they were the middlemen between robbers and clients, fences needed to form and maintain connections in both the "polite" society, as well as among criminals. However, there were a few
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Although the vast majority of the time, fences worked with physical stolen property, fences who also worked as itinerant barbers also sold information as a good. Itinerant barbers often amassed important sources of information and news as they traveled, and sold significant pieces of information,
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Culture and ethnicity provide an environment where trust and communication between criminals can be efficient and secure. This may ultimately lead to a competitive advantage for some groups; however, it is inaccurate to adopt this as the only determinant of classification in organized crime. This
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The criminal organization, much in the same way as one would assess pleasure and pain, weighs such factors as legal, social and economic risk to determine potential profit and loss from certain criminal activities. This decision-making process rises from the entrepreneurial efforts of the group's
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Patronâclient networks are defined by fluid interactions. They produce crime groups that operate as smaller units within the overall network, and as such tend towards valuing significant others, familiarity of social and economic environments, or tradition. These networks are usually composed of:
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Social disorganization theory is intended to be applied to neighborhood level street crime, thus the context of gang activity, loosely formed criminal associations or networks, socioeconomic demographic impacts, legitimate access to public resources, employment or education, and mobility give it
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Under this theory, organized crime exists because legitimate markets leave many customers and potential customers unsatisfied. High demand for a particular good or service (e.g., drugs, prostitution, arms, slaves), low levels of risk detection and high profits lead to a conducive environment for
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Some espouse that all organized crime operates at an international level, though there is currently no international court capable of trying offenses resulting from such activities (the
International Criminal Court's remit extends only to dealing with people accused of offenses against humanity,
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International consensus on defining organized crime has become important since the 1970s due to its increased prevalence and impact. e.g., UN in 1976 and EU 1998. OC is "...the large scale and complex criminal activity carried on by groups of persons, however loosely or tightly organized for the
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The networks are characterized by a loose system of power relations. Each participant is interested in furthering his own welfare. Criminal entrepreneurs are the patrons and they exchange information with their clients in order to obtain their support. Clients include members of gangs, local and
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would do things to help the police and vice versa, to the point where the police and the cartel would sometimes do operations together against other criminals; additionally the leaders of La
Oficina would often act as judges to mediate disputes between the various different drug gangs throughout
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This theory sees criminal behavior as reflective of an individual, internal calculation by the criminal that the benefits associated with offending (whether financial or otherwise) outweigh the perceived risks. The perceived strength, importance or infallibility of the criminal organization is
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Definitions need to bring together its legal and social elements. OC has widespread social, political and economic effects. It uses violence and corruption to achieve its ends: "OC when group primarily focused on illegal profits systematically commit crimes that adversely affect society and are
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services to present fraudulent solicitations to prospective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions, or to transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial institutions or to others connected with the scheme. In the context of organized crime, both may serve as means through which other criminal
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The entrepreneurial model looks at either the individual criminal or a smaller group of organized criminals, that capitalize off the more fluid 'group-association' of contemporary organized crime. This model conforms to social learning theory or differential association in that there are clear
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journal stated that: "Since the end of the Cold War, organized crime groups from Russia, China, Italy, Nigeria, and Japan have increased their international presence and worldwide networks or have become involved in more transnational criminal activities. Most of the world's major international
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Criminals violate the law because they belong to a unique subculture - the counter-culture - their values and norms conflicting with those of the working-, middle- or upper-classes upon which criminal laws are based. This subculture shares an alternative lifestyle, language and culture, and is
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In coastal regions, illegal trading with foreigners, as well as smuggling, became a huge concern for the government during the middle to late Ming era. In order to prohibit this crime, the government passed a law in which illegal smugglers who traded with foreigners without the consent of the
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It was extremely important to their occupation that fences maintained a positive relationship with their customers, especially their richer gentry clients. When some members of the local elites joined the ranks of fences, they not only protect bandits to protect their business interests, they
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Like most bandits operated within their own community, fences also worked within their own town or village. For example, in some satellite areas of the capital, military troops lived within or close to the commoner population and they had the opportunity to hold illegal trades with commoners.
2646:
is the practice of obtaining confidential, sensitive, proprietary or classified information from individuals, competitors, groups, or governments using illegal exploitation methods on internet, networks, software or computers. There is also a clear military, political, or economic motivation.
1188:
Research has focused on whether the gangs have formal structures, clear hierarchies and leadership in comparison with adult groups, and whether they are rational in pursuit of their goals, though positions on structures, hierarchies and defined roles are conflicting. Some studied street gangs
828:
regimes to maintain power. Some forms of organized crime simply exist to cater towards demand of illegal goods in a state or to facilitate trade of goods and services that may have been banned by a state (such as illegal drugs or firearms). Sometimes, criminal organizations force people to do
3499:
Aside from simply buying and selling stolen goods, fences often played additional roles in the criminal underground of early China. Because of the high floating population in public places such as inns and tea houses, they often became ideal places for bandits and gangs to gather to exchange
4249:
Sutherland goes further to say that deviancy is contingent on conflicting groups within society, and that such groups struggle over the means to define what is criminal or deviant within society. Criminal organizations therefore gravitate around illegal avenues of production, profit-making,
4207:
Criminals learn through associations with one another. The success of organized crime groups is therefore dependent upon the strength of their communication and the enforcement of their value systems, the recruitment and training processes employed to sustain, build or fill gaps in criminal
2466:
The economic effects of organized crime have been approached from a number of both theoretical and empirical positions, however the nature of such activity allows for misrepresentation. The level of taxation taken by a nation-state, rates of unemployment, mean household incomes and level of
2131:
In addition to what is considered traditional organized crime involving direct crimes of fraud swindles, scams, racketeering and other acts motivated for the accumulation of monetary gain, there is also non-traditional organized crime which is engaged in for political or ideological gain or
3154:
and with food, supplies and workers being brought to them by associates. The reason that traffickers have been known to establish such remote compounds is so that the surrounding area can help to provide varying degrees of natural cover. Additionally the traffickers may also hope, that the
1789:
Criminal syndicates often commit acts of vigilantism by enforcing laws, investigating certain criminal acts and punishing those who violate such rules. People who are often targeted by organized criminals tend to be individualistic criminals, people who committed crimes that are considered
1288:
models have been applied to study and detect urban crime and online prostitution networks. Big data has also been used to develop online tools predicting the risk for an individual to be a victim of online sex trade or getting drawn into online sex work. In addition, data from
Twitter and
2437:
Counterfeiting money is another financial crime. The counterfeiting of money includes illegally producing money that is then used to pay for anything desired. In addition to being a financial crime, counterfeiting also involves manufacturing or distributing goods under assumed names.
2395:
Placement: (also called immersion) groups 'smurf' small amounts at a time to avoid suspicion; physical disposal of money by moving crime funds into the legitimate financial system; may involve bank complicity, mixing licit and illicit funds, cash purchases and smuggling currency to safe
3365:
are not normally thought of as organized crime groups, yet they share many features associated with thriving criminal organizations. They were for the most part non-ideological, predominantly ethnically based, used violence and intimidation, and adhered to their own codes of law." In
993:
classified Mexican transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) as the "greatest criminal drug threat to the United States," citing their dominance "over large regions in Mexico used for the cultivation, production, importation, and transportation of illicit drugs" and identifying the
1949:; as they grew, they were being joined by former cartel members and as they got bigger they began to sell drugs in order to buy weapons. The Knights Templar Cartel was eventually defeated and dissolved by the vigilantes' actions but they ended up forming their own cartel called
3451:
often to criminals in search of places to hide or individuals to rob. In this way, itinerant barbers also served the role as a keeper of information that could be sold to both members of the criminal underground, as well as powerful clients in performing the function of a spy.
4266:(though it is debatable whether these are based on wealth, power or both). The ability to effect social norms and practices through political and economic influence (and the enforcement or normalization of criminogenic needs) may be defined by differential association theory.
4338:' (the attainment of power and control by one more marginalized ethnic group over other less marginalized groups) occurs by promoting the perpetration of criminal activities within a disenfranchised or oppressed demographic. Whilst early organized crime was dominated by the
3707:
organizations open systems: High levels of interdependence between themselves and the environment in which they operate. There is no one way in which they are organized or how they operate. They are adaptable and change to meet the demands of their changing environments and
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problem and not quite how great the problem truly is. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime conducted a study, they estimated that in 2009, money laundering equated to about 2.7% of global GDP being laundered; this is equal to about 1.6 trillion US dollars. The
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organizations in lowering the perceptions of risk and increasing the likelihood of personal benefit is prioritized by this approach, with the organizations structure, purpose, and activity being indicative of the rational choices made by criminals and their organizers.
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for both its accuracy and its political motivation. It has been defined as activities by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks with the intention of causing civil damage or disruption. Moreover, it acts as the "fifth domain of warfare," and
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Pawnshops were also often affiliated with fencing stolen goods. The owners or employees of such shops often paid cash for stolen goods at a price a great deal below market value to bandits, who were often desperate for money, and resold the goods to earn a profit.
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Today criminal organizations are increasingly working together, realizing that it is better to work in cooperation rather than in competition with each other (once again, consolidating power). This has led to the rise of global criminal organizations such as
1744:
which placed large physical and symbolic importance on the act of murder, its purposes and consequences, to a much less discriminate form of expressing power, enforcing criminal authority, achieving retribution or eliminating competition. The role of the
3426:, local peasants and community members not only purchased military livestock such as horses and cattle, but also helped to hide the "stolen livestock from military allured by the profits". Local peasants and community members became fences and they hid
3879:
This may occur in a society facing periods of political, economic or social turmoil or transition, such as a change of government or a period of rapid economic development, particularly if the society lacks strong and established institutions and the
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or being murdered. Some criminal syndicates have been known to hold their own "trials" for members of theirs who had been accused of wrongdoing; the punishments that the accused member would face if "found guilty" would vary depending on the offense.
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China. Their occupation entailed criminal activity, but as fences often acted as liaisons between the more respectable community to the underground criminals, they were seen as living a "precarious existence on the fringes of respectable society".
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thief) can suffer adverse consequences if held accountable for the perpetrator's actions, as can organizations and individuals who are defrauded by the identity thief, and to that extent are also victims. Internet fraud refers to the actual use of
3442:
At times, the robbers themselves filled the role of fences, selling to people they met on the road. This may actually have been preferable for robbers in certain circumstances, because they would not have to pay the fence a portion of the spoils.
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4333:
and that elements of the Sicilian population are responsible for the foundation of most European and North American organized crime, made up of Italian-dominated crime families. Bell's theory of the 'queer ladder of mobility' hypothesized that
2665:. According to Clarke, the civilian realm is also at risk, noting that the security breaches have already gone beyond stolen credit card numbers, and that potential targets can also include the electric power grid, trains, or the stock market.
4497:
1725:. Bodily harm and grievous bodily harm, within the context of organized crime, must be understood as indicators of intense social and cultural conflict, motivations contrary to the security of the public, and other psycho-social factors.
1105:
Bureaucratic/corporate organized crime groups are defined by the general rigidity of their internal structures. They focus more on how the operations works, succeeds, sustains itself or avoids retribution, they are generally typified by:
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might serve to deter or impede either investigative authorities or rival gangs if the location of the clandestine compound were revealed. While usually thought of as an urban issue, drug trafficking is also known to be a problem in both
888:, and corporationsâmay sometimes use organized-crime methods to conduct their activities, but their powers derive from their status as formal social institutions. There is a tendency to distinguish "traditional" organized crime such as
3071:. The organization is active in a variety of countries, including Myanmar, Thailand, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, China and Taiwan. Sam Gor previously produced meth in Southern China and is now believed to manufacture mainly in the
1790:
particularly heinous by society, people who committed wrongdoings against members or associates, rivals or terrorist groups. One reason why criminal groups might commit vigilantism in their neighborhoods is to prevent heavy levels of
3374:
who organized and led a gang of up to six hundred bandits. Terrorism is linked to organized crime, but has political aims rather than solely financial ones, so there is overlap but separation between terrorism and organized crime.
812:, national, or local group of centralized enterprises run to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. While organized crime is generally thought of as a form of illegal business, some criminal organizations, such as
2655:
is currently debating whether such activities as commercial espionage or theft of intellectual property are criminal activities or actual "breaches of national security." Furthermore, military activities that use computers and
3560:, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld. Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called
3149:
areas. Once produced, the fully processed narcotics are then transported to more populated areas to be sold. Oftentimes the traffickers stationed in these remote criminal settlements, sustain themselves with a combination of
2379:
the scale of organized crime precluding it from being a cash business - groups have little option but to convert its proceeds into legitimate funds and do so by investment, by developing legitimate businesses and purchasing
932:
that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance (usually due to fractious violence or to extreme poverty), organized crime, governance, and war sometimes complement each other. The term
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organizations as natural systems: Participants may regard the organization as an end in itself, not merely a means to some other end. Promoting group values to maintain solidarity is high on the agenda. They do not rely on
4163:
depending on whether the person is facing the punishment for what they did, are roaming free, or if they are punishing themselves. Criminal psychologists get called to court to explain the inside the mind of the criminal.
2147:. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, deliberately target or disregard the safety of
1150:
While bureaucratic operations emphasize business processes and strongly authoritarian hierarchies, these are based on enforcing power relationships rather than an overlying aim of protectionism, sustainability or growth.
3724:
There are eleven characteristics from the European Commission and Europol pertinent to a working definition of organized crime. Six of those must be satisfied and the four in italics are mandatory. Summarized, they are:
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Hennigan, Karen M.; Kolnick, Kathy A.; Vindel, Flor; Maxson, Cheryl L. (2015-09-01). "Targeting youth at risk for gang involvement: Validation of a gang risk assessment to support individualized secondary prevention".
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advancements in security and anonymity technology, emerging markets and new methods of product transmission, and the consistent nature of these provides a stable financial basis for other areas of organized crime.
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distinctively disorganized. For example, Seattle's crime network in the 1970s and 80s consisted of groups of businessmen, politicians and of law enforcement officers. They all had links to a national network via
3324:
If we take a global rather than a strictly domestic view, it becomes evident that even crime of the organized kind has a long if not a necessarily noble heritage. The word 'thug' dates back to early 13th-century
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estimated 1.75 million. The most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the United States, according to a report by
3036:(Afghanistan) and Central and South America. There are suggestions that due to the continuing decline in opium production in South East Asia, traffickers may begin to look to Afghanistan as a source of heroin."
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for coordination are at risk of equipment disruption. Orders and communications can be intercepted or replaced. Power, water, fuel, communications, and transportation infrastructure all may be vulnerable to
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Miller, W.B. 1992 (Revised from 1982). Crime by Youth Gangs and Groups in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
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This rise in cooperation between criminal organizations has meant that law enforcement agencies are increasingly having to work together. The FBI operates an organized crime section from its headquarters in
3919:. E-commerce was supposed to level the playing ground between small and large businesses, but the growth of online organized crime is leading to the opposite effect; large businesses are able to afford more
2538:
scams are the most common and most widely used forms of identity theft, though with the advent of social networking fake websites, accounts and other fraudulent or deceitful activity has become commonplace.
1832:
kidnapped and tortured a local Klansmen into revealing the bodies of Civil rights workers who had been killed by the KKK. During World War II, America had a growing number of Nazi supporters that formed the
10226:
3704:. Their perversity and violence in respect of relationships is often remarkable, but they are characterized by their focus on the connections between their members, their associates and their victims; and,
976:. In the UK, police estimate that organized crime involves up to 38,000 people operating in 6,000 various groups. Historically, the largest organized crime force in the United States has been Cosa Nostra (
824:, are politically motivated. Many criminal organizations rely on fear or terror to achieve their goals or aims as well as to maintain control within the organization and may adopt tactics commonly used by
3410:
The path into the occupation of a fence stemmed, in a large degree, from necessity. As most fences came from the ranks of poorer people, they often took whatever work they could â both legal and illegal.
3547:
mines, the penalty for workers who stole salt and people who sold the stolen salt was the most severe. Anyone who was arrested and found guilty of stealing and selling government salt was put to death.
2383:
globalization of communications and commerce - technology has made rapid transfer of funds across international borders much easier, with groups continuously changing techniques to avoid investigation;
1849:) were often hired by the American Jewish community to help defend against the Nazi bund, even going as far as attacking and killing Nazi sympathizers during bund meetings. Vigilante groups such as the
9229:
Murakami, Ei. "The Rise and Fall of the Chinese Pirates: from Initiators to Obstructors of Maritime Trade." The Sea in History - The Early Modern World, edited by Christian Buchet and Gérard Le Bouëdec
2479:, and operating goods smuggling syndicates to evade importation taxes help ensure financial sustainability, security from law enforcement, general anonymity and the continuation of their operations.
2926:
has developed since the 1930s, affecting national and international construction, mining, energy production and transportation sectors immensely. Activity has focused on the importation of cheap or
2088:, as well as mediating disputes between neighbors. The ways that the gangs would punish such individuals could range from forced apologies, being threatened, being forced to return stolen objects,
9334:. Zhongguo she hui ke xue yuan xue bu wei yuan zhuan ti wen ji = Zhongguoshehuikexueyuan xuebuweiyuan zhuanti wenji (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she. p. 326.
9288:. Zhongguo she hui ke xue yuan xue bu wei yuan zhuan ti wen ji = Zhongguoshehuikexueyuan xuebuweiyuan zhuanti wenji (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she. p. 42.
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hostages that bandits had kidnapped. Women and children were the easiest and among the most common "objects" the fences sold. Most of the female hostages were sold to fences and then sold as
8608:
9897:
4250:
protectionism or social control and attempt (by increasing their operations or membership) to make these acceptable. This also explains the propensity of criminal organizations to develop
2707:
and other malicious and unwanted software (though all are technically unique), and proves to be quite financially lucrative for criminal organizations, offering greater opportunities for
3872:
reliance upon family ties towards a fragmentation of structures and informality of relationships in crime groups. Organized crime most typically flourishes when a central government and
4051:
and numerous White, Black and Hispanic prison and street gangs. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that organized crime groups held $ 322 billion in assets in 2005.
8511:
3963:(FBI). He used this position to eliminate competition and consolidate power within the city of Boston which led to the imprisonment of several senior organized crime figures including
3095:. In 1988, Tse immigrated to Canada. In 1998, Tse was convicted of transporting heroin into the United States and served nine years behind bars. Tse has been compared in prominence to
1889:, even kidnapping and torturing the leader of M-19 before leaving him tied up in front of a police station. During the MedellĂn Cartel's war against the Colombian government, both the
3337:. Smuggling and drug-trafficking rings are as old as the hills in Asia and Africa, and extant criminal organizations in Italy and Japan trace their histories back several centuries...
2570:
2181:, its paramilitary and police organizations, and numerous associations subsidiary to the Nazi Party "criminal organizations". The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for
7232:
Testimony of Victor Comras to the US House Subcommittee on Financial Oversight and Investigations, hearings on Current and Evolving Trends in Terrorism Financing. September 28, 2010.
8708:
7141:
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organizations as rational systems: Highly formalized structures in terms of bureaucracy's and hierarchy, with formal systems of rules regarding authority and highly specific goals;
2402:
Integration: (also called 'spin dry): Making it into clean taxable income by real-estate transactions, sham loans, foreign bank complicity and false import and export transactions.
1997:. Gangs that are involved in drug trafficking often commit violent acts to stop or force out independent dealersâdrug dealers with no gang tiesâto keep them from taking customers.
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casinos, insider trading, setting up monopolies in industries such as garbage collecting, construction and cement pouring, bid rigging, getting "no-show" and "no-work" jobs,
6991:
9870:
3312:
attacked trade routes and roads, at times severely disrupting commerce, raising costs, insurance rates and prices to the consumer. According to criminologist Paul Lunde, "
3059:. The Cantonese Chinese syndicate is primarily involved in drug trafficking, earning at least $ 8 billion per year. Sam Gor is alleged to control 40% of the Asia-Pacific
8749:
972:(1970) defines organized crime as "he unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association ". Criminal activity as a structured process is referred to as
12919:
6188:
1096:
Communication and rule enforcement mechanisms dependent on organizational structure, social etiquette, history of criminal involvement, and collective decision-making.
7305:
3407:, but in a different line of work. The network of criminal accomplices that was often acquired was essential to ensuring both the safety and the success of fences.
11922:
3935:
operate within a local or national jurisdiction while the Internet makes it easier for criminal organizations to operate across such boundaries without detection.
2399:
Layering: disguises the trail to foil pursuit. Also called 'heavy soaping'. It involves creating false paper trails, converting cash into assets by cash purchases.
10286:
Nagin, D. S.; Pogarsky, G. (2001). "Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence*".
4258:'). Preoccupation with methods of accumulating profit highlight the lack of legitimate means to achieve economic or social advantage, as does the organization of
11174:
Baumer, E. P.; Gustafson, R. (2007). "Social Organization and Instrumental Crime: Assessing the Empirical Validity of Classic and Contemporary Anomie Theories".
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today remains as high as 12 million to 27 million. This is probably the smallest proportion of slaves to the rest of the world's population in history. Most are
1709:
access to illicit substances, counter-cultural dynamic), or may, in and of itself, be crime rationally chosen by individual criminals and the groups they form.
11470:
2423:
The policy aim in this area is to make the financial markets transparent, and minimize the circulation of criminal money and its cost upon legitimate markets.
6044:
Albanese, J (2000). "The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?".
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Strong family ties are derived from the traditions of southern Italy, where family rather than the church or state is the basis of social order and morality.
2642:
has formally recognized cyberspace as a new domain in warfare . . . has become just as critical to military operations as land, sea, air, and space." Cyber
10075:
8623:
7812:
3828:
capable of successfully shielding their activities, in particular by being willing to use physical violence or eliminate individuals by way of corruption."
12853:
12366:
3927:) and superior security. Furthermore, organized crime using the Internet is much harder to trace down for the police (even though they increasingly deploy
5310:
11492:
6590:
4663:
4072:
10893:
6704:
2885:, tattoo parlors, zoos, online dating sites, liquor stores, motorcycle shops, banks, hotels, ranches and plantations, electronic stores, beauty salons,
11554:
6705:"Retaliation: The Genesis of a Law and the Evolution toward International Cooperation: An Application of Game Theory to Modern International Conflicts"
4744:
a group of persons cooperating for unethical, illicit, or illegal purposes, as to control stock-market prices, manipulate politicians, or elude the law
4633:
792:
7095:
1905:, which would eventually lead to the dismantling of the MedellĂn Cartel and the death of Pablo Escobar. Because of the high levels of corruption, the
8687:
1093:
Entrenched belief systems, reliance of tradition (including religion, family values, cultural expectations, class politics, gender roles, etc.); and,
8479:
12539:
9717:
4493:
3777:
3250:
2064:, the poor and the less fortunate. In many minority communities and poor neighborhoods, residents often distrust law enforcement, as a result the
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3196:
for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a major cause of contemporary sexual slavery and is primarily for prostituting women and children into
2372:
937:" has been used to describe democratic countries whose political, social, and economic institutions come under the control of a few families and
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4857:
4520:
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8859:
3788:
organized criminal: structured group, three or more people, one or more serious crimes, in order to obtain financial or other material benefit;
3573:, who was nicknamed "the Napoleon of the criminal world" or "the Napoleon of Crime" and became the inspiration behind the popular character of
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of enforcement from the government itself and some of the owners being fences for the bandits made an ideal safe house for bandits and gangs.
837:
may often be deemed organized crime groups or, under stricter definitions of organized crime, may become disciplined enough to be considered
11282:
1794:, that could be harmful to their illicit businesses; additionally the vigilante acts could help the gangs to ingratiate themselves in their
11915:
10390:
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4761:
a group, combination, or association of gangsters controlling organized crime or one type of crime, especially in one region of the country
10991:
8119:
7145:
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10775:
Matsueda & Heimer (1987). "Race, Family Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories".
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COLVIN, MARK; CULLEN, FRANCIS T.; VANDER VEN, THOMAS (2002). "Coercion, Social Support, and Crime: An Emerging Theoretical Consensus".
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2569:, the impact and intent of organized criminal operations in this area of crime has been the subject of much debate. Article 61 of the
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2877:. The different businesses that organized crime figures have been known to operate is vast, including but not limited to pharmacies,
10240:
8712:
8622:
McSweeney, Kendra; Nielsen, Erik; Taylor, Matthew; Wrathall, David; Pearson, Zoe; Wang, Ophelia; Plumb, Spencer (January 31, 2014).
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Cottino, Amedeo (1 January 1999). "Sicilian cultures of violence: The interconnections between organized crime and local society".
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entrepreneurial criminal groups to enter the market and profit by supplying those goods and services. For success, there must be:
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group assigns leadership positions to a central group of family members, including fictive god-parental relationship reinforcement;
3218:
3205:
409:
9647:
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3125:). A drug farm is a place where drug crops are grown before being made into illegal narcotics. A drug farm can range in size from
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1962:
1679:, illegal dumping of toxic waste, illegal trading of nuclear materials, military equipment smuggling, nuclear weapons smuggling,
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4800:
Wang, Peng (2017). The Chinese Mafia: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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is usually not labeled terrorism though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group.
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The 'top-down' communication strategy is susceptible to interception, more so further down the hierarchy being communicated to;
785:
10504:
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7288:
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Albanese (2008). "Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels".
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Zhu Yuanzhang, sentenced fences with different penalties based on the categories and prices of the products that were stolen.
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Tilly, Charles. 1985. "State Formation as Organized Crime". In Evans, Peter, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.:
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3133:, both to have a legal source of revenue to help disguise the dirty money and so that the livestock can provide a source of
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in their waters and vessels that illegally dump waste into their waters. As a result, marine biologists say that the local
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8688:"Trafficking in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas | National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE)"
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Personalized activity; including family rivalries, territorial disputes, recruitment and training of family members, etc.;
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17:
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Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee
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whilst increasing security, secrecy and anonymity. Worms may be utilized by organized crime groups to exploit security
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that manage its activities), or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity (see
2779:
2635:
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1439:
980:), but other transnational criminal organizations have also risen in prominence in recent decades. A 2012 article in a
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613:
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Wang, Peng (2013). "The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing".
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Savona, Ernesto U.; Vettori, Barbara (2009). "Evaluating the Cost of Organized Crime from a Comparative Perspective".
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6286:"Covert Online Ethnography and Machine Learning for Detecting Individuals at Risk of Being Drawn into Online Sex Work"
3039:
With respect to organized crime and accelerating synthetic drug production in East and Southeast Asia, especially the
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Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of
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On Best and Not So Good Practices for Addressing High-level Corruption Worldwide: An Empirical Assessment. Chapter 16
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7617:"AmericaÊŒs Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S. Growth"
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6449:"Public Perceptions on Organised Crime, Mafia, and Terrorism: A Big Data Analysis based on Twitter and Google Trends"
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3282:, sometimes even for generations. It is the fastest growing criminal industry and is predicted to eventually outgrow
3083:, responsible for much of the massive surge of crystal meth in recent years. The group is understood to be headed by
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2017:
2008:
members volunteer to rescue animals in need and combat against people who commit animal cruelty, such as breaking up
1930:
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11018:
10355:
Decker & Kohfeld (1985). "Crimes, Crime Rates, Arrests, and Arrest Ratios: Implications for Deterrence Theory".
7984:
6821:
5182:
3864:
economic: seek to exert influence by means of corruption and by coercion of legitimate and illegitimate praxis; and,
1864:
While protection racketeering is often seen as nothing more than extortion, criminal syndicates that participate in
11830:
11805:
9817:
7639:"Measuring Underground (Unobserved, Non-Observed, Unrecorded) Economies in Transition Countries: Can We Trust GDP?"
6683:
5686:
5604:
5018:
3932:
3107:
3072:
3040:
3029:
2893:, taxicab companies, phone companies, shopping malls, jewelry stores, modeling agencies, dry cleaners, pawn shops,
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2281:
2068:
often take over to "police" their neighborhoods by committing acts against people who had committed crimes such as
1413:
1136:
Maintaining written records jeopardizes the security of the organization and relies on increased security measures;
31:
7686:
Fugazza, Marco; Jacques, Jean-François (2004). "Labor market institutions, taxation and the underground economy".
4950:
3684:, who was powerful, but there was no evidence that Lansky or anyone else exercised centralized control over them.
3667:
transfer of money, from legal and illegal business, and back to illegal business is by individuals, not companies.
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12323:
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8223:
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4323:
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3885:
3209:
2786:
2314:
1914:
1825:
1821:
1446:
1023:
986:
965:
are either heavily involved with organized crime or tend to foster organized crime within their own governments.
656:
353:
4951:"Responding to the Threat of International Organized Crime: A Primer on Programs, Profiles, and Practice Points"
1828:
gangsters would at times have violent confrontations against the KKK. On one occasion FBI informant and mobster
12743:
12287:
10573:
Smith (1991). "Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an "official" definition for organized crime".
10028:
8198:
6871:
5915:
Decker, Scott H.; Bynum, Tim; Weisel, Deborah (1998). "A tale of two cities: Gangs as organized crime groups".
4687:
Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc. p. 206.
4627:
4132:
4080:
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2757:
2285:
1754:
include but are not limited to hiding the bodies in trash or landfills, feeding the bodies to animals (such as
1518:
1417:
1237:
593:
573:
137:
10267:
8838:
7922:
5740:
5713:
5396:
13101:
13084:
12748:
12201:
11763:
10894:"Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums"
8385:
5659:
5632:
4140:
4068:
3589:
1954:
1027:
999:
809:
754:
749:
603:
12689:
5461:
Pesce, Rosario; Wilczynski, James (2005). "Gang Prevention - National Association of School Psychologists".
5138:
2768:
2296:
1428:
1146:
Death, injury, incarceration or internal power struggles dramatically heighten the insecurity of operations.
13682:
13388:
12193:
12024:
12016:
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4639:
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and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the
404:
195:
11488:
4791:
Varese, F. (2001). The Russian Mafia: private protection in a new market economy. Oxford University Press.
3767:
exertion of influence on politics, media, public administration, judicial authorities or the economy; and,
13111:
13037:
13027:
13019:
12481:
12124:
11815:
11768:
11724:
10195:
10045:
9959:
9620:
8285:
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4615:
4104:
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1994:
1684:
969:
661:
13503:
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6853:
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2905:, youth centers, recording studios, sporting goods stores, furniture stores, gyms, insurance companies,
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13483:
13227:
13175:
13074:
11810:
11741:
9682:
8548:
7243:
The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September
6727:
4112:
3798:
Others stress the importance of power, profit and perpetuity, defining organized criminal behavior as:
3388:
2914:
1514:
1241:
981:
928:. This distinction is not always apparent and academics continue to debate the matter. For example, in
568:
293:
244:
117:
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7405:
4517:
3141:) for the drug crops. There are multiple instances where traffickers set up some of their drug farms,
1683:, providing illegal immigration and cheap labor, people smuggling, trading in endangered species, and
908:
from certain other forms of crime that also usually involve organized or group criminal acts, such as
865:, generated an economic study of organized crime groups and exerted great influence on studies of the
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13185:
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12227:
11773:
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4217:
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to large plantations. In addition to drug crops, it is also not uncommon for drug farms to also host
2716:
2683:
The term "computer virus" may be used as an overarching phrase to include all types of true viruses,
1676:
1644:
706:
588:
492:
458:
443:
249:
152:
10705:
Matsueda (1982). "Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach".
10047:
Organized crime in Europe: concepts, patterns, and control policies in the European Union and beyond
10018:
8863:
8732:
8471:
7638:
7213:
6797:
6479:
6284:
Kostakos, Panos; Sprachalova, Lucie; Pandya, Abhinay; Aboeleinen, Mohamed; Oussalah, Mourad (2018).
6087:
Carter, David L. (1994). "International Organized Crime: Emerging Trends in Entrepreneurial Crime".
13672:
13275:
13094:
12593:
11993:
11856:
11795:
11729:
11704:
8930:
6685:
Vengeance is mine: Jimmy "the Weasel" Fratianno tells how he brought the kiss of death to the Mafia
4335:
4244:
4028:
3924:
2692:
2678:
711:
107:
12277:
10530:
Smith, Dwight C. (1980). "Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise".
9414:
6290:
2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM)
13250:
13198:
12608:
11946:
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Bad Company and Burnt Powder: Justice and Injustice in the Old Southwest (Frances B. Vick Series)
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that may be deemed or may devolve into organized crime groups in practice. By their very nature,
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239:
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10404:
10400:
10334:
10330:
9702:
9667:
5974:
5970:
5091:
Albini (1988). "Donald Cressey's Contributions to the Study of Organized Crime: An Evaluation".
1837:, which was known to be threatening to local Jewish people, as a result Jewish mobsters (such a
1687:. Organized crime groups also do a range of business and labor racketeering activities, such as
1015:
13677:
12958:
12765:
12620:
12088:
11879:
11678:
11201:
Akers, R. L. (1996). "Is Differential Association/social Learning Cultural Deviance Theory?*".
9592:
9152:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
9127:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
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6379:
4561:
4513:
4347:
4254:, to coerce through the use of violence, aggression and threatening behavior (at times termed '
4202:
4048:
3972:
3648:
Rules of conduct and behavioral aspects of power and networks and roles include the following:
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2882:
2548:
2413:, black money markets purchasing goods, gambling, increasing the complexity of the money trail.
2005:
1946:
1890:
1886:
1596:
977:
764:
526:
147:
12476:
10460:
Akers, R (1979). "Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory".
9923:
Maltz (1976). "On Defining "Organized Grime" The Development of a Definition and a Typology".
8897:
8891:
7616:
7492:
7055:
4498:
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children
13124:
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social: criminal groups seek to develop social control in relation to particular communities;
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8120:"Rebels for the System? Virus Writers, General Intellect, Cyberpunk and Criminal Capitalism"
7252:, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002.
7113:
4496:(the 'Palermo Convention') - the international treaty against organized crime; includes the
1264:
While most of the conceptual frameworks used to model organized crime emphasize the role of
13554:
13288:
13283:
13240:
12822:
11719:
11611:
11482:
11283:"Organized Crime and the Drug Trade (From Drugs and Society: Causes, Concepts and Control)"
10948:
9872:
The new handbook of organizational communication: advances in theory, research, and methods
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8412:
6927:"Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military - Paramilitary Partnership and the United States"
6245:"Tracking Criminal Events through IoT devices and an Edge Computing approach | Request PDF"
6132:"Informal and Illicit Entrepreneurs: Fighting for a Place in the Neoliberal Economic Order"
4832:
Hill, P. B. (2003). The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law, and the State. Oxford University Press
4263:
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3106:
The U.S. supply of heroin comes mainly from foreign sources which include Southeast Asia's
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are often known to physically harm and even kill inmates who have committed such crimes as
1986:
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Colombia, which according to some helped prevented a lot of disputes from turning violent.
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112:
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Forrest, Ray; Kearns, Ade (2001). "Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighborhood".
7330:
7041:
4775:(1996). The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection. Harvard University Press.
3391:. Fences were part of the extensive network of accomplices in the criminal underground of
3047:, also known as The Company, is the most prominent international crime syndicate based in
2445:
most products repossessed by authorities are now household items rather than luxury goods;
1122:
Extensive written rules/regulations (as opposed to cultural praxis dictating action); and,
8:
13544:
13052:
12630:
12351:
11529:
7273:
5223:
Schloenhardt, Andreas (1999). "Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking".
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1966:
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Activities of organized crime include loansharking of money at very high interest rates,
1139:
Infiltration at lower levels in the hierarchy can jeopardize the entire organization (a '
731:
608:
531:
521:
325:
92:
13355:
12471:
10952:
8642:
3200:. Sexual slavery encompasses most, if not all, forms of forced prostitution. The terms "
1913:
On Somalia coastline many people rely on fishing for economic survival, because of this
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a certain rate of consumption (demand) to maintain profit and outweigh perceived risks.
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3574:
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3134:
2902:
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2162:), and are committed by non-government agencies. Some definitions also include acts of
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1045:
Various models have been proposed to describe the structure of criminal organizations.
909:
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264:
157:
12758:
12598:
12318:
11228:
Agnew, R. (1992). "Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency*".
9029:
8982:
7813:"The Illegal Sector, Money Laundering and the Legal Economy: A Macroeconomic Analysis"
7699:
6930:
6887:"Countering Protection Rackets Using Legal and Social Approaches: An Agent-Based Test"
4355:
2193:
1874:
1537:" scam). Some organized crime groups defraud national, state, or local governments by
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8418:
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8370:
8286:"Business Finances: How White Collar Crime Can Affect Your Company - Leadership Girl"
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the leadership group are assigned to legal or illegal enterprises, but not both; and,
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8156:
7114:"Tough biker gang goes on the hunt for dog fight rings and saves animals from abuse"
6315:
3844:
2416:
Underground banking (flying money), involves clandestine 'bankers' around the world.
1861:
have been accused of committing crimes in order to fund their political activities.
1564:
can avoid, or at least receive early warnings about, investigation and prosecution.
1493:
stock fraud (insider trading). Organized crime groups also victimize individuals by
185:
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13167:
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13134:
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12897:
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Crime, risk, and insecurity: law and order in everyday life and political discourse
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5500:
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1978:
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1870:
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public projects, counterfeiting money, smuggling or manufacturing untaxed alcohol (
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1285:
1170:
1019:
1011:
954:
913:
825:
384:
330:
13604:
13478:
12753:
11358:
Schloenhart, A (1999). "Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking".
9789:
Haller (1990). "Illegal Enterprise: A Theoretical and Historical Interpretation".
8584:
8437:
7668:
7510:
6753:
Roots, R. (1 January 2005). "Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style".
6546:
Finckenauer, James O. (2005). "Problems of definition: What is organized crime?".
5491:
Burgess, Ernest W. (November 1928). "Residential Segregation in American Cities".
5311:"The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model"
3911:. These activities are troubling because they discourage consumers from using the
3867:
political: criminal groups use corruption and violence to attain power and status.
1003:
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13308:
13303:
13089:
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11900:
11820:
11709:
11575:
11570:
11496:
11475:
11104:
Aniskiewicz, R (1994). "Metatheoretical Issues in the Study of Organized Crime".
9535:
8026:
7292:
7269:
7249:
7220:
4524:
4329:
contemporary structures of organized crime gained prominence during the 1860s in
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Fences not only sold items such as jewelry and clothing but was also involved in
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2105:
1934:
1918:
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public officials in executive, law enforcement, and judicial roles so that their
1379:
Provision of illicit services, e.g., money laundering, fraud, criminal networks.
1253:
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122:
102:
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10753:
8541:"Made in China: China's Role in Transnational Crime and Illicit Financial Flows"
7722:
7380:
6967:"Medellin mafia boss given police radio and access to intelligence: prosecution"
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6057:
5104:
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1077:
Hierarchies based on 'naturally' forming family, social and cultural traditions;
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9537:
Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organised Crime in America
8178:
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6766:
6516:
6406:"Framework for Analyzing Twitter to Detect Community Suspicious Crime Activity"
6256:
6100:
5688:
The exclusive society: social exclusion, crime and difference in late modernity
5504:
5326:
5058:
5045:
Albini (1995). "Russian Organized Crime: Its History, Structure and Function".
4858:""Is Oil Smuggling and Organized Crime the Cause of Greece's Economic Crisis?""
4772:
4363:
4343:
4136:
4012:
4004:
3999:, in addition to having links with organized crime groups in Italy such as the
3996:
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3897:
3893:
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3628:
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and often used interchangeably with migrant smuggling, which is defined by the
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2001:
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measures, to "rough up" debtors, competition or recruits, in the commission of
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480:
97:
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11371:
11336:
11079:
Hagan, J; McCarthy B (1997). "Anomie, social capital and street criminology".
10960:
10648:
10173:
8503:"Drugs investigators close in on Asian 'El Chapo' at centre of vast meth ring"
8299:
8177:
Weaver, Nicholas; Paxson, Vern; Staniford, Stuart; Cunningham, Robert (2003).
8138:
8055:
7874:
7779:
7598:
7462:
7142:"Child Molesters in Prison don't get treated nice, and in one case got marked"
6652:
6559:
5928:
5236:
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13611:
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13539:
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13453:
13343:
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13245:
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13002:
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12402:
12272:
12181:
12176:
12040:
11825:
10968:
10917:
10683:
10551:
10138:
10099:
9439:
Larner, Tony (1 August 2010). "When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear".
9349:
9303:
8752:. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 22 June 1998. Archived from
7836:
7797:
7735:
7707:
7590:
7470:
7354:
6912:
6833:
6774:
6660:
6567:
6524:
6475:
6155:
6108:
6065:
6019:
6011:
5936:
5592:
5584:
5512:
5381:
5334:
5287:
5244:
5112:
5066:
4702:
a criminal gang, especially one involved in drug trafficking, extortion, etc.
4371:
4032:
3992:
3940:
3873:
3557:
3320:
were to the pre-industrial world what organized crime is to modern society."
3122:
3100:
2890:
2688:
2652:
2561:, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make
2468:
2148:
1668:
1572:
1534:
1290:
1225:
942:
885:
866:
858:
636:
468:
378:
276:
12790:
10506:
Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance
10242:
Rational choice and criminal behavior: recent research and future challenges
9517:. University of North Texas Press; 1st edition (July 10, 2014). p. 259-261.
8650:
8341:
Jacobs & Peters (2003). "Labor Racketeering: The Mafia and the Unions".
7173:
7042:"La Jornada: El cĂĄrtel Jalisco Nueva generaciĂłn entregĂł armas a los Viagras"
6951:
6417:
3652:
family operates as a social unit, with social and business functions merged;
3532:
government would be punished with exile to the border for military service.
2553:
Copyright infringement is the unauthorized or prohibited use of works under
2518:
activity may be successfully perpetrated or as the primary goal themselves.
13581:
13571:
13432:
13062:
12805:
12684:
12668:
12573:
12550:
12235:
11835:
9477:. Running Press (January 6, 2015). Chapter 1: Lawlessness in the Old West.
9076:
9008:
8658:
7669:"An Analysis of the Underground Economy and Its Macroeconomic Consequences"
7262:
6903:
6886:
6467:
6173:
5769:
GANG ORGANIZATION AND MIGRATION -- AND -- DRUGS, GANGS, AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
5658:
Klein, Malcolm; Kerner, Hans-JĂŒrgen; Maxson, Cheryl; Weitekamp, E. (2001).
4467:
4036:
3681:
3459:
3396:
3392:
3367:
3275:
3267:
3197:
3126:
3048:
2989:
2927:
2639:
2610:
2587:
2527:
2029:
1982:
1842:
1838:
1809:
1722:
1672:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1522:
1506:
1362:
Unstable supply of range of illicit goods. Exploits young local offenders.
1273:
1061:
929:
901:
850:
834:
817:
631:
190:
8453:
The Vertical Integration of Organised Crime Linked to Political Corruption
8190:
7214:
A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF NARCOTICS-FUNDED TERRORIST AND OTHER EXTREMIST GROUPS
6285:
5661:
The eurogang paradox: street gangs and youth groups in the U.S. and Europe
3616:
3479:
actively took down any potential threats to their illegal profiting, even
3300:
village, members kept crime at very low rates; however, outsiders such as
13265:
12975:
12832:
12800:
12731:
12721:
12613:
12583:
12578:
12103:
11961:
11951:
11683:
11658:
11585:
11580:
10740:
Matsueda (1988). "The Current State of Differential Association Theory".
10489:
8791:
7788:
7653:
7434:
Savona, E (1997). "Globalization of crime: The organizational variable".
7346:
4926:
4359:
3881:
3808:
limited or exclusive membership: maintain secrecy and loyalty of members;
3794:
structured group: Not randomly formed but does not need formal structure,
3632:
3605:
3601:
3463:
3371:
3279:
3084:
3056:
3005:
2854:
2519:
2476:
2461:
2222:
2089:
2053:
2041:
2025:
1950:
1922:
1902:
1894:
1858:
1784:
1767:
1632:
1604:
1542:
1538:
1510:
1502:
1007:
958:
950:
946:
676:
463:
368:
315:
167:
127:
50:
11323:
Bovenkerk (2003). "Organized crime and ethnic reputation manipulation".
9841:
6689:
3791:
serious crime: offense punishable by at least four years in prison; and,
3569:. One of the most infamous crime bosses in the Victorian underworld was
3091:, China. Tse is a former member of the Hong Kong-based crime group, the
2442:
a large increase in fake goods which are dangerous to health and safety;
2387:
a lack of effective financial regulation in parts of the global economy.
13644:
13493:
13293:
13042:
13007:
12726:
12699:
12496:
12407:
12397:
12098:
11956:
11606:
11590:
11160:
11065:
10925:
10878:
10835:
10796:
10726:
10586:
10481:
10438:
10091:
9269:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
9254:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
9214:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
9199:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
9184:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
9102:
Unruly People: Crime, Community, and State in Late Imperial South China
8362:
6952:"The Story of los Pepes, the Vigilantes Who Waged War on Pablo Escobar"
6189:"Approaching Organized Crime: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?"
5520:
5279:
4993:
3928:
3916:
3674:
3570:
3305:
3271:
3165:
3146:
3142:
3076:
2953:
2837:
2593:
2488:
2037:
1612:
1584:
1553:
1233:
1113:
An extensive division of labor between classes within the organization;
1081:
921:
893:
881:
821:
696:
691:
497:
12312:
12306:
10812:"Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory"
10635:
Braithwaite (1989). "Criminological theory and organizational crime".
8147:
8064:
7761:"Taxation and evasion in the presence of extortion by organized crime"
7096:"The Politics of Mobilization for Security in South African Townships"
5430:
13398:
13383:
13255:
13069:
12837:
12736:
12533:
11976:
11966:
11633:
9833:
9072:
7828:
6854:"Ex-Klansman Convicted in '64 Slayings Sues FBI - Memphis Daily News"
5564:
Klein, Malcolm W.; Weerman, Frank M.; Thornberry, Terence P. (2006).
4597:
4456:
4367:
4339:
4255:
4016:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3908:
3580:
Organized crime in the United States first came to prominence in the
3342:
3334:
3130:
3088:
2981:
2969:
2910:
2894:
2712:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2614:
2554:
2472:
2237:
2159:
2126:
2009:
1898:
1846:
1817:
1795:
1763:
1656:
1620:
1498:
1494:
934:
335:
271:
13639:
11889:
11152:
11057:
10909:
10870:
10788:
10718:
10473:
10125:
Reed (2001). "Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis".
4235:
resources (controlling the ability to supply or produce to supply).
3430:
from officials in return for products or money from these soldiers.
2735:
2263:
1395:
12256:
12217:
11653:
11628:
11623:
11618:
10827:
8441:
8354:
8042:
Grabowsky (2007). "The Internet, Technology, and Organized Crime".
7581:
7564:
6283:
4931:
4634:
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (the 'RICO Act')
4452:
4375:
3912:
3581:
3484:
3404:
3384:
3354:
3317:
3309:
3240:
3156:
3118:
3068:
2977:
2973:
2662:
2574:
2535:
2514:
2232:
2077:
2069:
1714:
1293:
have been used to study the public perceptions of organized crime.
1281:
1249:
1165:
1026:
has a target to combat all forms of organized crime as part of the
889:
475:
422:
62:
54:
13651:
11501:
11434:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8089:"Organized Crime and Cybercrime: Synergies, Trends, and Responses"
7923:
Primer on the US Copyright Protection InternationallySneha Solanki
6505:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
6223:
4715:"Definition of Mob in the Oxford Dictionary online, see meaning 2"
3975:. Infighting sometimes occurs within an organization, such as the
2571:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
13298:
13235:
12108:
12006:
9754:
Haller (1992). "Bureaucracy and the Mafia: An Alternative View".
7861:
Choo (2008). "Organized crime groups in cyberspace: a typology".
4379:
4000:
3979:
of 1930â31 and the Boston Irish Mob Wars of the 1960s and 1970s.
3655:
leadership positions down to middle management are kinship based;
3419:
3362:
3346:
3330:
3263:
3080:
3052:
3044:
2965:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2113:
2101:
1926:
1746:
1718:
1710:
1652:
1580:
985:
organized crime groups are present in the United States." The US
925:
506:
7536:"Customs response to latest trends in Counterfeiting and piracy"
13393:
13360:
13157:
12555:
12056:
11861:
9527:
8176:
4502:
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air
4389:
4330:
4295:
4024:
3952:
3621:
3537:
3423:
3333:, or gangs of criminals, roamed from town to town, looting and
3313:
3301:
3251:
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
3213:
3161:
3138:
3064:
2704:
2419:
It often involves otherwise legitimate banks and professionals.
1737:
1733:
1229:
1053:
874:
453:
77:
10425:
Akers, R (1991). "Self-control as a general theory of crime".
9961:
Measuring the effectiveness of organized crime control efforts
8621:
7666:
5834:
Ethnography, Inequality, and Crime in the Low-Income Community
5493:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2992:. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as
2647:
Unsecured information may be intercepted and modified, making
2143:
There is no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law
1812:
was known to be staunch enforcers of prohibition, as a result
1280:
are focusing on deriving new insights on organized crime from
1018:
cartels as the six Mexican TCO with the greatest influence in
11668:
9495:
Badasses of the Old West: True Stories of Outlaws on the Edge
8736:
7899:
Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives
3658:
the higher the position, the closer the kinship relationship;
3427:
3350:
2708:
2509:
2227:
1974:
905:
854:
448:
229:
37:"Crime Ring" redirects here. For the 1938 American film, see
11141:
The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
9622:
The Crime society: organized crime and corruption in America
6885:
SzĂ©kely, Ăron; Nardin, Luis G.; Andrighetto, Giulia (2018).
5631:
Miller, Jody; Maxson, Cheryl Lee; Klein, Malcolm W. (2001).
4317:
3817:
specialized division of labor: to achieve organization goal;
13142:
11545:
11432:
Dwight (1976). "Mafia: The Prototypical Alien Conspiracy".
8609:"The 6 Best Fertilizers You Can Buy to Help Grow Marijuana"
8324:"United States v. Teamsters Local 807, 315 U.S. 521 (1942)"
7759:
Alexeev, Michael; Janeba, Eckhard; Osborne, Stefan (2004).
7610:
7608:
7223:, May 2002, Library of Congress â Federal Research Division
5358:
3224:
2097:
2065:
2049:
2021:
2013:
1942:
1160:
1116:
Meritocratic (as opposed to cultural or social attributes);
846:
12381:
9587:
The search for structure: a report on American youth today
8262:
8260:
7329:
Mirenda, Litterio; Mocetti, Sauro; Rizzica, Lucia (2022).
6798:"Horrible Ways People Have Used Animals to Commit Murders"
5657:
4538:
Anti-Organized Crime Law of the People's Republic of China
3712:
Organized crime groups may be a combination of all three.
10227:
Psychology » CriminologyBiological Theories Of Crime
10196:"Market Value of Organised Crime-Havocscope Black Market"
9533:
9381:"MENACE, MAYHEM, AND MORIARTY! CRIME IN VICTORIAN LONDON"
9071:
Mobsters and Gangsters: Organized Crime in America, from
8952:"UN Chronicle | Slavery in the Twenty-First Century"
8923:"sex trafficking in South Africa: World Cup slavery fear"
8778:
8624:"Drug Policy as Conservation Policy: Narco-Deforestation"
7263:
POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism
6331:"How Artificial Intelligence Is Tracking Sex Traffickers"
4419:
any relevant information into other sections or articles.
3835:
2163:
1917:
are often known to attack foreign vessels who partake in
1881:("Death to Kidnappers") to defend the cartel against the
1759:
1755:
1736:
has evolved from the honor and vengeance killings of the
1125:'Top-down' communication and rule enforcement mechanisms.
11514:
10898:
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
9818:"Organizational culture as a source of high reliability"
9554:
8526:"Inside the hunt for the man known as 'Asia's El Chapo'"
8300:"Office of Inspector General - U.S. Department of Labor"
7605:
6884:
6356:"Girls in Tech x UBC: Hack for Humanity Hackathon Recap"
3257:
3117:
and drug farms. A drug lab can range in size from small
1497:(either for dismantling at "chop shops" or for export),
841:. A criminal organization can also be referred to as an
9455:
The Napoleon of Crime: The Life and Times of Adam Worth
8539:
Mavrellis, Channing; Cassara, John (October 27, 2022).
8257:
7407:
Chasing Dirty Money: The Fight Against Money Laundering
5862:
Islands in the street: gangs and American urban society
5738:
5266:
Passas, Nikos (1990). "Anomie and corporate deviance".
4342:(early 1800s), they were relatively substituted by the
4143:
Special Operations Division) law enforcement agencies.
2853:
Corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a
1345:
Stable supply of illicit goods. High-level corruption.
1272:, computational approaches built on the foundations of
10661:
10238:
9684:
Disorganized Crime - The Economics of the Visible Hand
9497:. TwoDot; First edition (September 18, 2009). p. 132.
9104:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 174.
8001:"Defending a New Domain: The Pentagon's Cyberstrategy"
7935:
Foreigners Find Themselves Targets Of US Copyright Law
6615:
The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection
6503:
Geis, Gilbert (1966). "Violence and Organized Crime".
5563:
5354:
5352:
4927:"Organised crime strategy promises 'tougher approach'"
4816:
Chu, Y. K. (2002). The Triads as Business. Routledge.
3900:
created a breeding ground for criminal organizations.
3820:
monopolistic: Market control to maximize profits; and,
3755:
operations on an international or transnational level;
3491:
the prices they paid bandits for the stolen property.
1631:, impersonating armored truck drivers, oil smuggling,
13628:
10857:
Whyte, W (1943). "Social Organization in the Slums".
10774:
9271:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 177.
9256:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 171.
9216:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 160.
9186:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 175.
9154:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 58.
9129:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 58.
8183:
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
7328:
4269:
3051:. It is made up of members of five different triads.
1119:
Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal manner;
12927:
11485:â sub-section dealing with organized crime worldwide
11020:
Youth in Crisis?: Gangs, Territoriality and Violence
10809:
10354:
8893:
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy
8615:
7758:
7331:"The Economic Effects of Mafia: Firm Level Evidence"
4039:
and Post-Soviet Organized crime groups, the Chinese
3811:
perpetuating itself: Recruitment process and policy;
3715:
2725:
2573:(TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish
2052:, and inmates who have committed crimes against the
2024:
from abusive owners. In the American prison system,
1100:
27:
Groupings of highly centralized criminal enterprises
11139:Powell, E (1966). "Crime as a function of anomie".
10043:
9868:
8920:
8750:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on systemic rape"
8340:
7056:"Gang will target Minuteman vigil on Mexico border"
6224:"TAKEDOWN | Organized Crime and Terrorist Networks"
5626:
5624:
5349:
4664:
List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
4362:(mid-1970s - 1990s), and more recently the Mexican
4073:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
3823:
has explicit rules and regulations: Codes of honor.
2760:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2651:possible internationally. The recently established
2288:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1549:), and providing immigrant workers to avoid taxes.
1420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
11930:
11555:List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
11280:
11083:. Northeastern University Press. pp. 124â41.
10265:
9986:
9899:Organizations. Rational, natural, and open systems
9584:
9562:
9560:
9231:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 814.
8885:
8709:"Experts encourage action against sex trafficking"
8501:
8410:
8383:
8127:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
7511:"The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy"
7070:"RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating"
6243:Tundis, Andrea; Kaleem, Humayun; Muhlhauser, Max.
6242:
5889:
5859:
5543:
5180:
4127:Bureau of Criminal Investigation) and city (e.g.,
3903:The newest growth sectors for organized crime are
2451:production is now operated on an industrial scale.
1929:is recovering. In Mexico a vigilante group called
11044:Merton, R (1938). "Social Structure and Anomie".
10989:
10069:
10067:
9618:
8877:
7940:
7615:Feige, Edgar L.; Cebula, Richard (January 2011).
6729:Risky transactions: trust, kinship, and ethnicity
5959:International Journal of Criminology and Penology
5914:
5857:
5830:
5790:
5630:
5019:"Football hooliganism's links to organised crime"
4374:(1988 onward), terrorism-related organized crime
3761:the use of commercial or businesslike structures;
3378:
3024:There are three major regions that center around
2132:acceptance. Such crime groups are often labelled
1973:; however, doing so is detrimental to gangs like
1129:However, this model of operation has some flaws:
13664:
12540:Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies
11483:UNODC â United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
9719:Disorganized Crime Illegal Markets and the Mafia
8538:
8249:"Malware Hits Computerized Industrial Equipment"
7451:European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research
7128:"Who Gets Protective Custody in Jail or Prison?"
5621:
4494:Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
4059:and is known to work with other national (e.g.,
3876:is disorganized, weak, absent or untrustworthy.
3778:Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
2448:a growing number of technological products; and,
1965:paramilitary organization that seeks to prevent
880:Other organizationsâincluding states, churches,
829:business with them, such as when a gang extorts
11173:
11078:
9201:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University. p. 156.
8784:
7895:
7667:Feltenstein & Dabla-Norris (January 2003).
6039:
6037:
5993:
5991:
5742:Life in the gang: family, friends, and violence
5460:
4598:Federal Anti-Racketeering Act (the 'Hobbs Act')
3055:is understood to be headed by Chinese-Canadian
2930:, involvement with union and public officials (
2373:Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
1877:formed a paramilitary vigilante group known as
1509:, burglary, jewelry and gems theft and heists,
1328:Local corruption/influence. Fearful community.
10384:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10064:
9378:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9052:
9050:
8387:Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies
7724:Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook
7685:
7637:Feige, Edgar L.; Urban, Ivica (1 March 2008).
7436:15th International Symposium on Economic Crime
5132:
5130:
5086:
5084:
5040:
5038:
4015:, has at various times done business with the
12913:
12367:
11916:
11530:
11491:â Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology.
10938:
10392:DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - A SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH
10285:
9649:ON THE TAKE - FROM PETTY CROOKS TO PRESIDENTS
8983:"Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable"
8742:
8476:Opioid Trafficking routes from Asia to Europe
7448:
7399:
7397:
6588:
6410:Computer Science & Information Technology
6403:
5837:. Stanford University Press. pp. 80â94.
4948:
3852:in British Hong Kong was controlled by local
3805:hierarchical: few elites and many operatives;
3540:and sent to labor in a border military camp.
2861:having a separate legal personality from the
2565:. Whilst almost universally considered under
1897:formed and operated a vigilante group called
786:
9438:
9415:"The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth"
6755:Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews
6034:
5988:
5948:
5946:
5222:
4727:The Mafia or a similar criminal organization
4390:Legislative frameworks and policing measures
3814:willing to use illegal violence and bribery;
3771:motivated by the pursuit of profit or power,
1040:
12854:Organized crime groups in the United States
11357:
11103:
10634:
10375:
9387:
9367:
9047:
8020:"Clarke: More defense needed in cyberspace"
7810:
7614:
7413:. Peterson Institute. 2005. pp. 9â24.
6545:
5546:The gang: a study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago
5127:
5081:
5035:
4586:Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
4238:
2626:
2391:Money laundering is a three-stage process:
1801:In the US during the roaring twenties, the
12920:
12906:
12374:
12360:
11923:
11909:
11537:
11523:
10612:. Florida State University. Archived from
9393:
8896:. University of California Press. p.
8839:"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"
8711:. .voanews.com. 2009-05-15. Archived from
8117:
8015:
8013:
7978:
7720:
7636:
7497:International AntiCounterfeiting Coalition
7394:
6591:"Organized Crime--Violence and Corruption"
6456:International Journal of Cyber Criminology
4652:Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009
4550:Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
3675:The "disorganized crime" and choice theses
3536:helped to sell the horses would be put on
1595:, forging early release prison documents,
793:
779:
11322:
10073:
9984:
9645:
8146:
8063:
8041:
7787:
7646:William Davidson Institute Working Papers
7580:
7209:
7207:
6902:
6709:George Mason Law Review (Student Edition)
6681:
6163:
5943:
5207:
5163:
4318:Alien conspiracy/queer ladder of mobility
4274:
3511:
3469:
3294:
2820:Learn how and when to remove this message
2542:
2348:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:organization called Rescue Ink, in which
1480:Learn how and when to remove this message
1259:
1154:
1067:
1022:to the United States. The United Nations
873:, the Hong Kong triads, and the Japanese
11106:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
10739:
10704:
9756:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
9571:DELINQUENCY, CRIME, AND SOCIAL PROCESS'.
9226:
9149:
9124:
8086:
7562:
7295:, FSA.gov.uk, Retrieved November 7, 2013
6702:
6611:
6446:
6089:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
6046:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
6043:
6000:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
5997:
5765:
5541:
5047:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
4924:
4845:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3843:
3615:
3225:Illegal immigration and people smuggling
3206:International Organization for Migration
3015:
1192:
1164:
1052:
11016:
10312:
10076:"Organized crime, corruption and power"
10016:
8944:
8733:Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns
8703:
8701:
8010:
7965:
6872:"How Jewish Gangsters Fought the Nazis"
6638:
6353:
6129:
5772:. National Youth Gang Information Ctr.
5490:
5140:The American Mafia: genesis of a legend
4097:United States Postal Inspection Service
3758:the use violence or other intimidation;
3008:, literally meaning "rule by thieves".
2941:
1376:Operating through legitimate enterprise
1210:
14:
13665:
12653:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
12641:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
11431:
11138:
11043:
9788:
9753:
9715:
9680:
9565:Delinquency, crime, and social process
9406:
9266:
9251:
9211:
9196:
9181:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9099:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
8568:
8466:
8464:
8221:
7433:
7235:
7204:
7196:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7026:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6964:
6725:
6086:
5955:"Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship"
5893:Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community
5394:
5265:
5136:
5090:
5044:
4944:
4942:
4151:
4065:Russian Federal Security Service (FSB)
3836:The locus of power and organized crime
3740:prolonged or indefinite period of time
3370:, there was an infamous outlaw called
3087:, a Chinese-Canadian gangster born in
2638:, states that "as a doctrinal matter,
1087:Fraternal or nepotistic value systems;
12901:
12355:
11904:
11518:
11505:
11392:
11227:
11200:
10856:
10572:
10529:
10502:
10459:
10424:
10388:
9957:
9922:
9895:
9815:
9582:
9432:
8914:
8883:
8499:
7993:
6971:Colombia News | Colombia Reports
6752:
6328:
5952:
5711:
5684:
5478:The sociology of a zone of transition
5308:
5016:
3551:
3289:
3258:Contemporary slavery and forced labor
2920:
2012:rings, stopping the killing of stray
1385:
1336:Politically and economically unstable
11875:
10891:
10159:
10124:
9327:
9281:
8698:
8532:
8007:, September/October 2010, pp. 97-108
7860:
6502:
6186:
4855:
4435:
4393:
4384:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
4308:
4173:Rational choice theory (criminology)
4146:
3802:nonideological: i.e., profit driven;
3611:
3171:
3121:to the size of small towns (such as
2758:adding citations to reliable sources
2729:
2557:, infringing the copyright holder's
2286:adding citations to reliable sources
2257:
1991:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
1418:adding citations to reliable sources
1389:
1037:has been linked to organized crime.
11599:
11506:
10427:Journal of Quantitative Criminology
9168:
9084:
8562:
8461:
7985:"Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain"
6196:Australian Institute of Criminology
5475:
4939:
4707:
4518:RSC 1985, c C-46, ss 467.1 to 467.2
4085:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
3011:
2960:of political opponents and general
2668:
1675:, cargo theft via fictions pickup,
1359:Violent. Opportunistic. Risk taking
24:
11395:"The paradoxes of organized crime"
11242:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
11215:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01204.x
10676:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x
10369:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00349.x
10300:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x
10020:Organized Crime in the Netherlands
9803:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01324.x
9534:Cressey & Finckenauer (2008).
8921:E. Benjamin Skinner (2010-01-18).
8739:Anti-Human Trafficking Unit report
6822:"Mob Favors Pinelands for Burials"
5866:. University of California Press.
5362:Children and Youth Services Review
4998:United Nations and the Rule of Law
4925:Casciani, Dominic (28 July 2011).
4757:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
4740:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
4698:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
4622:Title 21 of the United States Code
4270:Critical criminology and sociology
4196:
4166:
4101:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
3433:
3182:
3113:Drug traffickers produce drugs in
2956:power for other purposes, such as
2842:
2253:
2177:), Allied authorities deeming the
1325:Secrecy/bonds. Links to insurgents
1197:
25:
13694:
13218:Comité Régional d'Action Viticole
11471:Mob Life: Gangster Kings of Crime
11464:
10610:"Differential Association Theory"
10607:
9412:
8792:"UN highlights human trafficking"
8585:"The International Heroin Market"
8500:Smith, Nicola (14 October 2019).
7072:. www.ipsnews.net. Archived from
6795:
6380:"Online Sex-work Risk Prediction"
4994:"Sustainable Development Goal 16"
4958:United States Attorneys' Bulletin
4410:list of miscellaneous information
3848:From the 1950s to the 1970s, the
3716:International governance approach
3383:A fence or receiver (é·èŽè
), was a
3020:Drug trafficking routes in Mexico
2726:White-collar crime and corruption
2493:
2426:
2092:property, arson, being forced to
1931:Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria
1370:Developed/high technology regions
1238:Colombian drug trafficking groups
1101:Bureaucratic/corporate operations
1048:
957:, and states with high levels of
13650:
13638:
12513:Organized crime groups in Canada
11884:
11874:
11425:
11386:
11351:
11316:
11274:
11256:
11221:
11194:
11188:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00090.x
11167:
11132:
11097:
11072:
11037:
11010:
10983:
10932:
10885:
10850:
10803:
10768:
10733:
10698:
10655:
10628:
10601:
10566:
10523:
10496:
10453:
10418:
10348:
10306:
10279:
10259:
10232:
10220:
10208:
10188:
10153:
10118:
10037:
10010:
9978:
9951:
9916:
9889:
9862:
9809:
9782:
9747:
9709:
9674:
9639:
9612:
9576:
9507:
9487:
9467:
9447:
9321:
9275:
9260:
9245:
9220:
9205:
9190:
9143:
9118:
9063:
9022:
8996:
8975:
8852:
8831:
8810:
8768:
8726:
8680:
8601:
8577:
8518:
8514:from the original on 2022-01-11.
8493:
8446:
8438:African corruption 'on the wane'
8431:
8404:
8377:
8334:
8316:
8292:
8278:
8242:
8215:
8170:
8111:
8080:
8035:
7928:
7916:
7889:
7854:
7804:
7768:Journal of Comparative Economics
7752:
7714:
7679:
7660:
7630:
7556:
7528:
7503:
7485:
7442:
7404:"How much Money is Laundered?".
6148:10.1111/j.1548-1417.2008.00010.x
5739:Decker & Van Winkle (1996).
5566:"Street Gang Violence in Europe"
5374:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.07.002
4991:
4440:
4398:
3447:selling them to butcher-fences.
2734:
2605:refers to politically motivated
2262:
1552:Organized crime groups seek out
1394:
138:Risk & actuarial criminology
61:
32:Organized crime (disambiguation)
10239:Piquero & Tibbetts (2002).
9457:, Master Thief. Delta. p. 6-7.
9030:"Asia's sex trade is 'slavery'"
8569:Allard, Tom (14 October 2019).
8482:from the original on 2011-04-02
7648:(913). University of Michigan.
7565:"The Aggregate Burden of Crime"
7427:
7369:
7322:
7298:
7279:
7255:
7226:
7159:
7134:
7120:
7106:
7088:
7062:
7048:
7034:
6984:
6958:
6944:
6919:
6878:
6864:
6846:
6814:
6789:
6746:
6719:
6696:
6675:
6632:
6605:
6582:
6539:
6496:
6440:
6397:
6372:
6354:MacNeil, Brianna (2018-02-13).
6347:
6322:
6277:
6236:
6216:
6180:
6123:
6080:
5908:
5883:
5851:
5824:
5784:
5759:
5732:
5705:
5678:
5651:
5573:European Journal of Criminology
5557:
5550:. University of Chicago Press.
5535:
5484:
5469:
5454:
5444:
5415:
5388:
5302:
5259:
5216:
5201:
5174:
5157:
5010:
4985:
4981:. October 2017. pp. vi, 2.
4979:Drug Enforcement Administration
4972:National Drug Threat Assessment
4964:
4949:Thomas P. Ott (November 2012).
4918:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4854:Interview with Panos Kostakos:
4848:
4835:
4826:
4324:Jewish-American organized crime
4129:New York City Police Department
4077:Drug Enforcement Administration
4021:Jewish-American organized crime
3961:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3931:) since most police forces and
3886:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3784:) having a similar definition:
3764:engagement in money laundering;
3210:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3063:market, while also trafficking
2745:needs additional citations for
2621:sometimes seen as analogous to
2581:
2273:needs additional citations for
1405:needs additional citations for
1080:'Tight-knit' focus of activity/
1024:Sustainable Development Goal 16
991:National Drug Threat Assessment
987:Drug Enforcement Administration
12744:Independent Cartel of Acapulco
11287:Criminal Justice Policy Review
10315:"DOES PUNISHMENT DETER CRIME?"
9002:
8775:Sex Slaves: Estimating Numbers
8571:"The hunt for Asia's El Chapo"
8179:"A taxonomy of computer worms"
6965:Alsema, Adriaan (2018-02-13).
5878:Sanchez-Jankowski (1991) gang.
5745:. Cambridge University Press.
4900:"Atf - Federal Explosives Law"
4810:
4794:
4785:
4766:
4749:
4732:
4690:
4681:
4628:Continuing Criminal Enterprise
4455:format but may read better as
4133:Philadelphia Police Department
4081:United States Marshals Service
3745:the use discipline or control;
3494:
3379:Fencing in Ming and Qing China
3155:surrounding terrain and local
2455:
1778:
1226:ethnic Chinese criminal groups
1110:A complex authority structure;
13:
1:
13085:Kinahan Organised Crime Group
12749:Jalisco New Generation Cartel
12202:Secret societies in Singapore
10816:American Journal of Sociology
10810:Sampson & Groves (1989).
9005:"Slavery in the 21st century"
8692:safesupportivelearning.ed.gov
7700:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00079-8
6404:S Al Dhanhani, Safaa (2018).
5858:Sanchez-Jankowski, M (1991).
5831:Sanchez-Jankowski, M (1995).
5791:Sanchez-Jankowski, M (1991).
5017:Ellis, Anthony (2016-06-22).
4674:
4366:(late 1980s onward), Mexican
4281:Social disorganization theory
4211:
4181:
4141:Los Angeles Police Department
4139:Organized Crime Unit and the
4123:organized crime unit and the
4069:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
3896:that saw the downfall of the
3516:Two different Ming Laws, the
2482:
2166:violence and war, especially
1955:Jalisco New Generation Cartel
1367:Entrepreneurial/transactional
11399:Crime, Law and Social Change
11360:Crime, Law and Social Change
11325:Crime, Law and Social Change
11046:American Sociological Review
10859:American Sociological Review
10777:American Sociological Review
10707:American Sociological Review
10575:Crime, Law and Social Change
10462:American Sociological Review
10080:Crime, Law and Social Change
10044:Fijnaut & Paoli (2004).
9869:Jablin & Putnam (2001).
9822:California Management Review
9652:. Indiana University Press.
9475:A Brief History of Gangsters
9007:. Newint.org. Archived from
8044:Asian Journal of Criminology
7811:Masciandaro, Donato (2000).
7569:Journal of Law and Economics
6641:Crime, Law and Social Change
6618:. Harvard University Press.
5268:Crime, Law and Social Change
5225:Crime, Law and Social Change
4640:Money Laundering Control Act
4574:Article 41-bis prison regime
4370:(late 1990s to onward), the
4115:Special Investigation Unit,
4089:United States Secret Service
2508:Identity theft is a form of
2120:
1939:La Familia Michoacana Cartel
1319:Historical or cultural basis
1216:categorization includes the
7:
13038:Clerkenwell crime syndicate
12482:Primeiro Comando da Capital
11940:China, Hong Kong, and Macau
11281:Lyman & Potter (2011).
10754:10.1177/0011128788034003005
10266:Lyman & Potter (2007).
9561:Cressey & Ward (1969).
9081:New York: Life Books, 2002.
8985:. Csmonitor.com. 2004-09-01
8411:Buscaglia, Edgardo (2011).
8384:Siegel & Nelen (2008).
7902:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
7688:Journal of Public Economics
7563:Anderson, David A. (1999).
6688:. Macmillan. Archived from
6298:10.1109/asonam.2018.8508276
6136:Anthropology of Work Review
6058:10.1177/1043986200016004004
5890:Curry & Decker (1998).
5181:Lyman & Potter (2010).
5143:. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
5105:10.1177/0011128788034003008
4887:Profits Transformed the Mob
4669:Timeline of organized crime
4657:
4616:Organized Crime Control Act
4105:United States Border Patrol
4093:Diplomatic Security Service
2406:Means of money laundering:
2192:Notable groups include the
1953:, which has links with the
1698:
1685:trafficking in human beings
1350:Transnational/transactional
970:Organized Crime Control Act
10:
13699:
13075:Hutch Organized Crime Gang
12690:BeltrĂĄn-Leyva Organization
11446:10.1177/000271627642300108
11268:Office of Justice Programs
11118:10.1177/104398629401000405
10990:Hope & Sparks (2000).
10544:10.1177/001112878002600306
10509:. Transaction Publishers.
10005:abadinsky organised crime.
9964:. University of Illinois.
9937:10.1177/001112877602200306
9768:10.1177/104398629200800102
9619:Ianni & Ianni (1976).
9540:. Transaction Publishers.
9396:"THE VICTORIAN UNDERWORLD"
8549:Global Financial Integrity
7950:. Dtic.mil. Archived from
7817:Journal of Financial Crime
7377:"What Is Money Laundering"
6767:10.1177/009430610503400145
6517:10.1177/000271626636400109
6257:10.1109/ICCCN.2019.8846956
6101:10.1177/104398629401000402
5715:Crime and social exclusion
5505:10.1177/000271622814000115
5480:. Oxford University Press.
5327:10.1177/073401688300800209
5059:10.1177/104398629501100404
4843:Bringing the State Back In
4354:(1960s onward), Colombian
4321:
4293:
4278:
4242:
4227:an identified market; and,
4215:
4200:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4113:Massachusetts State Police
3735:their own appointed tasks;
3234:
3228:
3186:
3175:
2945:
2915:private military companies
2846:
2831:
2672:
2591:
2585:
2546:
2497:
2486:
2459:
2430:
2359:
2124:
1933:was formed to counter the
1782:
1703:
1603:of intellectual property,
1158:
982:U.S. Department of Justice
968:In the United States, the
118:Expressive function of law
36:
29:
13592:
13512:
13464:
13441:
13425:
13407:
13374:
13274:
13226:
13184:
13166:
13133:
13110:
13018:
12936:
12882:
12861:
12846:
12781:Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
12677:
12661:
12566:
12520:
12505:
12457:Brazilian police militias
12442:
12416:
12390:
12333:
12286:
12265:
12249:
12226:
12210:
12192:
12154:
12133:
12117:
12081:
12065:
12049:
12033:
12015:
11992:
11939:
11870:
11849:
11692:
11646:
11561:
11552:
11544:
11512:
10961:10.1080/00420980120087081
10649:10.1080/07418828900090251
10229:Retrieved 6 October 2023
10217:Retrieved 6 October 2023
10174:10.1007/s12117-012-9179-8
10162:Trends in Organized Crime
8862:. Ilo.org. Archived from
8139:10.1080/10304310600641760
8056:10.1007/s11417-007-9034-z
7937:Retrieved 6 October 2023
7925:Retrieved 6 October 2023
7875:10.1007/s12117-008-9038-9
7863:Trends in Organized Crime
7780:10.1016/j.jce.2004.04.002
7463:10.1007/s10610-009-9111-1
6560:10.1007/s12117-005-1038-4
6548:Trends in Organized Crime
6436:– via ResearchGate.
6329:Brody, Liz (2019-05-08).
5929:10.1080/07418829800093821
5793:"Gangs and Social Change"
5187:. Pearson Prentice Hall.
4889:Retrieved 6 October 2023
4877:Retrieved 6 October 2023
4646:United States Patriot Act
4289:
4218:Enterprise theory (crime)
4121:Pennsylvania State Police
4109:United States Coast Guard
3925:denial-of-service attacks
3608:and the Bob Dozier gang.
3403:A fence worked alongside
3097:JoaquĂn "El Chapo" GuzmĂĄn
3032:(Burma, Laos, Thailand),
2625:although this analogy is
1977:, who make money through
1728:
1677:illegal taxicab operation
1645:identity document forgery
1041:Models of organized crime
12594:Libertadores del Vichada
11857:Cryptocurrency and crime
11264:"Virtual Library Search"
11023:. Taylor & Francis.
10139:10.1177/0170840601222002
9625:. New American Library.
9150:Robinson, David (2001).
9125:Robinson, David (2001).
8957:. Un.org. Archived from
8818:"US Department of State"
7896:Li & Correa (2009).
7736:10.1787/9789264175358-en
7493:"What is Counterfeiting"
7335:American Economic Review
7286:Fighting financial crime
6858:www.memphisdailynews.com
6589:Lynch; Phillips (1971).
6447:Kostakos, Panos (2018).
6012:10.1177/1043986208318225
5953:SMITH, D. C. Jr (1978).
5585:10.1177/1477370806067911
5427:The Nawojczyk Group, Inc
5309:Hagan, Frank E. (1983).
4407:This section contains a
4245:Differential association
4239:Differential association
4047:and Asian street gangs,
3933:law enforcement agencies
3750:serious criminal offense
3145:and drug labs in remote
2679:denial-of-service attack
2211:
2084:, domestic violence and
2000:In America, there is an
1242:Nigerian organized crime
108:Differential association
13199:Gang de la Brise de Mer
12609:Muerte a Secuestradores
11411:10.1023/A:1013355122531
11372:10.1023/A:1008340427104
11337:10.1023/A:1022499504945
9925:Crime & Delinquency
9453:Macintyre, Ben (1997).
9267:Antony, Robert (2016).
9252:Antony, Robert (2016).
9212:Antony, Robert (2016).
9197:Antony, Robert (2016).
9182:Antony, Robert (2016).
9100:Antony, Robert (2016).
8860:"Forced labor â Themes"
8841:. Unodc.org. 2004-01-28
8651:10.1126/science.1244082
6653:10.1023/A:1008389424861
6418:10.5121/csit.2018.80104
5800:Theoretical Criminology
5315:Criminal Justice Review
5237:10.1023/A:1008340427104
4464:converting this section
4188:Deterrence (psychology)
4117:New Jersey State Police
3208:estimated 400,000, the
2879:import-export companies
2168:crimes against humanity
2145:definition of terrorism
1879:Muerte a Secuestradores
1775:against their enemies.
1278:artificial intelligence
1182:evidence-based practice
163:Symbolic interactionism
12959:Gang of Pusi i Mezinit
12766:Knights Templar Cartel
12621:Norte del Valle Cartel
12385:groups in the Americas
12089:Hai San Secret Society
11679:Outlaw motorcycle club
10892:Toby, Jackson (1957).
9331:Ming dai li fa yan jiu
9285:Ming dai li fa yan jiu
9069:Sullivan, Robert, ed.
8781:"Frontline" fact site.
7999:Lynn, William J. III.
7975:, HarperCollins (2010)
7721:Giovannini, E (2002).
7545:. 2005. Archived from
7268:June 11, 2011, at the
6468:10.5281/zenodo.1467919
6292:. pp. 1096â1099.
5634:The modern gang reader
5423:"Street Gang Dynamics"
4759:. Random House. 2019.
4742:. Random House. 2019.
4719:Oxforddictionaries.com
4700:. Random House. 2019.
4562:Criminal Assets Bureau
4348:Italian-American Mafia
4275:Social disorganization
4203:Social learning theory
4135:Organized crime unit,
4131:Organized Crime Unit,
4119:organized crime unit,
3973:Patriarca crime family
3857:
3625:
3565:street gangs like the
3512:Punishments for fences
3470:Network of connections
3339:
3295:Pre-nineteenth century
3212:estimated 700,000 and
3021:
2549:Copyright infringement
2543:Copyright infringement
1947:Knights Templar Cartel
1891:Norte del Valle Cartel
1766:) can contaminate the
1752:dispose of dead bodies
1597:copyright infringement
1560:and activities on the
1260:Computational approach
1250:Korean criminal groups
1173:
1155:Youth and street gangs
1068:Patronâclient networks
1064:
1000:Jalisco New Generation
978:Italian-American Mafia
12712:La Familia Michoacana
12492:Terceiro Comando Puro
12319:Äá»ng XuĂąn Labor Union
10742:Crime and Delinquency
10532:Crime and Delinquency
9227:Murakami, Ei (2017).
8884:Bales, Kevin (1999).
8676:on December 22, 2015.
8191:10.1145/948187.948190
8030:HometownAnnapolis.com
7248:May 24, 2008, at the
6973:. Colombiareports.com
6595:Journal of Public Law
5093:Crime and Delinquency
4125:New York State Police
3941:James "Whitey" Bulger
3847:
3619:
3322:
3019:
2887:real estate companies
2592:Further information:
1773:psychological warfare
1723:major trauma assaults
1633:antiquities smuggling
1517:, credit card fraud,
1373:Individuals or pairs.
1356:Flexible. Small size.
1284:. For example, novel
1193:Individual difference
1169:Jamaican gang leader
1168:
1056:
667:Biosocial criminology
374:Uniform Crime Reports
83:Biosocial criminology
13555:Solntsevskaya Bratva
13289:Banda della Comasina
13284:Banda della Magliana
13241:Al-Zein crime family
13120:KrejÄĂĆ organization
12823:South Pacific Cartel
11850:Financial regulation
11081:The future of anomie
10127:Organization Studies
10114:on October 24, 2012.
10023:. Martinus Nijhoff.
9569:. Harper & Row.
9328:Yang, Yifan (2013).
9282:Yang, Yifan (2013).
8715:on December 23, 2009
8455:, 10 December 2017,
8254:, September 24, 2010
8032:, September 24, 2010
7954:on November 18, 2011
7347:10.1257/aer.20201015
6904:10.1155/2018/3568085
6703:Radinsky, M (1994).
5542:Thrasher, F (1927).
4725:on January 4, 2013.
4264:political corruption
3730:more than two people
3586:Coschise Cowboy Gang
3481:government officials
3387:who bought and sold
3345:conquerors, whether
2948:Political corruption
2942:Political corruption
2932:political corruption
2883:check-cashing stores
2754:improve this article
2636:Secretary of Defense
2623:conventional warfare
2282:improve this article
2020:rings, and rescuing
1987:Friends Stand United
1835:German American Bund
1693:political corruption
1414:improve this article
1339:Vertical integration
1211:Multi-model approach
1035:football hooliganism
963:political corruption
924:, state crimes, and
863:American counterpart
542:Solitary confinement
206:Alexandre Lacassagne
30:For other uses, see
13683:Illegal occupations
13504:SödertÀljenÀtverket
13125:MrĂĄzek organization
13053:Quality Street Gang
12631:Oficina de Envigado
12477:GuardiÔes do Estado
10953:2001UrbSt..38.2125F
9583:Ianni, FAJ (1989).
9379:Barton, William A.
8933:on January 11, 2010
8866:on February 9, 2010
8643:2014Sci...343..489M
8528:. October 14, 2019.
8228:. Nova Publishing.
7971:Clarke, Richard A.
7730:. OECD Publishing.
7274:Inter Press Service
6130:Galemba, R (2008).
5806:(2). Archived from
5718:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4906:on October 17, 2008
4556:Republic of Ireland
4382:(1994 onward), and
4378:(1988 onward), the
4158:Criminal psychology
4152:Criminal psychology
3890:Revolutions of 1989
3850:Kowloon Walled City
3702:profit maximization
3524:ć€§èŻ°, drafted by the
3428:criminal activities
3202:forced prostitution
2903:charity foundations
2897:, clothing stores,
2871:corporate liability
2867:vicarious liability
2619:information warfare
2617:. It is a form of
1967:illegal immigration
1907:Oficina de Envigado
1855:White Panther Party
1851:Black Panther Party
1322:Family or hierarchy
1033:In some countries,
732:Radical criminology
93:Collective efficacy
18:Criminal underworld
13560:Tambovskaya Bratva
13513:Post-Soviet states
13499:Original Gangsters
13339:Sardinian banditry
13324:Sacra Corona Unita
13048:Lyons Crime Family
12887:Mafia bibliography
12869:Cartel of the Suns
12717:Guadalajara Cartel
12626:North Coast Cartel
12155:Post-Soviet states
11664:Front organization
11495:2010-04-25 at the
10587:10.1007/BF00227546
10439:10.1007/BF01268629
10092:10.1007/BF00230862
10074:Van Duyne (1997).
9985:Abadinsky (2009).
9646:Chambliss (1978).
8225:Focus on Terrorism
8185:. pp. 11â18.
8025:2012-03-24 at the
7948:"DOD - Cyberspace"
7306:"Money Laundering"
7291:2019-03-23 at the
7219:2017-12-15 at the
7076:on 8 November 2007
7008:on 25 October 2010
6826:The New York Times
6732:. Berghahn Books.
6726:Salter, F (2002).
6682:Zuckerman (1987).
6412:. pp. 41â60.
6386:. 11 February 2018
5463:Student Counsiling
5395:Wright, A (2006).
5280:10.1007/BF00728269
5208:Abadinsky (2007).
5164:Abadinsky (2007).
4875:of Organized Crime
4856:Alic, Jen (2012).
4523:2015-10-05 at the
4466:, if appropriate.
4260:white-collar crime
4252:protection rackets
4071:), federal (e.g.,
4009:Sacra Corona Unita
3977:Castellamarese war
3858:
3782:Palermo Convention
3626:
3575:Professor Moriarty
3552:Nineteenth century
3341:As Lunde states, "
3290:Historical origins
3135:organic fertilizer
3022:
2921:Labor racketeering
2907:security companies
2834:White-collar crime
2411:Money transmitters
2183:protection rackets
2156:military personnel
2110:false imprisonment
1941:and a drug cartel/
1866:protection rackets
1792:community policing
1519:economic espionage
1386:Typical activities
1174:
1065:
955:narcokleptocracies
939:business oligarchs
910:white-collar crime
833:from shopkeepers.
13626:
13625:
13620:
13619:
13550:Orekhovskaya gang
13525:Azerbaijani mafia
13334:Strisciuglio clan
12986:Montenegrin mafia
12895:
12894:
12796:Artistas Asesinos
12604:The Extraditables
12528:No Limit Soldiers
12452:Amigos dos Amigos
12434:Santa Cruz Cartel
12349:
12348:
12167:Azerbaijani mafia
12146:Waray-Waray gangs
12002:Mumbai underworld
11898:
11897:
11642:
11641:
11489:"Organized Crime"
10947:(12): 2125â2143.
10637:Justice Quarterly
10503:Akers, R (2009).
9902:. Prentice-Hall.
9896:Scott, W (1992).
9729:978-0-262-68048-6
9607:ianni ianni gang.
9238:978-1-78327-158-0
9161:978-0-8248-6154-4
9136:978-0-8248-6154-4
9111:978-988-8390-05-2
8637:(6170): 489â490.
8457:Edgardo Buscaglia
8343:Crime and Justice
8268:"corporate crime"
8166:on April 7, 2011.
8087:Williams (2001).
7420:978-0-88132-529-4
7102:on 15 April 2013.
6612:Gambetta (1996).
5917:Justice Quarterly
5766:Skolnick (1993).
5712:Finer, C (1998).
5685:Young, J (1999).
4485:
4484:
4434:
4433:
4352:Aryan Brotherhood
4336:ethnic succession
4309:Cultural deviance
4147:Academic analysis
3612:Twentieth century
3485:Zhejiang Province
3194:Human trafficking
3178:Human trafficking
3172:Human trafficking
3115:drug laboratories
3002:human trafficking
2899:freight companies
2830:
2829:
2822:
2804:
2769:"Organized crime"
2524:advance-fee fraud
2471:accounts, access
2358:
2357:
2350:
2332:
2297:"Organized crime"
2243:Protection racket
2179:German Nazi Party
2086:child molestation
2046:domestic violence
2006:outlaw biker gang
1959:Minuteman Project
1637:organ trafficking
1593:confidence tricks
1577:backyard breeding
1545:) or cigarettes (
1490:
1489:
1482:
1464:
1429:"Organized crime"
1383:
1382:
861:, as well as its
808:is a category of
803:
802:
549:
548:
486:Prisoners' rights
390:Positivist school
16:(Redirected from
13690:
13655:
13654:
13643:
13642:
13634:
13545:Brothers' Circle
13356:SocietĂ foggiana
13261:Osmanen Germania
13153:Loyal to Familia
12981:Macedonian mafia
12931:groups in Europe
12922:
12915:
12908:
12899:
12898:
12487:Terceiro Comando
12472:FamĂlia do Norte
12467:Comando Vermelho
12376:
12369:
12362:
12353:
12352:
12185:
11925:
11918:
11911:
11902:
11901:
11888:
11878:
11877:
11836:Papua New Guinea
11597:
11596:
11539:
11532:
11525:
11516:
11515:
11503:
11502:
11458:
11457:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11320:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11310:
11301:. Archived from
11278:
11272:
11271:
11260:
11254:
11253:
11225:
11219:
11218:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11076:
11070:
11069:
11041:
11035:
11034:
11017:Goldson (2011).
11014:
11008:
11007:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10936:
10930:
10929:
10889:
10883:
10882:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10807:
10801:
10800:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10702:
10696:
10695:
10659:
10653:
10652:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10616:on March 3, 2011
10605:
10599:
10598:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10403:. Archived from
10386:
10373:
10372:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10343:
10342:
10333:. Archived from
10313:Tullock (1974).
10310:
10304:
10303:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10236:
10230:
10224:
10218:
10212:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10110:. Archived from
10071:
10062:
10061:
10041:
10035:
10034:
10017:Fijnaut (1998).
10014:
10008:
10007:
9992:
9982:
9976:
9975:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9893:
9887:
9886:
9866:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9834:10.2307/41165243
9813:
9807:
9806:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9741:
9732:. Archived from
9713:
9707:
9706:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9616:
9610:
9609:
9590:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9531:
9525:
9513:Alexander, Bob.
9511:
9505:
9493:Turner, Erin H.
9491:
9485:
9471:
9465:
9451:
9445:
9444:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9413:Halls, Eleanor.
9410:
9404:
9403:
9394:Thomas, Donald.
9391:
9385:
9384:
9383:. Surrey Shores.
9376:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9352:. Archived from
9325:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9315:
9306:. Archived from
9279:
9273:
9272:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9179:
9166:
9165:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9097:
9082:
9067:
9061:
9054:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8964:on July 16, 2011
8963:
8956:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8929:. Archived from
8918:
8912:
8911:
8889:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8788:
8782:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8756:on July 23, 2009
8746:
8740:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8705:
8696:
8695:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8669:. Archived from
8628:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8545:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8505:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8468:
8459:
8450:
8444:
8440:, 10 July 2007,
8435:
8429:
8428:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8264:
8255:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8159:. Archived from
8150:
8124:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8067:
8039:
8033:
8017:
8008:
7997:
7991:
7982:
7976:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7839:. Archived from
7829:10.1108/eb025972
7808:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7765:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7729:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7694:(1â2): 395â418.
7683:
7677:
7676:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7643:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7621:
7612:
7603:
7602:
7584:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7540:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7515:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7412:
7401:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7379:. Archived from
7373:
7367:
7366:
7341:(8): 2748â2773.
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7311:. Archived from
7310:
7302:
7296:
7283:
7277:
7259:
7253:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7224:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7195:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7178:
7172:. Archived from
7171:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7144:. Archived from
7138:
7132:
7131:
7130:. 7 August 2013.
7124:
7118:
7117:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7098:. Archived from
7092:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7044:. 17 April 2016.
7038:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7001:. Archived from
6996:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6954:. 20 April 2018.
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6929:. Archived from
6923:
6917:
6916:
6906:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6796:Ponti, Crystal.
6793:
6787:
6786:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6478:. Archived from
6453:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6198:. Archived from
6193:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6041:
6032:
6031:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5973:. Archived from
5950:
5941:
5940:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5865:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5812:
5797:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5603:. Archived from
5570:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5429:. Archived from
5419:
5413:
5412:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5023:The Conversation
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4902:. Archived from
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4808:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4783:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4721:. Archived from
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4610:Bank Secrecy Act
4604:Federal Wire Act
4480:
4477:
4471:
4462:You can help by
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4302:Robert K. Merton
4111:), state (e.g.,
4061:Polizia di Stato
4057:Washington, D.C.
4049:Motorcycle Gangs
3989:18th Street gang
3985:Mara Salvatrucha
3949:Winter Hill Gang
3748:perpetration of
3738:activity over a
3606:Belle Starr gang
3602:Soapy Smith gang
3284:drug trafficking
3274:, who are under
3246:People smuggling
3237:Snakehead (gang)
3231:People smuggling
3026:drug trafficking
3012:Drug trafficking
2998:money laundering
2994:drug trafficking
2962:police brutality
2825:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2762:
2738:
2730:
2669:Computer viruses
2563:derivative works
2559:exclusive rights
2532:employment scams
2362:Money laundering
2353:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2290:
2266:
2258:
2218:Arms trafficking
2198:Corleonesi Mafia
2185:or to enforce a
2174:Nuremberg Trials
2134:terrorist groups
1979:people smuggling
1975:Mara Salvatrucha
1971:US-Mexico border
1649:money laundering
1641:contract killing
1629:arms trafficking
1625:drug trafficking
1589:illegal gambling
1558:criminal rackets
1531:securities fraud
1515:computer hacking
1485:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1422:
1398:
1390:
1342:Legitimate cover
1296:
1295:
1286:machine learning
1171:Christopher Coke
1020:drug trafficking
918:political crimes
914:financial crimes
898:drug-trafficking
831:protection money
814:terrorist groups
795:
788:
781:
428:
427:
385:Crime statistics
311:
65:
47:
46:
21:
13698:
13697:
13693:
13692:
13691:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13673:Organized crime
13663:
13662:
13661:
13649:
13637:
13629:
13627:
13622:
13621:
13616:
13588:
13577:Ukrainian mafia
13508:
13489:Fucked For Life
13460:
13437:
13421:
13403:
13376:The Netherlands
13370:
13309:Mala del Brenta
13304:Casamonica clan
13270:
13222:
13180:
13162:
13129:
13106:
13090:McCarthy-Dundon
13058:Richardson Gang
13014:
12991:Frankfurt mafia
12966:Bulgarian mafia
12932:
12929:Organized crime
12926:
12896:
12891:
12878:
12857:
12842:
12673:
12657:
12646:FARC dissidents
12599:MedellĂn Cartel
12562:
12516:
12501:
12438:
12412:
12386:
12383:Organized crime
12380:
12350:
12345:
12341:Houthi movement
12329:
12282:
12261:
12245:
12222:
12206:
12188:
12179:
12150:
12129:
12125:Pakistani mafia
12113:
12094:Ghee Hin Kongsi
12077:
12061:
12045:
12029:
12011:
11988:
11972:Big Circle Gang
11935:
11932:Organized crime
11929:
11899:
11894:
11866:
11845:
11688:
11674:Organized crime
11638:
11595:
11563:
11557:
11548:
11543:
11508:
11507:Organized crime
11497:Wayback Machine
11473:â slideshow by
11467:
11462:
11461:
11430:
11426:
11391:
11387:
11356:
11352:
11321:
11317:
11308:
11306:
11279:
11275:
11262:
11261:
11257:
11226:
11222:
11199:
11195:
11172:
11168:
11153:10.2307/1141290
11137:
11133:
11102:
11098:
11091:
11077:
11073:
11058:10.2307/2084686
11042:
11038:
11031:
11015:
11011:
11004:
10988:
10984:
10937:
10933:
10910:10.2307/1140161
10890:
10886:
10871:10.2307/2085446
10855:
10851:
10808:
10804:
10789:10.2307/2095837
10773:
10769:
10738:
10734:
10719:10.2307/2095194
10703:
10699:
10660:
10656:
10633:
10629:
10619:
10617:
10606:
10602:
10571:
10567:
10528:
10524:
10517:
10501:
10497:
10474:10.2307/2094592
10458:
10454:
10423:
10419:
10410:
10408:
10387:
10376:
10353:
10349:
10340:
10338:
10319:Public Interest
10311:
10307:
10284:
10280:
10272:
10269:Organized Crime
10264:
10260:
10253:
10237:
10233:
10225:
10221:
10213:
10209:
10200:
10198:
10194:
10193:
10189:
10158:
10154:
10123:
10119:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10042:
10038:
10031:
10015:
10011:
10001:
9989:Organized Crime
9983:
9979:
9972:
9956:
9952:
9921:
9917:
9910:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9854:
9852:
9814:
9810:
9787:
9783:
9752:
9748:
9739:
9737:
9730:
9716:Reuter (1985).
9714:
9710:
9695:
9681:Reuter (1983).
9679:
9675:
9660:
9644:
9640:
9633:
9617:
9613:
9603:
9581:
9577:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9532:
9528:
9512:
9508:
9492:
9488:
9473:Robb, Brian J.
9472:
9468:
9452:
9448:
9437:
9433:
9423:
9421:
9411:
9407:
9392:
9388:
9377:
9368:
9359:
9357:
9342:
9326:
9322:
9313:
9311:
9296:
9280:
9276:
9265:
9261:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9225:
9221:
9210:
9206:
9195:
9191:
9180:
9169:
9162:
9148:
9144:
9137:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9098:
9085:
9068:
9064:
9058:Organized Crime
9055:
9048:
9039:
9037:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9014:
9012:
9001:
8997:
8988:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8936:
8934:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8882:
8878:
8869:
8867:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8844:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8832:
8823:
8821:
8816:
8815:
8811:
8801:
8799:
8798:. 26 March 2007
8790:
8789:
8785:
8773:
8769:
8759:
8757:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8731:
8727:
8718:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8699:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8673:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8593:
8591:
8589:The White House
8583:
8582:
8578:
8567:
8563:
8554:
8552:
8543:
8537:
8533:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8498:
8494:
8485:
8483:
8470:
8469:
8462:
8451:
8447:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8409:
8405:
8398:
8382:
8378:
8339:
8335:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8308:
8306:
8304:www.oig.dol.gov
8298:
8297:
8293:
8284:
8283:
8279:
8274:. 19 July 2021.
8272:ReviseSociology
8266:
8265:
8258:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8222:Linden (2007).
8220:
8216:
8201:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8122:
8118:O'Neil (2006).
8116:
8112:
8085:
8081:
8040:
8036:
8027:Wayback Machine
8018:
8011:
8005:Foreign Affairs
7998:
7994:
7983:
7979:
7970:
7966:
7957:
7955:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7921:
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7910:
7894:
7890:
7859:
7855:
7846:
7844:
7809:
7805:
7763:
7757:
7753:
7746:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7684:
7680:
7665:
7661:
7641:
7635:
7631:
7619:
7613:
7606:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7447:
7443:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7410:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7386:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7327:
7323:
7315:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7293:Wayback Machine
7284:
7280:
7276:, 25 July 2005.
7270:Wayback Machine
7260:
7256:
7250:Wayback Machine
7240:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7221:Wayback Machine
7212:
7205:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7167:"Archived copy"
7165:
7164:
7160:
7151:
7149:
7140:
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7135:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7019:
7018:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6994:
6992:"Archived copy"
6990:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6974:
6963:
6959:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6936:
6934:
6925:
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6920:
6883:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6838:
6836:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6806:
6804:
6794:
6790:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6701:
6697:
6680:
6676:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6610:
6606:
6587:
6583:
6544:
6540:
6501:
6497:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6402:
6398:
6389:
6387:
6378:
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6373:
6364:
6362:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6327:
6323:
6308:
6282:
6278:
6269:
6267:
6241:
6237:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6128:
6124:
6085:
6081:
6042:
6035:
5996:
5989:
5980:
5978:
5951:
5944:
5913:
5909:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5829:
5825:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5629:
5622:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5540:
5536:
5489:
5485:
5476:Rex, J (1968).
5474:
5470:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5398:Organized Crime
5393:
5389:
5357:
5350:
5307:
5303:
5264:
5260:
5221:
5217:
5210:Organized Crime
5206:
5202:
5195:
5184:Organized Crime
5179:
5175:
5167:Organized Crime
5162:
5158:
5151:
5137:Albini (1971).
5135:
5128:
5089:
5082:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5015:
5011:
5002:
5000:
4990:
4986:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4953:
4947:
4940:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4771:
4767:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4660:
4525:Wayback Machine
4481:
4475:
4472:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4414:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4356:MedellĂn Cartel
4326:
4320:
4311:
4298:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4247:
4241:
4220:
4214:
4205:
4199:
4197:Social learning
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4167:Rational choice
4160:
4154:
4149:
4023:, the Japanese
3965:Gennaro Angiulo
3838:
3718:
3677:
3614:
3598:Jim Miller gang
3554:
3514:
3497:
3472:
3436:
3434:Types of fences
3381:
3297:
3292:
3260:
3243:
3233:
3227:
3191:
3189:Sex trafficking
3185:
3183:Sex trafficking
3180:
3174:
3152:survival skills
3108:Golden Triangle
3093:Big Circle Gang
3075:, specifically
3073:Golden Triangle
3061:methamphetamine
3041:Golden Triangle
3034:Golden Crescent
3030:Golden Triangle
3028:, known as the
3014:
2950:
2944:
2923:
2875:insider trading
2863:natural persons
2859:business entity
2851:
2849:Corporate crime
2845:
2843:Corporate crime
2840:
2832:Main articles:
2826:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2763:
2761:
2751:
2739:
2728:
2721:New York Times.
2717:vulnerabilities
2681:
2673:Main articles:
2671:
2632:William J. Lynn
2600:
2590:
2584:
2567:civil procedure
2551:
2545:
2506:
2498:Main articles:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2464:
2458:
2435:
2429:
2364:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2267:
2256:
2254:Financial crime
2214:
2202:Mexican Cartels
2194:MedellĂn Cartel
2187:code of silence
2138:narcoterrorists
2129:
2123:
2108:, kidnappings,
2076:, hate crimes,
2066:gang syndicates
1935:illegal loggers
1919:illegal fishing
1875:MedellĂn Cartel
1787:
1781:
1731:
1706:
1701:
1665:insurance fraud
1661:electoral fraud
1617:sex trafficking
1486:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1423:
1421:
1411:
1399:
1388:
1262:
1254:Jamaican posses
1213:
1200:
1198:Entrepreneurial
1195:
1163:
1157:
1143:' effect); and,
1103:
1070:
1051:
1043:
806:Organized crime
799:
770:
769:
745:
737:
736:
662:Anthropological
652:
644:
643:
559:
551:
550:
425:
415:
414:
364:Critical theory
349:
341:
340:
321:State-corporate
309:
232:
221:
220:
216:Archibald Reiss
211:Cesare Lombroso
201:Michel Foucault
181:
180:Major theorists
173:
172:
148:Social learning
133:Rational choice
123:Labeling theory
103:Criminalization
73:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13696:
13686:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13660:
13659:
13647:
13624:
13623:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13608:
13607:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13586:
13585:
13584:
13574:
13569:
13568:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13537:
13535:Georgian mafia
13532:
13527:
13522:
13520:Armenian mafia
13516:
13514:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13470:
13468:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13449:Galician mafia
13445:
13443:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13435:
13429:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13419:
13417:PruszkĂłw mafia
13413:
13411:
13405:
13404:
13402:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13380:
13378:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13368:
13366:White Uno Gang
13363:
13358:
13353:
13351:Sicilian Mafia
13348:
13347:
13346:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13314:Mafia Capitale
13311:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13280:
13278:
13272:
13271:
13269:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13232:
13230:
13224:
13223:
13221:
13220:
13215:
13208:
13207:
13206:
13204:Petit Bar Gang
13201:
13194:Corsican mafia
13190:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13172:
13170:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13139:
13137:
13131:
13130:
13128:
13127:
13122:
13116:
13114:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13098:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13067:
13066:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13030:
13024:
13022:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13012:
13011:
13010:
13000:
12998:Romanian mafia
12995:
12994:
12993:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12961:
12956:
12954:Gang of Gaxhai
12951:
12944:Albanian mafia
12940:
12938:
12934:
12933:
12925:
12924:
12917:
12910:
12902:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12889:
12883:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12876:
12874:Tren de Aragua
12871:
12865:
12863:
12859:
12858:
12850:
12848:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12828:Tijuana Cartel
12825:
12820:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12811:La Resistencia
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12786:Sinaloa Cartel
12783:
12778:
12773:
12771:Milenio Cartel
12768:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12740:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12703:
12702:
12697:
12695:Los Mazatlecos
12687:
12681:
12679:
12675:
12674:
12672:
12671:
12665:
12663:
12659:
12658:
12656:
12655:
12650:
12649:
12648:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12596:
12591:
12589:Clan del Golfo
12586:
12581:
12576:
12570:
12568:
12564:
12563:
12561:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12553:
12546:Jamaican posse
12543:
12537:
12531:
12524:
12522:
12518:
12517:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12462:Carecas do ABC
12459:
12454:
12448:
12446:
12440:
12439:
12437:
12436:
12431:
12429:La CorporaciĂłn
12426:
12424:Chapare Cartel
12420:
12418:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12394:
12392:
12388:
12387:
12379:
12378:
12371:
12364:
12356:
12347:
12346:
12344:
12343:
12337:
12335:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12327:
12326:âs robber band
12324:BáșĄch HáșŁi ÄÆ°á»ng
12321:
12316:
12310:
12304:
12298:
12292:
12290:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12280:
12275:
12269:
12267:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12259:
12253:
12251:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12243:
12241:Four Seas Gang
12238:
12232:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12214:
12212:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12186:
12174:
12172:Georgian mafia
12169:
12164:
12162:Armenian mafia
12158:
12156:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12141:Bahala Na Gang
12137:
12135:
12131:
12130:
12128:
12127:
12121:
12119:
12115:
12114:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12085:
12083:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12075:
12073:Lebanese mafia
12069:
12067:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12059:
12053:
12051:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12037:
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12019:
12013:
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12009:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11990:
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11986:
11981:
11980:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11943:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11934:groups in Asia
11928:
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11920:
11913:
11905:
11896:
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11893:
11892:
11882:
11871:
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11725:United Kingdom
11722:
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11509:
11500:
11499:
11486:
11480:
11466:
11465:External links
11463:
11460:
11459:
11424:
11393:Paoli (2002).
11385:
11366:(3): 203â233.
11350:
11315:
11273:
11255:
11220:
11209:(2): 229â247.
11193:
11182:(3): 617â663.
11166:
11147:(2): 161â171.
11131:
11112:(4): 314â324.
11096:
11089:
11071:
11052:(5): 672â682.
11036:
11029:
11009:
11002:
10982:
10931:
10884:
10849:
10828:10.1086/229068
10822:(4): 774â802.
10802:
10783:(6): 826â840.
10767:
10748:(3): 277â306.
10732:
10713:(4): 489â504.
10697:
10654:
10643:(3): 333â358.
10627:
10600:
10581:(2): 135â154.
10565:
10538:(3): 358â386.
10522:
10515:
10495:
10452:
10433:(2): 201â211.
10417:
10389:Akers (1973).
10374:
10363:(3): 437â450.
10347:
10305:
10294:(4): 865â892.
10278:
10258:
10251:
10231:
10219:
10207:
10187:
10152:
10133:(2): 201â228.
10117:
10086:(3): 201â238.
10063:
10056:
10036:
10029:
10009:
10000:978-0495599661
9999:
9977:
9970:
9958:Maltz (1990).
9950:
9915:
9908:
9888:
9881:
9861:
9828:(2): 112â127.
9816:Weick (1987).
9808:
9797:(2): 207â236.
9781:
9746:
9728:
9708:
9693:
9673:
9658:
9638:
9631:
9611:
9601:
9575:
9553:
9546:
9526:
9523:978-1574415667
9506:
9503:978-0762754663
9486:
9483:978-0762454761
9466:
9446:
9441:Sunday Mercury
9431:
9405:
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9320:
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8460:
8445:
8430:
8423:
8403:
8396:
8376:
8355:10.1086/652232
8333:
8315:
8291:
8288:. 23 May 2017.
8277:
8256:
8252:New York Times
8241:
8234:
8214:
8199:
8169:
8133:(2): 225â241.
8110:
8079:
8050:(2): 145â161.
8034:
8009:
7992:
7990:, July 1, 2010
7977:
7964:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7908:
7888:
7869:(3): 270â295.
7853:
7823:(2): 103â112.
7803:
7774:(3): 375â387.
7751:
7744:
7713:
7678:
7659:
7629:
7604:
7599:10.1086/467436
7582:10.1086/467436
7575:(2): 611â642.
7555:
7552:on 2012-11-03.
7527:
7502:
7484:
7457:(4): 379â393.
7441:
7426:
7419:
7393:
7368:
7321:
7318:on 2018-11-23.
7297:
7278:
7254:
7241:Angus Martyn,
7234:
7225:
7203:
7158:
7133:
7119:
7105:
7087:
7061:
7047:
7033:
6983:
6957:
6943:
6918:
6877:
6863:
6845:
6828:. 1973-02-05.
6813:
6788:
6745:
6738:
6718:
6695:
6692:on 2011-11-18.
6674:
6647:(2): 103â113.
6631:
6624:
6604:
6581:
6538:
6495:
6462:(1): 282â299.
6439:
6426:
6396:
6371:
6346:
6321:
6306:
6276:
6235:
6215:
6179:
6122:
6095:(4): 239â266.
6079:
6052:(4): 409â423.
6033:
5987:
5965:(2): 161â178.
5942:
5923:(3): 395â425.
5907:
5882:
5872:
5850:
5843:
5823:
5783:
5758:
5751:
5731:
5724:
5704:
5697:
5677:
5670:
5650:
5643:
5620:
5579:(4): 413â437.
5556:
5552:thrasher 1927.
5534:
5483:
5468:
5453:
5443:
5414:
5407:
5387:
5348:
5301:
5274:(2): 157â178.
5258:
5231:(3): 203â233.
5215:
5200:
5193:
5173:
5156:
5149:
5126:
5099:(3): 338â354.
5080:
5053:(4): 213â243.
5034:
5009:
4984:
4963:
4938:
4917:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4847:
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4825:
4809:
4793:
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4731:
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4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4630:(contemporary)
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4580:United Kingdom
4577:
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4569:
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4553:
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4482:
4448:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4364:Tijuana Cartel
4344:Sicilian Mafia
4322:Main article:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4294:Main article:
4291:
4288:
4279:Main article:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4243:Main article:
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4237:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4216:Main article:
4213:
4210:
4201:Main article:
4198:
4195:
4186:Main article:
4183:
4180:
4171:Main article:
4168:
4165:
4156:Main article:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4137:Chicago Police
4013:Sicilian Mafia
3997:American Mafia
3905:identity theft
3898:Communist Bloc
3894:Eastern Europe
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3854:Chinese triads
3837:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
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3803:
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3733:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3708:circumstances.
3705:
3697:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3635:model studied
3629:Donald Cressey
3613:
3610:
3594:Innocents gang
3567:Peaky Blinders
3553:
3550:
3526:Hongwu Emperor
3513:
3510:
3496:
3493:
3471:
3468:
3435:
3432:
3418:In areas like
3380:
3377:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3262:The number of
3259:
3256:
3229:Main article:
3226:
3223:
3198:sex industries
3187:Main article:
3184:
3181:
3176:Main article:
3173:
3170:
3013:
3010:
2946:Main article:
2943:
2940:
2936:counterfeiting
2922:
2919:
2891:framing stores
2847:Main article:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2689:computer worms
2675:Computer virus
2670:
2667:
2634:, U.S. Deputy
2598:Moonlight Maze
2586:Main article:
2583:
2580:
2547:Main article:
2544:
2541:
2504:internet fraud
2500:Identity theft
2495:
2494:Internet fraud
2492:
2487:Main article:
2484:
2481:
2460:Main article:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2433:Counterfeiting
2431:Main article:
2428:
2427:Counterfeiting
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2360:Main article:
2356:
2355:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:Sexual assault
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2206:Jamaican Posse
2149:non-combatants
2125:Main article:
2122:
2119:
2082:sexual assault
2074:home invasions
2034:serial killing
2016:, breaking up
2002:animal welfare
1915:Somali pirates
1830:Gregory Scarpa
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1742:Sicilian mafia
1730:
1727:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:and bullying.
1681:passport fraud
1601:counterfeiting
1527:identity theft
1488:
1487:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
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1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1261:
1258:
1246:Corsican mafia
1218:Sicilian Mafia
1212:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:house of cards
1137:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1058:American Mafia
1050:
1049:Organizational
1047:
1042:
1039:
869:, the Chinese
801:
800:
798:
797:
790:
783:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Organizational
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
650:
649:
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626:
621:
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611:
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601:
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586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:Transformative
524:
519:
511:
510:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
493:Rehabilitation
490:
489:
488:
483:
481:Prisoner abuse
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
451:
446:
444:Incapacitation
441:
436:
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421:
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417:
416:
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412:
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402:
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392:
387:
382:
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279:
269:
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242:
233:
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222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
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188:
186:Ămile Durkheim
182:
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175:
174:
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170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:Social control
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
98:Crime analysis
95:
90:
88:Broken windows
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13695:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13678:Crime by type
13676:
13674:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13646:
13641:
13636:
13635:
13632:
13613:
13612:Kurdish mafia
13610:
13606:
13605:Söylemez Gang
13603:
13602:
13601:
13600:Turkish mafia
13598:
13597:
13595:
13591:
13583:
13580:
13579:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13566:
13565:Uralmash gang
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13542:
13541:
13540:Russian mafia
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13530:Chechen mafia
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13517:
13515:
13511:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13479:Dödspatrullen
13477:
13475:
13472:
13471:
13469:
13467:
13463:
13455:
13454:Los Charlines
13452:
13451:
13450:
13447:
13446:
13444:
13440:
13434:
13431:
13430:
13428:
13424:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13410:
13406:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13373:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13345:
13344:Anonima sarda
13342:
13341:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13329:Capriati clan
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13281:
13279:
13277:
13273:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13246:Black Jackets
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13233:
13231:
13229:
13225:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13213:
13209:
13205:
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13200:
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13195:
13192:
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13189:
13187:
13183:
13177:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13169:
13165:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13132:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13117:
13115:
13113:
13109:
13103:
13102:Satans Slaves
13100:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13080:Keane-Collopy
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13071:
13068:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13035:
13034:
13033:British firms
13031:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13023:
13021:
13020:British Isles
13017:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13004:
13003:Serbian mafia
13001:
12999:
12996:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12971:Bosnian mafia
12969:
12967:
12964:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12930:
12923:
12918:
12916:
12911:
12909:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12888:
12885:
12884:
12881:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12855:
12849:
12847:United States
12845:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12818:Sonora Cartel
12816:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12788:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12776:Oaxaca Cartel
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12754:JuĂĄrez Cartel
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12724:
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12710:
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12707:Colima Cartel
12705:
12701:
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12692:
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12686:
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12682:
12680:
12676:
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12666:
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12636:Los Rastrojos
12634:
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12403:Puccio family
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12308:
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12299:
12297:
12294:
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12285:
12279:
12278:Kurdish mafia
12276:
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12273:Turkish mafia
12271:
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12264:
12258:
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12213:
12209:
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12182:Chechen mafia
12178:
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12175:
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12070:
12068:
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12058:
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12048:
12042:
12041:Israeli mafia
12039:
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11809:
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11799:
11797:
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11784:U.S. military
11782:
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11742:United States
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11330:
11326:
11319:
11305:on 2018-06-13
11304:
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11086:
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11032:
11030:9780203832004
11026:
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11005:
11003:9780415243438
10999:
10996:. Routledge.
10995:
10994:
10986:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10941:Urban Studies
10935:
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10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10904:(12): 12â17.
10903:
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10512:
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10471:
10468:(4): 636â55.
10467:
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10448:
10444:
10440:
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10432:
10428:
10421:
10407:on 2019-06-11
10406:
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10362:
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10337:on 2019-06-22
10336:
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10254:
10252:9780815336785
10248:
10245:. Routledge.
10244:
10243:
10235:
10228:
10223:
10216:
10215:criminal mind
10211:
10197:
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10179:
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9905:
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9878:
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9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9750:
9736:on 2006-09-11
9735:
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9722:. MIT Press.
9721:
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9694:9780262680486
9690:
9687:. MIT Press.
9686:
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9463:0-385-31993-2
9460:
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9443:. p. 14.
9442:
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9409:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9356:on 2021-03-06
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9341:9787516127179
9337:
9333:
9332:
9324:
9310:on 2021-03-06
9309:
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9291:
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9066:
9059:
9053:
9051:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9011:on 2010-05-27
9010:
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8903:
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8509:
8508:The Telegraph
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8098:
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8093:Global Issues
8090:
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8057:
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7909:9781848449251
7905:
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7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7843:on 2012-09-26
7842:
7838:
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7826:
7822:
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7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7789:2027.42/39641
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7741:
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7651:
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7422:
7416:
7409:
7408:
7400:
7398:
7383:on 2018-05-23
7382:
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7267:
7264:
7261:Thalif Deen.
7258:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7238:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7210:
7208:
7199:
7193:
7179:on 2021-05-27
7175:
7168:
7162:
7148:on 2009-05-16
7147:
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6933:on 2017-10-12
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6510:
6506:
6499:
6485:on 2019-08-01
6481:
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6427:9781921987793
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6254:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6225:
6219:
6205:on 2011-03-29
6201:
6197:
6190:
6187:Morrison, S.
6183:
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5994:
5992:
5977:on 2019-06-20
5976:
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5840:
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5813:on 2018-03-01
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5610:on 2019-08-05
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5433:on 2006-04-27
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5408:9781843921417
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5321:(52): 52â57.
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4488:International
4487:
4486:
4479:
4470:is available.
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4449:This section
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4413:
4411:
4405:
4396:
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4387:
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4372:Russian Mafia
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4074:
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4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:Russian mafia
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:Barrio Azteca
3990:
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3874:civil society
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3558:Victorian era
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3273:
3270:, largely in
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3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:smallholdings
3124:
3123:Tranquilandia
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3101:Pablo Escobar
3098:
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2799:
2795:
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2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771: â
2770:
2766:
2765:Find sources:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:This article
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2723:
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2710:
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2698:
2694:
2693:Trojan horses
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:Cyber Command
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2627:controversial
2624:
2620:
2616:
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2608:
2604:
2599:
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2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
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2533:
2529:
2528:romance scams
2525:
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2469:offshore bank
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2299: â
2298:
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2287:
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2271:This article
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:known as the
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
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1844:
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1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:anti-catholic
1799:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
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1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:are used for
1712:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:point shaving
1666:
1662:
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1598:
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1578:
1574:
1573:assassination
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:pump and dump
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1481:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431: â
1430:
1426:
1425:Find sources:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:This article
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:Transnational
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Google Trends
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
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1186:
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1172:
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1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
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1074:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:BeltrĂĄn-Leyva
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:kleptocracies
940:
936:
931:
930:failed states
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:loan sharking
891:
887:
886:police forces
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:Russian mafia
864:
860:
859:Italian Mafia
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
826:authoritarian
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:transnational
807:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
776:
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773:
766:
763:
761:
760:Organizations
758:
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748:
747:
741:
740:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
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713:
710:
708:
707:Environmental
705:
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638:
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633:
630:
629:
627:
625:
624:Postmodernist
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Neo-classical
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Environmental
587:
585:
582:
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567:
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562:
561:
555:
554:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
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523:
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518:
517:Participatory
515:
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508:
505:
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487:
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482:
479:
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406:
403:
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383:
380:
379:Crime mapping
377:
375:
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370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
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351:
345:
344:
337:
334:
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326:Transnational
324:
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297:
295:
294:International
292:
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263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
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212:
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177:
176:
169:
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69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
49:
48:
43:
41:
33:
19:
13582:Donetsk Clan
13572:Thief in law
13474:Brödraskapet
13433:Slovak mafia
13389:No Surrender
13211:
13063:Whitney gang
12949:Gang of Ăole
12928:
12851:
12806:Los Mexicles
12685:La Barredora
12669:Texis Cartel
12574:Black Eagles
12551:Shower Posse
12510:
12382:
12236:Bamboo Union
11931:
11841:South Africa
11779:Prison gangs
11673:
11474:
11440:(1): 75â88.
11437:
11433:
11427:
11405:(1): 51â97.
11402:
11398:
11388:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11331:(1): 23â38.
11328:
11324:
11318:
11307:. Retrieved
11303:the original
11290:
11286:
11276:
11267:
11258:
11233:
11229:
11223:
11206:
11202:
11196:
11179:
11175:
11169:
11144:
11140:
11134:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11080:
11074:
11049:
11045:
11039:
11019:
11012:
10992:
10985:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10901:
10897:
10887:
10865:(1): 34â39.
10862:
10858:
10852:
10819:
10815:
10805:
10780:
10776:
10770:
10745:
10741:
10735:
10710:
10706:
10700:
10670:(1): 19â42.
10667:
10663:
10657:
10640:
10636:
10630:
10618:. Retrieved
10614:the original
10603:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10505:
10498:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10430:
10426:
10420:
10409:. Retrieved
10405:the original
10391:
10360:
10356:
10350:
10339:. Retrieved
10335:the original
10322:
10318:
10308:
10291:
10287:
10281:
10268:
10261:
10241:
10234:
10222:
10210:
10199:. Retrieved
10190:
10168:(1): 49â73.
10165:
10161:
10155:
10130:
10126:
10120:
10112:the original
10083:
10079:
10050:. Springer.
10046:
10039:
10019:
10012:
10004:
9988:
9980:
9960:
9953:
9928:
9924:
9918:
9898:
9891:
9871:
9864:
9853:. Retrieved
9825:
9821:
9811:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9759:
9755:
9749:
9738:. Retrieved
9734:the original
9718:
9711:
9683:
9676:
9648:
9641:
9621:
9614:
9606:
9586:
9578:
9570:
9564:
9556:
9536:
9529:
9514:
9509:
9494:
9489:
9474:
9469:
9454:
9449:
9440:
9434:
9422:. Retrieved
9418:
9408:
9399:
9389:
9358:. Retrieved
9354:the original
9330:
9323:
9312:. Retrieved
9308:the original
9284:
9277:
9268:
9262:
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9070:
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9056:Paul Lunde,
9038:. Retrieved
9036:. 2003-02-20
9033:
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9013:. Retrieved
9009:the original
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8987:. Retrieved
8977:
8966:. Retrieved
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7074:the original
7064:
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7036:
7010:. Retrieved
7003:the original
6999:a24media.com
6998:
6986:
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6970:
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6931:the original
6921:
6894:
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6837:. Retrieved
6825:
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6805:. Retrieved
6801:
6791:
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6480:the original
6459:
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6431:. Retrieved
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6383:
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6363:. Retrieved
6359:
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6338:. Retrieved
6334:
6324:
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6279:
6268:. Retrieved
6249:ResearchGate
6248:
6238:
6227:. Retrieved
6218:
6207:. Retrieved
6200:the original
6182:
6142:(2): 19â25.
6139:
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5975:the original
5962:
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5808:the original
5803:
5799:
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5660:
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5605:the original
5576:
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5431:the original
5426:
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5026:. Retrieved
5022:
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5001:. Retrieved
4997:
4992:Doss, Eric.
4987:
4966:
4957:
4930:
4920:
4908:. Retrieved
4904:the original
4894:
4882:
4870:
4862:OilPrice.com
4861:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4828:
4812:
4796:
4787:
4773:Gambetta, D.
4768:
4760:
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4751:
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4734:
4726:
4723:the original
4718:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4683:
4476:January 2024
4473:
4468:Editing help
4450:
4425:January 2024
4422:
4408:
4327:
4312:
4300:Sociologist
4299:
4284:
4248:
4233:
4221:
4206:
4191:
4176:
4161:
4053:
4037:Thief in law
4029:Indian mafia
3981:
3947:boss of the
3937:
3902:
3878:
3870:
3839:
3830:
3826:
3797:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3690:
3686:
3682:Meyer Lansky
3678:
3670:
3646:
3642:
3627:
3579:
3561:
3555:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3520:性æćŸ and the
3517:
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3506:
3502:
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3489:
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3473:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3389:stolen goods
3382:
3368:Ancient Rome
3340:
3323:
3298:
3278:incurred by
3276:debt bondage
3261:
3244:
3192:
3112:
3105:
3049:Asia-Pacific
3038:
3023:
2990:embezzlement
2951:
2928:unfree labor
2924:
2889:, daycares,
2852:
2816:
2807:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2764:
2752:Please help
2747:verification
2744:
2720:
2703:, dishonest
2687:, including
2682:
2640:the Pentagon
2603:Cyberwarfare
2602:
2601:
2588:Cyberwarfare
2582:Cyberwarfare
2552:
2534:, and other
2507:
2477:tax shelters
2465:
2436:
2422:
2405:
2390:
2369:
2365:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2292:
2280:Please help
2275:verification
2272:
2191:
2171:
2142:
2130:
2072:, muggings,
2030:child murder
2026:prison gangs
2018:dog fighting
2010:cockfighting
1999:
1983:Sombra Negra
1912:
1863:
1843:Bugsy Siegel
1839:Meyer Lansky
1810:Ku Klux Klan
1807:anti-semitic
1800:
1788:
1732:
1707:
1673:price fixing
1569:blackmailing
1566:
1562:black market
1551:
1523:embezzlement
1507:bank robbery
1491:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1424:
1412:Please help
1407:verification
1404:
1274:data science
1269:
1265:
1263:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1149:
1128:
1104:
1071:
1062:Sam Giancana
1044:
1032:
990:
974:racketeering
967:
951:narco-states
947:mafia states
902:prostitution
879:
851:crime family
838:
835:Street gangs
818:rebel forces
805:
804:
712:Experimental
434:Denunciation
400:Quantitative
310:Public-order
298:
265:White-collar
196:Enrico Ferri
191:Hans Eysenck
39:
13319:'Ndrangheta
13266:Ringvereine
13148:Black Cobra
13028:Blue Angels
12976:Greek mafia
12833:Los Viagras
12801:Gente Nueva
12732:Los Pelones
12722:Gulf Cartel
12662:El Salvador
12614:Los Priscos
12584:Cali Cartel
12579:Bloque Meta
12211:South Korea
12180:(including
12134:Philippines
12104:Sio Sam Ong
11962:Wo Shing Wo
11831:Philippines
11806:Netherlands
11774:New Orleans
11752:Los Angeles
11720:New Zealand
11693:By location
11684:Prison gang
11659:Drug cartel
11562:Aspects and
11230:Criminology
11203:Criminology
11176:Criminology
10664:Criminology
10357:Criminology
10288:Criminology
9993:. Cengage.
9791:Criminology
9762:(1): 1â10.
9424:30 December
8820:. State.gov
8760:10 November
8735:, the 2006
8349:: 229â282.
7673:Ideas.repec
5896:. Roxbury.
5637:. Roxbury.
5499:: 105â115.
5451:Prevention.
4360:Cali cartel
4005:'Ndrangheta
3923:(to resist
3907:and online
3882:rule of law
3633:Cosa Nostra
3556:During the
3495:Safe houses
3462:, wives or
3460:prostitutes
3456:trafficking
3372:Bulla Felix
3268:debt slaves
3166:rural areas
3143:safe houses
3085:Tse Chi Lop
3057:Tse Chi Lop
3006:kleptocracy
2855:corporation
2609:to conduct
2520:Email fraud
2462:Tax evasion
2456:Tax evasion
2223:Metal theft
2090:vandalizing
2042:hate crimes
1969:across the
1951:Los Viagras
1923:overfishing
1903:Search Bloc
1895:Cali Cartel
1859:Young Lords
1796:communities
1785:Vigilantism
1779:Vigilantism
1768:crime scene
1605:metal theft
1547:buttlegging
1543:rum-running
1539:bid rigging
1511:shoplifting
1503:Metal theft
1302:Environment
1228:, Japanese
1222:'Ndrangheta
1028:2030 Agenda
959:clientelism
822:separatists
702:Development
677:Criminology
599:Integrative
537:Utilitarian
532:Retributive
522:Restorative
509:in penology
395:Qualitative
369:Ethnography
354:Comparative
260:Blue-collar
168:Victimology
128:Psychopathy
51:Criminology
13667:Categories
13494:Naserligan
13294:Basilischi
13176:Cannonball
13008:Zemun Clan
12791:Los Ăntrax
12727:Los Metros
12700:Los Negros
12497:Zwi Migdal
12408:Zwi Migdal
12398:Ashkenazum
12301:ÄáșĄi Cathay
12296:BĂŹnh XuyĂȘn
12099:Mamak Gang
11957:Sun Yee On
11890:Wiktionary
11747:California
11705:Bangladesh
11571:Population
11564:components
11309:2011-06-07
10608:Greek, C.
10411:2011-06-07
10341:2011-06-07
10275:. Pearson.
10201:2013-03-10
10030:9041110275
9855:2013-03-10
9740:2011-06-10
9593:Free Press
9360:2021-12-31
9314:2021-12-31
9040:2010-08-29
9015:2010-08-29
8989:2011-12-17
8968:2010-08-29
8937:2010-08-29
8870:2010-03-14
8845:2012-04-05
8824:2011-12-17
8719:2010-08-29
8594:2019-11-01
8573:. Reuters.
8555:2022-12-21
8486:2019-11-01
8328:Justia Law
8309:2019-11-01
8200:1581137850
8148:1885/30644
8065:1885/21260
7958:2011-12-17
7847:2011-06-11
7624:MPRA Paper
7387:2019-12-05
7183:2021-05-27
7152:2021-05-29
7080:11 January
7012:11 January
6977:2022-02-14
6937:2021-05-27
6891:Complexity
6839:2023-03-02
6807:2023-03-02
6489:2019-09-20
6433:2019-09-20
6390:2019-09-20
6365:2019-09-20
6340:2019-09-20
6270:2019-09-20
6229:2019-09-20
6209:2011-06-09
5981:2011-06-07
5817:2011-06-08
5614:2011-06-08
5437:2017-07-25
5401:. Willan.
5028:2024-04-23
5003:2020-09-25
4977:(Report).
4675:References
4212:Enterprise
4182:Deterrence
4107:, and the
4043:, Chinese
3917:e-commerce
3590:Wild Bunch
3571:Adam Worth
3518:Da Ming LĂŒ
3464:concubines
3306:highwaymen
3272:South Asia
3235:See also:
3147:wilderness
3077:Shan State
2958:repression
2954:government
2895:pool halls
2838:corruption
2780:newspapers
2658:satellites
2594:Titan Rain
2489:Cybercrime
2483:Cybercrime
2473:tax havens
2308:newspapers
2200:, various
2038:pedophilia
1869:the local
1764:scavengers
1613:kidnapping
1585:bookmaking
1470:March 2024
1440:newspapers
1299:Model type
1270:activities
1234:Boryokudan
922:war crimes
882:militaries
697:Demography
619:Positivist
498:Recidivism
439:Deterrence
331:Victimless
158:Subculture
40:Crime Ring
13399:Satudarah
13384:Hopi Boys
13256:Miri-Clan
13070:Irish Mob
13043:Kray firm
12862:Venezuela
12838:Los Zetas
12737:Los Rojos
12534:Zoe Pound
12530:(Curaçao)
12521:Caribbean
12391:Argentina
12194:Singapore
12017:Indonesia
11984:Snakehead
11977:Shui Fong
11967:Wo Hop To
11735:Liverpool
11700:Australia
11634:Informant
11454:145638748
11419:153414741
11380:151997349
11345:140412285
11250:144126837
11236:: 47â88.
11126:143150051
10969:0042-0980
10918:0022-0205
10844:144303239
10762:146347188
10684:0011-1384
10595:149631389
10560:145501061
10552:0011-1287
10447:144549679
10182:143858155
10147:145080589
10108:144058995
10100:0925-4994
9945:145393402
9850:153521217
9776:144764530
9350:898751378
9304:898751378
9073:Al Capone
8417:. Elgar.
8371:147774257
8074:144677777
7988:Economist
7973:Cyber War
7883:144928585
7837:1359-0790
7798:0147-5967
7708:0047-2727
7591:1040-2446
7479:143912632
7471:0928-1371
7363:251141537
7355:0002-8282
6913:1076-2787
6834:0362-4331
6783:197655787
6775:0094-3061
6669:141221639
6661:0925-4994
6576:144438868
6568:1084-4791
6533:145170178
6525:0002-7162
6476:0974-2891
6265:199002437
6156:0883-024X
6117:153563199
6109:1043-9862
6074:143793499
6066:1043-9862
6028:146793104
6020:1043-9862
5937:0741-8825
5593:1477-3708
5529:144829665
5513:0002-7162
5382:0190-7409
5368:: 86â96.
5343:144389146
5335:0734-0168
5296:144676017
5288:0378-1100
5253:151997349
5245:0925-4994
5121:143949162
5113:0011-1287
5075:142455283
5067:1043-9862
4368:Los Zetas
4340:Irish Mob
4256:terrorism
4017:Irish Mob
3969:underboss
3957:informant
3945:Irish Mob
3929:cybercops
3921:bandwidth
3909:extortion
3776:with the
3624:gangsters
3620:Tattooed
3483:. In the
3343:Barbarian
3335:pillaging
3168:as well.
3137:(such as
3131:livestock
3119:workshops
3089:Guangzhou
2982:patronage
2970:extortion
2911:law firms
2857:(i.e., a
2810:June 2011
2713:extortion
2649:espionage
2644:espionage
2615:espionage
2555:copyright
2380:property;
2338:June 2011
2238:Extortion
2160:civilians
2127:Terrorism
2121:Terrorism
2102:assaulted
1963:far-right
1899:Los Pepes
1847:Jack Ruby
1719:robberies
1657:seduction
1621:smuggling
1499:art theft
1495:car theft
1308:Processes
1012:Los Zetas
935:oligarchy
839:organized
722:Political
651:Subfields
574:Classical
564:Anarchist
459:abolition
359:Profiling
304:Political
299:Organized
284:Corporate
272:Cold case
228:Types of
13426:Slovakia
12759:La LĂnea
12567:Colombia
12257:Chao pho
12250:Thailand
12218:Kkangpae
12118:Pakistan
12082:Malaysia
11816:Pakistan
11654:Banditry
11629:Henchman
11624:Gun moll
11619:Gangster
11493:Archived
11479:magazine
10977:15252935
9875:. SAGE.
9842:41165243
9034:BBC News
8927:Time.com
8796:BBC News
8667:40371211
8659:24482468
8512:Archived
8480:Archived
8472:"Heroin"
8442:BBC News
8157:39204645
8023:Archived
7626:(29672).
7289:Archived
7266:Archived
7246:Archived
7217:Archived
7192:cite web
7022:cite web
6897:: 1â16.
6316:53080972
6174:24223472
5691:. SAGE.
5465:: 11â15.
4932:BBC News
4910:June 19,
4658:See also
4521:Archived
4500:and the
4417:relocate
4376:Al-Qaeda
4067:and the
3959:for the
3939:States,
3913:Internet
3888:and the
3588:and the
3582:Old West
3562:families
3385:merchant
3318:banditry
3241:Coyotaje
3162:suburban
3157:wildlife
3069:ketamine
2978:nepotism
2974:cronyism
2697:rootkits
2663:sabotage
2611:sabotage
2575:criminal
2536:phishing
2515:Internet
2233:Coercion
2172:see the
2164:unlawful
2106:battered
2100:, being
2098:bombings
2078:stalking
2070:bullying
2062:disabled
1715:coercive
1711:Assaults
1699:Violence
1689:skimming
1581:bombings
1316:National
1311:Impacts
1282:big data
1244:groups,
1060:mobster
989:'s 2017
890:gambling
755:Journals
682:Critical
672:Conflict
657:American
628:Realism
594:Feminist
584:Critical
579:Conflict
476:Prisoner
423:Penology
289:Juvenile
240:Humanity
236:Against
113:Deviance
55:penology
13657:Society
13631:Portals
13484:Foxtrot
13299:Camorra
13251:Gremium
13236:36 Boys
13228:Germany
13168:Finland
13135:Denmark
13112:Czechia
13095:Westies
12937:Balkans
12556:Yardies
12542:(Haiti)
12536:(Haiti)
12417:Bolivia
12315:'s gang
12313:Dung HĂ
12309:'s gang
12307:NÄm Cam
12303:'s gang
12288:Vietnam
12109:Wah Kee
12066:Lebanon
12007:Dacoity
11880:Commons
11811:Nigeria
11769:Memphis
11764:Georgia
11759:Chicago
11730:Glasgow
11715:Germany
11161:1141290
11066:2084686
10949:Bibcode
10926:1140161
10879:2085446
10836:2780858
10797:2095837
10727:2095194
10692:194567
10620:June 7,
10482:2094592
9400:SF Gate
9060:, 2004.
8802:6 April
8639:Bibcode
8631:Science
8363:1147700
8209:2298495
7524:. 2007.
6802:A&E
6384:Devpost
6165:3819937
5601:9727289
5521:1016838
4415:Please
4380:Taliban
4001:Camorra
3971:of the
3955:turned
3543:In the
3420:Baoding
3405:bandits
3363:Mongols
3347:Vandals
3329:, when
3310:bandits
3302:pirates
3280:lenders
3081:Myanmar
3053:Sam Gor
3045:Sam Gor
2966:bribery
2934:), and
2794:scholar
2701:spyware
2695:, most
2685:malware
2607:hacking
2396:havens.
2322:scholar
2153:neutral
2151:(e.g.,
2114:torture
2058:animals
2054:elderly
1995:OG Imba
1927:fishery
1871:fencers
1814:Italian
1747:hit man
1704:Assault
1653:bribery
1609:fencing
1554:corrupt
1454:scholar
996:Sinaloa
926:treason
687:Culture
609:Marxist
604:Italian
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933:"
794:e
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780:v
381:]
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20:)
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